4 Diseases and Pests of Sugar Beet

27.03.
2023
Pest and diseases

of suger beet
Infectious diseases
Rhizomania
Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus BNYVV (Furovirus/Benevirus)
Pathogen
• Virus structures: rigid rod particles with divided genomes (3-5 molecules of
single-stranded RNA).
• The disease is economically limiting - Japan, China, Europe, and the United
States.
• The virus is transmitted by the soilborne plasmodiophorid-like fungus, Polymyxa
betae, which is an obligate parasite infecting members of the Chenopodiaceae.
• The pathogen survives in long-lived survival structures of the vector called
cystosori.
• The cystosori liberate zoospores that infect sugar beets, and if viruliferous, will
transmit the virus into the roots.
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Infectious diseases
Rhizomania
Disease Symptoms
Foliar
• various degrees of stunting,

wilting, and yellowing
Root
• constricted taproot with a
proliferation of small feeder roots,
known as bearding, after early
infection
Infectious diseases
Rhizomania
Disease Symptoms
Additional characteristic
• increased sodium content

• Reduced sugar content
• Reduced amino-nitrogen content
• Yield loss
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Infectious diseases
Rhizomania
Favorable Environmental Conditions
• very warm, water-saturated soils are required for effective dispersal and
infection
• early infection results in much more severe stunting, and yield reductions
Management
• Use of resistant cultivars

• Planting early into cool soils, avoiding over use of irrigation, crop rotation, and
using resistant varieties will all help to reduce disease problems due to BNYVV
• Soil fumigation and/or solarization can be beneficial
Evidence of the disease: ELISA test in the laboratory
Infectious diseases
Rhizomania
Basic strategy (EPPPO standards)
• not using water from possibly contaminated drains,

• not using contaminated manure or soil,
• ensuring that agricultural equipment is clean
• Harvested beets should be transported with as little soil as possible, which can
be ensured by harvesting under dry conditions.
• The field should be well drained and a good soil structure should be maintained.
Early sowing is recommended.
• If the soil is known to be infested, it is advisable to grow tolerant cultivars.
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Infectious diseases
Mild virus yellows
Beet mild yellowing virus, BMYV
Symptoms
Yellow-orange discoloration usually starting from the extremity of the leaves.
Biology
• transmitted by : Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae

• infects all the plant tissues and even the vessels
• the inoculum sources are : unharvested or ensiled
beet and beet seed crops, spinach or various weeds
Evidence of the disease: ELISA test in the laboratory
Infectious diseases
Mild virus yellows
Epidemiology
The risk of early attacks extended to the whole field is increased by dry warm
spring conditions, presence of aphid vectors and the vicinity of inoculum carriers.
The first foci correspond to the first plants touched by an infected aphid and their
reproductive line.
Control
• Avoid the presence of host plants

• Keep down the aphid populations by chemical
treatment
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Infectious diseases
Mild virus yellows
Basic strategy (EPPPO standards)
• avoid growing crops near beets for seed production;

• destroy virus sources as far as possible. Fodder beets should be used before
foliage emerges in spring;
• apply insecticide as a seed treatment or as granules in the row, according to the
need to control other insects at the seedling stage;
• ensure that a "closed" crop is obtained as early as possible, since flying aphids
are attracted to fields with open spaces or fields that are irregular in stage or
colour;
• apply corrective insecticide sprays if necessary, according to the
recommendations of warning systems.
Infectious diseases
Cercospora Leaf Spot
Cercospora beticola Sacc.
Pathogen
• Class Ascomycota, order Sordariales, family Laesiosphaeriaceae, genus

