★05주차 - 재료학 Ch03c - Engineering Materials and Their Properties - PartC - Heat - 64쪽

Chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties
재료학
Material Science
Feb. 03 2012
May 18, 2024
Professor : 최흥섭 (Heung Soap Choi), Ph.D

scheung@hongik.ac.kr, hschoi.woweb.net
홍익대학교 기계정보공학과
Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 1 Prof. H.S.Choi


3.1 Introduction and Synopsis
3.2 The Families of Engineering Materials
3.3 Materials Information for Design
3.4 Material Properties and Their Units
3.5 Summary and Conclusions


The loss coefficient, η (a dimensionless

quantity), measures the degree to which
a material dissipates vibrational
energy.
Elastic strain energy stored per
unit volume
If it is loaded and then unloaded,

the dissipated energy:
The loss coefficient is

Umax : Stored
elastic energy FIG 3.11
at peak stress. The loss tangent η measures the fractional
energy dissipated in a stress-strain cycle.
Specific damping capacity, D = ΔU/U, the log decrement,
Δ (the log of the ratio of successive amplitudes of natural
vibrations), the phase lag, δ, between stress and strain, and the
“Q” factor or resonance factor, Q. When damping is small (η
< 0.01) these measures are related by
Chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties Self study


Wear (마모), loss of material when surfaces slide against each other,
is a multibody problem.
wear rate, W (units: m2) :
the volume of material lost
from one surface, per unit
distance slid
Wear resistance of the

surface is characterized by
the Archard wear constant,
The wear resistance
KA (units: 1/MPa) of the
A : Area of the slider surface,

P : Normal pressure onto FIG 3.12 Wear is the loss of material from surfaces
the other surface. when they slide.
→ Wear resistance is measured by
Archard wear constant, KA.
Calculating wear
A steel slider oscillates on a dry steel substrate at
Frequency : f = 0.2 Hz and
Amplitude : a = 2 mm under a
Normal pressure : P = 2 MPa.
Archard wear constant for steel on steel : KA = 3 × 10−8 (MPa−1).
By how much will the surface of the slider have been reduced
in thickness (x) after a time t = 100 hours?
Answer
Distance (d) slid in 100 hours is d = 4 a·f·t =4x0.002x0.2x3.6x105(m).
Thickness X removed from the slider over the time t = 3.6×105 (sec)
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐫

𝐗= = 𝟒 𝐚 ∙ 𝐟 ∙ 𝐭 ∙ 𝐊𝐀 ∙ 𝐏
𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀
= 𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝐱 𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎−8 𝐱𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝛍𝐦=0.3456mm

마모시험기 (자동차부품연구원)

마모시험기 (자동차부품연구원)


The photograph shows a white hot cube

of a silica fiber insulation material,
which, only seconds after having been
removed from a hot furnace, can be held
by its edges with the bare hands.
Initially, the heat transfer from the
surface is relatively rapid; however, the
thermal conductivity of this material is
so small that heat conduction from the
interior (max. temp : approximately
1250°C) is extremely slow.
This material was developed especially
for the tiles that cover the Space
Shuttle Orbiters and protect and insulate
them during their fiery reentry into the
atmosphere.
Other attractive features of this high- ▪ Rapid heat transfer from the surface → High a
temperature reusable surface insulation ▪ Extremely small heat conductivity from interior
▪ Low density → ρCp is low
(HRSI) include low density and a low ▪ Low CTE → Low thermal distortion
coefficient of thermal expansion.
(Photograph courtesy of Lockheed
Missiles & Space Company, Inc.)
• Best insulator: Silica Aerogel

→ Aerogel, silicon(i.e. ceramic)-
based solid foam, a thousand
times less dense than glass.
Aerogel insulating a flower.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPb2Ta4lOlA
&list=PL512E8319070C2AD7 (see 6:19)
Common Properties of Silica Aerogel

Thermal insulative properties;

Thermal conductivity:
0.004 W/m·K (in modest vacuum
~ 0.03 W/m·K (in atmospheric
pressure)
Melting point : 1,200 °C.
Until 2011, silica aerogel held

