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biologia
9
moswavlis wigni
nawili II
2021
biologia
9
moswavlis wigni nawili II
neiromecnierebis azriT, adamianis pirovnul, individualur Tvisebebs misi

tvinis unikaluri arqiteqtura gansazRvravs. kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebis
gamoyenebiT mecnierebi qmnian Tavis tvinis grafikul gamosaxulebebs _ erTgvar
rukebs, romlebzec warmodgenilia neironebs Soris kavSirebis ufaqizesi qseli.
amiT isini cdiloben Tavis tvinis konkretuli ubnis anatomia maT funqciebs
daukavSiron da daakvirdnen, ra saxis neirodaavadebebis saxiT vlindeba cvlile-
bebi am qselSi.
sarCevi
Tema 5 - saxeoba da populacia
5.1 memkvidreobiToba da cvalebadoba.................................................................... 8
5.1.1 hibridTa erTgvarovnebis kanoni. niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni 9

5.1.2 sqesis gansazRvris qromosomuli meqanizmi. tyupebi ....................... 16
5.1.3 memkvidruli niSnebis gadacema adamianSi ................................................ 20
5.1.4 memkvidruli cvalebadoba............................................................................... 26
5.1.5 adamianis genetikuri kvlevis meTodebi .................................................... 32
5.1.6 modifikaciuri cvalebadoba ......................................................................... 37
5.2 cocxali samyaros ganviTareba .......................................................................... 42
5.2.1 lamarkis Sexedulebebi samyaros ganviTarebis Sesaxeb .................... 43

5.2.2 darvinis mogzauroba msoflios garSemo. mogzaurobis
Sedegebi ................................................................................................................................. 46
5.2.3 darvin-uolesis evoluciuri Teoria. arsebobisTvis brZola, misi
formebi. bunebrivi gadarCeva ................................................................................... 53
5.2.4 evoluciis damamtkicebeli argumentebi ................................................. 64
5.3 biomravalferovneba da garemos dacva ......................................................... 72
5.3.1 ekosistema. ekologiuri faqtorebi, abioturi faqtorebi _

sinaTle ................................................................................................................................. 73
5.3.2 abioturi faqtorebi _ temperatura, tenianoba ................................... 79
5.3.3 niadagis struqtura. niadagis mniSvneloba organizmebisTvis .... 86
5.3.4 urTierTobani organizmebs Soris TanasazogadoebaSi ..................... 91
5.3.5 kvebiTi jaWvi. kvebiTi qseli ............................................................................ 98
5.3.6 nivTierebaTa da energiis gadacema ekosistemaSi ............................... 105
5.3.7 biomravalferovneba da adamianis saqmianobis gavlena
garemoze ............................................................................................................................. 110
Seajame Seni codna da gamocade Seni unarebi ................................................. 120
proeqti _ brtyelterfianoba moswavleebSi .................................................. 128

proeqti _ lurji mocvi ............................................................................................. 130
leqsikoni ........................................................................................................................... 132

samecniero terminTa warmoeba ............................................................................... 136
sakvanZo sityvebi ........................................................................................................... 137
pirobiTi niSnebi
_ teqstSi CarTuli kiTxvebi
_ kvleviTi samuSao. eqsperimentis dagegmva, Catareba, analizi
_ cxrilebis, diagramebis, tabulebis, sqemebis, naxatebis Sedgena da

analizi
_ sxvadasxva saxis kiTxvebi da testebi
_ informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba, prezentacia, proeqti
_ modelis Seqmna
_ damatebiTi informacia da rCevebi
_ QR kodebidan pirdapir bmulze gadasvla SesaZlebelia smart-

foniTa da planSetiT (CamotvirTeT programa _ QR Code reader), an
https://bit.ly/3nlu08d isargebleT miTiTebuli internetmisamarTiT
Seni da Seni Tanatolebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wignSi

mocemuli davalebebi gadaitane da Seasrule rveulSi.
moufrTxildi wigns!
Tema
5 saxeoba da populacia
adamianebs yovelTvis ainteresebdaT Taobi-

Tavebi: dan Taobaze memkvidruli niSnebis gadacemis
saidumloeba. ratom hgvanan STamomavlebi mSob-
lebs garegnulad, xasiaTiT, niWiT, qceviT? ra-
1. memkvidreobiToba da tomaa zogierTi daavadeba memkvidruli? ra aris
cvalebadoba memkvidreobiToba? razea is damokidebuli? yve-
la aseT kiTxvaze pasuxs genetika iZleva.
2. cocxali samyaros ganvi-
Tareba
3. biomravalferovneba da
garemos dacva arcerT organizms sruliad marto arseboba
ar SeuZlia. is sacxovreblad yovelTvis gar-
kveul garemos irCevs da es arCevani arasdrosaa
SemTxveviTi. garemoSi igulisxmeba aracocxali
bunebac da sxva organizmebic, romelTa Soris is
mTel sicocxles atarebs. maT Soris ibmeba myari
kavSirebi, romelTa kanonzomierebebs ekologia
Seiswavlis.
evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, dedamiwa-

ze cocxali samyaro mravali milioni wlis win
sruliad sxvagvarad gamoiyureboda. masze dasax-
lebuli organizmebi, ar hgavdnen Tanamedrove
mcenareebsa da cxovelebs. cocxalma bunebam gr-
Zeli da urTulesi gardaqmnebis gza gaiara, vidre
Tanamedrove saxes miiRebda.
5.1 memkvidreobiToba da cvalebadoba
identuri tyupebi
saxeoba da populacia
5.1.1 hibridTa erTgvarovnebis kanoni.

niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni
Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto memkvidreobiTobis cneba;
• ganmarto, ratom airCia mendelma barda kvlevis obieqtad;
• imsjelo, rogor daexmara mendels maTematikis codna memkvidreobiTobis
kanonebis aRmoCenaSi;
• aRwero da sqematurad warmoadgino mendelis cdebi;
• Seajamo, razea damokidebuli individSi recesiuli da dominanturi niS-
nebis gamovlena.
imetyvele, rogorc genetika Seiswavlis yvela cocxali organizmis or

mecnierma umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas _ memkvidreobiTobasa da
cvalebadobas.
dominanturi niSani
recesiuli niSani memkvidreobiToba yvela organizmis Tvisebaa, ga-
genotipi dasces STamomavlobas winaprebisgan miRebuli niSan-
fenotipi Tvisebebi. am Tvisebebis SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli
homozigoti gregor mendeli, romelic Tanamedrove genetikis fuZem-
heterozigoti deblad iTvleba.
kvlevis obieqtad mendelma barda SearCia da mravali

wlis ganmavlobaSi akvirdeboda mis Tvisebebs.
ram ganapiroba misi aseTi arCevani?
• arsebobs bardis mravali jiSi, romlebic erTmane-
Tisgan kargad SesamCnevi niSnebiT gansxvavdebian. maga-
liTad, zog bardas wiTeli yvavili aqvs, zogs _ TeT-
ri, zogs yviTeli Tesli aqvs, zogs _ mwvane;
• barda mravalricxovan STamomavlobas iZleva;
• barda TviTmtveria mcenarea, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi
xelovnurad, jvaredini damtverva. gregor mendeli
yvavilebis yvavilis Reros Teslis Teslis nayofis nayofis

ganlageba feri sigrZe forma feri forma feri
Reroze
gverdiTi TeTri grZeli gluvi mwvane martivi yviTeli
kenwruli wiTeli mokle naoWiani yviTeli danakvTuli mwvane

mendelis mier cdisTvis SerCeuli Svidi wyvili niSani
9
mendelma cdebi monohibriduli SejvarebiT daiwyo. hibridi gansxvavebuli niS-

nebis mqone mSoblebis SejvarebiT miRebuli individia. mendeli erTmaneTs ajva-
rebda erTi niSniT gansxvavebuli jiSebis wyvilebs. jiSebis wyvilebs, magaliTad,
wiTelyvavilian bardas _ TeTryvavilianTan, yviTelTeslians _ mwvaneTeslianTan.
mendeli Sesajvareblad wminda jiSebs arCevda. wminda iseT jiSs hqvia, romelic
TviTdamtverviT gamravlebisas Taobebis manZilze mxolod Tavis msgavs STamo-
mavlebs iZleva. magaliTad, wiTelyvaviliani bardis TviTdamtverviT miRebuli
Teslebidan mxolod wiTelyvaviliani bardebi aRmocendeba.
ganvixiloT mendelis mier Catarebuli

erT-erTi cda. man wiTel yvavilebs gaS-
lamde moaWra mtvrianebi da yvavilebs
Camoacva parkebi, rom isini ar damtve-
riliyvnen sxva yvavilis mtvriT. Semdeg
mendelma maT butkoebze gadaitana TeTr- mtvriana
yvaviliani bardebis mtveri. naskvebidan
nayofebi ganviTarda. mendelma daTesa
butko
Teslebi da daeloda mcenareebis ayva-
vilebas. mis gakvirvebas sazRvari ar
hqonda, rodesac pirveli Taobis yvela nayofi
hibrids (F1) wiTeli yvavilebi aRmoaCnda. Tesli
sxva niSnebiT gansxvavebuli jiSebis Se-

jvarebisasac mendelma igive Sedegi miiRo
_ pirvel TaobaSi yvela hibrids erT-erTi
mSoblis niSani hqonda. yvela SemTxvevaSi
mSoblebis niSnebs Soris erT-erTi iseTi
Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom mTlianad daTrgu-
na meore mSoblis niSani. am niSans mendelma bardis yvavilis xelovnuri,
dominanturi uwoda, daTrgunuls ki _ re- jvaredini damtverva
cesiuli.
ase aRmoaCina mendelma memkvidreobiTobis erT-erTi kanonzomiereba _ pir-

veli Taobis hibridTa erTgvarobis kanoni, romelsac dominirebis kanonsac uwo-
deben: erTi wyvili niSniT gansxvavebuli wminda mSobliuri jiSebis wyvilebis
Sejvarebisas pirveli Taobis hibridebi erTnairia da isini erTi mSoblis niSans
imemkvidreben.
momdevno, F2 TaobaSi Sesaswavli niSnis bedis gasarkvevad mendelma erTma-
neTs Seajvara F1 Taobis wiTelyvaviliani hibridebi. F2 Taobis hibridebis daax-
loebiT 3|4 -s wiTeli yvavilebi aRmoaCnda, 1|4-s ki _ TeTri. TeTryvaviliani
mSoblis niSani, romelic TiTqos ukvalod gaqra, isev gamoCnda. e.i. F2 Tao-
bis hibridebSi niSnebi daiTiSa _ gamovlinda orive mSoblis niSani _ wiTelic
da TeTric. maT Soris raodenobrivi Tanafardoba Seadgenda 3:1-s wiTelyvavi-
lianebis sasargeblod.
10
aseTive TanafardobiT moxda niSan-Tvisebebis

daTiSva sxva wminda jiSebis SemTxvevaSic. am
kanonzomierebas mendelma daTiSvis wesi uwoda.
am wesis Tanaxmad: F1 Taobis hibridTa erTmaneT-
Tan Sejvarebisas F2 TaobaSi xdeba niSan-Tvise-
bebis daTiSva SefardebiT 3:1.
mendeli Seecada niSnebis damemkvidrebis me-
qanizmi aexsna. is fiqrobda, rom organizmis
niSan-Tvisebas memkvidruli faqtorebi gansaz-
Rvravs da rogori niSani eqneba zigotidan ganvi-
Tarebul organizms, dominanturi Tu recesiuli,
imazea damokidebuli, Tu romeli memkvidruli
faqtorebi aRmoCndebian zigotaSi erTad. mendelis eqsperimenti
memkvidreobiTobis citologiuri safuZvlebi

im droisTvis araferi iyo cnobili arc genebisa da qromosomebis, arc mi-
tozisa da meiozis Sesaxeb. dRes ukve yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom cocxali orga-
nizmebis niSan-Tvisebebis damemkvidreba genebiT xorcieldeba.
3
1
2
1. ujredi; 2. birTvi; 3. qromosoma; 4. genebi.
swored genia is „memkvidruli faqtori“, romlis Sesaxebac laparakobda men-

deli. organizmis genebis erTobliobas genotipi hqvia.
genebs, romlebic moTavsebulia homologiuri qromosomebis mopirispire ubneb-

Si _ lokusebSi da pasuxismgebelia erTi da imave niSnis sxvadasxvagvar, anu alter-
natiul ganviTarebaze, aleluri genebi, anu alelebi ewodeba.
aleluri genebi erTi niSnis ganmsazRvreli genis sxvadasxva variantia. maga-
liTad, aleluria bardis yvavilis wiTeli da TeTri feris, Teslis gluvi da nao-
Wiani formis ganmsazRvreli genebi.
alelur genebs erTi da imave laTinuri asoebiT aRniSnaven: didiT _ genis dom-
inantur alels, xolo patariT _ recesiuls.
11
sqesobrivi gamravlebisas TavianT niSan-Tvisebebs mSoblebi STamomavlebs ga-

metebiT gadascemen.
meiozis procesSi homologiuri qromosomebi erTmaneTs Sordebian da yoveli
homologiuri wyvilidan gametebSi mxolod TiTo aRmoCndeba.
A aleluri genebi a A aleluri genebi a

yviTeli mwvane
Tesli Tesli
gluvi danaoWebuli
Tesli Tesli
homologiuri homologiuri
qromosomebi qromosomebi
1 gametebis ramden tips warmoqmnian A A individebi? Aa individebi? aa indi-

videbi?
alelebis ganawileba gametebSi meiozis dros
individebs, romlebsac gansazRvruli niSnis ori erTnairi aleli aqvT da

warmoqmnian am alelebis mixedviT erTi tipis gametebs, homozigotebs uwodeben.
xolo im individebs, romlebsac ori sxvadasxva aleli aqvT da warmoqmnian game-
tebis or tips _ heterozigotebs.
gametebis Serwymis Sedegad, zigotaSi aRdgeba qromosomaTa diploiduri kom-
pleqti.
romeli niSani eqneba individs _ dominanturi Tu recesiuli, damokidebulia
zigotaSi alelur genTa wyvilze. Tu orive aleli dominanturia, an erTi domi-
nanturi da meore recesiuli, individs dominanturi niSani eqneba. recesiuli
niSani ki mxolod maSin gamovlindeba, Tu zigotaSi orive aleli recesiulia.
niSan-Tvisebebis damemkvidrebis sqemis SedgenisTvis Semdeg simboloebs iyene-
ben:
P _ mSobliuri formebi;
♀ _ mdedri (veneras sarke);
♂ _ mamri (marsis isari);
X _ Sejvareba
G _ gametebi
F1 _ hibridTa pirveli Taoba;
F2 _ hibridTa meore Taoba, miRebuli pirveli Taobis hibridTa SejvarebiT.
12
gametebis Serwymisa da alelebis SeTanwyobis yvela SesaZlo variantis warmo-

sadgenad e.w. penetis cxrils iyeneben. am cxrilis horizontalur svetSi iwereba
mamrobiTi gametebi, vertikalur svetSi _ mdedrobiTi, maTi gadakveTis adgilas
ki _ hibridebSi alelTa SeTanwyoba.
SevecadoT simboloebis gamoyenebiT, sqematurad warmovadginoT mendelis
cdebi.
wiTelyvavilian bardas hqonda yvavilis Seferilobis ori dominanturi ale-
li (A), xolo TeTryvavilians _ ori recesiuli aleli(a). anu orive mcenare
homozigotia.
P: X
G:
F1 yvela
penetis crili
F1 Taobis hibridebma miiRes sxvadasxva aleluri geni: `dedisgan” _ A, xolo

`mamisgan~ _ a. amitom F1 Taobis yvela hibridis genotipi am niSnis mixedviT aris
Aa, anu isini heterozigotebi arian, garegnulad ki yvela maTgani wiTelyvavilia-
nia.
genebis garegnul gamovlenas fenotipi ewodeba. e.i F1 Taobis hibridebi
fenotipurad erTnairi _ wiTelyvavilianebi arian. gamovlinda mendelis erT-
gvarobis, anu dominirebis wesi.
F1 Taobis hibridebis erTmaneTTan Sejvarebisas moxda fenotipuri daTiSva
SefardebiT 3:1.
P: X
G:
F2 :
3 1
daakvirdi penetis cxrils. wiTelyvavilian bardebs gansxvavebuli genoti-

pebi aqvT. erTi maTgani homozigoturia, ori ki _ heterozigoturi. ase rom,
monohibriduli Sejvarebisas,F2 TaobaSi genotipuri daTiSvaa 1:2:1.
13
memkvidreobiToba yvela organizmis Tvisebaa gadasces STamomavlobas winapre-

bisagan miRebuli niSan-Tvisebebi. monohibriduli SejvarebiT mendelma daadgina
memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebi: hibridTa F1 Taobis erTgvarobis kanoni da
niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni. erTi wyvili niSniT gansxvavebuli wminda mSob-
liuri jiSebis wyvilebis Sejvarebisas F1 Taobis hibridebi erTnairia da isini
erTi mSoblis niSans imemkvidreben. daTiSvis kanoni hibridTa meore Taobas exeba.
F1 Taobis hibridTa erTmaneTTan Sejvarebisas F2 TaobaSi xdeba niSan-Tvisebebis
daTiSva SefardebiT 3:1, xolo genotipuri daTiSvaa: 1AA:2Aa:1aa
ras ambobs termini

dominanturi _ (laT. dominantis _ gamefebuli, upiratesi);
recesiuli _ (laT. recesus _ ukan daxeva, mocileba);
fenotipi _ (berZn. feno _ gamovlena, aRmoCena);
homozigoti _ (berZn. homos _ erTnairi, saerTo,zigotos _ SeerTebuli);
heterozigoti _ (berZn. heteros _ sxva, sxvanairi, zigotos SeerTebuli).
rogoria F2 TaobaSi heterozigotebisa da homozigotebis raodenobrivi

Sefardeba?
1 Seajvares ori ZaRli. STamomavlebis 75% moklebewviani iyo, 25% ki _

grZelbewviani. romeli niSania dominanturi?
2 Savbalniani bocvrebis SejvarebiT

50 Savi da 16 TeTri bocveri gaCnda.
a. Sen mxolod Savi bocvrebis moSeneba
gsurs. 50 Savi bocvridan romeli genoti-
pis bocvrebs SearCevdi Sesajvareblad?
b. Sen gsurs iyolio mxolod TeTri F1
bocvrebi. romel bocvrebs Seajvarebdi
erTmaneTTan?
50 16
14
3 mwvane TuTiyuSebis Sejvarebis

Sedegad gamoiCeka 31 bartyi, romel-
Tagan 24 mwvanea, 7 ki _ cisferi.
a. gansazRvre mwvane TuTiyuSis genotipi;

b. rogori unda iyos mwvane TuTiyuSis
genotipi, rom misi cisfer TuTiyuSTan
SejvarebiT mxolod mwvane TuTuyuSebi
gaCndnen? F1
g. Sens megobars surs, rom mxolod cis-
feri TuTiyuSebi hyavdes. ras urCevdi mas?
romeli TuTiyuSebis SejvarebiT aris Sesa- 24 7
Zlebeli aseTi Sedegis miRweva?
A a
B C
D D
4 ipove Secdoma ilustraciaze. R r
S S
homologiuri qromosomebi
5 aleluri genebi moTavsebulia:
a. erTi qromosomis mezobel ubnebSi;

b. homologiuri qromosomebis mopirispire lokusebSi;
g. homologiuri qromosomebis sxvadasxva lokusSi;
d. arahomologiur qromosomebSi.
15
5.1.2 sqesis gansazRvris qromosomuli meqanizmi.

tyupebi
Sen SeZleb:
• ganasxvao erTmaneTisgan autosomebi da sasqeso qromosomebi;
• Seadaro erTmaneTs mamakacisa da qalis genotipebi;
• imsjelo, rodis ibadebian identuri tyupebi da razea damokidebuli maTi
sqesi;
• sqematurad warmoadgino identuri tyupebisa da siamis tyupebis ganvi-
Tareba.
imetyvele, rogorc
razea damokidebuli momavali orga-
mecnierma
nizmis sqesi? ratom ibadebian erT SemT-
autosomebi, sasqeso qromosomebi xvevaSi gogonebi, xolo meoreSi _ vaJebi?
identuri da araidenturi tyupebi rogori TanafardobiT Cndebian isini?
siamis tyupebi
22 wyvili 22 wyvili
autosoma + XX autosoma + XY
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 X X
23
19 20 21 22 X y
23
adamianis qromosomaTa kompleqti
ilustraciaze qalisa da mamakacis qromosomaTa kompleqtia. rogorc xedav,

adamians 46 qromosomidan 22 wyvili erTnairi aqvs. maT autosomebs uwodeben. 23-e
gansxvavebul wyvils sasqeso qromosomebi hqvia.
miaqcie yuradReba _ qalis ujredebSi sasqeso qromosomaTa wyvili erTnairia _
homologiuria da sasqeso qromosoma X-iT aRiniSneba. mamakacis sasqeso qromoso-
maTa wyvilSi erTi qromosoma qalis X qromosomis msgavsia, xolo meore gansxvave-
buli formisaa da gacilebiT patara. mas Y-iT aRniSnaven. Y qromosomaSi lokali-
zebuli genebis umravlesoba pasuxismgebelia Canasaxis mamakacad Camoyalibebaze.
qalis organizmSi, meiozis Sedegad, yvela kvercxujredSi 22 autosoma da erTi
X qromosoma aRmoCndeba. mamakacebSi ki Tanabari raodenobis ori saxis spermato-
zoidi yalibdeba. erTSi 22 autosoma da X qromosoma xvdeba, xolo meoreSi _ 22
autosoma da Y qromosoma.
16
momavali organizmis sqesi imazea damo- XY

kidebuli, romeli spermatozoidi moas-
wrebs kvercxujredis ganayofierebas. Tu X mamakaci Y
kvercxujreds X qromosomiani spermato-
zoidi Seerwya, gogona daibadeba. Tu kver-
cxujredi Y qromosomiani spermatozoid- X
iT ganayofierda _ daibadeba vaJi. gogona vaJi
XX qali
1 erTnairia Tu ara vaJisa da gogonas
dabadebis albaToba? X
gogona vaJi
identuri da araidenturi tyupebi

sityva „tyupebi“ absoluturad erTnairis asocia-
cias iwvevs, Tumca xSirad isini ar hgvanan erTmaneTs,
an hgvanan ise, rogorc sxvadasxva dros dabadebuli
dedmamiSvilebi.
ganarCeven tyupebis or tips _ identursa da ara-
identurs.
Tu erTdroulad momwifda da sxvadasxva spermato-
zoidiT ganayofierda ori an ramdenime kvercxujre-
di, ibadebian sxvadasxva kvercxujredidan ganviTare-
buli tyupebi. maT araidentur tyupebs uwodeben.
2 rogori sqesi SeiZleba hqondeT araidentur tyu-

pebs _ erTnairi Tu sxvadasxva? iqnebian isini araidenturi tyupebi
garegnobiT absoluturad erTnairebi? pasuxi da-
asabuTe.
zogjer, Cveulebrivad, erTi kvercxujredi erTi

spermatozoidiT nayofierdeba, magram zigotidan war-
moqmnili Canasaxi ganviTarebis adreul etapze orad
iyofa da TiToeuli maTganidan damoukidebeli orga-
nizmi viTardeba. ibadeba ori absoluturad msgavsi
adamiani, romlebsac identur tyupebs uwodeben.
identuri tyupebi
identuri tyupebi
17
3 rogori sqesi SeiZleba hqondeT identur tyupebs? pasuxi daasabuTe.
zogjer ise xdeba, rom identuri tyupebis

Canasaxis ganviTarebisas misi nawilebi erT-
maneTs srulad ar scildeba da tyupebi erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebulebi ibadebian. maT siamis
tyupebs uwodeben.
siamis tyupebis umravlesoba dabadebisTa-
nave iRupeba. Tumca gadarCenis SemTxvevaSi
isini sicocxlisunarianebi arian. dRes, zog
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi daSoreba qiru-
rgiuli gziT. siamis tyupebi
es patara gogonebi mucliT iyvnen Sezr-

dilebi da nawlavebis didi nawili saerTo
hqondaT. axalSobilebs gaukeTes qirurgiuli
operacia, romelic warmatebiT dasrulda.
mdedrisa da mamris organizmebi erTmaneTisgan sasqeso qromosomebiT gansxvav-

deba. arseboben identuri da araidenturi tyupebi. identuri tyupebis warmoqmna
xdeba erTi zigotis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, misi nawilebis dayofisa da da-
moukideblad ganviTarebis gamo.
1 msoflioSi araidenturi tyupebis raodenoba samjer aWarbebs iden-

turebs. hkiTxeT mSoblebs, naTesavebs, mezoblebs, megobrebs, nacnobebs,
ramden tyups icnoben an gaugiaT maT Sesaxeb. ramdenia maT Soris iden-
turi. SekribeT monacemebi, SeadareT erTmaneTs da gamoitaneT Sesaba-
misi daskvna.
2 sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, identuri tyupebi erT-
maneTis asls warmoadgenen. aqvT erTnairi fizikuri monacemebi, goneb-
rivi ganviTareba, saerTo interesebi, gemovneba.
• Tanaklaselebma moiwvieT Tqveni nacnobi tyupi stumrad skolaSi.

