Applied Mechanics BCE I/II Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDynamics:- Dynamics is the branch of applied mechanics. Which deals with the force & their effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion. There are two major categories in dynamics, kinetics and kinematics. (a) Kinematics:- Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which the bodies in motion without any reference to the forces which are responsible for the motion. Kinematics involves the time and geometry dependent motion of a particle, velocity, acceleration & time without taking into account of the forces causing motion. (b)Kineties:- In kinetics, both motion & its cause are considered. Kinetics relates the action of forces & the resulting motion. So kinetics combines the concept of kinetics & the forces that cause the motion. Kinematies of particle & Rigid bod; Motion: When a body changes its position with respect to other bodies, then the body is said to be motion. Involves both space & time. AY Reetilinear motion: A particle is said to be in rectilinear motion if it moves along a straight line. Position Velocity & Acceleratio Considering a particle travelling in a straight line. For convenience the direction of motion. The position of particle is given by, [ Displacement Body + Peaxt -- (1) ° AL oe *« At any time't’ the particle is at position A, & © (eas) at time (t + At), it reaches new position A>. The position vectors of particles are (7) & (7 + 47) at position A, & Ay. Track(ea) _ AF (tran-t~ at + If At 0, the position A, approach A, & this instantaneous of the particle at Ay. + ie. Vetim® == seo : Ato At dt dt + 2 WeSi- Q + Also average acceleration a” * Now average velocity Vav = av at + Instantaneous acceleration a” lim we arso at ~ dt dt av _av 4 (at) — #F ax “ae ae au + Motion of the particle is said to be known if the position of the particle is known for every value of time. + The condition of the motion of the particle will be specified by the type of acceleration that the particle possesses. + The acceleration of the particle may be expressed as a function of one or more variables x, v & t. (1) When acceleration is given function of time: + (ie. a=) eg. a=30+8) We know, a= © at dv=adt zdv=f( dt Now integration both sides taking limits as time varies from 0 to t & velocity varies form vp & v.r dv = fi f(t) dt V-Vo= fy fat V=V_+ fp f@at - Where , Vj = Initial velocity V = Final velocity Again, Velocity is the rate of change of position, dx To ar dx=vdt Again integration both sides taking limit at time from 0 to t position varies from x, to x. + ¢ Sr, = Ig v at : t X= X= [vo +f) dt + X=Xy+fi(vo th £(O) dt — In this way position is obtained. (I) When Acceleration is given function of position:- (ie. a= f(x), eg. a= x2+3x+8) We know, _dv_ dy dk _ dy eae dx dt sadx=vdv ey dv = f(x) dx — -() ~ (2)Now, integration eqn (1), taking limit as velocity varies from vy to v as position from Xo to x. She dv= is F(x)dx El. = Grea alia 20 SH B= fi f@ax V2 V3 = 2 Sr f@ax V=Ve + 2 Si, f@ddx Ta Cees —____ Again, v= = dx=vdt Integrating both sides with limits as time varies from 0 to t & position x, to x. Sax = flvde Substituting the value of ‘v’ from eqn (2), We get, X= Xy= sf 3 +2 fr food} dt X=Xy+ rat ue + 2 Fonds at— — In this way, position is obtained from equation of a=f{x) (IIT) When acceleration is given as function of velocity:— {ie a=flv)eg.a 10} av _ dv oe Gaede oe —= (3)— @) + Integrating on both side of eq” (1) taking limit as velocities varies from v, to v, position varies from Xp to x. Gyde=Srszoy a ot Sv dv (IV) Uniform rectilinear motior + Uniform motion means covering equal distance over equal intervals of time. { Acceleration is zero} i.e. Velocity = constant dx at + Integration both sides under