15 entries in Guinness World
Records for material properties,
→ Best insulator
→ Lowest-density solid,
(Ousted from the latter title by
the even lighter materials
aerographite in 2012 and then
graphene aerogel in 2013.)
A 2.5 kg brick is supported by a piece of
aerogel with a mass of only 2 g. ᛜoust [aust] vt.
① 내쫓다《from》

Chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties Ref. only
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerographite
• Lightest solid: Aerographite

→ Composed of graphene oxide and lyophilized carbon.
Aerographite electrostatic experiment/lightest material in the world
→ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DMa3h7E8pg
Carbon aerogel can absorb up to 900 times its own body weight.

SEAgel Aerogel lighter than air solid. Not a UFO!
Lighter than air solid developed in the 1980s, based on agar(한천,

우뭇가사리류, a derivative of seaweed (→ It is bio-degradable and edible).
During manufacture, the internal foam space can be filled with a variety of gasses,
including helium or hydrogen and the material is then shrink wrapped to prevent
leakage.
Metallic microlattice 'lightest structure ever'

A demonstration of the ultra-light, low-density material recovering
from compression. Read more at Chemistry World magazine:
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/New...
[Video courtesy of HRL Laboratories LLC]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_microlattice
'The structure is so
fine that it is 99.99
per cent air
Nickel-phosphorus alloy

http://www.aerogel.co.kr/01_product/menu0102.php
http://www.aerogel.co.kr


Aerogel blanket manufacturing Process
http://www.aerogel.co.kr/03_process/menu0301.php


Automobile radiator
Coolant

Warm airflow
Car heater

Heat pipe

Liquid CPU Cooler (Zalman, Korea) (Click)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VGib-T68-w
https://thermcraftinc.com/product/thermcraft-insulation/
Thermcraft Insulation
Home / High Temp Heaters and
Insulation / Thermcraft Insulation
Ashing Furnace :
Ashing is the process of expelling

organic material from a sample
before it is analyzed.
For ashing to take place, complete
combustion of the sample is
critical to yield accurate results,
and this requires the use of an
ashing furnace.

Thermal properties quantify the response of materials to heat.

Benjamin Thompson (American, 1753-1814), backed up by Carnot (1796-
1832)
“heat is atoms or molecules in motion (molecular activities)”.
- Translational gases
- Rotational
- Vibrational solids
In gases, they are flying between occasional collisions with each other
In solids, they vibrate about their mean positions;
→ The higher the temperature, the greater the amplitude of vibrations.
From this perception emerges all of our understanding of

Thermal properties of solids :
• Heat capacity (Cp, 열용량 (J/(kg K)) (=Specific heat (비열))
• Thermal expansion coefficient (α, CTE, 열팽창계수 (10-6/C)
• Thermal conductivity (,열전도도 (W/(mK)) →Steady state, T(x,y,z)
• Thermal diffusivity (a, 열확산계수 (m2/s)) →Transient state, T(x,y,z,t)
• Melting temp. (Tm, 녹는점 (C))
• Glass transition temp. (Tg, 유리전이온도 (C))
Thermal properties

Heat affects mechanical and physical properties

As temperature rises,
- Materials expand,
- Elastic modulus decreases,
- Strength falls
- Material starts to creep, deforming slowly with time at a rate
that increases as the melting point is approached until, on
melting, the solid loses all stiffness and strength.
Thermal design (열설계) is design ① to cope properly with the

effects of heat or, where possible, ② to exploit them.
ᛜex·ploit¹ [éksplɔit, iksplɔ́it] n. (큰) 공, 공훈, 공적, 위업.

ᛜex·ploit² [iksplɔ́it] vt. ① (자원 등을) 개발〔개척〕하다, 채굴〔벌채〕하다;
(특색 등을) 살리다, 활용하다; 〖광고〗 (제품·상품의) 시장성을 개발하다〔높이다〕, 선전하다
┈┈• ~ a mine 광산을 개발하다.
② (이기적인 목적으로) 이용하다, 미끼삼다; (남의 노동력 등을) 착취하다
┈┈• The boss ~ed his men (for his own ends). 두목은 부하들을 (자신의 목적을 위해) 이용해 먹었다.
⟨관련어⟩ exploitation n.