• dausviT maT TqvenTvis saintereso kiTxvebi.
• daurigeT Tqven mier Sedgenili kiTxvari da sTxoveT cal-calke
maTi Sevseba. SeecadeT, rom kiTxvebi amomwuravad Seexebodes maTi
pirovnebis yvela mxares.
• waikiTxeT Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi xmamaRla.
• emTxveva Tu ara gamokiTxvis Sedegebi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul
azrs tyupebis Sesaxeb?
18
1 ilustraciaze amerikis SeerTebul 35

StatebSi tyupebis dabadebis statis- 30
tikuri monacemebia.
25
a. rogori tendencia ikveTeba am mxriv 20
bolo wlebSi?
15
b. amis erT-erT mizezad xelovnur ganayo- 10
fierebas asaxeleben. riT SeiZleba iyos
dakavSirebuli xelovnuri ganayofiere- 5
ba tyupebis dabadebis zrdis tendenci- 0
1980
1984
1990
1994
2000
2004
2010
2016
asTan?
2 ilustraciaze mocemuli sqemebidan, romeli warmoadgens identur, erT-

placentian, erTamnionian tyupebs?
A B C
1zogjer mamakacebi, romelTac Svilebi gogonebi hyavT da vaJi ar

uCndebaT, amaSi meuRleebs adanaSauleben. samarTliania maTi pretenzia?
2 romeli mSoblis meti „wvlilia“ tyupebis dabadebaSi?
3 SesaZlebelia siamis tyupebi araidenturebi iyvnen?
4tyupebis dabadebis yvelaze maRali

procentuli maCvenebeli nigeriaSi mcxov-
rebi xalxis erT-erT eTnikur jgufSi
SeiniSneba. mecnierTa azriT, amisi mizezi
SesaZloa is iyos, rom maTi sakvebi didi
raodenobiT Seicavs e.w. fitoestrogenebs.
es termini SenTvis ucnobia, Tumca advi-
lad SegiZlia ivaraudo misi qarTuli Ses-
atyvisi. moifiqre, riT SeiZleba iyos da-
kavSirebuli sakvebi produqtebi tyupebis
dabadebasTan?
5 SesaZloa mamam, romelsac 5 vaJi hyavs, imedi iqonios, rom gogona See-
Zineba?
19
5.1.3 memkvidruli niSnebis gadacema adamianSi
Sen SeZleb:
• daasaxelo dominanturi da recesiuli genebiT ganpirobebuli adamianis
zogierTi niSan-Tviseba;
• aRwero dominanturi genebiT gamowveuli adamianis zogierTi daavadeba
da ivaraudo misi gamovlenis sixSireebi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi;
• daasaxelo da aRwero recesiuli genebiT ganpirobebuli zogierTi daa-
vadeba da ivaraudo misi gamovlenis sixSire yovel konkretul SemTxve-
vaSi.
imetyvele, rogorc eqneba Tu ara axalSobils dedasaviT cisferi Tva-

mecnierma lebi? mamasaviT xSiri, xveuli Tma? xom ar gamohyveba
sxva naTesavis niSnebi?
aqondroplazia
aseTi kiTxvebi mSoblebis umravlesobas awuxebs.
araqnodaqtilia
mecnierebisTvis ukve didi xania cnobilia dominan-
marfanis sindromi
turi da recesiuli genebiT ganpirobebuli adamianis
letaluri genebi
bevri niSan-Tviseba.
sxeulis nawili dominanturi niSani recesiuli niSani
foso nikapze, gluvi nikapi,

saxe foso loyaze, gluvi loya,
Worfli. Worflis arqona.
Tvalebi Taflisferi cisferi
tuCebi sqeli Txeli
cxviri kexiani swori
yuris Tavisufali yuris Sezrdili

yurebi
bibilo bibilo
muqi, Ria,
xveuli, swori,
Tmebi
sxeulis sxeulze cota
WarbTmianoba. Tma.
20
sxva organizmebis msgavsad, adamianebSic niSan-Tvisebebis memkvidreobiT gada-

cema ZiriTadad mendelis mier dadgenil kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba.
gamoviyenoT SenTvis cnobili simboloebi da amovxsnaT genetikuri amocanebi.
• cisferTvala mamakacma colad SeirTo TaflisferTvala qali. qalis mamas

cisferi, xolo dedas Taflisferi Tvalebi hqonda.
ra feris Tvalebi eqnebaT maT Svilebs?

mamakaci am niSnis mixedviT homozigoturia (aa), sxvagvarad recesiuli ni-
San-Tviseba fenotipurad ver gamovlindeboda. xolo qali aSkarad heterozigo-
turi (Aa) TaflisferTvalaa, radgan mis mSoblebs sxvadasxva feris Tvalebi
hqondaT.
vnaxoT, rogoria am ojaxSi cisferTvala da TaflisferTvala Svilebis gaCe-
nis albaToba.
P:
F1
G:
ese igi, am ojaxSi gaCenili bavSvebis naxevars cisferi Tvalebi eqneba, naxe-
vars ki _ Taflisferi.
kiTxvebi axalSobilis garSemo gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria maSin, rodesac
saqme exeba ara mxolod mis garegnobas, aramed janmrTelobasac.
zog ojaxs „Tavisi“ daavadeba aqvs _ erTi ojaxis wevrebi msgavsi daavadebebiT
avaddebian. daavadebebs, romelTa gamomwvevi genebi STamomavlobas mSoblebis an
Soreuli winaprebisgan gadaecema, memkvidruli daavadebebi hqvia.
dominanturi daavadebebi
aqondroplazia autosomaSi lokalize-
buli dominanturi geniT gamowveuli daa-
vadebaa. daavadebulebs Tavis, kisrisa da
tanis Zvlebi normalurad uviTardebaT,
kidurebis Zvlebi ki zrdaSi CamorCeba.zo-
gadad aqondroplazia, gonebriv ganviTare-
baze ar zemoqmedebs. yvela daavadebuli
heterozigoturia mocemuli alelis mixed-
viT. homozigoturi Canasaxi iRupeba. gen-
ebs, romlebic homologiur mdgomareobaSi
organizmis sikvdils iwveven, letaluri
genebi ewodeba. aseTi genebi, rogorc wesi,
organizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasicocx-
lo funqciebs akontroleben.
aqondroplazia
21
1 SesaZloa janmrTel mSoblebs aqondroplaziiT daavadebuli Svilebi eyo-

loT?
2 mSoblebis rogori genotipebis SemTxvevaSia gamoricxuli janmrTeli bav-
Svebis dabadeba?
marfanis sindromi autosomuri dominantu-

ri geniT gamowveuli SemaerTebelqsovilovani
daavadebaa. ama Tu im daavadebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli niSnebis erTobliobas uwodeben sin-
droms. am sindromiT daavadebulebi Zalian
maRlebi da gamxdrebi arian. aqvT grZeli da Txe-
li kidurebi, grZeli da Txeli TiTebi hiper-
mobiluri saxsrebiT. araqnodaqtilia, anu obo-
bas TiTebi, marfanis sidromis erT-erTi niSania.
daavadebulebi axlomxedvelebi arian. maTi bro-
li zogjer adgils icvlis da minisebur sxeulSi
gadaadgildeba. xSiria baduris aSrevebac.
marfanis sindromi
3 ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves amas?
am adamianebs aqvT gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis sxvadasxvagvari paTologiebi.
autosomebSi lokalizebuli dominanturi ge-

niT gamowveuli sxva daavadebebia: polidaqti-
lia, podagra, naadrevi gameloteba mamakacebSi,
axlomxedveloba.
polidaqtilia
recesiuli daavadebebi
adamianis memkvidruli daavadebebis umravlesoba recesiuli genebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. zogi maTgani safrTxes ar uqmnis adamianis sicocxles, zogi ki
ukiduresad saSiSia.
Tandayolili smenadaqveiTeba recesiuli geniT gamowveuli autosomuri daa-
vadebaa. smenadaqveiTebuol bavSvebs zogjer fenotipurad janmrTeli mSoblebi
hyavT, Tumca isini am genis faruli mtareblebi arian.
P: X
G:
22
4 daasaxele sxva genotipebis mqone mSoblebi, romlebsac SesaZloa smenadaqve-

iTebuli Svilebi SeeZinoT.
tei-saqsis daavadebac recesiuli autosomuri geniT aris gamowveuli. bavSvi

sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi sruliad normalurad viTardeba. magram daaxloebiT
erTi wlis asakidan Tavisa da zurgis tvinSi lipidebis grovebi Cndeba da is
kargavs mxedvelobas, smenas, uZneldeba ylapva, kunTebi atrofirdeba da uWirs
moZraoba.
alergiis zogierTi forma, Tandayolili sielme, Saqriani diabeti autosomu-
ri recesiuli daavadebebia.
adamianSi niSan-Tvisebebisa da daavadebebis memkvidreobiT gadacema ZiriTa-

dad mendelis mier dadgenil kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba. aqondroplazia, da
marfanis sindromi dominanturi genebiT gamowveuli daavadebebia. Tandayolili
smenadaqveiTeba, tei-saqsis daavadeba, Saqriani diabeti, alergiis zogierTi forma
recesiuli genebiT gamowveuli autosomuri daavadebebia.
1 cxrilSi (gv 20 ) moZebne SenTvis damaxasiaTebeli sami niSan-Tviseba da

gamoTqvi varaudi:
a. am niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT Seni SesaZlo genotipis Sesaxeb;
b. Seni mSoblebis SesaZlo genotipis Sesaxeb, mocemuli niSan-Tvisebis
mixedviT.
2 memarjveneoba dominanturi geniT gamowveuli niSania.
a. gamoikvlie klasSi ramdeni memarjvene da cacia moswavlea. maT Soris

ramdeni gogonaa da ramdeni vaJi.
b. aage diagramebi.
g. CaatareT Tanaklaselebma aseTi gamokvleva mTel skolaSi. aageT di-
agrama.
d. SeadareT diagramebi erTmaneTs. gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan?
e. ra daskvnis gamotana SegiZlia miRebuli monacemebiT?
23
1 xveulTmianma mamakacma (mis dedas xveuli Tma hqonda, xolo mamas _

swori), iqorwina sworTmian qalze.
rogori genotipebi da fenotipebi eqnebaT maT Svilebs?
2 kexiani cxviris mqone mSoblebs gauCndaT bavSvi, romelsac swori cxvi-

ri aqvs.
gansazRvre bavSvis genotipi.
3 memarjvene mamakacma, romelsac deda cacia hyavda, colad SeirTo

memarjvene qali. qals mama cacia hyavda. rogoria albaToba imisa, rom qor-
winebis Sedegad cacia bavSvebi daibadebian?
4 mSoblebs Tandayolili sielme aqvT. gamovlindeba es daavadeba maT

SvilebSi?
5 SenTvis cnobili romeli memkvidru-

li niSnis an daavadebis STamomavlobaze A a A a
gadacemis aRsawerad gamoiyenebdi am sqe-

A A A a A a a a
mas?
24
1 cnobili frangi postimpresion-

isti mxatvari tuluz lotreki, ro-
melsac 700-ze meti tilo da afiSa aqvs
Seqmnili, aqondroplaziiT iyo daava-
debuli. igi Tavisi drois erT-erTi
ganaTlebuli da pativsacemi pirovne-
ba iyo, romelic didi popularobiT
sargeblobda parizis saxelovnebo
wreebSi.
2 espaneli mxatvris, velaskesis, ti-

los, „freilinebis“, marjvena kuTxeSi
aqondroplaziiT daavadebuli adamianis
figuraa (Sav samosSi).
25
5.1.4 memkvidruli cvalebadoba
Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto cvalebadobis cneba da daasaxelo misi saxeebi;

• aRwero genuri, qromosomuli da genomuri mutaciebiT gamowveuli daa-
vadebebi;
• daasaxelo da aRwero memkvidruli cvalebadobis magaliTebi mcenareebsa
da cxovelebSi;
• imsjelo mutaciebis mizezebsa da genebis SedarebiT mdgradobaze;
• Seajamo memkvidruli cvalebadobis roli saxeobaTa mravalferovnebis
SenarCunebaSi;
• amoicno ucnobi termini.
genebiT gamowveuli msgavseba mSoblebsa da Svilebs

imetyvele, rogorc Soris arasdros aris absoluturi. Svilebi mSoblebis
mecnierma
zusti aslebi arasdros arian. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
mutacia isini axal niSnebs iZenen.
albinizmi organizmis Tvisebas, individualuri ganviTarebis
progeria procesSi SeiZinos axali niSan-Tvisebebi, cvalebadoba
ewodeba.
angelmanis sindromi
arsebobs cvalebadobis ori saxe _ memkvidruli da
daunis sindromi
aramemkvidruli.
memkvidruli, anu genotipuri cvalebadoba genoti-
pis cvlilebiT aris gamowveuli. amitom is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreobiT
gadaecema.
memkvidrul cvalebadobaSi ganarCeven mutaciur da kombinaciur cvalebadobas.
mutacia genebis, qromosomebis struqturis an qromosomaTa raodenobis
ucabedi da SemTxveviTi cvlilebaa. mutaciis Sedegad organizmi xSirad axal ni-
San-Tvisebas iZens.
ganasxvaveben genur, qromosomul da genomur mutaciebs.
mutacia
genuri qromosomuli genomuri
genuri mutaciebi dakavSirebulia erTi konkretuli genis struqturis cvl-

ilebasTan. gamovlinebis mixedviT, genuri mutacia SeiZleba iyos recesiuli da
dominanturi. mutaciebis umravlesoba recesiulia.
26
albinizmi im fermentis warmoqmnaze pasu-

xismgebeli genis mutaciis Sedegia, romelic
aucilebelia pigment melaninis sinTezisTvis.
albinosebis organizmSi melanini, romelic kans,
Tmebs, warbebs, wamwamebs, Tvalis ferad garss
Seferilobas aZlevs, genis cvlilebis gamo ve-
Rar warmoiqmneba. amitom albinosis kani movar-
disfroa, Tmebi, wamwamebi da warbebi _ TeTri,
Tvalis feradi garsi _ mowiTalo (moCans masSi
gamavali sisxlZarRvebi).
albinizmi
1 albinosi iZulebulia ataros muqi saTvale, radgan Zlieri sinaTle Tvalebs
uzianebs. axseni, ratom?
Saqriani diabetis erT-erTi formis dros irRveva nivTierebaTa cvla, radgan

insulini mcire raodenobiT an saerTod ar gamomuSavdeba.
progeria iSviaTi genetikuri daavadebaa. daavadebis mizezi im genis mutaciaa,
romelic pasuxs agebs birTvis garsis SeqmnaSi monawile cilis sinTezze. proge-
riiT daavadebulTa ujredebSi birTvis garsi iWmuxneba da ujredebi normalu-
rad veRar iyofa. organizmi wyvets zrdas da kargavs mkvdari ujredebis axliT
Secvlis unars. amis Sedegi daCqarebuli daberebaa. gonebrivi ganviTarebiT pro-
geriiT daavadebuli araTu CamorCeba, aramed uswrebs kidec Tanatolebs.
qromosomuli mutaciebi qromosomebis struqturis cvlilebasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. am dros SesaZlebelia qromosomis garkveuli fragmenti, romelic ramde-
nime gens Seicavs, gaormagdes an 1800-iT Semobrundes; SesaZloa arahomologiurma
qromosomebma fragmentebi gacvalon, SesaZloa qromosomam garkveuli fragmenti
dakargos.
angelmanis sindromis mizezi me-15 qromosomis nawilis dakargvaa. aseT bavSvebs
aqvT daswavlisa da metyvelebis problemebi. maTi sityvaTa maragi 5-10 sityviT
Semoifargleba. isini hiperaqtiurebi arian da axasiaTebT qaoturi moZraobebi.
genomuri mutaciebis dros adamianis qromosomaTa kompleqtSi erTiT zed-
meti an naklebi qromosomaa. es mniSvnelovnad cvlis organizmis ganviTarebas.
daunis sindroms 21-e qromosomis wyvilSi mesame qromosomis gaCena iwvevs.
genotipSi zedmeti 47-e qromosoma meiozis Secdomis Sedegia. pirveli meiozis
anafazaSi 21-e homologiuri wyvilis qromosomebi erTmaneTs ar scildeba da
ujredis erTi polusisken miemarTeba. amis gamo 24-qromosomiani gameta (kver-
cxujredi an spermatozoidi) warmoiqmneba. Tu aseTma gametam monawileoba miiRo
ganayofierebis procesSi, 47-qromosomiani adamiani daibadeba.
P: 46 46 23 23
22 45 45
G: 22 24 23 23
24 47 47
27
daunis sindromis mqone adamianebs garegnobis ram-

denime saxasiaTo niSani (magaliTad Tvalis viwro
Wrili) da Sinagani organoebis garkveuli funqciuri
darRvevebi aReniSnebaT. isini unayofoni arian. dau-
nis sindromis mqone adamianebs Soris arian niWieri
msaxiobebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi, sportsmenebi.
daunis sindromis mqone bavSvi SeiZleba eyolos
nebismieri asakis, erovnebisa da religiis, nebismieri
socialuri mdgomareobis mSoblebs. Tumca dadgenil-
ia, rom, Tu dedis asaki 35-40 wels aRemateba, daa-
daunis sindromi
vadebuli Svilis gaCenis albaToba 10-20-jer izrdeba.
mikroorganizmebze, cxovelebsa da mcenareebze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom genotipuri cvalebadoba yvela organizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
magaliTad, genetikuri kvlevebis erT-erT xSir obieqtze, xilis buzze, drozo-
filaze dakvirvebiT gamovlenilia misi sxeulis, Tvalis, frTebis formebisa da
feris mutaciuri cvlilebebi.
mutaciebi drozofilaSi
heteroqromia _ Tvalis fe- albinizmi cxovelebSi mutaciebi mcenareebSi

radi garsis gansxvavebuli
Seferiloba
poliploidia memkvidruli cvalebadobis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic or-

ganizmis qromosomuli kompleqtis jerad gazrdaSi gamoixateba. poliploidia
mitozisa da meiozis procesebis darRvevas ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, mitozuri
gayofisas zogjer Svileuli qromosomebi erTmaneTs ar scildebian, poluse-
bisaken ar miemarTebian da birTvSi rCebian. Tu es procesi somatur ujredSi
xdeba, romelsac qromosomaTa diploiduri nakrebi aqvs, warmoiqmneba ujredi
romelsac diploidur ujredTan SedarebiT orjer meti qromosoma aqvs, anu
tetraploiduri ujredi. poliploidia mcenareebSi, arcTu iSviaTia. polip-
loiduri mcenareebi gamoirCevian swrafi zrdiT, nayofebisa da Teslis didi
zomiT. amitom, adamianebi xSirad mimarTaven mcenareTa poliploiduri jiSebis
gamoyvanas.
28
poliploidia
mutaciebs mutagenuri faqtorebi iwveven. sayovelTaod cnobili mutagenuri

faqtorebia: ultraiisferi gamosxiveba, maionizebeli radiacia, rentgenis sxi-
vebi, mZime metalebi, Tambaqos zogierTi komponenti, alkoholi, narkotikuli
nivTierebebi, zogi samkurnalo preparati, sakvebis konservantebi, pesticidebi.
Tumca, mutaciebi bunebriv pirobebSi ar aris Zalian xSiri movlena. genebi
rom advilad, swrafad da xSirad icvlebodes, saxeobis arseboba warmoudgeneli
iqneboda. genebis SedarebiT stabilurobas drois garkveul periodSi, didi bi-
ologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis mdgradobisa da organizmebis sacxovrebel
garemosTan SeguebulobisTvis.
kombinaciuri cvalebadobis dros genebi ar icvleba. sqesobrivi gamravlebi-
sas, STamomavali genebis erT naxevars erTi mSoblisgan iRebs, xolo meore naxe-
vars _ meore mSoblisgan. amitom masSi genebis SeTanwyoba gansxvavdeba TiToeuli
mSoblis genTa SeTanwyobisgan. yoveli axali organizmi mSoblebis genebis axal
kombinacias Seicavs. swored amitom hqvia cvalebadobis am formas kombinaciuri.
organizmebis usasrulo mravalgvaroba, yoveli genotipis unikaluroba kombi-
naciuri cvalebadobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
ase rom, Cveni samyaros biomravalferovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
mizezi memkvidruli cvalebadobaa.
cvalebadoba cocxali organizmis Tvisebaa, sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZinos

axali niSnebi da Tvisebebi. memkvidruli cvalebadoba genotipis cvlilebiT aris
gamowveuli.
organizmis genetikuri masalis ucabed cvlilebas, romelic memkvidreobiT ga-
daecema, mutacia ewodeba.
ganarCeven genur, qromosomul da genomur mutaciebs. mutaciebs mutagenuri
faqtorebi iwveven.
kombinaciuri cvalebadobis dros organizmSi axali niSnebis warmoqmna gamrav-
lebis dros zigotaSi mSoblebis genebis axali kombinaciebis Sedegia.
biomravalferovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizezi memkvidruli cvale-
badobaa.
ras ambobs termini

mutacia _ (laT. mutacio _ cvlileba);
progeria _ (berZn. progeros _ naadrevad daberebuli).
29
1 a. rogori Svilebi SeiZleba eyoloT mamakacsa da qals, romelsac ase

daerRva meiozis procesi?
P:
44 44
autosoma autosoma
XX XY
22 22 22 22
autosoma autosoma autosoma autosoma
G: XX X Y
b. Svilebs Soris, romels aqvs SenTvis cnobili romelime daavadeba?
2 Saqriani diabetis erT-erT formas autosomaSi lokalizebuli recesi-

uli geni ganapirobebs. ra SemTxvevaSia mosalodneli daavadebuli bavSvis
gaCena. Camowere mSoblebis yvela SesaZlo varianti.
1 warmoqmnis adgilis mixedviT ganasxvaveben somatur da gametur muta-

cias. adamianisa da mravalujrediani cxovelebis didi umravlesobis soma-
turi ujredebis mutacia STamomavlobas ar gadaecema. daasaxele mraval-
ujrediani cxovelebi, romelTa somatur ujredebSi momxdari mutacia
SesaZloa momdevno TaobaSi gamovlindes.
2 kalendulas yvavilis gvirgvinis furcelma feri icvala masSi mutaci-

is gamo. gadaecema Tu ara memkvidreobiT gvirgvinis furclis axali feri?
3 gadaecema Tu ara memkvidreobiT daunis sindromi?
4 albinizmis erT-erTi simptomi fotofobiaa. ganmarte es termini.
30
5 ipove logikuri wyvilebi.
daunis sindromi
genuri mutacia
marfanis sindromi
qromosomuli mutacia
aqondroplazia
genomuri mutacia
angelmanis sindromi
cnobili afrikeli mxatvari, musikosi

da dijei leon bota 26 wlis asakSi garda-
icvala. is erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli
adamiania progeriiT daavadebul adami-
anebs Soris.
31
5.1.5 adamianis genetikuri kvlevis meTodebi
Sen SeZleb:
• imsjelo, ratom ar SeiZleba kvlevis mendeliseuli meTodebis gamoyeneba
adamianis genetikaSi;
• daasaxelo da aRwero samedicino genetikis Tanamedrove meTodebi;
• moiyvano argumentebi ama Tu im meTodis upiratesobis Sesaxeb konkretu-
li genetikuri daavadebis kvlevisas;
• martivi sqemis saxiT warmoadgino amniocentezi.
ekologiurad dabinZurebuli garemo zrdis muta-

imetyvele, rogorc ciebis warmoqmnis albaTobas da seriozul safrTxes
mecnierma
uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas. rogor SeiZleba gamo-
samedicino genetika vikvlioT an Tavidan aviciloT esa Tu is genetikuri
amniocentezi daavadeba? am sakiTxebiT adamianebi gansakuTrebiT ma-
Sin interesdebian, rodesac ojaxis wevria daavadebu-
li da eWvi aqvT, rom TviTon am daavadebis faruli
mtareblebi arian, an bavSvis gaCena surT da aSinebT naTesaobaSi gavrcelebuli
esa Tu is daavadeba.
adamianis memkvidruli daavadebebis warmoSobas, maTi mkurnalobisa da pro-
filaqtikis SesaZleblobebs samedicino genetika swavlobs.
marTalia adamianis memkvidruli daavadebebis gadacema STamomavlebSi Ziri-
Tadad mendelis kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, Tumca am kanonzomierebebis
dasadgenad mendeliseuli meTodebi gamousadegaria. mendelis cdebi hibrid-
izaciasa da hibridebis zust raodenobriv aRricxvas emyareboda. mas kargad
esmoda, rom unda esargebla STamomavalTa didi ricxvebiT, raTa miRebuli Se-
degebi sarwmuno yofiliyo. aseTi genetikuri kvlevebisTvis adamiani mouxerxe-
beli obieqtia, radgan:
• warmoudgenelia adamianebis eqsperimentuli Sejvareba;

• adamianebs bevri qromosoma aqvT, rac arTulebs maTze dakvirvebas;
• isini sqesobrivad gvian mwifdebian;
• hyavT mcirericxovani STamomavloba;
• fexmZimoba didxans grZeldeba da, rogorc wesi, saSvilosnoSi erTi Cana-
saxi viTardeba.
yovelive amis gamo, adamianis genetika kvlevis gansxvavebul, gansakuTrebul
meTodebs iyenebs.
genealogiis meTodi uZvelesia adamianSi niSan-Tvisebebis damemkvidrebis

Seswavlis meTodebidan. misi arsi isaa, rom ojaxis wevrebsa da winaprebSi ama
Tu im niSanze dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis safuZvelze ageben sagvartomo nusxas.
rac ufro met Taobas akvirdebian, miT metad sarwmunoa monacemebi.
32
monacemTa mixedviT igeba sagvartomo nusxis grafikuli gamosaxuleba.
• sqemas ageben Semdegi pirobiTi niSnebiT: _ ; _ ;

• _ qorwineba; Seferili , _ Sesaswavli niSan-Tviseba.
• sagvartomos Sedgena iwyeba im adamianiT, romelic moeqceva kvlevis
sferoSi. misi debi da Zmebi ganlagdebian marcxnidan marjvniv, dabadebis
rigiTobis mixedviT;
• erTi Taobis yvela wevri lagdeba erT rigSi;
• Taobebi aRiniSneba romauli cifrebiT.
sagvartomo nusxis analiziT SesaZlebelia gamovlindes niSan-Tvisebis mem-

kvidruli xasiaTi (gadaecema Tu ara momdevno Taobebs), ganisazRvros damem-
kvidrebis tipi (dominanturia Tu recesiuli es niSan-Tviseba) da sxv.
Tu niSan-Tviseba (maT Soris daavadebebic) sxvadasxva TaobaSi xSirad gvxvdeba,
unda vivaraudoT, rom am niSans memkvidruli buneba aqvs.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi. vTqvaT, gvainteresebs memkvidruli niSania Tu
ara nikapze foso.
davuSvaT, nikapze fosos mqone mamakacs, romelic daqorwinebulia gluvnikapi-
an qalze, hyavs xuTi Svili. amaTgan sams mamis niSani gamohyva _ nikapze foso aqvs.
misi erT-erTi vaJiSvili, romelsac nikapze foso aqvs, daqorwinda gluvnikapian
qalze. maTi sami Svilidan ors papis niSani gamohyva.
}
I
individebi
gluvi nikapiT
II
}
individebi
fosoiani
nikapiT
III
rogorc sqemidan Cans, orive Taobis individTa umravlesobaSi gvxvdeba es

niSani. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom fosoiani nikapi adamianSi
dominanturi niSania.
citogenetikuri meTodiT SesaZlebelia adamianis qromosomebis struqturisa

da raodenobis Seswavla. qromosomebs sinaTlis mikroskopiT adamianis limfoc-
itebSi akvirdebian. citogenetikuri meTodiT qromosomuli da genomuri muta-
ciebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi dgindeba.
33
bioqimiuri meTodi SesaZleblobas iZleva pacientis sisxlSi, SardSi, ujre-

debSi aRmoaCinon iseTi nivTierebebi, romlebic mxolod garkveuli memkvidruli
daavadebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da janmrTel organizmSi am raodenobiT,
an saerTod ar gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove avtomaturi xelsawyoebi (analizatorebi),
am nivTierebebs swrafad da zustad sazRvraven. magaliTad, pacientis sisxlSi an
SardSi glukozis momatebuli raodenoba, sxva monacemebTan erTad, miuTiTebs
Saqrian diabetze. dedis sisxlis bioqimiuri analiziT fexmZimobis adreul eta-
pebze SesaZloa gamovlindes nayofis nervuli sistemis ganviTarebis defeqtebi,
aseve daunis daavadeba.
amniocenteziT kvleva genetikuri daavadebis gamovlenaze 16 kviris nayofsac
ki SeiZleba Cautardes. am dros nayofi sul 15 sm-ia da amnionuri siTxe akravs
garss. specialuri Spricis saSualebiT frTxilad Sedian amnionur RruSi da
iReben garkveuli raodenobis siTxes. misi bioqimiuri analiziT SesaZloa gamov-
lindes nivTiereba, romelic sakvlevi genetikuri daavadebisTvis aris damaxa-
siaTebeli. amnionuri siTxe mcire raodenobiT nayofis ujredebsac Seicavs.
ujredebs amravleben da mikroskopis saSualebiT swavloben maTi qromosomebis
raodenobasa da struqturas.
siTxe
bioqimiuri analizi
citogenetikuri
ujre Seswavla
d eb i
bioqimiuri analizi
siTxe
ujredebi
citogenetikuri Seswavla
amniocentezi
kvleva Canasaxis ganviTarebis ufro adreul etapzecaa (8 kvira) SesaZlebeli.
am dros specialuri miliT placentidan frTxilad amotumbaven ujredebs da
maT citogenetikuri da bioqimiuri meTodiT ikvleven. orive meTodi garkveul
risks Seicavs rogorc dedisTvis, aseve nayofisTvis. amitom maT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, rodesac amas ukiduresi aucilebloba moiTxovs. orive
proceduris dros Spricisa da milis zust mdebareobas ultrabgeriTi apara-
tiT akvirdebian.
ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierebma SeZles Canasaxis ujredebis gamoyofa dedis
sisxlidan. isini Zalian mcire raodenobiT arian sisxlSi, amitom maT winaswar
amravleben da Semdeg ikvleven citogenetikuri da bioqimiuri meTodebiT.
34
gaxSirebuli mutaciebi safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas. adamianis

memkvidruli daavadebebis warmoSobas, maTi mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikis Sesa-
Zleblobebs samedicino genetika swavlobs. samedicino genetika iyenebs citolo-
giur, bioqimiur da Canasaxis kvlevis sxva Tanamedrove meTodebs.
1 citogenetikuri kvlevisas sisxls aTavseben sakveb areSi, romelic uz-

runvelyofs ujredebis mitozur gayofas. Semdeg sakveb areSi SeaqvT nivTiere-
ba, romelic mitozis process metafazis etapze aCerebs da qromosomebs akvir-
debian. Seni azriT, ratom irCeven mkvlevrebi qromosomebze dasakvirveblad
metafazis stadias?
2
braqidaqtilia ar aris sasicocxlod saSiSi daavadeba, Tumca daa-
vadebulebs garkveuli problemebi mainc eqmnebaT“. braqi“ berZnulad mokles
niSnavs. amoicani SenTvis ucnobi es termini da moifiqre, romel profesiebSi
SeiZleba iCinos Tavi am problemam?
3 SenTvis cnobili memkvidruli daavadebebidan, romlis gamovlenaa SesaZ-
lebeli citogenetikuri meTodiT?
4 fenilketonuria recesiuli geniT gamowveuli daavadebaa. am dros or-
ganizmSi grovdeba toqsikuri nivTierebebi, romlebic xels uSlis adamianis
fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas. daavadebis droulad gamovlenis SemTxve-
vaSi bavSvebs mkurnaloba da specialuri dieta eniSneba, rac mniSvnelovnad
amsubuqebs maT mdgomareobas.
• romeli meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli nayofSi daavadebis aRmoCena? axalSo-
bilSi?
1
sangvinikuri tipis, optimistma mamakacma colad SeirTo melanqoli-
uri temperamentis pesimisti qali. am qorwinebidan daibada sami gogona:
taso, manana da qeTevani. dedis xasiaTi mxolod tasos hqonda. mamis xasiaTis
qeTevani colad gahyva aseTive xasiaTis mamakacs, giorgis. maT eyolaT ori
vaJi, gela da nika. gela bebias gavda.
gansazRvreT xasiaTis damemkvidrebis tipi da sagvartomo nusxis yvela
wevris genotipi.
I mama deda
II
taso manana qeTevani giorgi
} melanqoliuri
temperamentis
individebi
III
gela nika
35
2 moiZie Sens saojaxo fotoalbomSi sami Taobis fotosuraTebi. Seadgine

sagvartomo nusxa da gansazRvre ojaxis yvela wevris genotipi tuCebis an
Tvalis formis mixedviT.
embriogenezze genetikuri kontrolis

rolis SeswavlaSi 1995 wlis nobelis premia
fiziologiisa da medicinis dargSi kristian
volards mieniWa.
36
5.1.6 modifikaciuri cvalebadoba

Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto modifikaciuri cvalebadobis arsi;
• ganasxvao modifikaciuri cvalebadoba memkvidruli cvalebadobisagan;
• imsjelo garemos faqtorebze, romlebic organizmis niSan-Tvisebebs
ayalibeben;
• Seajamo modifikaciuri cvalebadobis mizezebi da Sedegebi.
yoveli organizmis niSan-Tvisebebs masze mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi moq-
medi ori umTavresi faqtori _ memkvidreobiToba da garemo _ ayalibebs. zog-
jer Zalian Znelia gansazRvro, sad mTavrdeba erTis gavlena da iwyeba meoris
moqmedeba. magaliTad, SesaZloa Sen winaprebma kargi mxedvelobis geniT „daga-
saCuqres“, magram, Tu Tvalebs kompiuteriT gadaiRli, an arasworad ikvebebi,
mxedvelobas udavod gaiuareseb. adamians SesaZlebelia memkvidreobiT musi-
kaluri niWi gadaeces, magram, Tu mas niWis gasaviTareblad saTanado garemo ar
Seeqmna, am unars ver gamoavlens. ase rom, fenotipis Camoyalibebaze, genotipTan
erTad, garemo moqmedebs.
memkvidreobiToba gansazRvravs imas, rogori SegiZlia rom iyo, xolo garemo
faqtorebi ki imas, rogori xar Sen mocemul momentSi.
imas, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi, garemos uamravi faqtori gansazRvravs _
klimati, sakvebi, toqsinebi, stresebi, garemos dabinZureba, daavadebebi, ojax-
uri garemo, kultura, ganaTleba da sxva. es yvelaze naTlad iseT identur
tyupebze vlindeba, romlebic gansxvavebul garemo pirobebSi izrdebodnen.
maTi ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi _ Tvalisa da Tmis feri, tuCis forma, ucvlelia,
magram saxis gamometyveleba, inteleqti SeiZleba gansxvavebuli hqondeT imis
mixedviT, Tu ra ganaTleba miiRes, rogor wreSi uxdebodaT aRzrda.
organizmis niSan-Tvisebebis cvlilebas garkveul farglebSi, romelic gare-
mos moqmedebiT warmoiqmneba misi genotipis cvlilebis gareSe, modifikaciuri
cvalebadoba ewodeba.
adamianSi modifikaciuri cvalebadobis TvalsaCino magaliTebia ultraiis-
feri sxivebis moqmedebiT sxeulis garujva, fizikuri datvirTvis dros ConCxisa
da kunTebis Zlieri ganviTareba, Warbi kvebisa da naklebad aqtiuri cxovrebis
wesis Sedegad wonaSi momateba.
ratom Zlierdeba kanis pigmentacia garujvis
dros? garujva kanis damcvelobiTi reaqciaa
ultraiisferi sxivebis saziano moqmedebis wi-
naaRmdeg. gamosxiveba mutaciebs iwvevs, rac
ujredebis gadagvarebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes.
amitom epidermisis ujredebi mzis sxivebis sapa-
suxod aqtiurdebian da pigment melanins gamoi-
muSaveben. is qmnis muq fenas, romelic STanTqa-
vs ultraiisferi sxivebis did nawils, riTac
xels uSlis mis SeRwevas kanis Rrmad mdebare ujredebSi. garujvas „qolgas“
adareben, romelsac kani „Slis“ ujredebis ultraiisferi sxivebisgan dasacavad.
37
zustad ase icvlebian garemos zemoqmedebiT da Tavs icaven misgan sxva coc-
xali organizmebic. magaliTad, wylis mcenares, isaras, romelic mTlianad wyal-
Sia Cayursuli, Tasmis msgavsi foTlebi aqvs, riTac is kargad STanTqavs nax-
SirorJangs da uZlebs wylis dinebas. xmeleTze isaras swormdgomi foTlebi
isars hgavs. Tu mcenaris nawili wyalSia, nawili ki _ xmeleTze, maSin mas orive
formis foToli uviTardeba.
garemos gavlena isaras fenotipze
1 rogori genotipi aqvs isaras samive formas?
bocvrebis erT-erT jiSs, himalaur bocvrebs, Cveulebriv, oTaxis tempera-

turaze mTel sxeulze TeTri bewvi aqvT, cxvirze, yurebze, kudze, TaTebze ki _
Savi. xelovnur pirobebSi, temperaturis zrdasTan erTad, Savi laqebi TandaTan
zomaSi mcirdeba da 300 C-ze mTlianad qreba. 00 C-ze ki isini mTlianad Savebi
arian.
temperaturis gavlena bocvris fenotipze
2 rogor fiqrob, ra aris bewvis feris aseTi cvlilebis mizezi?
rogorc xedav, isaras da bocvers memkvidreobiT gadaeca ara foTlis kon-

kretuli forma an bewvis konkretuli feri, aramed unari, Seicvalos es maxa-
siaTeblebi garemos pirobebis Sesabamisad.
modifikaciur cvalebadobas yvela niSan-Tviseba erTnairad ar eqvemdebare-
ba. magaliTad, adamianis Tvalis fersa da sisxlis jgufs mxolod genebi gan-
sazRvravs. garemos zemoqmedebiT is ar icvleba. rac Seexeba simaRles, wonas,
fizikur Zalas, isini Zlier arian damokidebuli garemoze, sakvebis raodenobasa
da xarisxze, fizikur datvirTvaze.
38
organizmis niSan-Tvisebebis cvlilebas, romelic warmoiqmneba garemo faqtore-

bis zemoqmedebiT, misi genotipis cvlilebis gareSe, modifikaciuri cvalebadoba
ewodeba. mas SeguebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da, rogorc wesi, memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema.
modifikaciur cvalebadobas yvela niSan-Tviseba erTnairad ar eqvemdebareba.
modifikaciuri cvalebadoba da memkvidruli cvalebadoba dedamiwis biomra-
valferovnebis mTavari mizezebia.
1 ilustracia asaxavs himalaur bocverze Catarebul erT-erT eqsperi-

ments. bocvers zurgze bewvi moaciles da am adgilze yinuliani paketi
daamagres.
A B
a. moifiqre, ra iyo am eqsperimentis mizani?

b. ivaraude cdis Sedegi.
2 Tu or TeTr himalaur bocvers SevajvarebT da maT baWiebs oTaxis

temperaturaze 200 C-ze gavzrdiT, ra feris iqnebian isini?
1 Seadare erTmaneTs mutacia da modifikacia. gadaitane rveulSi da Seavse

cxrili.
kiTxvebi mutacia modifikacia
cvlis Tu ara genotips?

aqvs Tu ara cvalebadobis
farglebi?
gadaecema Tu ara
memkvidreobiT?
39
2 daakavSire qvemoT CamoTvlili movlenebi cvalebadobis saxeebTan.
xuTTiTian mSoblebs SeeZinaT

eqvsTiTiani Svili
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi adamians aReniS- genuri mutacia

neba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis fun-
qcionirebis sezonuri cvlileba
genomuri mutacia
sportsmenebs intensiuri varjiSis pro-

cesSi gaezardaT kunTebis masa da Zala modifikaciuri
cvalebadoba
normaluri qromosomuli kompleqtis

mqone mSoblebs SeeZinaT daunis sindromis
mqone vaJi.
1 identuri tyupi Zroxa sxvadasxva fermaSi sxvadasxva cximianobis rZes

iwvelida. es gansxvaveba Sedegia:
a. kombinaciuri cvalebadobis;
b. aramemkvidruli cvalebadobis;
g. mutaciis.
2 modifikaciuri cvalebadoba iwvevs:
a. genotipis cvlilebas
b. genebis axal kombinacias
g. sxvadasxva garemo pirobebisadmi Seguebas
3 ra aris modifikaciuri cvalebadobis mizezi?
4 ra aris modifikaciuri cvalebadobis Sedegi?
5 ori mSoblidan erT-erTs aqvs naoperaciebi kexiani cxviri. SesaZle-

belia mSoblebs hqondeT molodini, rom maT Svils ar eqneba kexi cxvirze?
axseni, ratom?
40
6 maRalmTian raionebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis sisxli orjer met eriT-

rocitebs Seicavs, barSi mcxovrebi adamianebis sisxlTan SedarebiT.
a. axseni, ratom izrdeba sisxlSi eriTrocitebis raodenoba simaRlis

matebasTan erTad?
b. ra moxdeba, Tu maRalmTaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi barSi dasaxldebian?
7 hortenzia mJava niadagebSi wiTel, neitralurSi lurj, xolo tute-

Si mwvane feris yvavilebs iviTarebs. yvavilebis feris aseTi cvlileba ga-
mowveulia:
a. mutaciuri cvalebadobiT;
b. modifikaciuri cvalebadobiT;
g. kombinaciuri cvalebadobiT.
41
5.2 cocxali samyaros ganviTareba
galapagosis giganturi ku _ darvinis erT-erTi Zlieri STabeWdileba

5.2.1 lamarkis Sexedulebebi samyaros

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
Sen SeZleb:
• punqtebad Camoayalibo lamarkis evoluciuri Teoriis Sinaarsi;

• daasaxelo lamarkis mosazrebiT evoluciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zale-
bi;
• moiyvano argumentebi da imsjelo lamarkis evoluciuri Teoriis sust
da Zlier mxareebze.
mecnierebi didxans cdilobdnen aexsnaT samyaros

imetyvele, rogorc
araCveulebrivi mravalferovnebisa da organizmebis
mecnierma
garemosTan saocari Seguebulobebis mizezebi. ada-
evolucia mianebs didxans sjerodaT, rom sicocxle dedami-
waze ucvlelia, rom mravali milioni wlis win Seq-
mnili da konkretul ucvlel garemoSi erTxel da
samudamod dasaxlebuli organizmebi ucvlelad agrZeleben arsebobas.
pirveli mecnieri, romelic daupirispirda samyaros

ucvlelobis ideas da Seqmna moZRvreba samyaros evo-
luciis Sesaxeb, iyo frangi bunebismetyveli Jan batist
lamarki. sityva evolucia cvlilebas, gardaqmnas, gan-
viTarebas niSnavs.
lamarki amtkicebda, rom cxovelTa da mcenareTa
mravalferovneba cocxali samyaros ganviTarebis Sede-
gia. misi azriT, pirveli organizmebi martivad iyvnen
agebulni. isini droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardebodnen da
am cvlilebebs ori mTavari mizezi hqonda: yoveli or-
ganizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli swrafva srulyofilebis-
ken da garemos zemoqmedeba maTze.
lamarkis Teoria ramdenime ZiriTad mosazrebas eyrdnoba:
• mcenareebi da cxovelebi imitom icvlebian, rom maT es cvlilebebi sWir-
debaT axal garemoSi dasamkvidreblad. magaliTad, gvelebs kidurebi da
mokle sxeuli hqondaT, magram axal garemoSi _ viwro sivrceebSi, xvreleb-
Si, qvebs Soris gasaZromad maT grZeli, Tasmis msgavsi sxeuli dasWirdaT.
• yovel cocxals surs gaxdes srulyofili. yvela maTgans axasiaTebs Tan-
dayolili Sinagani swrafva progresisken. magaliTad, swored am swrafvis
gamo SeZlo yvela gvelma Tavisi sxeulis srulyofa viwro sivrceebSi
dasamkvidreblad.
• yovel individSi gavarjiSebuli organo zomaSi imatebs da viTardeba, gau-
varjiSebeli da iSviaTad gamoyenebuli ki knindeba da gadagvardeba. mag-
aliTad, gvelebis kidurebma gauvarjiSeblobis gamo dakarges funqcia da
gaqrnen.
43
• axal garemoSi yoveli individis mier SeZenili niSani STamomavlobas ga-

daecema. magaliTad, ufexo gvelebis naSierebs fexebi ar aqvT.
lamarki fiqrobda: Tu garemo pirobebi mravali Taobis manZilze icvleba,
saxeoba ise SeiZleba Seicvalos, rom misi cnobac ki SeuZlebeli gaxdes, anu is
axal saxeobad gadaiqces.
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia lamarkis mosazreba Jirafis grZeli kisrisa da

fexebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, Jirafebis winaprebs yvelas mokle kiseri da fexebi
hqonda. maT grZeli fexebi da kiseri imitom dasWirdaT, rom foTlebs xeebis
maRal totebze miswvdomodnen _ dabal totebze yvela foToli ukve SeWmuli
iyo. saamisod yvela maTgani mondomebiT avarjiSebda fexebsa da kisers. mravali
Taobis ganmavlobaSi navarjiSebi organoebi TandaTan izrdebodnen. dagrZele-
buli fexebi da kiseri yvela Jirafma Tavis STamomavlebs gadasca.
grelkisriani Jirafebis warmoqmna lamarkis mixedviT
amgvarad, lamarkis mixedviT, axali saxeobis warmoqmnas iwvevs organizmebis

swrafva srulyofisken, garemos zemoqmedeba organizmebze da maTi sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi SeZenili niSnebis memkvidreobiT gadacema.
mecnierebaSi didxans batonobda mosazreba bunebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb. mecni-

eri, romelic daupirispirda am mosazrebebs da Seqmna pirveli evoluciuri Teo-
ria iyo, frangi bunebismetyveli, Jan batist lamarki. sityva evolucia cvlilebas
niSnavs. lamarkis Teoriis mixedviT, biomravalferovnebisa da organizmebis gare-
mosTan Seguebis mTavari mizezebia organizmebis swrafva ganviTarebisaken da maTze
garemos zemoqmedeba.
44
1 rogor axsnida lamarki ixvis fexebze sa-

curao apkis arsebobas? mosazreba punqtebad Ca-
moayalibe.
2 erTi SexedviT, lamarkis zogierT mosazre-

bas SesaZloa daeTanxmo kidec. magaliTad, fexbur-
Telebs yoveldRiuri intensiuri varjiSis Sedegad
fexis Zlieri kunTebi aqvT. magram, Tu travmis gamo
varjiSis Sewyveta mouwevT, kunTebi usustdebaT.
rogori kunTebi eqnebaT maT Svilebs?
• ra saxis cvalebadobaa varjiSis Sedegad kun-

Tovani masis zrda?
• gadaecema modifikaciuri cvalebadoba mem-
kvidreobiT?
• lamarkis mosazrebebis romeli nawilia SenT-
vis misaRebi?
3 mravali frinvelis kvercxi Seferilo-

biT ise erwymis garemos, rom is SeuCneveli
rCeba gvelebis, meliebisa da sxva cxovelebis-
Tvis.
• Seni azriT, SesaZlebelia am Seguebulo-

bis lamarkis TeoriiT axsna?
• ratom uaryves lamarkis mosazrebebi?
sicocxlis Semswavlel mecnierebas „biologia“ lamarkma uwoda.
45
5.2.2 darvinis mogzauroba msoflios garSemo.

mogzaurobis Sedegebi
Sen SeZleb:
• aRwero gem „biglis“ mogzaurobis marSruti;
• Seadaro kontinentebsa da kunZulebze binadari organizmebis Tvisebebi
da imsjelo maTi gansxvavebis mizezebze;
• ganmarto, ra aris jiSi da ganasxvao is saxeobisgan;
• sqematurad warmoadgino jiSis Seqmnis procesi.
imetyvele, rogorc Tanamedrove mecnierTa umravlesoba ZiriTa-

mecnierma dad iziarebs XIX saukunis ingliseli mecnierebis,
Carlz darvinisa da alfred uolesis mosazrebebs,
xelovnuri gadarCeva
romlebic sabolood evoluciuri Teoriis saxiT
jiSi
Camoyalibda.
evoluciuri Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi

uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda 22 wlis
darvinis xuTwlian samecniero mogzau-
robas, gem „bigliT“, msoflios garSemo.
Carlz robert darvini da

alfred rasel uolesi
gemi „bigli“
galapagosi
gem „biglis“ mogzaurobis marSruti
46
darvinze gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba galapagosis kunZulebma moaxdina. am

kunZulebis binadarTa didi umravlesoba sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba da gansakuTre-
buli niSnebiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, darvini aq waawyda unikalur xvliks _
zRvis iguanas. xmeleTis xvlikisgan gansxvavebiT, is mxolod wyalmcenareebiT
ikvebeba, romlebsac curviTa da yvinTviT moipovebs. saamisod iguanas grZeli,
gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli kudi da sacurao apkiT aRWurvili TiTebi aqvs. am
SeguebulobebiT is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba kontinentze mcxovrebi xvlikebisgan.
galapagosis iguana
arqipelagis sxvadasxva kunZulze darvinma mTiulebis sxvadasxva saxeoba aR-

moaCina, romlebic niskartis formiT gansxvavdebodnen rogorc erTmaneTisgan,
aseve kontinentze mcxovrebi mTiulebisgan. kontinentze mcxovrebi mTiulebis
ZiriTadi sakvebi mcenareTa Teslebi iyo, romlebsac isini mokle da swori,
Zlieri niskartiT amsxvrevdnen. sxvadasxva kunZulze ki es frinvelebi zogi
wvrili mwerebiT ikvebeboda (1), zogi _ kaqtusis yvavilebiTa da neqtriT (2),
zogis sakvebi mcenareTa Teslebi (3) iyo. darvinis azriT, niskartis formebis
gansxvavebis mizezi swored gansxvavebuli sakvebi unda yofiliyo.
1 2 3
galapagosis mTiulebi
kontinentis
mTiula
msgavs faqtebs is msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi waawyda, ramac daarwmuna, rom

organizmebis cvlilebebis mizezi maTi saarsebo garemos cvlileba iyo. darvi-
nis mTavar interess am cvlilebebis meqanizmis axsna warmoadgenda. am rTuli
amocanis amoxsnaSi gadamwyveti roli ingliseli naturalistebis saqmianobis
gacnobam Seasrula.
47
im droisaTvis inglisSi ukve arsebobda fermerebisa da naturalistebis mier

Seqmnili mtredebis, qaTmebisa da ZaRlebis mravali jiSi.
gaixsene, ras vuwodebT saxeobas?
saxeoba organizmebis erTobliobaa, romlebic memkvidrulad emsgavsebian erT-
maneTs garegani da Sinagani agebulebiT, ejvarebian erTmaneTs, iZlevian gamrav-
lebis unaris mqone STamomavlobas da ukaviaT bunebaSi gansazRvruli areali.
jiSi erTi saxeobis individTa jgufia, romelic adamianis mier xelovnurad aris
Seqmnili da adamianisTvis saintereso memkvidruli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs.
Zvelad naturalistebs, ufro xSirad, monadire ZaRlis sxvadasxva jiSi gamohyav-
daT. nadiroba gansxvavebuli fizikuri Tvisebebisa da xasiaTis ZaRlebs moiTxovs.
magaliTad, meZebari ZaRlebi nadiris suns iReben da monadires atyobineben, mwev-
rebi nadirs misdeven.
soros ZaRlebi _ terierebi (tera miwas niSnavs) naturalistebma virTagvebze
da meliebze sanadirod gamoiyvanes. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi inglisSi cudi sani-
taruli pirobebis gamo Zalze momravlebuli virTagvebi bevr saSiS daavadebas
avrcelebdnen. amitom maTze nadiroba erTgvar sportadac ki iqca. am saqmeSi bada-
li ar hyavda swraf da moqnil manCester teriers, romelic naturalistebma spe-
cialurad virTagvebze sanadirod gamoiyvanes. meliebze sanadirod border ter-
ieri Seiqmna. meliis soroSi SesaZromad mas mokle da kompaqturi sxeuli aqvs,
romelic xSiri bewviTaa dafaruli. bewvi mas sicivisa da nestisgan icavs.
manCester terieri border terieri
miniaturuli ZaRlebis mimarT dedofal viqtorias gansakuTrebuli siyvaru-

lis gamo, im drois inglisSi popularulebi iyvnen toi terieri da iorkSiris
terieri.
toi terieri iorkSiris terieri
48
inglisSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebam fermerebis winaSe sruliad gansxvavebu-

li moTxovnebi daayena. maT unda SeeqmnaT mcenareTa da cxovelTa iseTi jiSebi,
romlebic daakmayofilebda qalaqis gazrdil moTxovnilebas sakveb produqteb-
sa da xarisxian sawarmoo nedleulze.
ingliselma fermerebma sul ramdenime weliwadSi SeZles msxvilfexa rqosani
saqonlis maRalproduqtiuli merZeuli da mexorculi jiSebis gamoyvana.
darvinma SeniSna, rom axali jiSis misaRebad yvela fermeri erTnairad iqce-
oda: isini irCevdnen iseT cxovelebsa da mcenareebs, romlebsac fermerebis-
Tvis sasurveli memkvidruli niSani hqondaT da maT ajvarebdnen. miRebuli Tao-
bidan gasamravleblad isev mxolod im individebs irCevdnen, romelTac es niSani
mkveTrad hqondaT gamoxatuli. maTi Semdgomi gamravlebisas, Taobidan TaobaSi,
fermerisTvis saintereso niSani sul ufro Zlierdeboda da mtkicdeboda.
rogorc xedav, axali jiSebis Seqmna xelovnurad _ adamianis monawileobiT
mimdinareobs. amitom am process xelovnuri gadarCeva uwodes.
darvinma ivarauda, rom xelovnuri gadarCevis msgavsi procesi bunebaSic unda
xdebodes. magram ra niSnis mixedviT unda mimdinareobdes gadarCeva bunebaSi?
organizmebis romel niSans mieniWeba upiratesoba? rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
ra aris is Zala, romelic aseT gadarCevas awarmoebs?
darvins yvela am kiTxvaze unda gaeca pasuxi.
darvin _ uolesis evoluciuri Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da darvinis mogzaurobas gemiT msoflios garSemo. is darwmunda, rom organizmebis
cvlilebis mizezi maTi saarsebo garemos cvlilebaa. ingliseli naturalistebis
saqmianobis gacnobam darvins ganumtkica azri, rom xelovnuri gadarCevis msgavsi
procesi bunebaSic unda xdebodes.
xelovnuri gadarCeva axali jiSebis Seqmnis procesia. jiSi erTi saxeobis indi-
vidTa jgufia, romelic adamianis mier xelovnurad aris gamoyvanili da adamian-
isTvis saintereso Tvisebebi aqvs.
Caatare gamokiTxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis bazarSi. hkiTxe

movaWreebs, romeli jiSis xilsa da bostneuls yidian. ra niSnebis gamo Seu-
ZliaT gaukeTon reklama am produqts?
• aRricxe da CainiSne, ramdenad xSirad Sexvdi xilisa da bostneulis
qarTul jiSebs.
• imsjeleT klasSi am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
49
1 moiZie informacia saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yurZnis jiSebis Sesaxeb

da Seavse cxrili:
temperaturisadmi
daavadebebisadmi
mosavlianoba
Saqrianoba
gamZleoba
gamZleoba
aromati
feri
yurZnis
jiSi
rqawiTeli
saferavi
mwvane
colikauri
cicqa
ojaleSi
yurZnis romeli jiSia yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi? ro-

melma Tvisebam gamoiwvia misi esoden farTod gavrceleba?
1 mexorculi an merZeuli jiSis Zroxis didi wona sasargebloa bunebriv

pirobebSi?
mexorculi jiSi merZeuli jiSi
50
3 ra daemarTeba am Rors bunebaSi adami-

anis gareSe?
4 megruli Zroxa xevsuruls aRemateba woniTa da zomiT. ra aris amis

mizezi?
5 ZaRlis jiSs, Sarpeis, kani Zlier aqvs

danaoWebuli da dakecili. moiZie informa-
cia ratom Seiqmna ZaRlis es jiSi da ra mniS-
vneloba aqvs aseT kans misTvis?
6 garda gakveTilis teqstSi ganxiluli magaliTebisa, kidev ra mizniT

iyenebs adamiani ZaRlebs? ra niSnebiT gamoirCevian isini?
7 Seni sacxovrebeli pirobebidan gamomdinare da Seni gemovnebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, romeli jiSis ZaRls iyoliebdi saxlSi? jiSis romel Tvise-
bebs gaiTvaliswinebdi am arCevanis dros?
moiZie informacia kavkasiuri nagazis Sesaxeb da dawere referati Semdegi

gegmiT:
a. jiSis Seqmnis mizani;

b. jiSis Seqmnis istoria;
g. kavkasiuri nagazis Tvisebebi.
wardeqi klasis winaSe.
51
skai terieri bobi msoflioSi yve-

laze erTgul ZaRlad aRiares. Sot-
landiis dedaqalaqSi mas Zegli daud-
ges. bobi patronis sikvdilis Semdeg 14
wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRe akiTxavda
kafes, sadac is miCveuli iyo patron-
Tan erTad sauzmes da Semdeg isev mis
saflavze brundeboda. man sicocxle
patronis saflavze daasrula.
darvinis kunZuli galapagosis ar-

qipelagis patara kunZulia, romelic
ramdenime milioni wlis win vulkanis
amofrqvevis Sedegad gaCnda. am adgi-
lebs evoluciis cocxal muzeumad
moixsenieben. darvinis `TaRi~ turis-
tebis erT-erTi sayvareli adgilia, ro-
melic myvinTavebs izidavs mravalfero-
vani da unikaluri wyalqveSa samyaros
gamo.
52
5.2.3 darvin-uolesis evoluciuri Teoria.