limits as position varies from xy to x & time 0 to t. + fax=fpvdt * x-xy=vt -- (2), Hence position is obtained. v == velocity of the body is constant. © XK=Xytvt-~ (1) + Change in position (or displacement) is equal to uniform velocity “x” change in time fie. s= vt }(V) Uniform Acceleration Rectilinear Motio If the change in velocity of a particle is constant then the motion is called uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. In this motion acceleration is constant or velocity varies linearly, 2 a= #2 constant sdv=adt-- @ Integrating both sides [dv = Sy @at V=vo tat ....(2) Determination of displacement Now, eq" (1) becomes Bey tat a Yo dx = (vo tat) dt Integrating both sides, f° dx = Sf (vo + atjat ax at at? Sat X= Xp + vot +E - (3) Determination of velocit & adx=vdv Integrating both sides under limits, i vdv= We adx 1 5 (v? — v§ ) = a(x-x) v2 =v} + 2a(x — x9) ~ particle is known be constant. -- (4)these four relations are important when acceleration of the# Motion of several particles:~ + when several particles move independently equation of motion may be written for each particles. (a) Relative motion of two particle: + Consider two particles A & B moving along the same straight lines as shown in figure. * Let, Position of particle A = X, + Position of particle B = Xp + Relative position of particles ‘B’ relative to “A’ * Kee Sk 0 A B © 2X_=XaatKa— -- (1) -_@€ §- + {positive sign of B/A = B is at the right of A Xe Xan + Negative sign of B/A > B is at the left of A} “1 + Differentiating eq® (1) w.rt. time we get * Va=Vat Vova 2) + Where, Vj/,= Relative velocity of B with respect to A. V, = Absolute velocity of A. Vz, = Absolute value of B. + Positive sign for Vp,,=> B is observed from A to move in +ve direction. + Negative sign for Vy, => B is observed from A to move in —ve direction. Again, + Differentiating eq” (2) wrt. time we get, ay =a, + ay, —~ Where, ag, = Relative acceleration of “B’ with respect to A. a, = Absolute acceleration of ‘A’ ‘ay = Absolute acceleration of ‘B’ -@)(b) Dependent motion: Sometimes the position of a particle will depend upon the position of another or of several other particles such motion is called dependent motion. Consider a pulley system shown in figure. The position of block ‘B’ depends upon the position of block ‘A’. + In this pulley system the length of rope ACDEFG is constant, it just changes its orientation. + From figure, HC = EB = constant + The portion of rope wrapped on both the pulley is constant * Length of ACDEFG = constant + AC+CD+DE+ EF + FG = Constant. + AC +DE+ FG = Constant (dd) + Again, X,=AC + CH= AC + Constant + X,=BF +FG=FG + Constant + Multiplying equation (3) by 2 & adding to (2). + X,+Xp_=(AC + constant) + 2(FG + constant) + =AC+2FG + constant + =AC+FG + (HD + DE) + constant + =AC+FG + DE + constant = All constant + 4X, +2X, = constant ) + Differentiating eq? (4) war. We get, + Vy+2V,=0 ©) + aMy=-2¥, + Also, ay + 2a = Oo) + ay=-2ay + = If block ‘A’ moves downward & “B’ in upward & vice-versa. + = This system has one degree of freedom since only one of the two coordinates X, & Xy may be chosen arbitrarily.Multi degree of freedom dependent motio * LF=MJ =constant * DA=HB =constant + NDEFGHIJKC =constant ND + DE+EF+FG+GH+HI+U+JK+KC = constant + ND+EF+GH-+IJ + KC = constant - * Here, X,=ND + DA=ND + constant ----- (2) + X,=BI+ J +JM =BI + constant --- (3) * X¢=MK+KC=KC + constant ----- (4) +: Xy+X,+Xp+Xp + Xe = constant + 2X, +2X, +X¢ = constant + Differentiating, © WVyA+2Vg+Ve=0 + 2a, +2ay + ag =01. The acceleration of a particle is given by a relation a 2m/s. Determine the position as function of time when position is 4m, velocity is Om/s. Solution + Here,a=-kx +n vdv =-kx dx ~ -() + Integrating, eqn (1), taking limit as velocity varies from vo to v & position changes from xq to x. © fl vdv =-kfy xdx « Wt gis eae * From questing, When x9 + Then eq® (2) becomes -k (2-0) + when x =4m, + 40-4=-k(4?