Cercospora (=Pseudocercospora).
• a facultative saprotroph
Yield losses
• Losses can approach 40 percent - lower root tonnage and sugar percentage in
roots.
• Beets with low sugar levels do not store well, and losses in storage result from
increased storage decay.
The disease results in reduction of productivity of root crops by more than 50%. Saccharinity
is considerably reduced by 3 to 7%. This results in losses of sugars (to 60-70%). [Agroatlas.ru]
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Infectious diseases
Disease Symptoms
• Round light-brown spots are formed on older leaves, 2-3 mm in diameter, having
reddish or brownish rim
• Spots on old dying leaves are very large, 5-10 mm in diameter, with obscure
indistinct light-brown rim.
http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=840
Infectious diseases
Disease Symptoms
• Individual leaf spots initially occur on older leaves and then progress to younger
leaves.
• As disease progresses, heavily infected leaves initially turn yellow
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Infectious diseases
Disease Symptoms
• Individual spots may coalesce and form larger areas of dead tissue, causing
severely infected leaves to wither and die.
• Disease is more severe in areas adjacent to windbreaks formed by trees or taller
crops, or other areas that may result in higher levels of humidity
Individual ash-colored circular lesions with

dark brown borders (A). Advance infection Comparison of symptoms among several common
with coalescing of individual lesions (B). foliar diseases of sugar beets. From left to right:
Cercospora, Alternaria, Phoma and bacterial leaf spots
Infectious diseases
Conditions Favoring Cercospora Leaf Spot
The development of disease is highly dependent upon:

• the presence of susceptible cultivars,
• adequate inoculum,
• environmental conditions - periods of high humidity or leaf wetness periods
longer than 11 hours and warm temperatures (> 16 °C)
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Infectious diseases
Conditions Favoring Cercospora Leaf Spot
The fungus survives as spores and spore-bearing structures (psuedostromata) on

the previous year’s infected crop residue.
Sometimes with seeds.
Control
• using disease free seed

• Cultivation and rotation reduce levels of overwintering inoculum - at least a
three-year rotation is needed to reduce quantities of infested residue from a
severely diseased crop
Infectious diseases
Control
• using leaf spot-tolerant cultivars

• fungicidal sprays
Main fungicides
Sprays: benomyl, bitertanol, carbendazim,
cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole,
fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide,
fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol,
mancozeb, maneb, prochloraz, propiconazole,
tetraconazole.
Rotation of fungicides with differing modes of action to avoid development of resistance in

the pathogen
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27.03.2023
Infectious diseases
Control (EPPO standards)
Infected beet debris should be ploughed in. A wide crop rotation decreases the risk
of infection.
Some cultivars, such as rhizomania-resistant cultivars, are highly susceptible to C.
beticola. If infection becomes too serious, fungicide sprays may be required.
Though preventive use of fungicides gives better control of the disease, the
infection phases of C. beticola are not well known and it is thus difficult to
determine the timing of fungicide applications.
It may be noted that 2% leaf area necrosis caused by the disease has been shown
to have little or no effect on yield, so the first application should be made only after
appearance of the first symptoms in the field.
Fields should therefore be regularly monitored for the presence of cercospora leaf
spot. In areas with low attacks, a single spray is normally sufficient. However, in
more exposed areas, 2, 3 or even 4 applications may be needed.
Infectious diseases
Black Leg of Sugar Beet
Pythium debarianum Hesse., Fusarium spp. Li: Fr., Phoma betae (Tode) Desm.
Pathogens
• Pythium debarianum - Class Oomycota, order Pythiales, family Pythiaceae,

genus Pythium;
• Fusarium spp. - Class Deuteromycetes, order Moniliales, family
Tuberculariaceae, genus Fusarium;
• Phoma betae - Class Ascomycota, order Diaporthales, family Valsaceae, genus
Phoma (=Plagiostoma).
Facultative parasites and facultative saprotrophs.
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Infectious diseases
Pathogens
• Pythium debarianum - Class Oomycota, order Pythiales, family Pythiaceae,