arsebobisTvis brZola, misi formebi.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto, ras uwodeben arsebobisTvis brZolas da daasaxelo misi for-
mebi;
• imsjelo arsebobisTvis brZolis mizezebze;
• moiyvano arsebobisTvis brZolis sxvadasxva formis konkretuli maga-
liTebi;
• Seajamo arsebobisTvis brZolis Sedegebi;
• punqtebad Camoayalibo darvinis mosazrebebi da Seadaro is lamarkis mo-
sazrebebs;
• daasaxelo evoluciis mamoZravebeli faqtorebi, Tanamedrove evoluci-
uri Teoriis mixedviT;
• imsjelo Seguebulobebis sxvadasxva formebze da maT mniSvnelobaze;
• Seajamo, ra mniSvneloba aqvs populaciis genetikur mravalferovnebas.
darvinma SeniSna, rom bunebaSi gaCenili indi-

imetyvele, rogorc videbidan zrdasrul asaks Zalian cota aRwevs.
mecnierma magaliTad, erTi gvimra weliwadSi 50 milionamde
sporas warmoqmnis, erTi xamanwka 100 milionamde
arsebobisaTvis brZola
kvercxs debs, magram maTgan warmoqmnili orga-
bunebrivi gadarCeva
nizmebis Zalian didi nawili sicocxlis sxvadasx-
va etapze iRupeba. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
mizezi mravalgvaria.
magaliTad: zRvis kus am naSierebma unda

gamoaRwion budidan, ipovon gza zRvisken,
Tavi daicvan mtaceblebisgan, ipovon part-
niorebi gamravlebisTvis, datovon da Sei-
narCunon STamomavloba.
sicocxlisTvis brZolaa saWiro. am
brZolaSi ar arsebobs Sesveneba. is mimdin-
areobs mudmivad, yoveldRe, Taobidan Tao-
baSi. gansxvavebuli mxolod brZolis wese-
bia.
yoveli axladgaCenili individi umkacres brZolaSi erTveba yvelasTan da yve-

laferTan, rac mas gars akravs: garemos araxelsayrel pirobebTan, sxva saxeobis
warmomadgenlebTan, sakuTari saxeobis sxva individebTan. am brZolas darvinma
arsebobisTvis brZola uwoda. is arsebobisTvis brZolis sam ZiriTad formas
gamoyofda.
53
garemos araxelsayrel pirobebTan brZo-

laSi is individebi gadarCebian, romlebic
ufro mdgradebi aRmoCndebian garemos
garkveuli temperaturis, tenianobis, ga-
naTebis mimarT, rac unda mkacri iyos es
pirobebi. magaliTad, daburul tropikul
tyeSi is balaxovani mcenareebi gadarCebian,
romlebic didi zedapiris mqone da grZely-
unwiani foTlebiT moaxerxeben dabali ta-
nis mcenareebamde moRweuli susti sinaT-
lis sxivis daWeras. udabnoSi is mcenareebi
damkvidrdebian, romlebic grZeli fes-
vebiT SeZleben niadagis Rrma fenebidan
deficituri wylis mopovebas.
saxeobaTaSorisi brZola, rogorc sa-

xelwodeba giCvenebs, gansxvavebul saxeo-
bebs Soris mimdinareobs. misi magaliTebia:
brZola mtacebelsa da msxverpls Soris,
balaxismWamel cxovelsa da mcenares So-
ris, mwerebsa da mweriWamia frinvelebs
Soris, kulturul mcenareebsa da sareve-
la mcenareebs Soris. magaliTad, mgels is
kurdReli dausxlteba, romelic ukeTe-
sad darbis; balaxismWamel cxovelebs is
mcenareebi gadaurCebian, romlebic Sxamiani
nivTierebebiT an eklebiT SeZleben maTgan
Tavis daRwevas.
Sidasaxeobrivi brZola gansakuTrebiT

mkacri da daundobelia, radgan erTi
saxeobis individebs saarsebod erTnairi
pirobebi _ erTnairi sakvebi, teritoria,
sqesobrivi partniori esaWiroebaT. moce-
muli saxeobis individebidan gadarCebian
da gamravldebian mxolod isini, romlebic
TavianTi „moZmeebTan“ SedarebiT ukeT ga-
uZleben klimatis cvlilebebs, ukeT ga-
daurCebian mtaceblebs, ukeT moipoveben
sakvebs, Tavs daicaven parazitebisgan. mag-
aliTad, udabnoSi mxolod im kaqtusebs
Sexvdebi, romlebmac TavianTi mZlavri fes-
vebiT konkurencia gauwies mezobel kaq-
tusebs wylis mopovebaSi, daagroves wyali
ReroSi da basri eklebiT gadaurCnen mSier
aqlemebs.
54
ase rom, arsebobisTvis umkacres brZolaSi, cxadia, imarjveben, sicocxles

agrZeleben da STamomavlobas toveben mxolod is individebi, romelTac kon-
kretul garemoSi arsebobisTvis Sesaferisi memkvidruli niSan-Tvisebebi anu
Seguebulobebi aqvT. SerCevis es procesi bunebaSi sicocxlis gaCenis dRidan
mudmivad mimdinareobs. mas darvinma ukeTSeguebulTa gadarCena, anu bunebrivi
gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis Sexeduleba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia ramdenime
konkretul punqtad Camoyalibdes.
• yvela organizmi bevrad ufro met naSiers

Sobs, vidre bunebaSi gadarCeba. magaliTad,
erTi pepela 500-mde kvercxs debs, Tumca
xuTasi pepela zrdasrul asaks ver aRwevs.
• organizmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uwe-

ven garemos SezRuduli resursebisTvis.
magaliTad, ramdenime pepela cdilobs ga-
moikvebos erTi da imave yvavilis neqtriT.
• erTi saxeobis individebi erTmaneTisgan

garkveuli memkvidruli niSnebiT gansxvav-
debian. zogierTi maTganis niSani zustad See-
sabameba im garemos, romelSic is cxovrobs.
magaliTad, narinjisferi peplebi ar Canan
narinjisferi yvavilis fonze, amitom isi-
ni nakleb SesamCnevni arian frinvelebisTvis,
romlebic maTze nadiroben. es niSani maT
upiratesobas aniWebs am saxeobis sxva in-
dividebTan SedarebiT da isini imarjveben
arsebobisTvis brZolaSi. magaliTad, frin-
velebi Tavs esxmian sxva feris peplebs da
anadgureben maT.
• gadarCenili, anu kargad Seguebuli indi-

videbi, romlebsac ukve naklebi konkuren-
tebi ecilebian sakvebSi, mravldebian da am
sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebas STamomavlobas
gadascemen. sabolood saxeobis yvela wevrs
sasargeblo niSani aRmoaCndeba. magaliTad, na-
rinjisferi peplebi mravldebian da am saxeo-
bis yvela pepela narinjisferi iqneba.
magram, ramoxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garemo
mkveTrad Seicvala? aseT situaciaSi gadasar-
Cenad Zveli niSan-Tvisebebi sruliad gamousa-
degari da SesaZloa damRupvelic aRmoCndes.
55
vnaxoT, rogor xsnis darvini grZelkisriani Jirafebis warmoqmnas. misi azriT,

moklekisriani Jirafebis winaprebs Soris SemTxveviT gaCndnen SedarebiT grZel-
kisriani individebi, Tumca sakmarisi sakvebis pirobebSi es niSani maT TanamoZ-
meebisgan didad ar gamoarCevda. upirates mdgomareobaSi isini sakvebis defi-
citis pirobebSi aRmoCndnen _ mxolod maT SeeZloT xeebis maRali totebidan
foTlebis mogleja. moklekisriani Jirafebi sakvebis gareSe rCebodnen da iRu-
pebodnen, grZelkisrianebi ki mravldebodnen. maT STamomavlebs gadarCenis meti
SesaZlebloba hqondaT.
grZelkisriani Jirafis warmoqmna darvinis mixedviT
darvinis azriT, bunebrivi gadarCeva SemTxveviT gaCenili niSnebidan amoarCevs

im memkvidrul niSans, romelic mocemuli garemosTvis aris Sesaferisi _ grZel-
kisrian Jirafebs bunebrivi gadarCeva tovebda.
darvinisa da uolesis mosazrebebi safuZvlad udevs Tanamedrove evoluci-
ur Teorias, romelic ganmtkicda genetikis, molekuluri biologiis, paleon-
tologiis, bioqimiisa da ekologiis uaxlesi monacemebiT.
dRes ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs, rom memkvidruli cvalebadobis mizezi, romelic
darvins evoluciis safuZvlad miaCnda, genebis mutaciebi da genTa axali kombi-
naciebia. garda amisa, Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, evoluciis
erTeuli arc calkeuli individia, (rogorc lamarki fiqrobda) da arc saxeoba
(rogorc darvini Tvlida), aramed populacia.
populacia erTi saxeobis individTa jgu-

fia, romelic teritoriulad SedarebiT
izolirebulia amave saxeobis individTa
sxva jgufebisgan. amitom erTi populaciis
wevrebi ufro Tavisuflad ejvarebian da,
aqedan gamomdinare, ufro emsgavsebian erT-
maneTs.
populaciebi saxeoba
56
vnaxoT, rogor warmoudgeniaT mecnierebs evo-

luciis Tanamedrove Teoriis mixedviT, magaliTad,
antilopa dik-dikisa da Jirafis erT-erTi saxeobis
warmoqmna.
Jirafis Sesaxeb bevri gsmenia. dik-diki ki patara
antilopaa. is sul 3-6 kg-s iwonis, cxovrobs afrika-
Si, ikvebeba balaxebiTa da buCqebis foTlebiT. misT-
vis mniSvnelovania, rom, erTi mxriv, buCqebSi kar-
gad daemalos mters, xolo meore mxriv, buCqi Zalian
maRali ar unda iyos, rom is foTlebs miwvdes.
mecnierTa azriT, am ori cxovelis winapari saxeobis individebis erTi jgufi
_ populacia, mTebis erT mxares aRmoCnda, meore ki _ meore mxares. axal garemo-
Si, gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamo, am ori jgufis individebs sxvadasxva mutacie-
bi, anu axali niSan-Tvisebebi uCndebodaT. arsebobisTvis brZolaSi imarjvebdnen
mxolod isini, romlebsac mocemuli garemosTvis Sesaferisi Tvisebebi-Seguebu-
lobani aRmoaCndebodaT.imis gamo, rom populaciebs Soris arsebobda fizikuri
barieri _ mTa, isini erTmaneTs ver xvdebodnen, ver ejvarebodnen da Secvlil
genebs ver ucvlidnen erTmaneTs.
ase Camoyalibda am, odesRac erTi saxeobis ori sxvadasxva populaciidan,
dik-dikisa da Jirafis saxeobebi aRmosavleT afrikaSi.
magram, Seguebuloba ar gulisxmobs organizmTa mxolod konkretulad erTi

niSnis Sesabamisobas garemosTan. Seguebuloba niSan-TvisebaTa mTeli kompleq-
tia, romelic moicavs organizmTa garegani da Sinagani agebulebis, sasicocxlo
Tvisebebis, qcevebis Sesatyvisobas garemosTan, romelSic isini binadroben. Se-
sabamisad ganarCeven morfologiur, fiziologiur da qceviT Seguebulobebs.
aseTi Seguebulobebis bevr magaliTs Sen ukve gaecani mcenareTa da cxovel-
Ta samefoebis Seswavlisas. bevris Sesaxeb kidev Seityob ekologiis sakiTxebis
Seswavlisas.
yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove Sexedulebebi evolu-
ciis Sesaxeb ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: axali niSan_Tvisebebis warmoqmna or-
ganizmebSi mutaciebis an genTa axali kombinaciebis Sedegia. sasargebloa Tu
saziano es axali niSnebi arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi wydeba. am daZabul brZo-
laSi mxolod is individebi gadarCebian, romelTa axali Tvisebebi konkretul
saarsebo garemos Seesabameba. gamarjvebuli, anu garemosTan ukeT Seguebuli
individebi mravldebian da Tavis sasargeblo niSnebs STamomavlobas gadascemen.
ase rom, evoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriis mixedviT evoluciis mTavari faqtore-
bi memkvidruli cvalebadoba da bunebrivi gadarCevaa. biomravalferovneba bune-
brivi gadarCevis Sedegia.
57
organizmebSi axali niSan-Tvisebebis warmoqmna mutaciebisa da genTa axali kom-

binaciebis Sedegia. arsebobisTvis umkacres brZolaSi imarjveben is individebi,
romelTa niSan-Tvisebebi konkretul saarsebo garemos Seesabameba. garemosTan
ukeT Seguebuli individebi mravldebian da Tavis sasargeblo memkvidrul niSnebs
STamomavlebs gadascemen. ase rom, memkvidruli cvalebadoba da bunebrivi gadarCe-
va evoluciis mTavari faqtorebia. biomravalferovneba bunebrivi gadarCevis Se-
degia.
1 gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse:
gadarCeva
bunebrivi xelovnuri
gadamrCevi
faqtori
romeli niSnebiT
gadairCevian
raSi gamoixateba
gadarCevis Sedegebi
58
2 gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse carieli ujrebi:
arsebobisTvis brZolis formebi
garemos
erTi saxeobis sxvadasxva saxeobis
araxelsayrel
individebs Soris individebs Soris
faqtorebTan
magaliTebi magaliTebi magaliTebi
3 warmoidgine aseTi situacia: garemoSi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo aRar darCa

narinjisferi yvavilebi, samagierod gamravldnen cisferebi. punqtebad
Camoayalibe da sqemis saxiT warmoadgine, rogor ganviTardeba movlenebi.
ra bedi eliT narinjisfer peplebs?
4 arasodes gdomebia, gqonoda peplebis koleqcia? inglisSi arsebobs moy-

varuli da profesionali naturalistebis mier Segrovebuli umdidresi
koleqcia, romelic ara mxolod am qveynis biologiur mravalferovnebaze
metyvelebs, aramed warmodgenas gviqmnis inglisis istoriazec. rogorc
koleqciidan Cans, q.manCesteris midamoebSi erT-erTi saxeobis peplebSi
1850 wlamde Warbobda TeTri feris individebi. amis Semdeg suraTi radi-
kalurad icvleba _ koleqciaSi ZiriTadad muqi feris peplebia.
weli TeTri peplebi (%) Savi peplebi (%)
1848 99 1
1898 1 99
59
mecnierebi am faqts ase xsnian: es peplebi RamiT frenen da mTeli dRe xis
totebze isveneben. XIX saukunis Sua periodamde manCesteris midamoebSi xis
totebze TeTri feris liqenebi iyvnen dasaxlebuli. am fonze TeTri peple-
bi ar Candnen, amitom maT frinvelebi ver anadgurebdnen. XIX saukunis meore
naxevarSi manCesterSi mravali qarxana aSenda. am periodSi liqenebi ganad-
gurdnen. TeTri peplebi xis muq fonze mkveTrad gamoCndnen da mtaceblebs
ver gadaurCnen.
a. axseni, ra kavSirs xedav qarxnebis mSeneb-

lobasa da liqenebis ganadgurebas Soris?
b. rogor fiqrob, mas Semdeg rac manCester-

Si garemos dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego zomebi
miiRes, Seicvleboda raime am peplebis saxeoba-
Si? aRwere es procesi.
5 zogjer meTevzeebi badeSi moyolil, SedarebiT mcire zomis Tevzebs,

ukan wyalSi abruneben. rogor fiqrob, Tu es procesi mudmivad gagrZel-
da, SeZlebs meTevze didi zomis Tevzebis daWeras ramdenime wlis Semdeg?
warmoadgine Seni mosazreba sqematurad. gaiTvaliswine, rom erTi saxeo-
bis zrdasruli Tevzebis zomaSi gansxvaveba genebiTaa gamowveuli.
60
6 romeli situacia asaxavs evoluciis process?
a. yvela xoWo foTliT ikvebeba. warmoidgine, rom 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi

gvalvis gamo, xoWoebs sakvebi moaklda. yvela maTgans gamravlebisa da
gadarCenis Tanabari SesaZlebloba aqvs. xoWoebi zomaSi Semcirdnen.
b. xoWoebis 90 %-s mwvane feris ganmsazRvreli geni aqvs, xolo10%-s _ yavis-

feris. erTi wlis Semdeg situacia Secvlilia. populaciaSi yavisferi
xoWoebi Warbobs.
7 romeli situacia asaxavs Seguebulebis gadarCevis process?
61
8 grafikulad warmoadgine, ilustra-

ciaze mocemuli antilopebis saxeo-
baSi momxdari cvlileba ramdenime
Taobis Semdeg, a da b situaciaSi.
a. antilopebi foTlebs xis maRal

totebze unda miswvdnen;
b. antilopebi lomebs maRal balaxSi
unda daemalon.
9 kaqtuss mravalgvari Seguebulobani aqvs. ganasxvave isini erTmaneTisgan,

Seavse cxrili:
a. Zalian grZeli fesvi;
b. foTlebis ararseboba;
g. wylis dagroveba ReroSi;
d. mafotosinTezirebeli Rero;
e. Saqrebis dagroveba ReroSi, romelic xels uwyobs wylis Sekavebas;
v. wylis ekonomiuri xarjva;
z. mcire raodenobis bageebi Reroze;
T. cviliT dafaruli sqeli epidermisi;
i. mravalricxovani eklebi.
morfologiuri fiziologiuri
Seguebuloba Seguebuloba
10 ras asaxavs ilustracia?
62
1 darvinis ideebs bevri mowinaaRmdege aRmoaCnda. evoluciuri Teoriis

gamoqveynebisTanave masze ironiulad werdnen: “darvins Tu davujerebT, bune-
bas xelebi hqonia. aba sxvanairad gadarCevis warmoeba rogor warmovidginoT? “
gvainteresebs Seni azri bunebis „xelebis“ Sesaxeb.
2 miuTiTe araswori pasuxi:
Tu mwvane muxluxo SemTxveviT xis qerqze aRmoCnda, mas swrafad akenkavs

frinveli. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom:
a. Seguebuloba absoluturia;
b. Seguebuloba SefardebiTia;
g. garemos Secvlisas Seguebuloba SeiZleba damRupveli aRmoCndes;
d. Seguebuloba mxolod im garemoSi icavs organizms, romelSic Camoya-
libda.
3 ra mniSvneloba aqvs populaciis genetikur mravalferovnebas?
daasaxele mweriWamia mcenaris _ drozeras morfologiuri da fiziolo-

giuri Seguebulobebi. axseni maTi mizezebi.
aRwere tbis bayayis morfologiuri da fiziologiuri Seguebulobebi

orgvar garemoSi cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
63
5.2.4 evoluciis damamtkicebeli argumentebi
Sen SeZleb:
• daasaxelo mecnierebebi, romelTa monacemebiT SesaZloa evoluciuri Te-
oriis marTebulobaze msjeloba;
• daasaxelo namarxebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian sa-
qarTvelos preistoriuli bunebis Sesaxeb;
• ganasxvao erTmaneTisgan homologiuri da analogiuri organoebi da ims-
jelo maTi warmoqmnis meqanizmze;
• ganasxvao erTmaneTisgan rudimentebi da atavizmebi da ganmarto, ratom
iTvlebian isini evoluciis damadasturebel sabuTebad.
ramdenad sworad asaxavs evoluciuri Teoria

imetyvele, rogorc Cvens planetaze sicocxlis istorias?
mecnierma
adamianebi am movlenebis momswreni ar yofilan.
paleontologia pirdapiri eqsperimentebiT evoluciuri Teoriis
embriologia dadastureba warmoudgenelia. misi marTebulobis
rudimentebi Sesaxeb mxolod sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi dagrovi-
atavizmebi li faqtebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT.
analogiuri organoebi evoluciuri Teoriis sasargeblod Zalze dama-
homologiuri organoebi jereblad paleontologiis monacemebi metyvele-
feromonebi ben.
paleontologia mecnierebaa, romelic namarx
formebs swavlobs. bunebam, namarxi organizmebis
saxiT, mravali „myari, gaqvavebuli sabuTi“ Semogvinaxa sicocxlis adrindeli
formebis Sesaxeb.
namarx organizmebs saqarTveloSic mravlad naxuloben. mdinare ivris xeobaSi
25 saxeobis namarxi mcenare da cxoveli aRmoaCines. aqvea aRmoCenili xmalkbila
vefxvis, martorqis, siraqlemis naSTebi.
ganamarxebuli uZvelesi xmalkbila vefxvis

xerxemliani cxoveli gvimranairis naSTi naSTi
1 namarxi mcenareebi _ tirifi, Zelqva, Txili bunebrivad notio havis pirobeb-

Si izrdebian. sainteresoa rom dRes ivris xeobis midamoebi, naxevrad udab-
nos warmoadgens. SegiZlia axsna mouZebno am faqts?
64
kaxeTSi, taribanis velze, aRmoCnda spilos

kargad Semonaxuli ConCxi. mecnierebma SeZles
misi sruli rekonstruqcia, anu dazianebuli
adgilebis Camateba da dRes am 4,5 m simaRlis
cxovelis ConCxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumSi inaxeba.
baTum-axalcixis gzis mSeneblobisas, adami-
anebi moulodnelad gaqvavebuli tyis aRmo-
Cenis momswreni gaxdnen. rogorc irkveva, am
midamoebSi aTeulobiT milioni wlis win sub-
tropikuli mcenareebis _ palmebisa da daf-
nebis tyeebi iyo gadaWimuli. mZlavrma vul-
kanurma amofrqvevam tye magmiT dafara da
bunebis saocar Zeglad aqcia.
mecnierebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vani monapovaria iseTi namarxi organizmebis
aRmoCena, romlebic TiTqos dRes arsebuli
organizmebis erTgvar nakrebs warmoadgenen.
magaliTad, erT-erT ganamarxebul cxovels,
romelsac arqeopteriqsi uwodes, erTdrou-
lad Tanamedrove qvewarmavlisa da frinvel-
isTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs.
SedarebiTi anatomia aranakleb damajerebel faqtebs gvTavazobs evoluciuri

Teoriis sasargeblod.
daakvirdi ilustracias. xerxemlian cxovelebs kidurebis agebulebis saer-
To gegma aqvT, rac maT saerTo warmoSobaze unda miuTiTebdes. garegnulad am
cxovelebis kidurebi erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba. erTi SexedviT Zneli
warmosadgenic kia, rom Ramuris frTasa da delfinis fexfarfls raime SeiZleba
hqondes saerTo.
1 2 3 4 5
1. adamiani; 2. bayayi; 3. Ramura; 4. delfini; 5. cxeni.
xerxemliani cxovelebis kidurebis agebuleba
65
2 ratom iTvleba, rom xerxemlian cxovelebs kidurebis agebulebis erTiani

gegma aqvT?
3 romeli Zvlebia aRniSnuli mwvane feriT? narinjisferiT? iasamnisferiT?
4 rogor fiqrob, ratom gansxvavdeba es Zvlebi sxvadasxva xerxemlianis

kidurebSi?
organoebs, romlebic msgavsni arian warmoSobiTa da agebulebis saerTo geg-

miT, magram gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvT, homologiuri organoebi ewodeba.
sruliad sxvagvaradaa saqme e.w. analogiuri

organoebis SemTxvevaSi. isini garegnulad Zalian
hgvanan erTmaneTs msgavsi funqciebis gamo, Tumca
araferi aqvT saerTo warmoSobisa da agebulebis
mxriv. magaliTad, analogiuri organoebia frinv-
elisa da peplis frTebi. orive safreni aparatia
da Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, Tumca maTi agebuleba
radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. frin-
velis frTa Sinagan Zvlovan ConCxs eyrdnoba,
peplis frTa ki garegani, qitinovani ConCxis war- analogiuri organoebi
monaqmnia.
homologiuri da analogiuri organoebis arseboba naTlad miuTiTebs gare-
mos rolze evoluciis procesSi.
rudimentuli organoebis arsebobac evoluciaze

metyvelebs. rudimentebs iseT organoebs uwodeben,
romlebmac funqcia dakarges, ukuganviTareba gani-
cades da mxolod naSTis saxiT arian SemorCenilni.
isini aSkarad miuTiTeben organizmTa naTesaobaze da
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesze, romelic arasaWiro
niSan-Tvisebebisgan aTavisuflebs organizmebs.
rudimentebia magaliTad, Txunelas Tvalebi.
Txunelas rudimentuli
Tvalebi
adamianis organizmSi bevr rudiments iTvlian.
sibrZnis kbilebi adamianis Soreul winaprebs uxeSi
sakvebis daqucmacebisTvis sWirdeboda. mas Semdeg,
rac adamianis kvebis racionSi uxeSi sakvebi Termu-
lad damuSavebulma xorcma da bostneulma Secvala,
am kbilebma funqcia dakarga. saWmlis monelebaSi isi-
ni naklebad monawileoben da arcTu iSviaTad mxo-
lod problemebs uqmnian adamians. saqme isaa, rom xSi-
rad isini arasworad arian moTavsebuli ybis ZvalSi
da mezobel kbilebs azianeben. rudimentuli sibrZnis
kbilebi
66
apendiqsic (1) _ saWmlis monelebaSi exmarebo-

da adamianebs. mRrRnelebisa da balaxismWameli
cxovelebis sakmaod didi zomis apendiqsSi bi-
nadroben celulozadamSleli baqteriebi, rom-
1
lebic am cxovelebs sakvebis gadamuSavebaSi ex-
marebian. adamianis organizmSi apendiqsma es
funqcia dakarga da zomaSi Semcirda.
5 ra daniSnuleba aqvs brma nawlavis Wia danamats adamianis organizmSi?
yuris niJaris mamoZravebeli kunTebi (1) ZuZu-

mwovrebis umravlesobas kargad aqvs ganviTa-
rebuli. yuris niJaris swrafi trialiT isini
efeqturad akontroleben moaxloebul mtersa 1
da msxverpls.
6 xSirad Sexvedrixar adamians, romelsac yuris niJaris amoZraveba SeuZlia?

raze miuTiTebs es faqti?
iakobsonis organos (1) funqciebis TiTqmis da- 1

kargvas adamianis organizSi erT-erT did evolu-
ciur danakargad miiCneven mecnierebi. es organo
cxovelebs feromonebis aRmosaCenad sWirdebaT.
feromonebi qimiuri nivTierebebia, romlebsac erTi
saxeobis organizmebi erTmaneTTan komunikaciisTvis
specialuri jirkvlebiT gamoyofen. cxovelebis qcev-
ebSi feromonebs wamyvani mniSvneloba eniWeba. isini
feromonebs iyeneben, magaliTad, partnioris mosazi-
dad da teritoriebis mosaniSnad. am qimiur signalebs
cxovelebi gamoyofen SiSis, brazis, ganrisxebis, gan-
gaSis an simSvidis dros. adamianebi msgavs SegrZnebebs
sityvierad an vizualurad gamoxataven, amitom fer-
omonebis roli adamianebTan urTierTobaSi minimumam-
dea dayvanili.
67
kudic exmareba cxovelebs socialuri signalebis gadace-

maSi da wonasworobis dacvaSi. adamianis xerxemalSi kudis
mravali malis nacvlad ramdenime Sezrdili malaa (1). miuxe-
davad amisa, adamianis Canasaxs ganviTarebis adreul etapeb-
ze kudis gamonazardi aqvs. yovel 50 000 adamianidan erTi
kudis patara gamonazardiT ibadeba, romlis qirurgiuli
gziT mocileba siZneles ar warmoadgens.
atavizmi Soreuli winaprebis niSnebis moulodneli gamo-

Cenaa calkeul individSi. rudimentisgan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic yvela adamians aqvs, atavizmi mxolod calkeul individ-
Si Cndeba. magaliTad, ibadeba Tmiani adamiani, zog maTgans
mravali sarZeve jirkvlis dvrili aqvs. zogierTi mecnieris
mosazrebiT es atavisturi niSnebi adamianis xerxemlian cxo-
velebTan naTesaobaze miuTiTebs.
mecnierebs evoluciis erT-erT mni-

Svnelovan sabuTad xerxemliani cxove-
lebis embrionuli ganviTarebis adreul
stadiaze Canasaxebis saocari msgavseba
miaCniaT. organizmebis Canasaxovan ganvi-
Tarebas embriologia Seiswavlis.
karl beri, romelic am sakiTxebs ik-
vlevda, Tavis CanawerebSi ixsenebs, rom
erTxel mas sxvadasxva xerxemliani cxo-
velis Canasaxebis nimuSebze warwerebis
gakeTeba daaviwyda. isini imdenad msgav-
sebi iyvnen, rom mecnierma maTi garCeva
ver SeZlo.
ku qaTami kurdReli
xerxemliani cxovelebis embrionuli ganviTareba
cocxalma bunebam gardaqmnebis didi gza gaiara, vidre Tanamedrove saxes mii-
Rebda. samyaros evoluciur ganviTarebaze paleontologiis, SedarebiTi anatomi-
isa da embriologiis monacemebi metyvelebs. namarxi organizmebi „myari sabuTia“
sicocxlis adrindeli formebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri da homologiuri organoebi,
atavizmebi da rudimentebi, xerxemliani cxovelebis Canasaxebis msgavseba ganvi-
Tarebis adreul stadiebze naTlad miuTiebs organizmTa naTesaobaze.
68
1 Tanaklaselebma moawyveT eqskursia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeum-

Si, sadac SesaZlebloba geqnebaT naxoT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCe-
nili mravali namarxi organizmi.
2 moawyveT eqskursia saTafliaSi, sadac Tqven dinozavris nakvalevs

naxavT.
3 es namarxi mcenaris foToli uflisci-

xis midamoebSia aRmoCenili. am mcenares daf-
nisebrTa ojaxs miakuTvneben. dafna kanaris
kunZulebze tenian subtropikul tyeebs
qmnis. saqarTvelos rukaze moZebne uflis-
cixe, ivaraude misi klimati da dafiqrdi,
SesaZlebelia iq dRes dafna izrdebodes?
Tanaklaselebma moawyveT eqskursia ufliscixeSi. Seni varaudis dasadas-
tureblad, ecade moZebno dafna mis SemogarenSi. gamarTlda Seni varaudi?
ra daskvnis gamotana SegiZlia amis Semdeg?
1 Casvi gamotovebuli sityva:
qlamidomonadas Tvalaki, planarias Tvalebi, obobas Tvalebi, buzis

Tvalebi, adamianis Tvalebi ......................... organoebia.
2 ratom ganicada ukuganviTareba adamianis sxeulis Tmis safarvelma?
69
3 a. raze unda miuTiTebdes xavsis sasicocxlo ciklSi protonemis msgav-

seba wyalmcenaresTan?
4
5
3
1
xavsis gamravleba:
1. protonema; 2. spermatozoidi; 3. kvercxujredi; 4. kolofi; 5. spora.
b. am magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegiZlia ivaraudo gvimris winapari or-

ganizmebi?
4 marcxena svetSi arqeopteriqsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Camo-

naTvalia. isrebiT daakavSire isini Tanamedrove qvewarmavlebisa da frin-
velebis niSnebTan.
ar aqvs niskarti
aqvs kbilebi
qvewarmavali
aqvs kudis mravali mala
ar aqvs tropi
aqvs brWyalebi
frinveli
aqvs muclis neknebi
bumbuliTaa dafaruli
70
5 kartofilis tuberi, xaxvis bolqvi, WinWris fesura, marwyvis pwkali