+ Now eq® (3) becomes a dx _ (6-x2)"2 an 2 a4 Geaye a2 “@) + Integrating eq” (4) taking limit as time varies from ‘0° to ‘t’, position from ‘0° to ‘x” «ie fp 0 Genz 402 t +o ax=d sing2. The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a = -kYv where k is constant knowing that x=0 & v= 81m/s at t = 0 and that v = 36 m/s when x = 18m/s, Determine (a) The velocity of particle when x = 20m (b) The time required for the particle to come to rest. Putting this value in equation (2) Soln, Here, a = -kyV av vq kw H Wv=-kdx v'/2 dv =-kdx Integrating, fy, v'/2dv = —k f°, dx When Xo = 0, Vo = 81 m/s _ {v2 - (81)/2} =— kx (2) When x = 18m , V = 36 m/s a a — 2 K=545 (60% - 6") K=19 Fv"? - (81)2) =- 19x{v'2—(81)"2} v'/2 = 729 —28.5x v= (729 — 28.5x)/2 Case (a) when x = 20 v={729 — 28.5+20)}/s V = 29.349 m/s Case (b) when particle come to rest v = 0 0=(729 — 28.5x)*/s 729, X= 22 =25.57m We know, a = -ky¥ ave a le av v -19dt Integrating Se eG —19dt luo 0 vat a =-19 [tl 31 ad 0s t= 0.947 sec. =-19xt3. The acceleration of a particle is given by a relation a = v‘, It is known that at time t=0, position is -2m & velocity is Imy/sec. find the displacement position, velocity, & acceleration at instant of 1/4 sec. + Solution; From question give as + Integrating on both sides : i fide + When tp= ees + + eqn (1) becomes - (2)When t= %= 0.25 Ve 4 1.4ldmvis. 025) 1-211? dx = (1-20? dt Integrating on both sides, f* dx = f,(1 — 2t)-‘2 x-x=-vI-24 X=X)-V1— 2t +1 >x=-2-V1-2¢41 when t 0.25sce 07sec. + Displacement (s) = x — Xp = -1.707 ~ (-2) = 0.293 Now, Acceleration, a= v3 = (1414 = 2.82 mst4.The acceleration of a particle is defined as the relation a = -0.0125v",where ‘a’ is the acceleration in m/s2 & vis the velocity in m/sec. The particle is given by an initial velocity v,. Find the distance it will travel, (a) Before its velocity drops to half the value. (b) Before it comes to rest Sol Here, a = -0.0125v? + vy. B= 0.01252 + S=.90125v + S.0.0125 ax : ene fe *_ 0.0125 eax + [loge VI¥= -0.0125 Ixlf, + loge v — loge vo = -0.0125 (x — xp) . loge 0.0125 (x — Xp) + When x) =0 v =vg (initial velocity) + loge) = -0.0125x -~ + Case) When v="*/, + loge 2 why = -0.0125 x . loge) = = -0.0125 x © x=55.45m + Case AL + Whenv=0, loge) = -0.0125x Cu infinite (00)5. The connection of blocks 1, 2, 3 with pulleys is shown in figure. Where block 2 has velocity 2mvsec. upward & its acceleration is 3m/sec? downward while block 3 has velocity & acceleration 2misec. upward & 4m/sec? downward respectively. Find the velocity & acceleration of block 1. Solution: + Here, ED = constant + AB +CF= constant ~ + IG+HJ =constant + X,=AB +DE=AB + constant 4) 6) + Eq* (3) multiplying by 2 & adding 3, 4, 5. + We get, 2X,+X,+X,=2AB +1G + FC + JH +FC + constant + =AB+FC+AB +FC +1G +JH + constant = all constant + 2X, +X,+X;= constant — + Diffeq® (6) w. rt. time » 2V,4V,+V—=05 + Again diff. eq? (7) w. rt. time + Qa ta,+a,=0 + From question given as , * from eq? (1). 2v, +2 -2m/s = v, = 2m/s (1) + From eq" (8) + 2a 4+34+4=0 3.5m/s? => a, = 3.5m/s? (fT) snis (1), y = 3m/s? (J), Ve=2mis (t)and. as = 4mvs?()6. Block “C° starts from rest and moves downward with a constant acceleration, knowing that after 12sec. the velocity of block ‘A’ is 456m/s, Determine a) Acceleration of A, B, C. (b) The velocity of the change in position of the block “B’ after *8’sec Solution: Left part: 2x, + 3X5 = constant —~ + Diff. wort time ¢ Xe : Xa) Xe : @) ~ + Again diff. equation (2) w. r.t. time . 