Melting temperature, Tm, and glass temperature, Tg (units for both: K

or C), are fundamental because they relate directly to the strength of the
bonds in the solid.
Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point, Tm.
Noncrystalline solids do not; the temperature Tg characterizes the
transition from true solid to very viscous liquid.
It is helpful, in engineering design, to define two temperatures:

Maximum and Minimum service temperature, Tmax and Tmin
(both: K or C).
Tmax : The highest temperature at which the material can reasonably

be used without oxidation, chemical change, or excessive creep
becoming a problem.
Tmin : The lowest temperature below which the material becomes brittle
or otherwise unsafe to use.

Heat (열)
It costs energy to heat a material up. Heat is measured in joules, J
(= 1/4.2 cal)
Specific Heat capacity (열용량) or Specific heat capacity (비열)

The energy to heat 1 kg of a material by 1 K
K = 273+°C
→ Unit of specific heat : J/(kg K).
Measurement is usually made at constant pressure (atmospheric

pressure) → Cp (등압비열, 정압비열)
1 kJ/kg·°C = 1 J/g·°C
= 1 kJ/kg·K =1 J/g·K
Specific heat : energy required to

raise the temperature of a unit mass
of a substance by one degree in a
specified way.

When dealing with gases, it is more usual to measure the heat capacity at
constant volume (Cv , 등적비열, 정적비열) and for gases this differs from Cp.
For solids the difference is so slight that it can be ignored.

Cp is measured by the technique of calorimetry (열량계),
which is also the standard way of measuring the glass temperature Tg.
We owe our understanding of heat capacity to Albert Einstein (1879–1955)

and Peter Debye (Dutch physicist and Nobel Prize winner, 1884–1966).
Cv and Cp values of
incompressible substances
are identical and are
denoted by C.

Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted

Constant Constant volume
Specific heat
pressure molar molar heat Volumetric heat
capacity
Substance Phase heat capacity capacity capacity
Cp
Cp,m Cv,m J/(cm3 K)
J/(g K)
J/(mol K) J/(mol K)
Air (Sea level, dry,
gas 1.0035 29.07 20.7643 0.001297
0 °C (273.15 K))
Air (typical
gas 1.012 29.19 20.85 0.00121
room conditionsA)
Aluminium solid 0.897 24.2 2.422
Ammonia liquid 4.700 80.08 3.263
Animal tissue
mixed 3.5 3.7*
(incl. human)[21]
Antimony solid 0.207 25.2 1.386
Argon gas 0.5203 20.7862 12.4717
Arsenic solid 0.328 24.6 1.878
Beryllium solid 1.82 16.4 3.367
Bismuth solid 0.123 25.7 1.20
Cadmium solid 0.231 26.02
Carbon dioxide CO2 gas 0.839* 36.94 28.46
Chromium solid 0.449 23.35
Copper solid 0.385 24.47 3.45
Diamond solid 0.5091 6.115 1.782
Ethanol liquid 2.44 112 1.925
Gasoline (octane) liquid 2.22 228 1.64
Glass solid 0.84
Gold solid 0.129 25.42 2.492
Granite solid 0.790 2.17
Graphite solid 0.710 8.53 1.534
Helium gas 5.1932 20.7862 12.4717
Hydrogen gas 14.30 28.82
Hydrogen sulfide H2S gas 1.015* 34.60
Iron solid 0.450 25.1 3.537

Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted

Constant Constant volume
Specific heat
pressure molar molar heat Volumetric heat
capacity
Substance Phase heat capacity capacity capacity
Cp
Cp,m Cv,m J/(cm3 K)
J/(g K)
J/(mol K) J/(mol K)
Lead solid 0.129 26.4 1.44
Lithium solid 3.58 24.8 1.912
Lithium at 181 °C liquid 4.379 30.33 2.242
Magnesium solid 1.02 24.9 1.773
Mercury liquid 0.1395 27.98 1.888
Methane at 2 °C gas 2.191 35.69
Methanol (298 K) liquid 2.14 68.62
Neon gas 1.0301 20.7862 12.4717
Nitrogen gas 1.040 29.12 20.8
Oxygen gas 0.918 29.38 21.0
Paraffin wax
solid 2.5 (ave) 900 2.325
C25H52
Polyethylene
solid 2.3027
(rotomolding grade)
Silica (fused) solid 0.703 42.2 1.547
Silver solid 0.233 24.9 2.44
Sodium solid 1.230 28.23
Steel solid 0.466
Tin solid 0.227 27.112
Titanium solid 0.523 26.060
Tungsten solid 0.134 24.8 2.58
Uranium solid 0.116 27.7 2.216
Water at 100 °C liquid 4.1813 75.327 74.53 4.2160
Water at 100 °C (steam) gas 2.080 37.47 28.03
Water at 25 °C liquid 4.1813 75.327 74.53 4.1796
Water at −10 °C (ice) solid 2.11 38.09 1.938
Zinc solid 0.387 25.2 2.76

Heat Capacity Measurement

Heat capacity(열용량) or
specific heat (비열, units
J/kg.K) is the energy to heat
1kg of a material by 1K.
The measurement is usually

made at constant pressure
(atmospheric pressure) so it is measuring
given the symbol Cp. heat capacity,
Cp (J/Kg·K)
When dealing with gases, it is
more usual to measure the heat
capacity at constant volume
(symbol Cv), and for gases this Fig 3.13
differs from Cp. The heat capacity —the energy to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of material by 1°C.
The heat capacity is measured by

calorimetry.

Using specific heat
How much energy is required to heat a 100 mm cube of copper

from room temperature (20°C) to its melting point?
Answer
Data for melting point, Tm, specific heat, Cp, and density, ρ, are
listed in Appendix A.
The values for copper are Tm = 1,082°C, Cp = 380 J/kg.K and
ρ = 8,930 kg/m3. The mass of copper in the cube is ρV = 8.93 kg.
→ The energy to heat it to ΔT = 1,062°C is
m·Cp·ΔT =ρ·V·Cp·ΔT = 3.6 MJ
(The energy in a liter of gasoline is 35 MJ.)






Power is measured in watts; 1 watt (W = J/sec.).

The rate at which heat is conducted through a solid at
steady-state (meaning that the temperature
profile does not change with time, T=T(x,y,z) is
measured by the thermal conductivity, λ (W/m.K).
Fig 3.14 shows how it is measured: by recording the

heat flux q (W/m2) flowing through the material from
a surface at higher temperature T1 to a lower one at
T2 separated by a distance x.
Heat flux ,열유속, q (J/sec.m2 =W/m2)

(3.13) Thermal conductivity λ is
(12.2)
calculated from Fourier’s law:
(For Steady state heat flow)
Thermal conductivity (λ)
governs the heat flow through Fig 3.14 Measuring of
a material at steady-state, thermal conductivity,
T=T(x,y,z) only. λ , (units : W/mK).

The rate of heat conduction through a

solid is directly proportional to its thermal conductivity.
Steady state heat flow (정상상태 열유동)
A heat exchanger has an exchange area of A = 0.5 m2.