......................... organoebia.
kartofilis xaxvis WinWris marwyvis

tuberi bolqvi fesura pwkali
6 miuTiTe araswori pasuxi.

adamianis rudimentebia:
a. eSvebi;
b. sacremle jirkvali;
g. frCxilebi.
gaecani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi gamofenili namarxi organizme-

bis eqsponatebs, moiZie informacia maT Sesaxeb da dawere referati Temaze
„saqarTvelos preistoriuli buneba“.
referatSi naTlad warmoaCine:
• romeli meTodebiT adgenen namarxi organizmebis asaks;
• gamoirCeva Tu ara saqarTvelos romelime regioni namarxi organizme-
bis mravalferovnebiT?
• mcenareTa da cxovelTa romel taqsonomiur jgufebs miekuTvnebian
ZiriTadad muzeumis eqsponatebi? ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
• ra ZiriTadi sxvaobaa namarx da am regionSi mobinadre Tanamedrove
saxeobebis organizmebis agebulebaSi?
• ukavSirdeba Tu ara es sxvaoba mocemuli raionis geografiul da kli-
matur cvlilebebs?
1 soflis meurneobaSi feromonebs iyeneben mavnebeli mwerebis misazidad

da gasanadgureblad.
2 gaiTvaliswine karl beris gamocdileba da yoveli eqsperimentisas:
• etiketebi gaukeTe nimuSebs:

• zustad aRricxze da Caiwere monacemebi:
• gaaforme cdis Sedegebi.
71
5.3 biomravalferovneba da
garemos dacva
ukanaskneli 300 wlis ganmavlobaSi adamianma 6 000 000 km2 tye gaCexa, rac
mcirediT Camouvardeba evropis farTobs.
5.3.1 ekosistema.
ekologiuri faqtorebi, abioturi
faqtorebi _ sinaTle
Sen SeZleb:
• daasaxelo da ganasxvao erTmaneTisgan ekologiuri faqtorebi;

• imsjelo SemzRudvel faqtorsa da organizmis gamZleobis zRvarze;
• ganmarto, ratom miiCneven sinaTles upirveles ekologiur faqtorad;
• imsjelo da moiyvano magaliTebi, rogori Seguebulobani CamouyalibdaT
organizmebs sinaTlis mimarT;
• eqsperimentulad daakvirde sinaTlis gavlenas mcenaris zrda-ganviTare-
baze;
• daakvirde da axsna rogor reagireben organizmebi sinaTleze.
sistemas, romelic cocxali organizmebisa da

imetyvele, rogorc
maTi saarsebo garemosgan Sedgeba, ekosistemas
mecnierma
uwodeben. ekosistemaSi cocxali organizmebis er-
ekosistema Tobliobas Tanasazogadoeba ewodeba.
ekologiuri faqtorebi
ekosistemis organizmebi garemos mravali kompo-
fikoeriTrini
nentis mudmiv zemoqmedebas ganicdian. garemos ne-
epifiti
bismier komponents, romelic gavlenas axdens coc-
fototaqsizi
xali organizmebis cxovelqmedebasa da arsebobaze,
fotoperiodizmi
ekologiuri faqtori hqvia. ekologiuri faqtore-
bia: sinaTle, temperatura, wyali, marilebis Sem-
cveloba wyalsa da niadagSi, Jangbadis Semcveloba wyalSi, haersa da niadagSi,
wylis dinebis siCqare, qari, setyva, mtrebi, konkurentebi, daavadebis gamomwvevebi
da a.S.
farTofoTlovani tyis ekosistema
73
ekologebi garemos faqtorebs sam jgufad _ abiotur, biotur da anTropo-

genur faqtorebad yofen.
abiotur faqtorebSi aracocxali garemos yvela pirobaa gaerTianebuli.
biotur faqtorebSi igulisxmeba mravalferovani urTierTobebi Tanasazoga-
doebis wevrebs Soris.
anTropogenuri faqtori is uzarmazari zegavlenaa, romelsac adamiani axdens
cocxal bunebaze.
ekologiur faqtorebTan dakavSirebiT organizmebs mravalgvari Seguebulo-
bani gamoumuSavdebaT, rac mocemul garemoSi maT arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.
faqtoris im mniSvnelobas, romlis drosac organizmebi yvelaze kargad
grZnoben Tavs, optimumi ewodeba.
faqtoris optimaluri mniSvnelobidan nebismieri gadaxra Trgunavs saxeobas
_ amcirebs mis cxovelqmedebas. rac metad scildeba faqtoris mniSvneloba op-
timums, miT ufro metad iTrguneba saxeoba.
daakvirdi mruds, romelic gamoxatavs mcenaris zrdis damokidebulebas
temperaturaze. rogorc xedav, mas minimumisa da maqsimumis wertilebi aqvs. es
faqtoris ukiduresi mniSvnelobebia, romelTa farglebSic SeuZlia arseboba
mcenares. am farglebs gamZleobis sazRvrebsac uwodeben.
optimumi
120
110
100
90
80
simaRle (sm.)
70
60
50
40
maqsimumi
30
minimumi
20
10
80 180 280 380 t 0
mcenaris zrdis damokidebuleba temperaturaze
1 rogoria temperaturis optimumi da gamZleobis farglebi am qoTnis mcena-

risTvis?
74
Tu romelime faqtoris mniSvneloba gascda gamZleobis sazRvrebs, saxeobis

arseboba SeuZlebeli xdeba. aseT faqtors SemzRudveli faqtori hqvia. sxvada-
sxva saxeobis mcenaresa da cxovels gamZleobis sxvadasxva zRvari da optimumi
aqvs. magaliTad, mcenareTa nawili arsebobisTvis upiratesobas tenian garemos
aniWebs, maSin rodesac sxvebi mSrali havis pirobebSi amjobineben binadrobas.
sinaTle
sinaTle upirvelesi abioturi faqtoria, radgan realurad is uzrunvelyofs

yvela sasicocxlo procesis warmarTvas dedamiwaze. amaSi Sen mogvianebiT dar-
wmundebi.
200 380 600 780 1000 1400 1800 2200

nm
ultra- xiluli infrawiTeli

iisferi
mzis xiluli sxivebidan fotosinTe-

zisTvis qlorofili mxolod lurj
da wiTel sxivebs iyenebs. es sxivebi
naklebad STainTqmeba Rrublebisa da
wylis mier, amitom fotosinTezi Sesa-
Zloa Rrublian amindSic warimarTos
da wyalSic garkveul siRrmemde. mag-
ram, did siRrmeebze, zRvis wiTel
wyalmcenareebamde mxolod mwvane sxi-
vebi aRwevs. amitom isini „damxmare“ wi-
Tel pigments, fikoeriTrins Seicaven,
romelic STanTqavs mwvane sxivebs da
mis energias qlorofils gadascems.
2 termin fikoeriTrinis romeli nawili miganiSnebs mis ferze?
75
daburul tyeebSi mcxovrebi mcenareebi mzis sxivebis dasaWerad sxvagvar

xerxs mimarTaven. maT umravlesobas didi foTlebi aqvs.
zogma patara tanis mcenarem originalur gamosavals „miakvlia“ _ isini xis
totebze Camomsxdarni iWeren mzis sxivebs, fesvebi ki haerSi aqvT Camokidebuli
da tropikuli tyis nestiani haeridan sakmarisi raodenobis wyals iwoven. aseT
mcenareebs epifitebi hqviaT.
susti Reros mqone mcenareebi _ lianebi maRal xeebs sayrdenad iyeneben da
zeviT, mzisken miiswrafian.
mcenareTa Seguebulobani mzis sxivebis mosapoveblad
wyalSi mcxovrebi erTujrediani organizmebi, romlebsac gadaadgilebis un-

ari aqvT, mTeli sxeuliT reagireben sinaTleze _ miiswrafian misken an gaurbian
mas. am movlenas fototaqsisi ewodeba.
organizmebisTvis mniSvnelovani ara mxolod sinaTlis intensivobaa, aramed
misi moqmedebis xangrZlivobac. dRis xangrZlivoba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
cocxali organizmebis aqtivobasa da ganviTarebis regulaciaSi. magaliTad,
adreuli Semodgomis mokle dRe maTTvis zamTris sicivis dadgomis maniSnebelia.
mcenareebSi am signalis sapasuxod iwyeba foTolcvena, Teslebisa da nayofebis
momwifeba, miwisqveSa organoebSi sakvebi nivTierebebis damarageba. gazafxulis
grZeli dRe Tbili dReebis momaswavebelia, amitom mcenareebi aRmocenebas iwye-
ben, rasac zafxulSi ayvavileba mohyveba.
cxovelebi SemodgomiT kanqveS cxims ig-

roveben, bewvs icvlian, zogi maTgani zam-
Tris ZilisTvis emzadeba, zogi frinveli
Tbil qveynebSi migrirebs.
organizmebis reaqcias dRis xangrZli-
vobaze fotoperiodizmi ewodeba.
frinvelebis migracia
ekosistema biologiuri sistemaa, romelic Sedgeba organizmTa Tanasazogadoe-

bisa da misi saarsebo abioturi garemosgan.
ekologebi garemos faqtorebs abiotur, biotur da anTropogenur faqtorebad
yofen.
sinaTle upirvelesi abioturi faqtoria, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela sasi-
cocxlo procesis warmarTvas dedamiwaze.
organizmebis reaqcias dRis xangrZlivobaze fotoperiodizmi ewodeba.
76
ras ambobs termini

ekologia _ (berZ. oekos _ saxli, logos _ swavleba);
fikoeriTrini _ (berZn. fikos _ wyalmcenare, eriTros _ wiTeli);
epifiti _ (berZn. epi _ zeda,zemoT, fiton _ mcenare);
fototaqsizi _ (berZn. fotos _ sinaTle, taqsizi _ mdebareoba);
anTropogenuri _ (berZn. anTropos _ adamiani, genezi _ warmoSoba).
aiRe ori miwiani qoTani, danomre da CaTese lobios gaRivebuli Teslebi:

• dadgi pirveli qoTani Tbil da ganaTebul adgilas, xolo meore _
Tbil da bnel adgilas;
• morwye orive qoTani Tanabrad, ise, rom miwa qoTanSi Zalian ar ga-
moSres;
• Seadare aRmonacenebi sami-oTxi kviris Semdeg;
• Seitane monacemebi cxrilSi;
• gamoitane daskvna.
aRmonaceni
qoTnis zrdis
nomeri pirobebi ylortis foTlebis foTlebis
simaRle raodenoba Seferiloba
1
Seavse cxrili:
abioturi faqtorebi
fizikuri abioturi faqtorebi qimiuri abioturi faqtorebi
77
2 a. cocxali organizmebis romel Tvisebas aRwers ilustracia?

b. SenTvis cnobil romel organizms eqneboda sinaTlisgan ganridebis
reaqcia? sapirispiro reaqcia?
A B
1 abioturi faqtorebis zemoqmedeba cocxal organizmebze udavod STam-

beWdavia. Tumca es procesi calmxrivi ar aris. cocxali organizmebic zemo-
qmedeben abiotur faqtorebze, cvlian mas da amiT garkveulwilad monawi-
leoben sakuTari garemos SeqmnaSi. daasaxele aseTi zemoqmedebis SenTvis
cnobili romelime konkretuli magaliTi.
2 ratom gaxda zamTris sicivis momaswavebeli Semodgomis mokle dRe
da ara Semodgomis civi dRe. ratom „endobian“ cocxali organizmebi ufro
metad dRis xangrZlivobas?
3 adamians SeuZlia zamTarSi mcenares xelovnurad Seuqmnas zafxulis
garemo saTburSi _ amyofos is siTbosa da grZeli dRis pirobebSi. rogor
fiqrob, dascvivdeba Tu ara foTolcvenia mcenares foTlebi?
78
5.3.2 abioturi faqtorebi _ temperatura,

tenianoba
Sen SeZleb:
• imsjelo, ratom iTvleba temperatura mniSvnelovan abiotur faqtorad;
• daasaxelo temperaturasTan organizmTa Seguebulobebis magaliTebi;
• axsna, ratom iTvleba wyali yvelaze mkacr SemzRudvel faqtorad da
gaiTvaliswino es yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi;
• martivi eqsperimentiT axsna, rogor icavs zogierTi cxoveli Tavs siTx-
is dakargvisgan;
• amoicno mecnieruli terminis Sinaarsi.
imetyvele, rogorc mzis gamosxiveba cocxali organizmebisTvis siT-

mecnierma bos wyarocaa. infrawiTeli sxivebi, romlebic mzis
efemerebi gamosxivebis daaxl. 50%-s Seadgens, aTbobs dedami-
endogenuri wyali was da mis binadarT.
anabiozi temperatura udides zegavlenas axdens organizm-
Si mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebze. 00 C tempera-
turis qvemoT ujredSi wyali iyineba da yinulis kristalebi ujreds azianebs.
500 C-ze zemoT ki ujredSi qimiuri reaqciebi wydeba, rac yvela sasicocxlo
process aCerebs. organizmTa umravlesobisTvis optimaluri temperatura 150 C
-sa da 300 C -s Soris meryeobs. Tumca arseboben organizmebi, romlebic ukidure-
sad maRal an dabal temperaturas uZleben.
aseT eqstremalur pirobebSi sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad maT mravalgvari
Seguebulobebi aqvT.
albaT xvdebi, ramdenad rTulia mcenareebisa da civsisxliani cxovelebis
mdgomareoba, romelTa sxeulis temperatura garemos temperaturazea damoki-
debuli. - 300 - 400 C -iani yinvis gasaZlebad zogierTi mweris qsovilebSi glice-
rini da spirti grovdeba.
mcenareebisa da civsisxliani cxovelebis aqtivoba weliwadis civ periodSi
mkveTrad mcirdeba da zamTris dadgomisTanave maTi umravlesoba svenebis md-
gomareobaSi gadadis. am dros yvela sasicocxlo procesi imdenad Senelebulia,
rom garegnulad isini cocxalis STabeWdilebas arcki toveben. am mdgomareobas
anabiozs uwodeben. sezonuri foTolcvenac mcenareTa Seguebulobaa sicivisad-
mi _ zamTarSi fesvebi civ wyals ver iwoven.
foTolcvena
79
1 ra daemarTeboda foTolcvenia mcenares, zamTarSi foTlebi rom SerCenoda?
Tbilsisxliani cxovelebi naklebad arian damokidebulni garemos dabal tem-

peraturaze. isini aqtivobas mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iseT garemoSic inarCu-
neben, sadac civsisxlianebis aqtiuri cxovelqmedeba warmoudgenelia. Tumca
Seguebulobani garemos dabali temperaturis mimarT maTac axasiaTebT.
2 daakvirdi ilustracias, rogor umklavdebian es cxovelebi sicives?
sicives Seguebuli cxovelebi
cocxal organizmebs Seguebulobani gadaxurebis Tavidan asacilebladac ga-

moumuSavdaT. magaliTad, zogierTi mcenaris foTlis priala zedapiri sarkesav-
iT ireklavs mzis sxivebs.
cxel garemoSi mcxovreb zogierT mcenares didi zomis foTlebi aqvs, rom-
lebic uamravi bagis xvreliT aris mofenili. cnobilia, rom erTi grami wylis
aorTqlebaze daaxl. 580 kaloria ixarjeba da mcenare grildeba.
zogierTi mcenare „xanZargamZlea“. savanaSi, sadac Zalian maRali tempera-
turis gamo xSiria xanZrebi, mcenareebis sqeli qerqi cecxlgamZle nivTierebiT
aris gaJRenTili, romelic mis qveS mdebare qsovilebs icavs.
cxovelebi sicxeSi icvlian pozas, sabinadro garemos. magaliTad, qvewarmav-

lebi buCqebze da xeebze cocdebian, raTa Tavi daaRwion gavarvarebul miwas,
udabnos Tagvebi sicxeSi soroebSi imalebian. udabnos bevri cxoveli zafxulSi
iZinebs.
Seguebulobebi maRali temperaturis mimarT
80
wyali
wyali yvela organizmis mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi Semad-

geneli nivTierebaa. yvela sasicocxlod aucilebeli
qimiuri gardaqmna ujredSi wylis monawileobiT xdeba.
amitom wyali yvelaze mkacri SemzRudveli faqtoria.
misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisTvis cocxal organizmebs
mravalgvari Seguebulobani gamoumuSavdaT.
udabnos binadari dabaltaniani „aqlemis eklis“ grZe-
li fesvebi wylis mosapoveblad gruntis wylebamde aR-
wevs. 15 m
kaqtusebis zedapiruli, didi farTobis mqone fesvebi,

udabnoSi iSviaTad mosul wvimis wyals niadagis zeda
fenebidan iReben.
mSral garemoSi mcxovrebi mcenareebi fesvebiT mop-
ovebul wyals Rerosa da foTlebSi imarageben. aor-
Tqlebis Semcirebas isini foTlis farTobis SemcirebiT,
maTi cviliT dafarviT eklad gadaqceviT axerxeben.
`aqlemis ekali~ kaqtusebi udabnoSi
udabnos efemerebi sul ramdenime kvira-

Si aswreben aRmocenebas, dayvavilebas da
nayofis mocemas. TavianTi ganviTarebis am
swraf cikls isini gazafxulis xanmokle
wvimebis periods amTxveven.
udabnos cxovelebi xangrZliv uwylo-
bas sxeulSi dagrovili cximis maragiT um-
klavdebian. aqlemi cxims kuzSi imaragebs.
cximis wvisas organizmSi wyali warmoiqmne-
ba, romelsac endogenur wyals uwodeben.
es wyali aqlems udabnoSi xangrZlivi mog- udabnos efemerebi
zaurobisas aZlebinebs.
81
mcire zomis cxovelebi _ fexsaxsrianebi, qvewarmavlebi, mRrRnelebi _ sakveb-

Si arsebuli wyliT kmayofildebian.
udabnos bevri cxoveli, magaliTad, antilopa, Zalian swrafad darbis, wylis

Soreuli migraciebiT mosapoveblad.
xis bayayis kani cximovan nivTierebas gamoyofs, romelic mis organizms wylis
dakargvisgan icavs.
antilopa xis bayayi
• amaSi rom darwmunde, aseTi cda Caatare. dadgi Wiqebi Tbil adgilas da
daakvirdi siTxeebis donis cvlilebas ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi. ra
komentars gaakeTeb?
zeTi
wyali wyali
00 C _ qvemoT ujredSi wyali iyineba, 500 C -zemoT ki yvela qimiuri gardaqmna

wydeba. organizmTa umravlesobisTvis optimaluri temperatura 150 C-300 C Soris
meryeobs. yvela sasicocxlod aucilebeli qimiuri gardaqmna ujredSi wylis mona
wileobiT xdeba, amitom wyali erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri SemzRudveli faqtoria.
temperaturisa da wylis mimarT organizmebs mravali morfologiuri, fiziolo-
giuri da qceviTi Seguebulobani aqvT.
ras ambobs termini
anabiozi _ (berZn. anabiozis _ gacocxleba)
82
1 zamTarSi droebiT gadaiyvane akvariumidan Tevzebi or wylian qila-

Si. erTi maTgani dadgi gamaTbobelTan axlos, (Zalian axlos ara), meore
ki _ SedarebiT civ adgilas:
• daakvirdi Tevzebis qcevas da gamoitane daskvna;

• nu amyofeb Tevzebs didi xniT aseT pirobebSi. daabrune isini akva-
riumSi.
2 moifiqre martivi cda, romliTac daadastureb, rom wylis raodeno-

bis Semcireba da organuli nivTierebebis dagroveba Teslis ujredebSi
zrdis mis yinvagamZleobas
3 Sens xelTaa sami Wiqa, moaTavse isini macivris sayinuleSi da ram-
denime saaTis Semdeg daakvirdi Sedegs. axseni, ratom zrdis organizmSi
spirtisa da glicerinis dagroveba mis yinvagamZleobas.
wyali glicerini spirti
4 Sen zafxulSi sami kviriT qalaqidan gasvla giwevs. oTaxis mcenareebi

mosarwyavad ginda megobars gadaabaro. rogori iqneba Seni rekomendaciebi
A,B,C,D mcenareebis mimarT?
A B C D
83
1 Seavse cxrili:
mcenareTa da cxovelTa
Seguebulobani wylisa da
temperaturis mimarT
morfologiuri fiziologiuri qceviTi

Seguebulobani Seguebulobani Seguebulobani
2 daasaxele ramdenime abioturi SemzRudveli faqtori am TevzebisTvis.
84
1 cxovelebs cxel amindSi sunTqva uxSirdebaT. rogor ggonia, ratom?
2 Tu cxel mzian dRes foTlis zedapirs cxims wavusvamT, mcenare dai-

Rupeba. axseni amis mizezi.
3 SearCie swori pasuxi:

wylis aorTqlebaSi monawileobs:
a. Tevzis kani;
b. ZuZumwovris kani;
g. qvewarmavlis kani;
d. mweris qitinovani safarveli.
4 futkrebi cxel amindSi frenisas xorTumidan siTxis pawawa wveTebs

gamoyofen. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
5 iTvleba, rom cxovelebi, mcenareebTan SedarebiT, ukeT umklavdebian

garemos temperaturis mkveTr da uecar cvlilebebs. daasaxele amis mizezi.
6 ganmarte termini _ endogenuri.
7 wyali gamravlebisTvis aucilebeli faqtoria:
a. gvimranairebisTvis;
b. SiSvelTeslovnebisTvis;
g. farulTeslovnebisTvis; a b g d
d. xavsebisTvis.
85
5.3.3 niadagis struqtura. niadagis mniSvneloba

organizmebisTvis
Sen SeZleb:
• daasaxelo niadagis mTavari komponentebi;
• imsjelo niadagis nayofierebaze;
• Seadaro, ra moTxovnebi aqvs sxvadasxva mcenares niadagis nayofierebis
mimarT;
• ganmarto, rogor niadagebs aniWeben upiratesobas sxvadasxva saxeobis
cxovelebi sabinadrod.
niadagi dedamiwis qerqis zeda, nayofieri

imetyvele, rogorc fenaa. is bioturi da abioturi faqtorebis
mecnierma
damakavSirebeli rgolia. niadagTan mrava-
niadagis mineraluri komponenti li organizmis sicocxlea dakavSirebuli.
neSompala misi, TvalisaTvis SeumCneveli, cocxali
humusi samyaro Zalian mdidari da mravalferova-
kapilaruli wyali nia. es garemoa, sadac mikroskopul orga-
nizmebTan Tanacxovrobs uamravi mcire da
sakmaod didi zomis cxoveli. is daqseli-
lia mcenareTa mravalricxovani fesvebiT, romelTaTvis niadagi sayrdenicaa da
sakvebi arec.
aq mcxovrebi organizmebis sicocx-

1
le damokidebulia niadagis meqanikur
da qimiur Sedgenilobaze, mis sifx-
viereze, wylis gamtarobaze, aeraciaze.
2
niadagi oTxi ZiriTadi komponentis-
gan Sedgeba:
niadagis mineralur komponents qa-
nis sxvadasxva zomis nawilakebi war-
3
moadgens, patara zomis qvebidan Tixis
CaTvliT.
meqanikuri nawilakebis
elementebi diametri (mm) 4
qvebi >3
niadagis Wrili
qviSa 1 - 0,05
1. organuli nivTierebebi;
lami 0,05 - 0,002 2. organuli da araorganuli niv-
Tierebebis narevi; 3. qviSis, Tixisa
Tixa < 0,002 da lamis narevi; 4. dedaqani.
86
meqanikuri komponentebis sxvadasxva procentuli Semcveloba gansxvavebuli

Tvisebebis niadags warmoqmnis. cxrilSi mocemulia qviSnari da Tixnari niadagis
Tvisebebi.
Tvisebebi qviSnari niadagi Tixnari niadagi
nazi.
nawilakebis zoma < 0,002 mm.
nestian mdgomareobaSi
uxeSi.
struqtura warmoqmnis webvad masas,
nawilakebis zoma >0,06 mm.
romelic gamoSrobis
Semdeg Zlier magrdeba
da skdeba.
didi zomis forebi. forebi patara zomisaa.

forianoba
kargi aeracia. cudi aeracia.
wylis Sekavebis
cudad ikavebs wyals. kargad ikavebs wyals.
unari
sakveb dabali. maRali.

nivTierebaTa cudad ikavebs nivTierebebs. kargad ikavebs nivTierebebs.
Semcveloba advilad gamoirecxeba. advilad ar gamoirecxeba.
niadagis organuli komponenti, romelsac humuss, neSompalas uwodeben, niada-

gis nayofierebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. is Seicavs
mcenaris kvebisTvis saWiro yvela elements, aumjobesebs niadagis struqturas,
zrdis mis aeraciasa da wylis Sekavebis unars. humusi warmoiqmneba organizmebisa
da maTi eqskrementebis gaxrwnis Sedegad. humusis
warmosaqmnelad niadagis kargi aeraciaa saWiro.
1
aerobul pirobebSi humusis warmoqmnis paralelu-
rad misi mineralizacia mimdinareobs _ aerobuli
baqteriebi humusis organul nivTierebebs mce- 6
5
narisaTvis advilad SesaTvisebel nivTierebebamde
Slian.
3
haeri da wyali niadagis nawilakebs Soris, fo-
rebSi ikavebs adgils. maTi raodenobis Sefardeba 2
mudmivad icvleba da is klimatzea damokidebuli.
4
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba niadagis teniano-
bis SenarCunebisTvis e.w. kapilarul wyals aqvs, niadagis struqtura
romelmac gruntis wylebidan niadagis zedapiram- 1. qviSa; 2. Tixa; 3. wyali;
desac ki SeiZleba miaRwios. is Zalian swrafad or- 4. mineraluri marilebi;
Tqldeba da niadagis gamoSrobas iwvevs. 5. organuli nivTiereba;
6. haeri.
87
niadagis fizikur da qimiur maxasiaTeblebs, cxadia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mas-

Si mobinadre organizmebisTvis. magaliTad, mwerebisTvis, romlebic kvercxebs
niadagSi deben, mniSvnelovania, rom niadagi fxvieri iyos. Wiayela da Txunelac
sacxovreblad fxvier niadags irCeven, Tumca moZraobiT da kvebiT TviTonac uwyo-
ben xels niadagis gafxvierebas.
mcenareebs niadagis nayofierebis mimarT sxvadasxvagvari pretenziebi aqvT.
am mxriv Zalian upretenzioa fiWvi. is Rarib, unayofo niadagebze xarobs.
misi sruli antipodia muxa, romelic mxolod Zalian nayofier niadagze izrdeba.
farTofoTlovani tyis mcenareebs zomieri moTxovnilebebi aqvT da saSualo nayo-
fierebis niadagebze xaroben.
1 ra „pretenziebi“ aqvT sokoebs niadagis

mimarT? ratom?
mcenareebs, romlebic qviSnar niadagze an

wylis piras izrdebian, sadac niadags gamo-
qarvis an gamorecxvis saSiSroeba emuqreba,
Reroebidan damatebiTi, sayrdeni fesvebi uvi-
TardebaT. isini mcenareebs niadagSi amagreben.
damatebiTi _ sayrdeni fesvebi
2 tropikul tyeebSi, sadac mudmivad wvims, xe-mcenareebis fesvebi kargaven

fesvis yvelaze mTavar Tvisebas _ gaizardos vertikalurad qvemoT. fesvebis
nawili am mcenareebs qvemodan zemoT ezrdebaT. dafiqrdi, ratom?
sasunTqi fesvebi
88
xanZari
rac unda gasaocrad ismodes, xan-
Zari sxvadasxva ekosistemisTvis mniSvne-
lovani abioturi faqtoria, romelsac
didi mniSvneloba aqvs am sistemis regu-
laciaSi.
zogjer xanZari aucilebeli faqto-
ria ama Tu im mcenaris sasicocxlo
ciklisTvis. magaliTad, aSS-is samxreT-
Si fiWvis tyeebi perioduli xanZris meS-
veobiTaa SenarCunebuli. am tyeebSi fiW-
vis zogierTi saxeoba girCebs mxolod
xanZrisas, maRal temperaturaze xsnis.
xanZris Semdeg maTi Teslebi ukeT aRmo-
cendeba da viTardeba, radgan konkuren-
ti saxeobis mcenareebi da maTi Teslebi xanZars ver uZleben da iRupebian.
niadagi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi abioturi faqtoria. misi struqtura da

qimiuri Sedgeniloba did zegavlenas axdens organizmebis cxovelqmedebaze. niada-
gis struqturis mimarT cocxal organizmebs sxvadasxvagvari Seguebulobani aqvT.
perioduli xanZari sxvadasxva ekosostemis klimatis nawilia, romelsac didi
mniSvneloba aqvs am sistemis regulaciaSi.
1 moifiqre martivi cda, romliTac daamtkiceb, rom niadagi haers Seicavs.
2 Cayare erT qoTanSi qviSiani, meoreSi Tixiani da mesameSi neSompaliani

miwa.
• CaTese samive qoTanSi lobios gaRivebuli Teslebi 5 sm-is siRrmeze;
• dadgi qoTnebi Tbil ganaTebul adgilas da Tanabrad morwye;
• daakvirdi aRmonacenebis zrdasa da ganviTarebas erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi;
• gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seitane dakvirvebis Sedegebi;
• gamoitane daskvna.
aRmonacenis sigrZe,
aRmocenebis dakvirvebis
niadagi foTlebis raodenoba,
TariRi TariRi
zoma, feri
qviSnari
Tixnari
neSompaliani
89
1 ra problemebs uqmnis Zlieri wvimebi niadagSi mcxovreb organizmebs?
2 romeli cocxali organizmebi iwyeben pirvelebi niadagwarmoqmnis pro-

cess?
mRiera xavsi gvimra soko Wiayela
3
gvalvis dros, qarTveli glexi ase iimedebda Tavs: erTxel morwyvas
erTxel gaToxna sjobso. eTanxmebi Tu ara mis optimizms? daasabuTe Seni
mosazreba.
moiZie informacia, ra ziani miadga saqarTvelos tyeebs 2008 wlis omisa

da 2017 wlis xanZrebis Sedegad.
a. ramdeni heqtari tye daiwva;

b. ra saxis tyes ekida cecxli;
g. SesaZlebelia Tu ara tyeebis TviTaRdgena;
d. tardeba Tu ara raime samuSao damwvari tyeebis aRsadgenad.
warmoadgine informacia referatis saxiT da moawyve Temis ganxilva klas-