2 a= — 34 @B) in ae + Right part: + xg + 2x¢ = constant - + diff. eq? (4) w. 1. time + Diff. eq? (5) w. rt. time aga e © . & fal question, acceleration is constant. (C & A both ) Va= Wala + dat + ays tbe y= ae pote 6-0 5m)2 = 12.665m/s? (1) (b) vp = (Vp)o+ ay t {+ Block’B! starts from rest} = 0 + (-25.33 x 8) 202.64m/s Vp = 202.64mvs (t) + change in position Xp— (Xp)o = (Wao t+ 2 X ag 04+ Ye x -25.33 x (8 810.56m7. Three blocks A, B, C are connected by chords & pulleys as shown in figure. At the instant shown the blocks A & C have v, = 4mv/sec(), ve = 6m/sec(t), of block B at this instant. From question given as, v, = 4m/s(|), vc = 6m/s(7), a, = 3m/s*(T), ac = 8m/s*( |) from pulley system, DE + EF + FG + GH + HI = constant Dod (xq-d)) + (Kd, ~ dy) + GH + (x= d= Xq +X, +X = constant 4 42x, + x= constant -—-- (1) {d), d,, GH are constant} Xa, EF Also, PQ + QR + RS + ST +TU + UV + VC= constant (hx) + (Xp —dy— x) + Xp —dy—d, + Xe — d2 = constant ds A 2xq + Xe — 2x = constant @Q) Q Putting value of x from eq" (1) 2xy + X¢ +{(constant - 2x, ) x -2} = constant Ixy + Xe + 4Xq = constant AK, + 2Ky + Xe (h-x) Diff eq? (3) w. AV, + e+ \ 24x C4) + 2X Vp diff, eq” (4) w. day +2ag + ac=0 4x3 +(-8) +2ay =0 [(-ve) 2ay = 8-12 = 2ms? «. ay = = 2m/s? (J)8. Find the relation between the accelerations of bodies P & Q which are connected by means of in inextensible strings running on pulleys as shown in figure. + Sol": Rope PEAB = constant + PE+EA+AB=c, + xp- xy +EA+Xp—x, + xptxg=ey- + Also, Rope GFBC + GF+FB+BC=c, + hoxy + FB +x¢— Xp Xo 2xp =e + Rope IHCQ = constant + IH+HC+CQ=c h + Ha xc t+HC + x9— Xe = 03 8g 2K = 0; —~ + From eq? (1) & (2) © xe—2(¢)- xp) =e © xe t Wxp=cy + From eq? (3) & (4) + Qo 24-2 %p) + Qo + 4xp () + Diff. eq? w. rt. time with twice time =0 a) constant (2)9. For the pulleys system as shown in figure. Calculate the velocity & acceleration of block ‘c’. if the velocities & acceleration of blocks A & B are 2m/sec.({), Im/sec%(1), 3m/sec.(t) & 2m/sec%(L) respectively. di al a ae Soln 1 a Rope length = constant ADEFGHIC = constant Xx, D Al X, AD +DE+EF +FG +GH+HI+IC=c c Xa7 dy + Xp ~~ dy + Xp dy dy #Xc-d, =e A Xp at Oma te diff, eq? (1) wr. t. time, Vat 2¥p +c = From question y, #24 (2-3) +Vve=0 Vo = 6-2 =4misec(|) { |+ve } B diff. eqn (2) w.r-t. time ag + 2ag + ag = 0~ From question ag = ImVsec? (f), ay = 2m/sec*(|) 1 (2X 2) + ag =0 (tT +ve) ac = 3n/sec? ag = 3m/sec*(t), ve = 4m/s( 1) @)+ # Curvilinear motion curvilinear motion. + # Position vector, velocity & acceleration:- + To specify the position of the particle in the X-Y reference system at any time ‘t’, position vector #* is used shown in figure. Since vector # characterized by its magnitude y & its direction with respect to the reference axes completely defined the position of the particle with respect to those axes. + The vector iis termed as position vector of the particle ‘p” at time ‘t’. let another time (t + At) the particle occupies a new position p’ & its position vector be i, the vector Af joining p & p’ represents the change in the position vector during the time At. + The average velocity of the particle at time interval Av * The instantaneous velocity of the particle at time ‘t’ is obtained by choosing shorter time intervals ‘At’ & corresponding shorter vector increment AF. oct. tee AE + Instantaneous velocity ¥ = Jim $= - (1) + As At & Ai becomes shorter the points p & p’ get closer & Vis tangent to path of the particle. + Fig (b): Here the length of the segment pp’ approaches the length As of the arc pp’ as At decreases and we may written the ratio, lim BE ato at as a - a particle moves along a curve other than a straight line is called in Figure (b)+ Aican be resolved into pp’ & p"p’ parallel to x & y axes as shown in figure (C). + AF=pp"+p"p + Putting this value in eq? (1) Y 0 Fe mE i ae , + Vavdt wi a} : aes ve= jim i at ° ¥y= Amat =B-y Figure (C) Figure (4) * Then v= /(vz + v2 vy tana =" + As