genus Pythium;
• Fusarium spp. - Class Deuteromycetes, order Moniliales, family
Tuberculariaceae, genus Fusarium;
• Phoma betae - Class Ascomycota, order Diaporthales, family Valsaceae, genus
Phoma (=Plagiostoma).
Facultative parasites and facultative saprotrophs.
Complex disease - combination of adverse soil and conditions of shoot development with
the subsequent infection of plants by various microorganisms (in particular fungi of genera
Fusarium, Phoma, Pythium)
Infectious diseases
Disease Symptoms
underground part of shoots in initial phases
dying and blackening of the lower part of stalk, also thinning and rotting
aboveground part of the affected plant
lags behind in growth, turns yellow, fades and frequently dies off
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27.03.2023
Infectious diseases
Conditions Favoring disease
cold and damp periods when the root system is formed slowly
After formation of the second pair of true leaves the plant becomes resistant to the disease
At the end of beet vegetation various kinds of root deformation are appreciable, such as
constriction of collar, stripline scab, branching, and malformation
The fungus infects seedlings of beet, cabbage, peas, pumpkin, cotton, soy, sorghum, lupine,
tobacco, string bean, garden radish, potato, clover, vetch, tomatoes, corn, and many other
plants
Infectious diseases
Conditions Favoring disease
• Agents of the Black Leg of Sugar Beet develop and affect shoots at raised
temperatures and air humidity; in heavy damp soils; in thickened crops; and at
deep placement of seeds.
• P. debarianum develops at optimum temperature 16-19.C, soil acidity 4.7-7.3
pH, soil humidity over 60%.
• Agent of fusariosis develops at optimum temperature 18-27.C (minimum 10.C,
maximum 35.C); optimum air humidity 40-70%.
• Infecting agents are kept in the ground on vegetation residues and in seeds.
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Infectious diseases
Economic significance
• The disease results in decrease of root yield by 40-50%, of sugar yield by 11% to
40.5%.
Control
• crop rotation,
• deep autumn plowing of fields,
• application of fertilizers,
• seed dressing,
• removal of weak plants
Infectious diseases of roots
Zgnilizna korzeni Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs.
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27.03.2023

Rhizoctonia Root and Crown Rot
Rizoktonioza Rhizoctonia solani Küchn i Rhizoctonia spp.

Fusarium Yellows and Fusarium Root Rot
Fuzariozy Fusarium spp. Link
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Rhizopus root rot of sugar beet
Zgnilizna korzeni Rhizopus arrhizus FisherFusarium spp. Link
Pests
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Pests
Aphids
Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae
Class Insecta, order Homoptera
• The aphids Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae may cause direct feeding damage to
sugarbeet.
• They, and other aphids, are more important as vectors of beet viruses (Beet yellows
closterovirus and Beet mild yellowing luteovirus).
• The root aphid Pemphigius fuscicornis has caused occasional damage in central Europe in
recent years, but no special control measures have been applied.
To zdjęcie, autor: Nieznany autor, licencja: CC BY
Pests
Aphids
Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae
• Direct damage by A. fabae and M. persicae varies from year to year.