Si.
90
5.3.4 urTierTobani organizmebs Soris

TanasazogadoebaSi
Sen SeZleb:
• daasaxelo TanasazogadoebaSi wevrebs Soris urTierTobis formebi;
• ganmarto, ras ewodeba simbiozi da moiyvano sxvadasxva formis simbiozis
magaliTebi;
• aRwero, ra saxis Seguebulobebi CamouyalibdebaT mtacebelsa da msxverpls
urTierTobis procesSi;
• imsjelo, rogor axerxeben Tavis dacvas mcenareebi.
Tanasazogadoebis wevrebs Soris sicocxlis ganmav-

imetyvele, rogorc
mecnierma lobaSi mravalgvari urTierTobebi myardeba, romleb-
zec mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli maTi arseboba.
neitralizmi
simbiozi neitralizmi urTierTobis iseTi formaa, rodesac
konkurencia Tanasazogadoebis sxvadasxva saxeobis individebi erT-
mtacebloba maneTze uSualod ar zemoqmedeben. magaliTad, ciyvi
da daTvi, mgeli da xoWo erT tyeSi binadroben, magram
erTmaneTze pirdapir zemoqmedebas ar axdenen.
simbiozi sxvadasxva saxeobis individebis xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebaa. zogjer es
Tanacxovreba orive saxeobisTvisaa sasargeblo da aucilebeli. magaliTad, balax-
ismWameli cxovelebis nawlavebSi binadari baqteriebi sakvebs nawlavebidan moipov-
eben, samagierod isini cxovelebs sakvebis monelebaSi exmarebian.
termitebis ZiriTadi sakvebi celulozaa. isini RrRnian, ReWaven da ylapaven
mas, Tumca misi moneleba ar SeuZliaT. celulozas maT nawlavebSi mcxovrebi pro-
tistebi Slian. maTTvis termitis nawlavi saimedo TavSesafari da sakvebis mudmivi
wyaroa.
termitebi
protistebis gareSe termitebi SimSiliT ixocebian. simbiozis aseT formas

mutualizmi ewodeba
1 gaixsene aseTi Tanacxovrebis sxva magaliTi.
91
zogjer, Tanacxovreba mxolod erTi

saxeobisTvis aris sasargeblo, meorisT-
vis ki zianis momtani ar aris. simbiozis
aseT formas mdgmuroba hqvia. magaliTad,
zogierTi Tevzis lifsitebi didi medu-
zebis qolgis qveS pouloben TavSesafars.
meduzebi ar wuxdebian aseTi mdgmurebiT,
lifsitebi ki saimedod arian daculni Sxa-
miani sacecebis qveS, radgan maT mtrebi
ver ekarebian.
xavsi xemcenaris mdgmuria
parazitizmi Tanasazogadoebis sxvadasxva saxeobis individebs Soris Tana-

cxovrebis iseTi formaa, rodesac erT-erTi maTgani _ paraziti, sabinadrod
da sakvebad meore saxeobis individs _ maspinZels irCevs da mis xarjze did-
xans arsebobs. mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom bunebaSi ar arsebobs saxeoba, romelsac
paraziti ar hyavs.
arseboben parazitis parazitebic. ase rom, ricxobrivad bunebaSi parazitebi
sWarboben Tavisuflad mcxovreb formebs.
maspinZlis organizmSi paraziti uzrunvelyofilia mudmivi sakvebiTa da sac-
xovrebeli garemoTi, daculia mtrebisgan da garemos mkveTri cvlilebebisgan,
rac ase xSiria bunebaSi. amitom paraziti ar aris `dainteresebuli“ maspinZlis
sikvdiliT. am SemTxvevaSi is erTdroulad kargavs yvelafers da maspinZelTan
erTad isic kvdeba.
2 adamians 500-mde paraziti hyavs. daasaxele adamianis SenTvis cnobili pa-
razitebi. gaixsene maTi cxovrebis niri.
parazitizmi farTod aris gavrcelebuli mcenareebSi. mcenareebze ZiriTadad
baqteriebi da sokoebi parazitoben. Tumca parazitebi yvavilovan mcenareTa
Sorisac gvxvdebian. abreSuma bevr balaxovan mcenaresa da buCqze parazitobs.
abreSumas foTlebi ar aqvs. misi abreSumis Zafis msgavsi Reroebi gars exveva
maspinZels, mis sxeulSi misawovrebs uSvebs da misi organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebiT ikvebeba.
sokoTi dasnebovnebuli simindi abreSuma
92
xandaxan parazitizmi iseT agresiul formebs iRebs, rom mtaceblobisgan Zne-

li gasarCevia. magaliTad, salamurebi, romlebic Wiebs ufro gvanan da sinam-
dvileSi Tevzebs enaTesavebian _ maT martiv formebs warmoadgenen, Tavs esxmian
didi zomis Tevzebs. isini basri, rqovani kbilebiT RrRnian maspinZlis kans da
maT sxeulSi saWmlis momnelebel wvenebs uSveben. salamurebi ramdenime kviris
ganmavlobaSi maspinZlis sisxliTa da kunTebiT ikvebebian da Semdeg scildebian
maT. dauZlurebuli Tevzebi, arc Tu iSviaTad, Wrilobebisgan iRupebian.
salamurebi Tevzze salamuras piri
konkurencia Tanasazogadoebis individebs Soris iseTi damokidebulebaa, ro-

desac isini ejibrebian erTmaneTs saarsebo garemosTvis, sakvebisTvis, TavSesa-
frisTvis. konkurenciis formebi Zalze mravalferovania. amis miuxedavad, Tu
ori saxeoba, romelTac erTnairi moTxovnilebebi aqvT garemos mimarT, erT
teritoriaze aRmoCnda, erT-erTi maTgani _ konkurentunariani saxeoba, rome-
lic ukeT aris Seguebuli garemos abiotur komponentebs, ufro warmatebuli
aRmoCndeba sakvebisa da partnioris moZiebaSi, gamravldeba da droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, adre Tu gvian, gandevnis meore saxeobas.
tropikul tyeebSi, sadac mcenareTa ganviTarebisTvis idealuri pirobebia
_ xSirad wvims, Tbila da temperatura sezonurad mniSvnelovnad ar icvle-
ba, mcenareebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian adgilis dasamkvidreblad. maT Soris um-
kacresi konkurenciaa. am tyis mwvane sibneleSi SemoWrili mzis susti sxivis
dasaWerad sxvadasxva simaRlis mcenareebi iarusebad lagdebian.
iarusianoba tropikul tyeSi
93
mtacebloba organizmebs Soris urTierTobis yvelaze daZabuli da mwvave

formaa. mtaceblebi nadirobiT moipoveben msxverpls. cxadia, mtacebeli cdi-
lobs warmatebuli nadirobisTvis aRiWurvos yvela saSualebiT, msxverpli yve-
lanairad cdilobs Tavi daaRwios mtacebels. amitom mtacebels, ukeT nadiro-
bisTvis, xolo msxverpls ukeT Tavdacvis mizniT, mTeli rigi Seguebulobani
gamoumuSavdebaT.
varxvi moxerxebulad iWers Tevzs grZeli da farTo tomris formis niskar-
tiT.
marabu grZeli da maxvili niskartiT glejs msxverpls.
mtacebel frinvelTa Seguebulobebi
msxverpli cdilobs SeumCneveli gaxdes garemoSi da iseTi samarjveebiT aRi-

Wurvos, rom Zneli gaxdes misi cnoba.
bevri mweri mtaceblis mosatyueblad formas icvlis an garemos feriT iniR-
beba. garemos Sesabamisad feris cvlilebaSi ubadloa qameleoni. is swrafad
icvlis fers da SeumCneveli xdeba mtrisTvis.
SeniRbva
Tavis dacvas mcenareebic axerxeben. isini versad gaeqcevian balaxismWamel
cxovelebs. cxovelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis maTi mTavari arsenali eklebi da
Sxamiani nivTierebebia. magaliTad, tropikuli vazi, Zlier Sxams, striqnins gamo-
yofs, romelic krunCxvebs iwvevs. xaSxaSi _ opiums, Tambaqo neirotoqsin niko-
tins. zogierTi mcenare mwerebis hormonebis msgavs nivTierebebs gamoimuSavebs,
romlebic mwerebis aranormalur ganviTarebas iwveven.
Tanasazogadoebis wevrebs Soris urTierTobis formebia: neitralizmi, sim-
biozi, parazitizmi, konkurencia, mtacebloba. TanasazogadoebaSi xangrZlivi
urTierTobebis Sedegad organizmebs mravalgvari Seguebulobani gamoumuSavdaT.
94
Seagrove da Seadare erTmaneTs sxvadasxva mcenaris nayofi. gamoyavi maT

Soris is mcenareebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, yvelaze saimedod icaven Tesls.
1 miniSnebebis mixedviT Cawere cariel ujrebSi Tanasazogadoebis wevrebs

Soris urTierTobebis formebi da magaliTebi:
2 ra saxis damokidebulebas asxavs ilustra-

cia Tanasazogadoebis or wevrs Soris?
1 es patara frinveli martorqis mudmi-

vi Tanamgzavria. orive mSvidad gamoiyure-
ba. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
2 ra SeiZleba iyos am ori mglis da-

pirispirebis mizezi?
95
3 urTierTobis romeli formaa epifit-

sa da xemcenares Soris?
4 ra damokidebulebaa yayaCosa da xor-

bals Soris yanaSi?
5 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili Sxamiani mcenareebi. gaixsene, rogori zemo-

qmedeba aqvT maT toqsinebs adamiansa da cxovelebze.
6 antibiotikebs, romlebsac medicinaSi sxvadasxva daavadebis sawinaaRm-

degod iyeneben, gamoyofen:
a. yvavilovani mcenareebi mwerebis misazidad;

b. fesvebi simbiozuri baqteriebis misazidad;
g. mcenareTa foTlebi mavneblebis winaaRmdeg;
d. obis sokoebi baqteriebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic maTi konkurentebi ar-
ian sakveb resursebSi.
7 virusebi arian:
a. ujredSida parazitebi;
b. ujredgare parazitebi;
g. heterotrofebi;
d. saprofitebi.
8 erT-erTi saxeobis Tevzi qviriTs orsagduliani moluskis mantiis

RruSi, layuCebTan axlos debs, sadac maTi Canasaxebi daculni arian mtre-
bisgan, meqanikuri dazianebisgan da uzrunvelyofilni arian sufTa, Jan-
gbadiT mdidari wyliT.
ra hqvia urTierTobis aseT formas?
96
9 simbiozi mcenareebs Sorisacaa gavrcelebuli. fiWvis, naZvis, muxis,

aryis xis fesvebze sokoebi saxldebian da miceliumis sqel fenas warmoqm-
nian. isini niadagidan STanTqaven wyalsa da marilebs da xe mcenareebs gadas-
cemen. xeebi ki sokos organul nivTierebebs unawileben. aseTi xeebi bevrad
ukeT izrdebian da viTardebian.
urTierTobis rogori formaa mcenareebsa da sokos Soris?
10 aryis xe naZvis naz aRmonacens zafxulSi cxare mzisgan, zamTarSi ki

yinvisgan icavs. garkveuli xnis Semdeg naZvi aryis xes Crdilavs.
ra urTierTobaa:
a. naZvis aRmonacensa da mis „gadias~ Soris?
b. zrdasrul naZvsa da aryis xes Soris.
11 erT-erTi saxeobis bziki winaswar umzadebs sakvebs Tavis larvebs _

kvercxebs paralizebul muxluxoebze debs. Tumca buzi aswrebs mas kvercxe-
bis dadebas da buzis matlebi ufro adre iCekebian.
rogori damokidebuleba arsebobs:
a. bziksa da muxluxos Soris?

b. buzsa da bziks Soris?
12 gadaxaze zedmeti wyvili:
a. adamiani _koRo;
b. oboba _ buzi;
g. yanCa _ bayayi;
d. hidra _ qalamana.
97
5.3.5 kvebiTi jaWvi. kvebiTi qseli
Sen SeZleb:
• Camoayalibo, romel mTavar sasicocxlo process eyrdnoba ekosistemaSi
Tanasazogadoebis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebi;
• ganmarto, ras ewodeba kvebiTi jaWvi da daasaxelo misi mTavari rgolebi;
• ganasxvao erTmaneTisgan kvebiTi jaWvi da kvebiTi qseli;
• Seajamo, romeli rigis konsumenti xar mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi sxva-
dasxva saxis sakvebis miRebisas;
• daakvirde Sen garSemo organizmebs da kvebiTi jaWvis saxiT sqematurad
warmoadgino maTi urTierTobebi;
• Seajamo, ra mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobaTa mravalferovnebas ekosistemis
mdgradobisaTvis.
ekologiur sistemebSi organizmebis urTierToba

imetyvele, rogorc
mecnierma yvelaze mTavar sasicocxlo process _ kvebas eyrd-
noba, radgan am umniSvnelovanes proceszea damok-
producenti idebuli maTi fizikuri aqtivoba, zrda-ganviTareba,
konsumenti gamravleba. aq, rogorc wesi, erTi organizmi meo-
reducenti riT ikvebeba, TviTon ki sxvisi sakvebia. warmodgenas
kvebiTi jaWvi imaze, Tu „vin vis Wams“ ekosistemaSi, martivi kvebi-
kvebiTi qseli Ti jaWvi iZleva.
mcenareebiT ikvebebian mwerebi, mwerebiT _ bayayebi, bayayebiT _ gvelebi,
gvelebiT _ mtacebeli frinvelebi. sikvdilis Semdeg maTi narCenebi baqteriebi-
sa da sokoebis sakvebia.
kvebiTi jaWvi
rogorc xedav, Seikra erTgvari jaWvi, romelsac kvebiT jaWvs uwodeben. cxa-
dia, sxvadasxva ekosistemaSi jaWvis rgolebi sxvadasxva saxeobebiTaa warmodge-
nili, magram is yvela SemTxvevaSi sam aucilebel rgols _ producents, konsu-
mentsa da reducents Seicavs.
kvebiTi jaWvi
producenti konsumenti reducenti
98
producentebi _ jaWvis pirveli rgoli _ mcenareebi da fotosinTezis unaris

mqone sxva organizmebi arian. swored isini qmnian organul nivTierebebs, rom-
lebsac kvebiTi jaWvis sxva organizmebi iyeneben sakvebad.
producentebi
konsumentebi organul nivTierebebs sxva organizmebisgan mza saxiT iReben.

konsumentebs mcenareWamia, xorciWamia da nairWamia cxovelebi miekuTvnebian.
mcenareWamia (1) cxovelebi ikvebebian mcenaris sxvadasxva nawilebiT _ fesviT,
xis qerqiT, totebiT, foTlebiT, nayofiT.
xorciWamia (2) cxovelebi mtaceblebi an leSiWamiebi arian. mtaceblebi sakvebs
nadirobiT moipoveben, xolo leSiWamiebi leSiTac kmayofildebian.
nairWamia (3) cxovelebi sakvebs ar arCeven _ maTTvis erTnairad misaRebia,
rogorc mcenareuli, ise cxoveluri sakvebi.
1 2 2
konsumentebi
reducentebi baqteriebs, sokoebsa da zo-

gierT mwerebs hqviaT. isini kvebis procesSi
mkvdar organizmebs Slian. am procesSi mar-
tivi araorganuli nivTierebebi gamoiyofa,
romlebsac isev mcenareebi iyeneben organu-
li nivTierebebis dasamzadeblad.
reducenti
99
kvebiTi jaWvi mxolod Zalian martiv, sqematur warmodgens gaZlevs eko-

sistemis struqturaze. sinamdvileSi, bunebriv ekosistemaSi saqme gacilebiT
rTuladaa. aq kvebiTi jaWvebi erTiandebian da kvebiT qsels warmoqmnian. qselSi
ekosistemis binadarni ise arian CarTulni, rom erTi da igive individi SesaZloa
ramdenime kvebiTi jaWvis wevri iyos.
qori
SaSvi bu
lokokinebi Wiebi kurdRlebi Tagvebi ciyvebi
Camocvenili cocxali
balaxi Teslebi
foTlebi foTlebi
tyis martivi kvebiTi qseli
meore rigis
producenti
konsumenti
pirveli rigis mesame rigis

konsumenti konsumenti
rac ufro rTulia kvebiTi qseli, miT ufro stabiluria is da daSla ar

emuqreba, radgan saxeobaTa simravlis gamo TiToeul maTgans kvebis alternati-
uli wyaroebi aqvs. Tu raime mizeziT romelime saxeoba Semcirda an gaqra, mis
adgils sxva ikavebs. magaliTad, tyeSi Tagvebis raodenobis Semcireba buebis
mospobas ar gamoiwvevs, radgan bu ciyvebsa da kurdRlebzec nadirobs.
ekosistemaSi organizmebi kvebiT jaWvebs qmnian. nebismieri kvebiTi jaWvi sami

aucilebeli rgolisgan Sedgeba. esenia: producenti, konsumenti da reducenti.
ekosistemaSi kvebiTi jaWvebi kvebiT qsels warmoqmnian. ekosistemis mdgradobas
misi saxeobaTa mravalferovneba gansazRvravs.
ras ambobs termini

producenti _ (laT. producentis _ mwarmoebeli, Semqmneli);
konsumenti _ (laT. konsumo _ movixmar);
reducenti _ (laT. reducentis _ dambrunebeli, aRmdgeneli).
100
1 gaixsene sxvadasxva samefos SenTvis cnobili warmomadgenlebi da Seqmeni

mtknari wylis kvebiTi jaWvis sqema.
wiwibura
kartofili
I rigis
saqonlis xorci
2 isrebiT mianiSne, romeli rigis kon- CurCxela
II rigis
sumenti xar, rodesac am produqtiT loqo
ikvebebi:
Svriis fafa
III rigis
qaTmis xorci
kvercxi
3 fermerma saxlTan axlos forToxlis baRi gaaSena. baRSi frinvelebi

dasaxldnen. fermers yovel diliT maTi galoba aRviZebda. magram baRs
muxluxoebi Seesivnen da xeebma moiwyines. fermerma saswrafod daiwyo
xeebis Sewamvla. erT dRes fermers uCveulo siCumeSi gaeRviZa.
grafiki asaxavs situacias citrusis baRSi.
1000
900
800
700
600
foTlebis
500 raodenoba
400 muxluxoebis
raodenoba
300
200
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
dReebi
a. romel dRes daiwyo mkveTrad zrda muxluxoebis ricxvma?

b. rodis miaRwia muxluxoebis ricxvma maqsimalur niSnuls?
g. rogor icvleboda am periodSi foTlebis ricxvi?
d. Seni azriT, rodis daiwyo fermerma xeebis Sewamvla?
e. romel dRes hqonda maqsimaluri efeqti sawamlavis moqmedebas?
v. romel dRes daisadgura baRSi siCumem?
101
1 lomi da mgeli ikaveben erT kvebiT dones imitom, rom isini:
a. ikvebebian balaxismWamelebiT;
b. arian mtaceblebi;
g. arian nairmWamelebi;
d. aqvT didi zomebi.
2 paraziti mcenare aris:
a. pirveli rigis konsumenti;

b. reducenti;
g. producenti;
d. meore rigis konsumenti.
3 romel kvebiT dones ikavebs mRiera

ekosistemaSi?
4 bunebriv ekosistemaSi meliebi ZiriTadad TagvebiT ikvebebian. imis

gamo, rom meliebi qaTmebzec nadiroben, adamiani maT anadgurebs. ra arasa-
surveli Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves amas adamianisTvis?
5 daasrule fraza: yvela producenti avtotrofia, yvela konsumenti

.......................... .
6 SearCie swori pasuxi.

riT emsgavsebian producentebi reducentebs?
a. cxovelqmedebisas orive gamoyofs Jangbads;

b. cxovelqmedebisas orive STanTqavs naxSirorJangs;
g. orives sWirdeba sakvebi da energia;
d. orive amaragebs kvebiT qsels organuli nivTierebebiT.
7
a. romel kvebiT dones ikavebs gveli mocemul kvebiT qselSi?
b. romeli rigis konsumentia is?
g. romeli rigis konsumentia Zera?
102
8 romel kvebiT dones ikavebs veSapis tili?
9 gamoiyene sami termini organizmis dasaxasiaTeblad, qvemoT moyvanili

magaliTis mixedviT:
zebra _ heterotrofi _ mcenareWamia _ I rigis konsumenti

bayayi _ .............................. _ .............................. _ ..............................
kalia _ .............................. _ .............................. _ ..............................
Zera _ .............................. _ .............................. _ ..............................
daTvi _ .............................. _ .............................. _ ..............................
10 CamoTvlilTagan romeli organizmebi SeiZleba warmoadgendnen wylis

sxvadasxva ekosistemis producentebs?
Sesabamis ujraSi Cawere niSani X.
a. qlorela;
b. qalamana;
g. torfis xavsi;
d. zRvis wiTeli wyalmcenare;
e. hidra;
v. planaria;
a b g d e v z T
z. qlamidomonada;
T. Zafnairi wyalmcenare.
103
11 romeli kvebiTi jaWvia Sedgenili sworad?
A xorcismWameli 3
xorcismWameli 2 xorcismWameli 2
balaxismWameli 1 balaxismWameli 1
producenti
B xorcismWameli 3
producenti
C xorcismWameli 3
producenti
104
5.3.6 nivTierebaTa da energiis gadacema

ekosistemaSi
Sen SeZleb:
• sqematurad warmoadgino, rogor nawildeba mzis energia kvebiTi jaWvis
yovel safexurze;
• imsjelo, ratom warmoadgenen kvebiT jaWvebs piramidis saxiT;
• Seajamo, ra problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareba ekologiuri piramidebis
saxiT warmodgenili informacia adamianebs.
mzis mier dedamiwisken gamogzavnili uzarmazari energiis mxolod 1-2% gar-

daiqmneba organuli nivTierebebis qimiur energiad. am „mcire“ energiiT dedami-
waze yovelwliurad 170 miliardi tona organuli nivTiereba sinTezirdeba,
romliTac producentebi sakuTar sxeuls iSeneben da ekosistemis danarCen or-
ganizmebs kvebaven. vnaxoT rogor gadanawildeba organuli nivTierebebis saxiT
arsebuli „energetikuli biujeti“ kvebiTi jaWvis sxvadasxva safexurze.
ekologebi organuli nivTierebis raodenobas ekosistemaSi biomasas uwode-
ben.
1 -2 % 5-10 % 20 %
I rigis konsumenti II rigis

producenti
konsumenti
reducenti
qimiur bmebSi akumulirebuli mzis energia;
sunTqvisas siTbos saxiT gamosxivebuli energia.
producentebis organul nivTierebebSi Senaxuli mzis energia mcenareWamia

organizmebs mTlianad ver gadaecema. am energiis 20% -s mcenareebi sunTqvisas,
garemoSi, siTbos saxiT asxiveben. danarCeni 80%, romelic biomasis saxiT ar-
sebobs, SesaZloa mcenareWamiebis mier iqnes gamoyenebuli. magram mcenareWamia
cxovelTa umravlesoba mcenaris miwisqveSa nawilebsa da uxeS Reroebs sakvebad
ver moixmars. sakvebSi arsebuli celulozac Znelad moineleba da gadaumuSave-
beli sakvebi fekaliebis saxiT gamoiyofa. energiis didi nawili cxovelebis
sunTqvisas siTbos saxiT ikargeba.
yovelive amis gamo, pirveli rigis konsumentebSi producentebis energiis
mxolod 5-10% gadadis. magaliTad, mocemul ekosistemaSi kurdRlis mier mox-
marebuli balaxis masis mxolod 5-10% gardaiqmneba kurdRlis masad.
105
energiis raodenoba kvebiTi jaWvis Semdeg safexurzec mcirdeba.