shown in figure (e) ¥ & v’ be the velocity at time t & (t+ At). i.e. tangents at p & p’. Figure (e)+ Let the vectors ¥ & v' be passed through the same origin 0” as shown in fig. (f) * The average acceleration of the particle over the time interval ‘At’ is equal to =, z W_av Instantaneous acceleration, = Jim, = -- 2) + Again, AV can be resolve into QQ" & Q"Y parallel to x & y axes respectively. + Then, Av=QQ' + Q'’ + Substituting in eq? (2) We get, oS fe he Se 7 ie * + dsaitay Avg _ dy Where, a, = Jim $= Vy avy dy + =lim—t=S¥= ay= Bae ae = Figure (f) + Then, + a= [ee +aa) + tanp= Figure (g)from p to p’. # Tangential & normal components: The velocity vector is always tangent to the path but the acceleration vector is at some angle. This acceleration can be resolved into two component one directed normal to the path & other along the tangent. & is the unit vector along tangent direction. @n is the unit vector along normal direction. Tangential acceleration is due to change in magnitude of velocity. Normal acceleration is due to change in direction of velocity vector. We know, Ar Jim [ar = as ay a at men ies fag-5 lel = fim B= 21 HB as] as + [61 is unit vector & tangent to the path. Let p= Radius of curvature of the path at the point ‘p’. ‘AG, be the change in unit vector while the particle moves As = pp’= pA@ Figure (b)# Tangential & normal components:- We know, ae _ ode lim = lim At+0At~ Atso at dt a a=V« &+&* == (3) We know, aaa Q+a,G - (4) From eq" (3) & (4) dv : a,= V = $1 — Tangential component of acceleration. Conclusio: 1. If velocity increase, a, will be same sense. 2. If velocity decrease, at will be in opposite sense of velocity. 3. If speed constant, a, = 0. 4. G, always directed towards center of curvature. 5. If p = infinite (path straight line) > a, = 0 > only at occur. “ = p(6)? Normal component of acceleration. Le@y’2 Where, Radius of curvature, p = —4 ey axe10. A car is travelling down a sloping road represented by the curve x? = 300y, where x & y are in m, when the car is 12m above the ground, its velocity is 60knvhr & is decelerating at the rate of 2m/s?. Determine the total acceleration at this instant. * — Sol®: From question, v = 60km/hr = 16.67m/s iff. w. r. t. distance 5 Sa _= ax ~ ax Goo) = 300 = 150 + Again diff. w. rt. distance + Se - 3) x? 150 + When y = 12m, from eq" (1), x = V300 x12 = 60m + eM o4 “ax 150° ose ie 3 P= = 6.67 x10 ons + Radius of curvature , p = e ROA = 187.31m ae a 2 + Normal component of acceleration (a,) === GSS" = 1 4g3nvs? + Tangential component of acceleration (a,) = -2m/s? {it is deceleration} + + Resultant acceleration (a)= az + a? = V(.483)?+(—2)? = 2.489mIs? . p= tan-1(2*) 7 tan) = 36.5611. Automobile ‘A’ is travelling east at the constant speed of 25km/hr. As automobile ‘A’ cross intersection shown, automobile “B’ starts from rest 30m north of the intersection & moves south with a constant acceleration of 1.2m/s. Determine the position, velocity & acceleration of “B’ relative to ‘A’, five Sol + Intersection shown in figure below, + From question given as, * vq = 25knVhr = 6.94m/s, sec © A TK=Vati = 6.94x 51 = 34.71 (ve >) + Distance travelled by B (s) = vyBxt +4 ay 2 * =0+%x1.2x5?= 15m. © Fg =(0-15)J= 15] (ttve) + &Relative Psition, Tpya’ = Fg — Ta = 15} — 34.77 lFayal = VIS? + 34.7? = 37.80 m cond after ‘A’ crosses the intersection. * Velocity of B (vg) = (Vg) o + agt = 0 + (1.25) = 6 mis + AWp=-67 6j- 6.941 (C6)? (6.94)? = 9.17 mis () = 40.8as s the Bemba i i I i s| Taya ip Tr40.845, is uniform Constant Speed) Te stan" (6 + Also, Motion of «© sa =0ms? * Acceleration of B, @ =~ 1.2 m/s* © Gpya = Gy — Oj =-127 -0=-1.2] mis? 12. A car travelling on a curved of the road of radius 915 m at the speed of 50 Knw/hr. The brakes are suddenly applied, causing the car to