It passes heat from a fluid at temperature T1 = 100°C
to a second fluid at T2 = 20°C.
The exchange wall is made of copper sheet (thermal conductivity
λ = 350 W/m.K) with a thickness X = 2 mm.
How much energy flows from one fluid to the other in 1 hour?
Answer
The temperature gradient dT/dX = 80/0.002 = 40,000°C /m.
The total energy Q that passes across the area A over a time
t = 3,600 seconds is
𝐝𝐓
𝐐 = 𝐀𝐭𝐪 = 𝐀𝐭 𝛌 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐉 = 𝟐𝟓𝐆𝐉
𝐝𝐗

Important properties of CVD diamond at room temperature
Property Average Value 다이아몬드

반도체 기판
Density (g/cm3) 3.51
Hardness (Kg/mm2) 9000
Fracture toughness (MPa.m0.5) 5.3–8
Band gap 5.5 eV
Elastic modulus, GPa 1140
Flexural strength, MPa >200
Poisson ratio 0.069
Thermal expansion coeﬃcient (10−6/K) 0.8
Thermal conductivity (W/(mK)) ≤2300
Heat capacity (J/(kgK)) 640
Electrical resistivity (ohm-cm) >1.0 × 1013
Dielectric constant (35–50 GHz) 5.7
Dielectric strength (V/m) 1.0 × 107
Loss tangent (35 GHz) <0.00015
Refractive index @ 10µm 2.38 GaN on Diamond
Optical absorption coeﬃcient @ 8–12µm 0.1–0.3
Semiconductor
Emissivity @ 8–12 µm, 300–500◦C 0.02–0.03
Substrates
Ref) pp.209, High Thermal Conductivity Materials, Springer 2006 CVD : Chemical Vapor Deposition






5 Common Language in Thermal Management

3
Thermal Management
Thermal Conductivity Temperature
Thermal Energy Temperature Difference
Junction Temperature
Heat Transfer
Thermal Resistance
Heat Flux
Power

5 Common Language for Thermal Management

4
Term Definition Symbol Unit(s)
Heat Thermal energy in Joule, J

Q [E]
(열,열에너지) transfer (1cal=4.2J)
Heat flow Joule per second =

Flowing heat per time 𝑄ሶ [W]
(열유동) Watt, J / s = W
Heat flux Flowing heat per time

𝑞 [W/m2 ] W/m2
(열유속) per area
Temperature Difference in
ΔT Degree celsius, ºC
difference temperature bet.
[Δθ] or Kelvin, K
(온도차) two points
Thermal
Material property; its λ (lamda) Watt per (meter
conductivity
ability to transfer heat or κ (kappa)] Kelvin), W / (m • K)
(열전도도)

,
Thermal diffusivity, a (m2/s) governs transient heat flow

(when temperature varies with time, T=T(x,y,z,t)).
ρ : density (3.14)
(12.3)
Cp : heat capacity (J/KgK).
ρCp : volumetric heat capacity (J/m3K).
(3.15)
Transient heat equation (No heat generation)
The distance x heat
: Derived from energy
𝛛𝐓 conservation law
diffuses in a time t is
= 𝐚 𝛁 𝟐 𝐓(𝐱, 𝐲, 𝐳, 𝐭) approximately
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝜕2
𝛁 = 2 +
𝜕2
+
𝜕2
: Laplacian
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝐱 ≈ 𝟐𝐚𝐭
Measurement of Thermal diffusivity
①Directly obtained by measuring the time for a temperature pulse to traverse
a specimen of known thickness when a heat source is applied briefly to the
one side; or ② it can be calculated by λ/(ρCp) in eqn (12.3).
*trav·erse [trǽvǝːrs, trǝvə́ːrs] vt.

① 가로지르다, 횡단〔통과, 관통〕하다

Steady state heat flux
𝑞
𝑞
Transient heat flux
𝑞 𝑞

Convection heat flux
Radiation heat flux

Transient heat flow

You pour boiling water into a tea-glass with a wall thickness
x = 3 mm.
How many seconds have you got to carry it to the table
before it becomes too hot to hold?
(Thermal conductivity of glass (3.14)
is λ = 1.1 W/m.K,
Density of glass, ρ = 2,450 kg/m3 and
heat capacity of glass Cp = 800 J/kg.K.) 3mm
Answer
Inserting the data into Eq (3.14) gives
a thermal diffusivity for glass of a = 5.6 ×10−7 m2/s.
Inserting this into Eq (3.15) gives the approximate time
𝐱 ≈ 𝟐𝐚𝐭 (3.15) 𝐱𝟐
𝐭≈ = 𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝟐𝐚
Thermal diffusivity of selected materials and substances