II rigis konsumentebi I rigis konsumentebSi organuli nivTierebis saxiT ar-
sebuli energiis mxolod 20 %-s iyeneben. rogorc xedav, aq, pirvel safexurTan
SedarebiT, energiis mcire danakargia, radgan cxoveluri produqtebi advilad
moineleba. am safexurze energia ZiriTadad sunTqvisas gamoTavisuflebuli siT-
bosa da fekaliebis organul nivTierebebSi arsebuli energiis saxiT ikargeba.
I da II rigis konsumentebis eqskrementebSi arsebuli is energia, romelic kon-
sumentebma ver gamoiyenes, ekosistemisTvis dakarguli ar aris _ mas reducen-
tebi iyeneben. reducentebSi gadadis agreTve is energiac, romelsac mkvdari
mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebi Seicavs.
ekosistemis kvebiTi jaWvis rgolebs Soris raodenobriv damokidebulebebs
ekologebi xSirad grafikulad, diagramebis saxiT gamoxataven. am diagramebs,
umetes SemTxvevebSi piramidis forma aqvT da amitom ekologiur piramidebs
uwodeben.
ekologiuri piramidebi blokebisgan Sedgeba. blokebis zoma kvebiTi jaWvis
yovel doneze arsebuli organizmebis ricxvis, biomasis an energiis proporci-
ulia. amis mixedviT ganarCeven ricxvTa, biomasisa da energiis ekologiur pira-
midebs.
3 1 kg
500 10 kg
70.000 100 kg
0
0 00 1000
kg
9. 00
ricxvTa ekologiuri piramida biomasis ekologiuri piramida
ricxvTa piramida gamoxatavs individTa ricxvs kvebiTi jaWvis yovel doneze,

biomasis piramida _ cocxali organizmebis saerTo masas kvebiTi jaWvis yovel
safexurze, energiis piramida ki _ energiis raodenobas kaloriebSi an joulebSi.
magaliTisTvis ricxvTa piramida ganvixiloT. rodesac ekosistemis erT heq-
tarze 9 milionamde balaxovani mcenarea, I rigis konsumentebis _ mcenareWamia
mwerebis ricxvi 70 000-is farglebSia. II rigis konsumentebis _ mtacebeli frin-
velebis -500-is, xolo III rigis konsumentebis _ aseve mtacebeli frinvelebis _
mxolod 3.
biomasis piramidaSic yoveli momdevno safexuri aseve progresulad mcird-
eba, daaxloebiT 10 -jer. magaliTad, 1000 kg mcenareuli masa warmoqmnis 100kg
I rigis konsumentis _ mcenareWamia cxovelis masas, 10 kg II rigis konsumentis _
xorciWamia cxovelis masas da 1 kg III rigis konsumentis _ mtaceblis masas.
106
• aage energiis piramida gakveTilis teqstSi ganxiluli kvebiTi jaWvis

mixedviT.
ekologiur piramidebs yovelTvis ar aqvT geometriuli piramidis forma. im
SemTxvevaSi Tu producenti didi zomisaa, maTi ricxobrioba bevrad naklebia
konsumentebTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, erTi naZvis TesliT SesaZloa bevri ciy-
vi ikvebebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi ekologiuri piramida deformirdeba.
ekologiuri piramidebi ekosistemebis Sesaxeb did informacias Seicaven, ro-
melic adamians sxvadasxva socialuri problemis gadawyvetaSi SeiZleba daex-
maros. magaliTad, Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problema mzardi
mosaxleobis sakvebiT momaragebaa.
mzis energiis yvelaze didi nawili producentebSia akumulirebuli da sanam
Cvenamde moaRwevs, is sxvadasxva kvebiT doneze sunTqvaSi, eqskreciaSi, moZrao-
baSi, siTbur gamosxivebaSi ikargeba. ase rom, Tu gsurs mzis energiis ufro
didi nawili „Segvxvdes“, unda ecado, ufro metad dauaxlovde piramidis fuZes.
aseT SemTxvevaSi mzis energia ufro met adamianze gadanawildeba. es imas niS-
navs, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, adamianebis meniuSi xorcis arseboba gulisxmobs
niadagis didi farTobebis damuSavebas, morwyvas, pesticidebis gamoyenebas da
amitom misi warmoeba Zviri ujdeba qveyanas, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve garemos
dacvis TvalsazrisiT. fiqroben, rom, mosaxleobis ricxobriobis zrdasTan er-
Tad, xorci TandaTan ufro Zvir produqtad gadaiqceva.
cocxali organizmebi sakvebSi arsebul energias mTlianad ver iTviseben. kvebi-

Ti jaWvis yoveli safexuri mzis energias garkveuli efeqturobiT iyenebs, amitom
ekosistemaSi energia mudmivad ikargeba. ekosistemis arsebobasa da mdgradobas
mzis mudmivi gamosxiveba uzrunvelyofs.
107
1 romeli ricxvTa piramida gamoxatavs sworad kvebiT jaWvs:
xe _ bugri _ Wiamaia _ paraziti
A B
2 mdelos ekosistemaSi daiTvales sxva- 4

dasxva kvebiT doneze myofi individebis 3
raodenoba. is aRmoCnda: 30, 354 904, 5
842 424, 708 624. 2
1
miakuTvne mocemuli cifrebi Sesabamis
kvebiT doneebs.
3 ori piramida warmoadgens kvebiT jaWvs:
A B
anwlis xe → bugri → Wiamaia → SaSvi
romeli maTgania ricxvis da romeli biomasis?
108
4 wylis ekosistemaSi mobinadre A,B,C ,D organizmebi kvebiT jaWvs war-

moqmnian. A-s biomasa Seadgens 3,5 gr-s, B-s 4,2gr-s, C-s 1,8 gr-s, D-s 2,4
gr-s. miuCine am organizmebs adgili ekologiur piramidaSi.
1 ra saxiT gadadis mzis energia producentidan mcenareWamia cxoveleb-

Si?
2
didi zomis mtaceblebi ekosistemaSi mcirericxovanni arian. axseni,
ratom?
3 qvewarmavlebs arsebobisTvis daaxloebiT10%-iT naklebi sakvebi sWir-

debaT, imave zomis ZuZumwovrebTan SedarebiT. moifiqre, ratom?
4 ra saxis energiebad gardaiqmneba mzis energia ekologiur sistemebSi?
5 qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan kvebiTi jaWvi iwyeba:
a. mwvane wyalmcenareebidan;
b. mzidan;
g. cxovelidan;
d. producentidan;
e. sokodan.
109
5.3.7 biomravalferovneba da adamianis

saqmianobis gavlena garemoze
Sen SeZleb:
• imsjelo adamianis bunebis mimarT momxmarebluri damokidebulebis Sede-
gebze;
• ganmarto, ra ziani moaqvs sasuqebis Warbad gamoyenebas;
• imsjelo globaluri daTbobis mizezebsa da Sedegebze;
• moiyvano argumentebi, rogor SeiZleba konkretuli teritoriis dabinZure-
ba mTeli regionis problemad iqces;
• Camoayalibo, ra saSiSroebas Seicaven introducirebuli saxeobebi;
• amoicno ucnobi terminis Sinaarsi.
mosaxleobis ricxobriobis ganuxreli zrda

imetyvele, rogorc
da misi momxmarebluri damokidebuleba samya-
mecnierma
ros mimarT did safrTxis uqmnis organizmebis
pesticidi mravalferovnebas. zogjer adamianis aseT moq-
fungicidi medebas mxolod adgilobrivi uaryofiTi Sede-
inseqticidi gi moaqvs, zogjer ki scildeba regionis far-
globaluri daTboba glebs.
introducirebuli saxeobebi
mivyveT Cvens „ekologiur nakvalevs“ deda-
miwaze.
adamiani didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo bunebrivi kvebiTi qselis Cveulebrivi
wevri. misi arseboba mTlianad iyo damokidebuli im sakvebze, romelsac is tyeSi
mcenareebis SegrovebiTa da cxovelebze nadirobiT moipovebda. mogvianebiT ada-
mianma mcenareTa moSenebasa da cxovelTa moSinaurebas mihyo xeli. am saqmianobis
ZiriTad mizans maTi produqtiulobis zrda warmoadgenda.
dRes dedamiwis mosaxleoba 6,5 miliards
Seadgens da isev problemad rCeba misi
xarisxiani sakvebiT momarageba. adamians
niadagSi Seaqvs sasuqebi, gahyavs sarwyavi
arxebi, iyenebs sxvadasxva qimiur saSuale-
bas mavneblebis winaaRmdeg. swored am dros
sWirdeba mas ekologiuri ganaTleba, raTa
am saqmianobas gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi
ar mohyves.
magaliTad, mcenareTa masis gasazrdelad adamiani sasuqad nitratebs-azot-

mJavas marilebs iyenebs. Warbad gamoyenebisas, es sasuqi mcenareebSi grovdeba
da misi sakvebad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, adamianis organizmSi xvdeba. saWmlis
momnelebel sistemaSi nitrati Zlier damJangvel nivTierebad gardaiqmneba, ro-
melic hemoglobinis rkinas Jangavs da is Jangbads veRar ikavSirebs.
1 moifiqre, ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves amas?
110
niadagSi Warbad Setanili es sasuqi sxva problemebsac qmnis. wvimebis dros

nitrati miwisqveSa wylebSi Cairecxeba, saidanac is mdinareebsa da tbebSi xvde-
ba. misi gavleniT swrafad mravldebian wyalmcenareebi, romlebic noxiviT ga-
daekvrebian tbis zedapirs. amis gamo wylis mcenareebs sinaTlis deficiti eqmne-
baT da iRupebian.
sakvebis aseTi siuxvis pirobebSi mravldebian reducentebi, romlebic ga-
Zlierebulad moixmaren Jangbads. tbaSi Jangbadis done TandaTan ecema da tbis
binadarni uJangbadobiT iRupebian.
nitrati
nitratebiT wyalsatevis
reducentebi dabinZurebis Sedegi
cudi SedegebiT mTavrdeba pesticidebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebac. pesti-

cidebi qimiuri nivTierebebia, romlebsac adamiani mavneblebisa da parazitebis
sawinaaRmdegod iyenebs. magaliTad, mwerebis sawinaaRmdegod inseqticidebi,
xolo sokoebis sawinaaRmdegod fungicidebi gamoiyeneba. es Zlieri Sxamebi or-
ganizmidan ver idevnebian da verc iSlebian. maT verc reducentebi Slian.
pesticidebiT dabinZurebuli sakvebi produqtebi adamianis urTules daa-
vadebebs iwvevs. amis gamo, evropis bevrma qveyanam pesticidebis gamoyeneba mkve-
Trad SezRuda.
garemos ukiduresad saSiS dambinZureblad vercxliswyali iTvleba. mraval
sawarmoo procesSi, magaliTad, oqros mopovebisas, cementisa da plastmasis
warmoebisas, sawarmoo wylebTan erTad is mdinareebsa da zRvebSi xvdeba, wylis
cxovelebSi akumulirdeba da sabolood adamianis organizmSi gadainacvlebs.
vercxliswyali azianebs nervul sistemas, RviZls, sasunTq gzebs da safrTxes
uqmnis adamianis sicocxles.
111
garemos dabinZurebis Sokismomgvreli

faqtia wynar okeaneSi e,w. “aRmosavleTis
nagvis kontinentis~ warmoqmna, romelic
plastmasisa da sxva saxis narCenebisagan
Sedgeba. misi zusti zomebi jerjerobiT
daudgenelia, Tumca varaudoben, rom is
daaxl 1,5 mln. km2-ia da 100 mln. tona
nagavs itevs. plastmasa mzis zegavleniT
mcire nawilakebad iSleba, romelsac
zRvis cxovelebi ylapaven. ase erTveba
plastmasa kvebiT jaWvSi.
nagvis Semadgeneli zogi nivTiereba ara mxolod toqsikuria, aramed struq-
turiT sasqeso hormons emsgavseba, rac cxovelebis sasicocxlo cikls arRvevs.
Cven varT mizezi atmosferos Sedgenilobis mkveTri cvlilebebisac. ada-
mianebs didxans egonaT, rom uamravi airi, romlebsac qarxnebi, fabrikebi da
transporti gamotyorcnis, ukvalod STainTqmeboda uzarmazari atmosferos
mier. bolo wlebSi atmosferos Sedgenilobis mkveTrma cvlilebebma sruliad
gaabaTila aseTi Sexeduleba.
sawvavis wvisas atmosferoSi, naxSirorJangis garda, gogirdisa da azotis Jan-
gi gamoiyofa. es airebi atmosferul wyalTan azotmJavasa da gogirdmJavas war-
moqmnis da mJava wvimebis saxiT ubrundeba dedamiwas.
mJava wvimebi Slis metalisa da qvis nagebobebs, misi gavleniT niadagSi ar-
sebuli mZime metalebi _ tyvia, vercxliswyali, kadmiumi, nikeli _ romlebsac
sayofacxovrebo da industriuli narCenebi Seicaven, xsnad mdgomareobaSi gada-
dis da miwisqveSa wylebSi, mdinareebsa da tbebSi xvdeba. aseTi wylis sasmelad
gamoyeneba umZimes daavadebebs iwvevs.
H2SO4
HNO3
SO2
NO2
Pb
Hg
Ni
mJava wvimebi
112
2 aRwere sxva gza, romliTac mZime metalebma SesaZloa Sens organizmSi SeaR-
wios.
3 iTvleba, rom mJava wvimebi globalur ekologiur katastrofas iwvevs.

moifiqre, SesaZloa Tu ara mJava wvimebi araindustriul qalaqebs daatydes
Tavs?
atmosferos Sedgenilobis erT-erT yvelaze SemaSfoTebel cvlilebad mec-
nierebs CO2-is koncentraciis mkveTri zrda miaCniaT. albaT gsmenia globalu-
ri daTbobis Sesaxeb, romelic, mravali mecnieris azriT, katastrofas uqadis
sicocxles dedamiwaze.
mzis sxivebis nawili atmosferosa da dedamiwis zedapiris mier airekleba,
nawili ki isev dedamiwas ubrundeba da aTbobs mas. am efeqts saTburis efeqti
uwodes. is haerSi arsebuli airebiT, ZiriTadad wylis orTqliTa da CO2-iT
aris gamowveuli. swored isini ar aZleven mzis sxivebs kosmosSi ukan dabrunebis
saSualebas. amitom maT saTburis airebsac uwodeben.
saTburis efeqti
mecnierebs afiqrebT is faqti, rom dedamiwis saSualo temperatura, romelic

150 C -s utoldeba, bolo periodSi mudmivad izrdeba. am faqts isini atmos-
feroSi naxSirorJangis koncentraciis zrdas ukavSireben. maTi azriT, Tu ase
gagrZelda, 2100 wlisTvis dedamiwaze globalurad daTbeba _ temperatura 60 C
-iT moimatebs.
gamoTvlilia, rom temperaturis momateba msoflio okeanis wylis donis awe-
vas gamoiwvevs, ris Sedegadac msoflios mraval kuTxeSi daitboreba sanapiro
zoli.
temperaturis mateba gaaZlierebs aorTqlebis procesebs, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gazrdis naleqebis raodenobas. mkveTrad Seicvleba klimati mTel msoflioSi.
gaxSirdeba wyaldidobebi, qariSxlebi, gaqreba bevri saxeoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom globaluri daTboba ar niSnavs daTbobas yvelgan da nebis-
mier dros. magaliTad, romelime regionSi SesaZloa gaizardos zafxulis tem-
peratura da Semcirdes zamTrisa, anu klimati gaxdes kontinenturi.
113
globaluri daTbobis meore mTavar mizezad tyeebis gaCexa saxeldeba. am mxriv,

adamianis bunebaSi Carevis sastik magaliTs madagaskaris istoria warmoadgens.
es didi kunZuli mcenareTa da cxovelTa 200 000-mde saxeobiT, romelTa 80%
endemuria, msoflios biomravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli qveynebis xuTeulSi Se-
dis. mas ekologebi „merve kontinents“ uwodeben. madagaskarze saxloben endemu-
ri lemurebi, qameleonebi, gekonebi, aTasgvari Ramurebi. madagaskarze izrdeba
erT-erTi saxeobis yvavilovani mcenare, romelic leikemiis samkurnalo prepa-
ratis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba. aq xarobs yavis xis ramdenime saxeoba, romel-
Ta Teslebi kofeins ar Seicavs.
madagaskaris buneba
mas Semdeg, rac adamiani am kunZulze dasaxlda, misi tyeebis 90% gaiCexa. aman
niadagis masobrivi erozia da mdinareebis daSroba gamoiwvia.
adamianebis dasaxlebis Sedegebi madagaskarze
sacxovrebeli garemos ganadgurebam da nadirobam am kunZulze bevri endemu-

ri saxeoba gadaaSena.
madagaskarTan axlos, mavrikiis kunulebze erT
dros didi zomis (25 kg-mde) frinveli _ dodo binad-
robda, romelic ar frenda da xidan Camocvenili xil-
iT ikvebeboda. kunZulebze am dros ZuZumwovrebi ar
iyvnen. XVI saukuneSi kunZuli mezRvaurebis portad
gadaiqca. maTTvis dodo advilad mosapovebeli xor-
cis wyaro gaxda.
mezRvaurebma kunZulze Rorebi da maimunebi Semoi-
yvanes. maT gemebs virTagvebic Semohyvnen.
114
am ZuZumwovrebma dodos kvercxebi da wiwilebi gaanadgures da dodo kunZu-

lebidan gaqra.
ramdenime xanSi kunZulebze erT-erTi saxeobis
xeebis ricxvma Semcireba daiwyo. rogorc aRmoCnda,
dodo swored am xis nayofiT ikvebeboda. maTi sqel
naWuWSi momwyvdeuli Teslebi gaRivebis unars mxolod
dodos saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi gavlis Semdeg
iZenda. mavrikiis kunZulebze am xeebis SenarCunebis
mizniT, mecnierebi indaurebs maTi nayofiT kvebaven da
eqskrementebSi gadasul Teslebs iyeneben dasaTesad. dodos sakvebi
gadaSenebis safrTxe, maTze zRvargadasuli nadirobis gamo, dResac mravali

saxeobis cxovels emuqreba.
msoflios bevr kuTxeSi adgilobrivi sa-
xeobebis adgils introducirebuli saxe-
obebi ikaveben. isini swrafad mravldebian
axal garemoSi, vinaidan ar hyavT bunebrivi
mtrebi da konkurentebi. droTa ganmavloba-
Si, isini TandaTan devnian adgilobriv saxe-
obebs. ase magaliTad, afrikaSi, tba viqto-
riaSi orasamde saxeobis adgilobrivi Tevzi
gadaSenda mas Semdeg, rac evropelebma iq
yvelaze didi zomis mtknari wylis Tevzi _
nilosis qorWila moaSenes. nilosis qorWila
adamianis momxmarebluri damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT did safrTxes uqm-

nis biomravalferovnebas da sicocxles dedamiwaze.
sasuqebis, pesticidebisa da sawvavis Warbad gamoyeneba abinZurebs garemos.
wynar okeaneSi „nagvis kontinenti“ warmoiqmna, romelic plastmasisa da sxva-
dasxva saxis narCenebisgan Sedgeba.
tyeebis gaCexa, nadiroba, introducirebuli saxeobebi mravali mcenarisa da
cxovelis gadaSenebis mizezia. is ganuzomel zians ayenebs dedamiwis biomraval-
ferovnebas.
ras ambobs termini
pesticidi _ (laT. pest _ paraziti; cido _ vklav);
fungicidi _ (laT. fungos _ soko, cido _ vklav);
inseqticidi _ (laT. inseqtum _ mweri, cido _ vklav).
• daasxi marmarilos natexs Zlier ganzavebuli gogirdmJavas xsnari;

• xSirad gaimeore es procedura ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi;
• daakvirdi, rogor icvlis saxes marmarilos zedapiri;
• romeli procesis models warmoadgens Sen mier Catarebuli procedu-
ra?
115
1 erT-erT pesticids _ ddt-s afrikis qveynebSi malariis sawinaaRmdegod

iyeneben. am pesticids wyalsatevebisa da tbebis zedapirze asxureben ma-
lariis gadamtani koRos matlebis mosaspobad.
ddt
a. Seadgine wyalsatevis kvebiTi jaWvi da moifiqre, rogor SeiZleba aR-

moCndes es pesticidi adamianis organizmSi.
b. malariis gadamtan koRosTan brZolis romel meTods SesTavazebdi am
regionis mosaxleobas?
2 konservaciuli biologia SedarebiT axali mimarTulebaa mecnierebaSi,

romlis mizani biomravalferovnebis dacva da aRdgenaa. mecnierebi, romle-
bic am problemebiT arian dakavebulni, saxeobebs mravalgvar kategorie-
bad yofen. gaecani maT da Seavse cxrilis carieli ujrebi SenTvis cnobili
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis magaliTebiT:
indikatori saxeobebi _ gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian garemos sxva-
dasxva faqtoris ( mag. wylisa da haeris sisufTavis, niadagis nayofierebis)
mimarT da amitom maT garemos Semfaseblebad iyeneben.
flagmani saxeobebi _ mimzidveli, qarizmatuli saxeobebi, romlebic ada-
mianebis siyvaruliT sargebloben. mecnierebi maT adamianebis yuradRebis
misaqcevad iyeneben.
problemuri saxeobebi _ saxeobebi, romlebic qcevebiT, cxovrebis niriT
an garegnuli niSnebiT adamianebSi SiSs an zizRs iwveven da amis gamo nad-
gurdebian. swored amitom saWiroeben isini mecnierTa gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas.
indikatori saxeobebi
flagmani saxeobebi
problemuri saxeobebi
116
3 mecnierebi saxeobaTa gadaSenebis mizezad e.w. `damRupvel kvartets~,

anu oTx ZiriTad faqtors asaxeleben. Seavse sqema gakveTilis teqstSi moce-
muli da SenTvis cnobili sxva magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT:
saxeobaTa gadaSenebis mizezebi
sacxovrebeli
Warbi introducirebuli gadaSenebis
garemos
mopoveba saxeobebi jaWvebi
ganadgureba
1 daasaxele erTaderTi bunebrivi procesi dedamiwaze, romelic atmos-

feroSi naxSirorJangis koncentracias amcirebs.
2 Seni azriT, ra SeiZleba erqvas nivTierebebs, romlebsac fermerebi

iyeneben sarevela balaxebis winaaRmdeg:
a. inseqticidebi;
b. fungicidebi;
g. herbicidebi;
d. fitoncidebi.
ratom fiqrob ase? moiZie informacia. gamarTlda Seni varaudi?
3 ukrainaSi, Cernobilis atomuri sadguris av-

ariisas, atmosferoSi radiaqtiuri elementebi ga-
moifrqva. aman mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira,
radgan radiaqtiuri elementebi momakvdinebel gav-
lenas axdenen cocxal organizmebze. es globaluri
katastrofa iyo, romlis gamo sxva qveynebsac, maT
Soris saqarTvelosac Seeqmna problemebi. moifiqre,
ra gziT SeiZleba moxvedriliyo radiaqtiuri niv-
Tierebebi sxva qveynebSi?
4 SearCie araswori pasuxi.
garemos bunebrivi dambinZureblebia:

a. vulkanuri amofrqvevebi;
b. cxovelTa eqskrementebi;
g. stepebisa da tyeebis xanZrebi.
d. sayofacxovrebo narCenebi.
117
didi wvlili atmosferos dabinZu-

rebaSi cementis qarxnebs miuZRvis. ce-
mentis mtvers SeuZlia mwvane oazisi
unayofo da usicocxlo adgilad gada-
aqcios. moiZie informacia:
a. saqarTvelos romel qalaqebSi

muSaobs cementis qarxnebi;
b. arian Tu ara isini Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurvilni;

g. ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavs qarxnis xelmZRvaneloba haeris dabinZurebis
Tavidan asacileblad;
d. tardeba Tu ara qalaqSi monitoringi haeris dabinZurebaze;
e. ikvleven Tu ara qalaqis mosaxleobas sxvadasxva daavadebaze.
dawere referati mopovebuli informaciis mixedviT.

moawyve klasSi naSromis prezentacia.
1 nitratebiT mowamvlis Tavidan acilebis mizniT:
• nu SeiZen saeWvod didi zomis bostneulsa da xils;

• Tu ojaxSi mainc aRmoCnda aseTi produqti, daWeri wvrilad da mcire
xniT wyalSi moaTavse;
• gamoucvale wyali ramdenjerme. nitrati wyalSi kargad ixsneba da ase-
Ti produqtis miReba saSiSi aRaraa.
118
2 Zneli dasajerebelia, magram Zvelad, nawlavebis gauvalobis SemTxve-

vaSi, avadmyofs vercxliswyals asmevdnen, raTa mis simZimes kuWis moqmedeba
gamoewvia.
• 1970 wlamde medicinaSi vercxliswylis

Semcvel preparatebs iyenebdnen;
• stomatologebi vercxliswylis amalga-
miT kbilebs bJendnen.
3 2020 wlidan minamatas saerTaSoriso konvenciiT, romelsac xeli moa-

wera msoflios mravalma qveyanam, aikrZaleba vercxliswylis Semcveli
produqtebis warmoeba, eqsporti da importi. dawesdeba regulaciebi
oqros mopovebasa da cementis warmoebaze.
119
Seajame Seni codna da gamocade Seni unarebi
1. ganasxvave erTmaneTisgan cxovelTa Seguebulobebis formebi.

Seavse cxrili:
cxovelTa Seguebulobebis formebi
morfologiuri fiziologiuri qceviTi
a. udabnoSi mcxovreb amfibiebSi, romlebic droebiT wyalsatevebSi mravl-

debian, larvebi Zalian swrafad viTardeba;
b. selapi Rrmad yvinTavs da didxans Cerdeba wyalqveS, radgan didi raode-
nobiT Seicavs cila mioglobins, romelic hemoglobinTan SedarebiT 10-jer met
Jangbads ikavSirebs;
g. zogierTi mtacebeli aswavlis naSierebs nadirobisa da monadirisgan Tavis
aridebis xerxebs;
d. zogierTi xoWo sxeulis feriTa da formiT im buCqis eklebs emsgavseba,
romelzec binadrobs;
e. cxovelebi, romlebic zRvis wyals svamen, specialuri jirkvlebiT swrafad
gamodevnian marilebs organizmidan;
v. udabnos cxovelebs moyviTalo-moyavisfro Seferiloba aqvT;
z. zogierTi Tevzis lifsitebi, saSiSroebis dros, Tavs dedis piris Rrus
afareben.
2. swori debulebebis Sesabamis cariel ujrebSi Cawere niSani X.

a. mutacia SemTxveviTi movlenaa;
b. mutacia yovelTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebs iwvevs;
g. bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani organizmis ganviTarebisken swrafvis dakmayo-
filebaa;
d. bunebrivi gadarCeva SemTxveviTi procesia;
e. bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi axali saxeobebisa da organizmTa Seguebu-
lobebis warmoqmnaa.
a b g d e
120
3. SearCie araswori pasuxi:

a. organizmis saerTo Seguebuloba garemo pirobebTan Sedgeba sxvadasxva
masStabis calkeuli adaptaciebisgan;
b. yvela Seguebuloba warmoiSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad;
g. nebismieri Seguebuloba SefardebiTia;
d. yvela Sguebuloba absoluturia.
4. adamianisa da mweris Tvali ....................... organoebia.
5. sasunTqi fesvebi, sahaero fesvebi, sayrdeni fesvebi warmoadgens .......................

organoebs.
6. hantingtonis daavadeba, dominanturi letaluri geniT gamowveuli, autoso-

muri daavadebaa, romlis niSnebi 30-50 wlis asakSi vlindeba. daavadeba nervu-
li sistemis Seuqcevadi dazianebiT mimdinareobs: adamiani kargavs moZraobis,
metyvelebis, azrovnebis unars.
28 wlis aleqsis mama am daavadebiT gardaicvala. aleqsis 47 wlis das da 60
wlis dedas daavadebis aranairi niSnebi ar aqvT. rogoria imis albaToba, rom
aleqss es daavadeba aRmoaCndeba?
7. ratom aris arasasurveli axlonaTesauri qorwineba?
121
8. marfanis sindromi SemaerTebelqso-

vilovani davadebaa. rogor fiqrob, ra
kavSiri aqvs hipermobilur saxsrebs,
gul-sisxlZarRvovan daavadebebs,
anevrizmas SemaerTebel qsovilTan?
9. rogor fiqrob, 5 wlis identuri tyupebi ufro hgvanan erTmaneTs Tu 50

wlis tyupebi?
10. rogor ggonia, axalSobils, romlis sportsmen mSoblebs intensiuri var-

jiSis gamo mZlavrad ganviTarebuli kunTebi aqvT, vadaze adre ganuviTardeba
xerxemlis nadrekebi?
11. oTxive WurWelSi erTi da imave asakis mcenarea. A _ mcenare sakontrolo

mcenarea, romelsac zrda-ganviTarebisTvis yvela qimiuri elementi miewodeba,
B - mcenares magniumis ionebi aklia, C-s _ kaliumi, D-s ki _ azoti. cvaleba-
dobis romel formas akvirdebian mecnierebi?
A B C D
12. zamTarSi soroSi aRmoaCines zazuna, romelic, erTi SexedviT, sicocxlis

niSanwyals ar amJRavnebs. misi sxeulis temperatura +40 C -ia, iseve, rogorc
soroSi.
SearCie swori pasuxi:
a.zazuna gaiyina, radgan soroSi temperatura daeca, rodesac adamianebma so-
ros Sesasvleli gaxsnes;
b.zazuna cocxalia, ubralod, misi sxeulis temperatura garemos temperatu-
ris Sesabamisad icvleba;
g.zazunas sZinavs. zamTris Zilis dros misi temperatura dabla ecema, rac mas
energiis ekonomiurad xarjvaSi exmareba.
122
13. ganmarte SenTvis ucnobi termini _ `hidrofiti“ da amoicani hidrofitebi

ilustraciaze.
a b g d
a b g d
14. organizmTa urTierTobis romel

formas asaxavs ilustracia?
15. romel parazitul organizms iyenebs adamiani Tavis sasargeblod?