slow down to the speed of 32 Km/hr afier 6 sec. calculate the acceleration of the car immediately after the brakes have been applied, Sol Initial velocity (Vp )= 50 knvhr = 13.89 m/s + Final velocity (V, }= 32 km/hr = 8.89 m/s + Time taken to reduce the speed = 6 sec + The car to show down at the constant rate ; : Vy-Vo _ 13.98.89 + + Tangential acceleration a, = — = Bene + == 0.833 m/s? + Normal Acceleration (a,) = “ = 1282 ep (91S + =0.211 m/s? + + Resultant Acceleration (a) = /(a,)*+ (@)* + = (2117+ (0833) = 0.859 mvs oz + Direction (a) = tan~? ®) stan? (228) = 142113. The rectangular components of acceleration for a particle are a,= 3t and a, = (30 — 10t). Where ‘a’ is in mvsec?. If the particle starts from rest at the origin, find the radius of curvature of the path at the instant of 2 sec. Solution a= 3tand a, = (30 101) At time (t) = 2 sec 3*2) = 6 msec? Also (30 - 101) = (30 ~ 10*2) = 10 msec? we know a=3t=2 dv = (30 ~ 108 dt ....2) a ay=30-101= 2 dv = (3t) dt...) integrating equation (2) integrating equation (1) y, + fyi dV = fy (3vdat Sig. WY = SG - 10t ae yt wis =F wil? = [oe - 22 (Vy — Vo) = 1.50? ° a Vg = 1.5t? =1.5 * (2)2=6 m/s (Vy — Vo) =t? Vy = 30t — St? = (30 « 2) — {5 + (2)?}+ + Resultant Velocity (V) = y/(6)?+ (40)? + = 40.447 m/s * Direction (a) = tan“? (2) =tan-? (9) = + stant (2) = 81.47 We have + Normal component of Acceleration + an = a,Cos 8.53 — aySin8.53 6 Cos 8.53 — 10 Sin8.53 4.450 m/s? + Also, (an) = a 3 + + Radius of Curvature (p) = Sonar? = CoM _ 367,631 m + Take radius of curvature (p) = 368 m14. A nozzle discharges a stream of water in the direction shown in figure with an initial velocity of 25 m/sec. determine the radius of curvature of the stream (a) as it levels the nozzle (b) as the maximum height of the stream. + Solution + V,=25m/s + @=tan (2) Se)! tan“! (2) =36.87 * Vox = 25 Cos 36.87 = 20 m/s + Voy = 25 Sin 36.87 = 15 m/s + Case (i): initially, * — Radius of Curvature (p) = _ 25 = gCos0 @s ~ 981 Cos 3687 + =79.64 m + Case (ii) At maximum height ve + Radius of Curvature (p) = Watt - _ oy" = Ser 740.77 m 25 m/s g =9.81Radial and Transverse Component The plane curvilinear motion of a particle may be defined by using co — ordinates in which a particles is located by the radial distance from a fixed pole ‘O” and angular measurement ‘@” to the radian line as shown in figure. The unit vectors in radial and transverse directions are denoted by 6; and & . Where €; is along the position vector whereas €g is perpendicular to the position vector. If the velocity and acceleration of the particle are resolved into components parallel and perpendicular to the line ‘OP’ is called radial and transverse component. Let us consider a particle moving in a curve path. Let it reaches ‘P” at time ‘t’ and P” at time (t+ At). Also let are two new unit vectors corresponding to new position P*. Figure (a)+ Radial and or | AG; * Hence, lim => =6 atob 48 atob a : { AG; is directed in the direction of & } + Also, Ae a + lim — "= lim —= =, Bt40_ 48 ato al 7 + {AG is directed in opposite direction of &; } © 26 5 Q) + We know, + fang Zz a(n.) 2 Tae a + V =) + GG) + V =( 68%) + F)....8) + Wehave, V = (V9G%)+ (V,6;) + + Radial Component of Velocity (V,) + Transverse Component of Velocity (Ve Figure (C) réRadial and Transverse Components... Similarly, T= F{(r 0G) + CED} =$ (rg) +566) ={roS@)+@FCO)}+ (E+E LO} = {r0(-60) +4 (r £0+ O5)} + (re + 04+ G8} a ={-1g0 +rbGj + Or} + (POG * +65} (&— 107) & + (r+ 2% Og # 10°) G+ (2 + rb) ...14) We have, 4 = (ag6})+ (a6) z Radial Component of Acceleration (a,) = (i — r6”) ‘Transverse Component of Acceleration (ag) = (2 8 + r 6) Note: In case of a particle moving along a circular path with its center at the origin ‘O° (r= constant) i= 0and#=0 Then, V = (r 66) d= -r0°6, +r 8G