Pyrolytic
Thermal
Thermal diffusivity
Thermal Thermal Material diffusivity
(m²/s)
Material diffusivity diffusivity (mm²/s)
(m²/s) (mm²/s) PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) 8 × 10−8 0.08
PTFE
Pyrolytic graphite, (Polytetrafluorethylene) at 0.124 × 10−6 0.124
1.22 × 10−3 1220
parallel to layers 25°C
Silver, pure (99.9%) 1.6563 × 10−4 165.63 Water at 25°C 0.143 × 10−6 0.143
Gold 1.27 × 10−4 127
Alcohol 7× 10−8 0.07
Copper at 25°C 1.11 × 10−4 111
Aluminum 8.418 × 10−5 84.18 Water vapour (1 atm, 400 K) 2.338 × 10−5 23.38
Steel, 1% carbon 1.172 × 10−5 11.72
Air (300 K) 1.9 × 10−5 19
Steel, stainless 304A at 27°C 4.2 × 10−6 4.2 Argon (300 K, 1 atm) 2.2×10−5 22
Steel, stainless 310 at 25°C 3.352 × 10−6 3.352 Helium (300 K, 1 atm) 1.9×10−4 190
Inconel 600 at 25°C 3.428 × 10−6 3.428 Hydrogen (300 K, 1 atm) 1.6×10−4 160
Molybdenum (99.95%) at 25°C 54.3 × 10−6 54.3 Nitrogen (300 K, 1 atm) 2.2×10−5 22
Pyrolytic graphite,
Iron 2.3 × 10−5 23 3.6 × 10−6 3.6
normal to layers
Silicon 8.8 × 10−5 88
Sandstone 1.12–1.19 × 10−6 1.15
Quartz 1.4 × 10−6 1.4
Carbon/carbon composite at Tin 4.0 × 10−5 40
216.5 × 10−6 216.5
25°C Brick, common 5.2 × 10−7 0.52
Aluminum oxide
1.20 × 10−5 12.0 Brick, adobe 2.7 × 10−7 0.27
(polycrystalline) Glass, window 3.4 × 10−7 0.34
Silicon Dioxide
8.3 × 10−7 0.83 Rubber 1.3 × 10−7 0.13
(polycrystalline)
Si3 N4 with CNTs 26°C 9.142 × 10−6 9.142 Nylon 9× 10−8 0.09
Si3 N4 without CNTs 26°C 8.605 × 10−6 8.605 Wood (Yellow Pine) 8.2 × 10−8 0.082
PC (Polycarbonate) at 25°C 0.144 × 10−6 0.144 Oil, engine (saturated liquid,
7.38 × 10−8 0.0738
PP (Polypropylene) at 25°C 0.096 × 10−6 0.096 100 °C)
Paraffin at 25°C 0.081 × 10−6 0.081

Thermal strain per degree of temperature change

is measured by the Linear thermal expansion coefficient(열팽창계수),
α (units: K−1 , “microstrain()/°C” or 10−6°C−1).
Fig 3.15 The linear-thermal expansion coefficient, α measures

the change in length, per unit length, when the sample is heated.
선형열팽창계수 (Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient) : α

물질이 열을 받았을 때 그 길이가 커지는 현상
이유 : 물질을 이루는 입자들이 열을 받음으로 인해 운동에너지가 커져

입자 운동이 활발해지기 때문
등방성 금속 선의 경우 열팽창 될 때 변형되는 길이(ΔL)는 변한 온도(ΔT),

섭씨 0도에서의 원래 금속 길이(L)와 1차 비례하며 계수는 α로 표시한다.
식 : ΔL/L = α ΔT
부피 열팽창 계수 (Volumetric Thermal Expansion Coefficient) : β

위의 식에서 길이 L 대신 부피 V를, 계수 α 대신 β를 넣어서 표시.
즉, ΔV/V = β ΔT → β≈3α 라는 근사값을 얻을 수가 있다.
즉, 정육면체로 상황을 단순화하면,