16. bugrebi mcenareTa wveniT ikvebebian da am procesSi tkbil wvens gamoyofen,
romelic WianWvelebis sakvebia.“madlieri“ WianWvelebi icaven bugrebis kver-
cxebs Wiamaiebisgan da gadaaqvT axladgamoCekili bugrebi sxva mcenareebze, ri-
Tac xels uwyoben maTi arealis gazrdas. ra damokidebulebaa:
a. bugrebsa da mcenareebs Soris?
b. bugrebsa da WianWvelebs Soris?
g. bugrebsa da Wiamaiebs Soris?
123
17. mRierebSi simbionti, romelic foto-

sinTezs awarmoebs, SeiZleba iyos:
a. xavsi;
b. lurj-mwvane wyalmcenare;
g. Zafnairi wyalmcenare;
d. qlamidomonada.
18. iTvleba, rom mcenareWamia cxovelebis sxeulis masis zrdas saSualod

sakvebis 5% xmardeba.
a. ramdeniT moimatebs bocveri wonaSi, Tu is 0,5 kg kombostos moixmars?
b. erTi da igive iqneba Tu ara bocveris wonaSi mateba galiasa da gaSlil min-
dorSi?
19. ratom aris 1 kg xorci bevrad Zviri 1 kg purze?
20. ilustraciaze ori ricxvTa piramidaa. erTi gamoxatavs kavSirs xemcenare

_ mweri _ mtacebeli frinveli, meore: xemcenare _ balaxismWameli cxoveli _
paraziti mweri. ganasxvave isini erTmaneTisgan.
A B
21. swori pasuxis Sesabamis ujraSi Cawere niSani X.

qvemoT CamoTvlili mikrobebidan producentia:
a. celulozadamSleli baqteria;
b. lurj-mwvane wyalmcenare;
g. virusi;
d. lamblia;
e. qalamana;
v. qlorela;
a b g d e v z T
z. leiSmania;
T. qlamidomonada.
124
22. gaecani lokokinis `adamianur gancdebs~ Tamri fxakaZis moTxrobaSi `me _

lokokina~. nawarmoebis avtori i. gogebaSvilis saxelobis premiis samgzis lau-
reatia. am moTxrobaSi lokokinas mobezrda, emZimeba sakuTari saxlis tareba
zurgiT, misgan gaTavisufleba surs da frenas lamobs. imsjeleT klasSi:
a. realurad mZimea lokokinasTvis `sakanSi~ _ niJaraSi cxovreba? niJara misT-
vis sakania Tu saxli? risi metaforaa niJara?
b. ra Seguebulobebi aqvs lokokinas garemosTan, romelSic binadrobs?
g. riT damTavrdeba am Seguebulobebisagan gaTavisufleba lokokinisTvis?
23. daasrule sqemis Sevseba:

cvalebadobis saxeebi
kombinaciuri
progeria
SearCie masala da Seqmeni sxvadasxva saxis qromosomuli mutaciis modeli.

masalis SerCevisa da modelis Seqmnisas gaiTvaliswine da xazgasmiT warmo-
aCine:
• ra aris geni;
• genebis lokalizacia qromosomaSi;
• ras vuwodebT qromosomul mutacias;
• ra saxis qromosomul mutaciebs icnob?
Seafase Sen mier Seqmnili modelis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. iZleva Tu
ara is qromosomis sxvadasxva saxis cvlilebebis warmoCenis SesaZleblobas?
125
termini minamata iaponiaSi namdvil „samrewve-

lo xirosimad“ iqca, xolo termini „minamatas
daavadeba“ farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSic,
rac samrewvelo narCenebiT adamianis mowamvlas
aRniSnavs. moiZie informacia am daavadebis Ses-
axeb, moamzade referati da wardeqi klasis wi-
naSe.
referatSi xazgasmiT gamokveTe:
• sad da rodis iCina Tavi am daavadebam?
• ra iyo amis mizezi?
minamatas memoriali
• ra niSnebi aqvT daavadebul adamianebs?
• rogor vlindeba daavadeba zRvisa da xmeleTis cxovelebSi, frinve-
lebSi?
1 meqanikuri komponentebis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, niadagebs sam

ZiriTad kategoriad yofen _ qviSnar, Tixnar da lamian niadagebad. maTSi
am komponentebis saSualo gadanawilebas diagrama giCvenebs.
10% 15% 20%

10% 15%
40%
80% 70% 40%
qviSiani niadagi Tixiani niadagi lamiani niadagi
qviSa Tixa lami
advilad gaarkvev, romel jgufs miekuTvneba Seni niadagi, Tu mas muW-

Si moiqcev da xels magrad mouWer. qviSiani niadagi muWis gaxsnis Semdeg
TiTebs Soris ifanteba; lamiani niadagi advilad Seikvreba koStad, rome-
lic adviladve iSleba; Tu niadagi Tixiania, koStis warmoqmnisTvis meti
Zala dagWirdeba, Tumca, koSti advilad aRar daiSleba.
ufro zustad niadagis meqanikur Sedgenilobas aseTi proceduriT ga-
moikvlev:
awone 100 gr. niadagi, kargad dafSveni da kolbaSi moaTavse. daasxi 200
ml. wyali, kolbas saxuravi daaxure da narevi kargad anjRrie 3 wT-is gan-
mavlobaSi ise, rom niadagis nawilakebi kargad Seerios wyals da erTgvaro-
vani suspenzia warmoiqmnas. suspenzia danayofebian qimiur WiqaSi gadaitane.
5 wT. sruliad sakmarisia imisTvis, rom qviSa fskerze daileqos.
frTxilad, ise rom suspenzia ar SeinjRres, moniSne Wiqaze is danayofi,
romelic qviSis fenas aRniSnavs. Caiwere, ra moculoba daikava qviSam Wiqa-
Si.
126
daayovne 1 sT. am drois ganmavlobaSi qviSis fenis zemoT lamis fena

warmoiqmneba. frTxilad gaakeTe Wiqaze Sesabamisi aRniSvna da Caiwere la-
mis moculoba. 24 sT-is Semdeg lamis zemoT Tixis mRvrie fenas SeniSnav,
romelic gamoyofili iqneba mis zemoT mdebare wylis fenisgan. aRniSne
Wiqaze da Caiwere lamis moculoba.
24 sT
1 sT
5 wT 5 wT
a. monacemebis mixedviT aage diagrama.

b. Seadare Seni diagramis monacemebi Tixiani, qviSiani da lamiani niad-
agebis diagramebs da gansazRvre Seni niadagis tipi. gaiTvaliswine, rom
diagramebi niadagebis saSualo monacemebis mixedviT aris agebuli.
g. Seni diagramis mixedviT imsjele Sen mier gamokvleul niadagSi sakve-
bi nivTierebebis Semcvelobaze. gaiTvaliswine gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli
cxrilis monacemebi.
d. gaarkvie, emTxveva Tu ara es monacemebi niadagis Seferilobis monace-
mebs, romlebic aseve gaZlevs informacias niadagis nayofierebis Sesaxeb.
2 niadagis feri sakmao informaciis Semcvelia.
niCbiT aiRe niadagis zeda, daaxloebiT 10 sm. sisqis fena da sinaTleze

dakvirdi mis fers.
niadagis feri
Tvisebebi muqi saSualod muqi baci
organul
nivTierebaTa maRali saSualo dabali
Semcveloba
aeracia maRali saSualo dabali
nayofiereba maRali saSualo dabali
axseni:
a. ratom aris dakavSirebuli organuli nivTierebebis maRali Semcve-
loba niadagis nayofierebasTan, mcenareebi xom organuli nivTierebebiT ar
ikvebebian?
b. rogor zrdis aeracia niadagis nayofierebas?
g. ratom aris aucilebeli, rom niadagis fers sinaTleze daakvirde?
127
proeqti
`brtyelterfianoba moswavleebSi~
mravali kvleva adasturebs, rom moswavleebis sakmaod did nawils brtyel-

terfianoba aReniSneba, rac mas zrdasrul asakSi sxvadasxva saxis janmrTelobis
problemebs uqmnis. brtyelterfianoba dominanturi geniT gamowveuli daavade-
baa.
daamzade sainformacio xasiaTis posteri. misi prezentaciis dros xazgasmiT
warmoaCine:
• rogor aris SesaZlebeli brtyelterfianobis martivad

dadgena;
• brtyelterfianobis diagnostirebis ra meTodi gamoi-
yeneba saqarTveloSi; razea dafuZnebuli deteqtoris
muSaoba?
• ra problemebs uqmnis adamianebs brtyelterfianoba;
• ra gansxvavebaa SeZenil da memkvidreobiT ganpirobebul
brtyelterfianobas Soris?
• brtyelterfianobis gavrcelebis sixSire moswavleebSi;
• Seni ojaxis wevrebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze
Sedgenili sagvartomo nusxa;
• rogor SeiZleba brtyelterfianobiT gamowveuli diskom-
fortis Semsubuqeba.
proeqtis mimdinareobis etapebi:
aqtivoba 1: klasSi moswavleTa raodenobidan gamomdinare, SeqmeniT jgufebi

(sasurvelia TiToeul jgufSi iyos 4-5 moswavle);
aqtivoba 2: maswavlebelTan erTad gansazRvreT proeqtis etapebi da Camoay-
alibeT Sefasebis kriteriumebi;
aqtivoba 3: jgufebSi dagegmeT kvleva, (resursi 1 da sagvartomo nusxa) Ti-
Toeuli moswavlis ojaxis wevrebSi brtyelterfianobis gamovlenis sixSiris
dadgenis mizniT.
aqtivoba 4: TiToeulma jgufma warmoadgineT Tqven mier mopovebuli infor-
macia da gaaanalizeT: miRebuli monacemebi aris Tu ara brtyelterfianobis
dominanturobis damadasturebeli argumenti;
aqtivoba 5: moiZieT da daaxarisxeT informacia memkvidreobiT ganpirobebu-
li da SeZenili brtyelterfianobis Sesaxeb;
128
aqtivoba 6: jgufSi moamzadeT posteri SeZenili brtyelterfianobis pre-

venciis mizniT da gaakeTeT prezentacia;
aqtivoba 7: SeafaseT proeqti, imsjeleT mis Zlier da sust mxareebze.
proeqtis aqtivobebis droSi ganawilebis sqema

Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
1
7
aqtivoba 1
aqtivoba 2
aqtivoba 3
aqtivoba 4
aqtivoba 5
aqtivoba 6
aqtivoba 7
terfebze waisvi zeTi da dadeqi TeTr sufTa qaRaldze;
• dgomisas fexebi Seatyupe, muxlebSi gaSale da zurgi gamarTe;

• qaRaldze anabeWdebi Semoxaze fanqriT;
• Seadare Seni terfebis anabeWdi terfebis anabeWds ilustraciaze da
ivaraude, gaqvs Tu ara brtyelterfianoba.
https://bit.ly/3nlu08d
https://bit.ly/3oj57vj
https://bit.ly/3rVeBPs
129
proeqti
`lurji mocvi~
lurji mocvis popularoba yovelwliurad izrdeba misi nayofis unikaluri

qimiuri Sedgenilobis gamo. am kenkras daavadebebis profilaqtikisa da mkurnalo-
bis mizniT iyeneben sxvadasxva profilis eqimebi-ofTalmologebi, kardiologebi,
dermatologebi, revmatologebi, onkologebi. maRali kvebiTi da dieturi Rire-
bulebebis gamo is momxmarebelTa did interess imsaxurebs. evrokavSiris bazarze
1 kg lurji mocvis fasi 10-15 evromde aRwevs. Sesaferisi klimatis, niadagisa da
movlis pirobebSi erTi buCqidan 6-8 kg-mde nayofis miRebaa SesaZlebeli.
warmoidgine, rom xar fermeri da ginda evrokavSiris mxardamWeri programis
farglebSi moipovo dafinanseba lurji mocvis plantaciis gasaSeneblad. gaecani
saqarTveloSi arsebul programebs, romlebic moqmedebs qarTveli fermerebis mx-
ardasaWerad.
jgufis wevrebTan erTad Seqmeni sagranto winadadeba. masSi xazgasmiT warmoa-
Cine:
• informacia saqarTvelosa da msoflio-

Si gavrcelebuli lurji mocvis jiSebis
Sesaxeb;
• lurji mocvis maRalmsxmoiare jiSebis
gamravlebisTvis saWiro klimaturi pi-
robebi da niadagis Sedgeniloba.
• lurji mocvis movlis saSualebebi;
• Seni Sefaseba, lurji mocvis mZime teq-
nikisTvis miuwvdomel miwis nakveTebze
moSenebasTan dakavSirebiT;
• sargebeli, romelsac miiRebs mocvis meurneobis gaSenebiT regioni ro-
gorc finansuri, aseve janmrTelobis dacvis kuTxiT;
proeqtis mimdinareobis etapebi:
aqtivoba 1: SeqmeniT jgufebi (sasurvelia TiToeul jgufSi iyos 6 mos-

wavle);
aqtivoba 2: maswavlebelTan erTad gansazRvreT proeqtis etapebi da Camoay-
alibeT Sefasebis kriteriumebi;
aqtivoba 3: moiZie informacia davalebis pirobaSi dasmul sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT da moamzade saprezentacio masala jgufis mier SerCeuli
formiT.
130
aqtivoba 4: masalis wardgenis etapze erTi jgufi gaakeTebs prezentacias,

meore- oponenti jgufi dasvams winaswar momzadebul SekiTxvebs. TiToeuli
jgufi Sefasdeba prezentaciis, saprezentacio masalis, oponirebis da naSromis
dacvis unariT
aqtivoba 5: klasSi SeqmeniT ori jgufi: erTi jgufi Seadgens

sagranto winadadebas, meore jgufi ki Seafasebs.
https://bit.ly/2KXJuCo
proeqtis aqtivobebis droSi ganawilebis sqema
Sexvedra Sexvedra Sexvedra Sexvedra Sexvedra Sexvedra

1 2 3 4 5 6
aqtivoba 1
aqtivoba 2
aqtivoba 3
aqtivoba 4
aqtivoba 5
https://bit.ly/3ofh84K
https://bit.ly/3s06Tni
https://bit.ly/2XgKMuI
https://bit.ly/2XdL5qb
https://bit.ly/3pUDXeo
https://bit.ly/2Xivllq
https://bit.ly/2JOYRwh
https://bit.ly/3hLtSgY
131
leqsikoni
a
aleluri genebi _ erTi niSnis ganmsazRvreli genis sxvadasxva varianti.
autosomebi _ calsqesiani cxovelebis, mcenareebisa da sokoebis yvela qromo-
soma, sasqeso qromosomebis garda.
araidenturi tyupebi _ sxvadasxva kvercxujredidan warmoqmnili tyupebi.
analogiuri organoebi _ organoebi, romlebic garegnulad hgvanan erTmaneTs
msgavsi funqciebis gamo, Tumca warmoSoba gansxvavebuli aqvT.
abioturi faqtorebi _ aracocxali garemos faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas ax-
denen organizmebis arsebobaze.
adrenalini _ Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormoni, romelic stresul situaciebSi
gamoiyofa, mravalmxriv moqmedebs da zrdis organizmis Tavdacvisunarianobas.
aqsoni _ neironis erT-erTi morCi.
androgenebi _ mamakacis sasqeso hormonebi.
astigmatizmi _ Tvalis daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia rqovanasa da brolis
araTanabari simrudiT.
b
bunebrivi gadarCeva _ procesi, romlis dros arsebobisTvis brZolaSi imarjve-
ben, sicocxles agrZeleben da mravldebian individebi, romlebsac konkretul
garemoSi arsebobisTvis Sesaferisi memkvidruli niSnebi aqvT.
bioturi faqtorebi _ mravalferovani urTierTobebi organizmebs Soris eko-
sistemaSi.
g
genotipi _ organizmis genebis erToblioba.
genuri mutacia _ erTi konkretuli genis struqturis cvlileba.
genomuri mutacia _ ujredSi qromosomebis ricxvis cvlileba.
glukagoni _ kuWqveSa jirkvlis hormoni, romelic zrdis glukozis raodenobas
sisxlSi.
d
diploiduri kompleqti _ somaturi ujredebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromosome-
bis krebuli.
dendritebi _ neironis morCebi.
e
ekosistema _ mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da mikroorganizmebis TanasazogadoebaTa
da maTi aracocxali garemos kompleqsi, romelic erToblivad funqcionirebs.
132
ekologia _ mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis urTierTobebs organizmebsa da
maT saarsebo garemos Soris.
epifitebi _ mcenareebi, romlebic saxldebian sxva mcenareTa Reroze, sakvebs
garemodan iReben da ara maspinZeli mcenarisgan, parazitebis msgavsad.
estrogenebi _ qalis sasqeso hormonebi.
T
Tanasazogadoeba _ organizmebis erToblioba ekosistemaSi.
i
interfaza _ ujredis sasicocxlo ciklis nawili, periodi or mitozs Soris.
identuri tyupebi _ erTi kvercxujredidan warmoqmnili tyupebi.
inseqticidebi _ nivTierebebi, romlebsac adamiani mavnebeli da paraziti mwere-
bis sawinaaRmdegod iyenebs.
insulini _ kuWqveSa jirkvlis hormoni, romelic amcirebs glukozis raodeno-
bas sisxlSi.
k
kataraqta _ Tvalis daavadeba, brolis SemRvreva.
krosingoveri _ homologiuri qromosomebis ubnebis gacvlis procesi pirveli
meiozuri gayofis profazaSi.
konkurencia _ urTierToba Tanasazogadeoebis wevrebs Soris, rodesac isini
saarsebo garemosTvis, sakvebisTvis, sqesobrivi partniorisTvis erTmaneTs upi-
rispirdebian.
kalcitonini _ farisebri jirkvlis hormoni, romelic amcirebs kalciumis ra-
odenobas sisxlSi.
m
mitozi _ eukariotuli ujredebis gayofis mTavari xerxi, ujredis arapirda-
piri dayofa.
meiozi _ ujredebis gayofis erT-erTi xerxi, romlis dros xdeba ujredebis
qromosomaTa ricxvis ganaxevreba, diploiduri mdgomareobidan haploidurSi
gadasvla.
mutacia _ genebis, qromosomebis struqturis an qromosomebis raodenobis
ucabedi da SemTxveviTi cvlileba.
memkvidreobiToba _ yvela cocxalis Tviseba gadasces STamomavlobas winaprebis-
gan miRebuli niSan-Tvisebebi.
modifikaciuri cvalebadoba _ garemos zemoqmedebiT organizmis niSan-Tvise-
bebis cvlileba garkveul farglebSi, genebis cvlilebis gareSe.
mtacebloba _ individebs Soris urTierTobis iseTi forma, rodesac erTi maT-
gani nadirobiT moipovebs meores, klavs da sakvebad iyenebs.
133
mielini _ nivTiereba, romelic faravs nervul boWkos.
refleqsi _ organizmebis reaqcia garegani da Sinagani gaRizianebis sapasuxod,
romelic nervuli sistemis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
n
namarxebi _ im organizmebis naSTebi, romlebic odesRac cxovrobdnen dedami-
waze.
neitralizmi _ urTierToba ekosistemaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva saxeobis indi-
videbi erTmaneTze uSualod ar zemoqmedeben.
neiromediatorebi _ nervuli sistemis mesenjerebi, nivTierebebi, romlebsac
neironebi gamoyofen agznebisas.
o
ovulacia _ momwifebuli kvercxujredebis gadmosvla sakvercxidan sxeulis
RruSi.
p
paleontologia _ mecniereba, romelic namarx formebs swavlobs.
parazitizmi _ urTierTobis iseTi forma ekosistemaSi, rodesac erTi individi
_ paraziti sabinadrod da sakvebad meore individs _ maspinZels irCevs da mis
xarjze didxans arsebobs.
parathormoni _ farisebraxlo jirkvlis hormoni, romelic zrdis kalciumis
raodenobas sisxlSi.
placenta _ organo, romliTac Canasaxi dedis organizms ukavSirdeba da misgan
sakveb nivTierebebsa da Jangbads iRebs.
r
receptorebi _ specializebuli warmonaqmnebi, romlebic mgrZnobiareni arian
sxvadasxva tipis gamRizianeblis mimarT.
s
siamis tyupebi _ tyupebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan fizikurad dakavSirebulebi
ibadebian.
samedicino genetika _ swavlobs memkvidruli daavadebebis warmoSobas, maTi
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikis SesaZleblobebs.
simbiozi _ sxvadasxva saxeobis individebis xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba ekosiste-
maSi, rodesac urTierToba orivesTvis sasargebloa, an erTisTvisaa sasargeb-
lo da meorisTvis ara.
134
u
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli _ periodi ujredis warmoqmnidan mis Svileul
ujredebad dayofamde.
f
fenotipi _ genebis garegnuli, xiluli gamovlena.
feromonebi _ nivTierebebi, romlebsac erTi saxeobis individebi erTmaneTTan
komunikaciisTvis specialuri jirkvlebiT gamoyofen.
fototaqsizi _ mikroorganizmebis unari gadaadgildnen sinaTlis mimarTule-
biT an mis sawinaaRmdegod.
fotoperiodizmi _ dRis xangrZlivobaze organizmebis reaqcia, romelic gamoi-
xateba dRis xangrZlivobis cvlilebasTan erTad zrda-ganviTarebis cvlilebaSi.
fungicidi _ qimiuri nivTiereba, romelsac adamiani parazituli sokoebis wi-
naaRmdeg iyenebs.
q
qromosomuli mutacia _ qromosomebis struqturis cvlileba.
c
cvalebadoba _ organizmebis Tviseba individualuri ganviTarebis procesSi
SeiZinos axali niSan-Tvisebebi.
h
homologiuri qromosomebi _ wyvili, msgavsi qromosomebi, romlebic Seicaven
erTnairi genebis nakrebs.
homozigoturi organizmi _ individi, romelsac gansazRvruli niSnis ori erT-
nairi aleli aqvs da am alelis Semcvelobis mixedviT erTi tipis gametebs war-
moqmnis.
homologiuri organoebi _ organoebi, romlebic msgavsni arian warmoSobiTa da
agebulebis saerTo gegmiT, Tumca gansxvavebuli funqciebis gamo, garegnulad
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian.
hormonebi _ biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamomuSavdebian
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebsa da zogierT specializebul ujredebSi da gavle-
nas axdenen sxva qsovilebisa da organoebis muSaobaze.
135
samecniero terminTa warmoeba
biologiaSi bevr axal termins Sexvdebi. tabula giCvenebs rogor iqmneba sa-
mecniero terminologia. vfiqrobT cxrili dagexmareba advilad daimaxsovro
SenTvis sruliad axali, ucnobi termini da amoxsna kidec misi Sinaarsi.
samecniero terminTa
magaliTi
warmoeba
derm kani dermatologi _ kanis eqimi
di ori diploidi _ qromosomaTa ormagi nakrebi
eqto gareT, gareTa eqtoderma, Canasaxis gareTa garsi
endo SigniT, Siga endoplazmuri bade

epifiti mcenare, romelic meore mcenareze
epi zemoT, zeda
cxovrobs
hemi naxevari hemisfero _ nexevarsfero
heterozigoti gansxvavebuli alelebis mqone
hetero gansxvavebuli
organizmi
histologia mecniereba, romelic qsovilebs
hist qsovili
Seiswavlis
homeo igive homeostazi mudmivi mdgomareobis SenarCuneba
hidro wyali hidrofiluri _ wylis moyvaruli

hipoTalamusi Talamusis qvemoT moTavsebuli
hipo qvemoT
tvinis nawili
mezoglea _ endo da egzodermas Sua
mezo Sua
moTavsebuli nivTiereba
morfologia _ organizmebis formis
morf forma
Semswavleli mecniereba
mono erTi monosaqaridi martivi Saqari
paT daavadeba paTogeni _ daavadebis gamomwvevi

perikardiumi _ gulis gareTa
peri garSemo
SemaerTebelqsovilovani garsi
fototropizmi _ mcenareTa moZraoba
foto sinaTle
sinaTlisken
fitoplanqtoni _ planqtoni, romelic
fito mcenare
mcenareebisgan Sedgeba
tomia amoWra apendeqtomia _ apendiqsis amoWra
136
cidi mokvla inseqticidi
makro didi makromolekula
meta cvlileba metamorfozi
nefr Tirkmeli nefroni
para axlos, ze paraziti
soma sxeuli qromosoma
sakvanZo sityvebi
memkvidreobiToba Heredity
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli Life cycle of a cell
interfaza Interphase
qromatidi Chromatid
profaza Phrophase
metafaza Metaphase
anafaza Anaphase
telofaza Telophase
meiozi Meiosis
geni Gene
genotipi Genotype
fenotipi Phenotype
alelebi Alleles
dominireba Dominance
monohibriduli Sejvareba Monohybrid crossing
memkvidruli daavadebebi Hereditary diseases
memkvidruli cvalebadoba Hereditary variability
genuri mutaciebi Gene mutations
qromosomuli mutaciebi Chromosome mutations
evolucia Evolution
xelovnuri gadarCeva Artificial selection
bunebrivi gadarCeva Natural selection
paleontologia Paleontology
rudimenti Rudiment
atavizmi Atavism
137
ekologia Ecology
Tanasazogadoeba Community
niadagi Soil
Segueba Adaptation
producenti Food producer
reducenti Decomposer
konsumenti Food consumer
kvebiTi jaWvi Food chain
kvebiTi qseli Food web
fotosinTezi Photosynthesis
ekologiuri piramida Ecological pyramid
ricxvTa piramida Pyramide of number
biomasis piramida Pyramide of biomass
energiis piramida Pyramide of energy
138

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biologia

neiromecnierebis azriT, adamianis pirovnul, individualur Tvisebebs misi

Tema 5 - saxeoba da populacia

5.1 memkvidreobiToba da cvalebadoba.................................................................... 8

5.1.1 hibridTa erTgvarovnebis kanoni. niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni 9

5.2 cocxali samyaros ganviTareba .......................................................................... 42

5.2.1 lamarkis Sexedulebebi samyaros ganviTarebis Sesaxeb .................... 43

5.3.1 ekosistema. ekologiuri faqtorebi, abioturi faqtorebi _

Seajame Seni codna da gamocade Seni unarebi ................................................. 120

proeqti _ brtyelterfianoba moswavleebSi .................................................. 128

leqsikoni ........................................................................................................................... 132

_ teqstSi CarTuli kiTxvebi

_ kvleviTi samuSao. eqsperimentis dagegmva, Catareba, analizi

_ cxrilebis, diagramebis, tabulebis, sqemebis, naxatebis Sedgena da

_ sxvadasxva saxis kiTxvebi da testebi

_ informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba, prezentacia, proeqti

_ damatebiTi informacia da rCevebi

_ QR kodebidan pirdapir bmulze gadasvla SesaZlebelia smart-

Seni da Seni Tanatolebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wignSi

adamianebs yovelTvis ainteresebdaT Taobi-

evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, dedamiwa-

5.1.1 hibridTa erTgvarovnebis kanoni.

imetyvele, rogorc genetika Seiswavlis yvela cocxali organizmis or

kvlevis obieqtad mendelma barda SearCia da mravali

yvavilebis yvavilis Reros Teslis Teslis nayofis nayofis

gverdiTi TeTri grZeli gluvi mwvane martivi yviTeli

kenwruli wiTeli mokle naoWiani yviTeli danakvTuli mwvane

mendelma cdebi monohibriduli SejvarebiT daiwyo. hibridi gansxvavebuli niS-

ganvixiloT mendelis mier Catarebuli

sxva niSnebiT gansxvavebuli jiSebis Se-

ase aRmoaCina mendelma memkvidreobiTobis erT-erTi kanonzomiereba _ pir-

aseTive TanafardobiT moxda niSan-Tvisebebis

memkvidreobiTobis citologiuri safuZvlebi

1. ujredi; 2. birTvi; 3. qromosoma; 4. genebi.

swored genia is „memkvidruli faqtori“, romlis Sesaxebac laparakobda men-

genebs, romlebic moTavsebulia homologiuri qromosomebis mopirispire ubneb-

sqesobrivi gamravlebisas TavianT niSan-Tvisebebs mSoblebi STamomavlebs ga-

A aleluri genebi a A aleluri genebi a

1 gametebis ramden tips warmoqmnian A A individebi? Aa individebi? aa indi-

alelebis ganawileba gametebSi meiozis dros

individebs, romlebsac gansazRvruli niSnis ori erTnairi aleli aqvT da

gametebis Serwymisa da alelebis SeTanwyobis yvela SesaZlo variantis warmo-

F1 Taobis hibridebma miiRes sxvadasxva aleluri geni: `dedisgan” _ A, xolo

daakvirdi penetis cxrils. wiTelyvavilian bardebs gansxvavebuli genoti-

memkvidreobiToba yvela organizmis Tvisebaa gadasces STamomavlobas winapre-

ras ambobs termini

rogoria F2 TaobaSi heterozigotebisa da homozigotebis raodenobrivi

1 Seajvares ori ZaRli. STamomavlebis 75% moklebewviani iyo, 25% ki _

2 Savbalniani bocvrebis SejvarebiT

3 mwvane TuTiyuSebis Sejvarebis

a. gansazRvre mwvane TuTiyuSis genotipi;

5 aleluri genebi moTavsebulia:

a. erTi qromosomis mezobel ubnebSi;

5.1.2 sqesis gansazRvris qromosomuli meqanizmi.

ilustraciaze qalisa da mamakacis qromosomaTa kompleqtia. rogorc xedav,

momavali organizmis sqesi imazea damo- XY

identuri da araidenturi tyupebi

2 rogori sqesi SeiZleba hqondeT araidentur tyu-

zogjer, Cveulebrivad, erTi kvercxujredi erTi

3 rogori sqesi SeiZleba hqondeT identur tyupebs? pasuxi daasabuTe.

zogjer ise xdeba, rom identuri tyupebis

es patara gogonebi mucliT iyvnen Sezr-

mdedrisa da mamris organizmebi erTmaneTisgan sasqeso qromosomebiT gansxvav-