팽창한 부피 V’ = V+ΔV = (1+β ΔT)V이며,
V’ = (L’x)(L’y)(L’z) = (1+αΔT)3(Lx)(Ly)(Lz) = (1+αΔT) 3 V.
따라서 (1+βΔT)=(1+αΔT)3 이며, α가 매우 작은 값이므로 αn (n≥ 2)을

0으로 처리하면 (1+βΔT)=(1 + 3αΔT) 즉 β≈3α이 얻어진다.
E3.2 Cooling power electronics.
Microchips, particularly those for power electronics, get hot.

If they get too hot, they cease to function.
→ The need: A scheme (운영, 계획, 책략) for removing heat from power microchips.
Devise concepts to meet the need and sketch an embodiment of one of them, laying out
your ideas in the way suggested below.
.. …
…
. …
Four working principles in heat transfer:

✓ Thermal conduction
✓ Convection by heat transfer (열대류) to a fluid medium
✓ Evaporation (증발) exploiting the latent heat (잠열) of evaporation of a fluid
✓ Radiation (복사) (best achieved with a surface with high emissivity)
The best solutions may be found by combining two of these:

➢ Conduction coupled with convection (see sketch)
➢ Radiation coupled with evaporation (a possibility for short-life space structures)
Sketch of concept

Volatile : 휘발성의
Emissivity 복사율

2013 Spring

★05주차 - 재료학 Ch03c - Engineering Materials and Their Properties - PartC - Heat - 64쪽

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

★05주차 - 재료학 Ch03c - Engineering Materials and Their Properties - PartC - Heat - 64쪽

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

★05주차 - 재료학 Ch03c - Engineering Materials and Their Properties - PartC - Heat - 64쪽

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties

May 18, 2024

Professor : 최흥섭 (Heung Soap Choi), Ph.D

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 1 Prof. H.S.Choi

Chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 2 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 3 Prof. H.S.Choi

The loss coefficient, η (a dimensionless

If it is loaded and then unloaded,

The loss coefficient is

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 5 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 6 Prof. H.S.Choi

Wear resistance of the

A : Area of the slider surface,

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐫

= 𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝐱 𝟑𝐱𝟏𝟎−8 𝐱𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝛍𝐦=0.3456mm

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 8 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 9 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 10 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 11 Prof. H.S.Choi

The photograph shows a white hot cube

• Best insulator: Silica Aerogel

Aerogel insulating a flower.

Common Properties of Silica Aerogel

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 14 Prof. H.S.Choi

Thermal insulative properties;

Until 2011, silica aerogel held

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 15 Prof. H.S.Choi

• Lightest solid: Aerographite

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 16 Prof. H.S.Choi

SEAgel Aerogel lighter than air solid. Not a UFO!

Lighter than air solid developed in the 1980s, based on agar(한천,

Metallic microlattice 'lightest structure ever'

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 18 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 20 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 21 Prof. H.S.Choi

Aerogel blanket manufacturing Process

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 22 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 23 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 24 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 25 Prof. H.S.Choi

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 26 Prof. H.S.Choi

Liquid CPU Cooler (Zalman, Korea) (Click)

Ashing is the process of expelling

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 28 Prof. H.S.Choi

Thermal properties quantify the response of materials to heat.

From this perception emerges all of our understanding of

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 30 Prof. H.S.Choi

Heat affects mechanical and physical properties

Thermal design (열설계) is design ① to cope properly with the

ᛜex·ploit¹ [éksplɔit, iksplɔ́it] n. (큰) 공, 공훈, 공적, 위업.

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 31 Prof. H.S.Choi

Melting temperature, Tm, and glass temperature, Tg (units for both: K

It is helpful, in engineering design, to define two temperatures:

Tmax : The highest temperature at which the material can reasonably

Dept. of Mech. and Design Eng. 32 Prof. H.S.Choi

Specific Heat capacity (열용량) or Specific heat capacity (비열)

Measurement is usually made at constant pressure (atmospheric