• Early-season treatments against aphids as virus vectors constitute the first step in control
of aphids as pests.
• Later in the season, a generally accepted threshold for damage is when colonies of more
than 30 aphids are present on 50% of the plants.
• A foliar spray should then be applied. Such treatments will generally not be useful if
made after the foliage closes.
• In the case of heavy infestation, it is advisable to use a mixed formulation of contact and
systemic insecticides.
To zdjęcie, autor: Nieznany autor, licencja: CC BY-SA
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Pests
Wireworms and white grubs
The larvae of certain Elateridae (Agriotes spp., wireworms) and Melolonthidae
(Melolontha spp., white grubs) damage the roots of beet plants
• Wireworms cut the roots of young plants and damage older roots at collar level.
• White grubs damage roots, particularly in spring.
• Development of wireworms takes several years, and adults and larvae of different ages
coexist each year.
• Development of white grubs takes 3-4 years and is generally synchronized.
• Damage normally only occurs from the 3rd larval stage onwards, starting in the year after
adult flight.
Pests
Wireworms and white grubs
Elateridae (Agriotes spp., wireworms) and Melolonthidae (Melolontha spp.,
white grubs)
• Preceding crops which favour these pests should be avoided (e.g. long-term grassland).
• Knowledge of the level of population of wireworms and white grubs in the soil is needed
to make a decision on treatment.
• If the number of larvae is higher than 2 per m2, a soil treatment, with granules in the row,
is advised at sowing.
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Pests
Centipedes, millipedes and springtails
Blaniulus guttulatus (snake millipede), Scutigerella immaculata (garden
centipede) and Onychiurus armatus (springtail)
• Centipedes, millipedes and springtails normally occur together as part of the soil-pest
complex.
• They feed on the roots of seedlings and on very young seedlings, causing irregular
feeding spots.
• Damage is by dying of seedlings or reduced growth and malformation, especially on moist
and heavy soils after green manure or grass stubble.
• Springtails normally live on fungi and require moist conditions with sufficient organic
matter.
Blaniulus guttulatus Scutigerella immaculata Onychiurus armatus
Pests
Centipedes, millipedes and springtails
Blaniulus guttulatus (snake millipede), Scutigerella immaculata (garden
centipede) and Onychiurus armatus (springtail)
• Wet spots in the field should be prevented and all measures taken to promote good
germination and rapid seedling growth.
• Beet should preferably not be grown after green manure or grass seed.
• Infestation is also reduced by sowing in a shallow seedbed and mechanical weed control
after emergence of the seedlings.
• If damage is expected, the normal insecticide treatment against soil pests should give
adequate control.
https://ucanr.edu/blogs/strawberries-
vegetables/index.cfm?tagname=Blaniulus%20guttulatus
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Pests
Weevils
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris, Tanymecus palliatus, T. dilaticollis,
Psalidium maxillosum, Otiorhynchus ligustici and Lixus junci may attack beet.
• The crop is most vulnerable to the weevils during germination and while it is still young.
• The main pest is the adult, except for B. punctiventris and L. junci which are also
dangerous as larvae.
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris
Pests
Weevils
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris, Tanymecus palliatus, T. dilaticollis,
Psalidium maxillosum, Otiorhynchus ligustici and Lixus junci may attack beet.
• The weevils usually attack frontally.

• Plants are affected along the rows, less often patches.
• The symptoms are the following: regular or irregular feeding on the leaf or petiole,
sometimes destruction of seedlings before or after emergence.
• Exceptionally, a whole planting may be destroyed.
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Pests
Weevils
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris, Tanymecus palliatus, T. dilaticollis, Psalidium maxillosum, Otiorhynchus ligustici and
Lixus junci may attack beet.
• The highest damage occurs in central and eastern Europe, caused by B. punctiventris,
which is favoured by successive dry, warm springs.
• P. maxillosum does most damage in cool springs.
• The weevils develop in 1 or 2 years.
• Most species spread only on the soil surface and do not fly.
• They mostly feed during the evening and the night.
Pests
Weevils
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris, Tanymecus palliatus, T. dilaticollis, Psalidium maxillosum, Otiorhynchus ligustici and
Lixus junci may attack beet.
• It is important to determine the insect population in autumn before overwintering, then

in the spring during the vegetation on the old and new fields.
• Various cultural methods will reduce weevil damage: proper crop rotation, timely sowing,
conditions favouring regular and rapid seedling development, good weed control.
• Insecticides are generally applied as sprays along the rows, at the time of sowing.
• It may also be necessary to spray the edges of fields against immigrating weevils.
• The best time for spraying is late afternoon, when the weevils are feeding on plants
above the soil.
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Pests
Cutworms and leaf-feeding noctuids
Agrotis spp., Euxoa nigricans, Noctua pronuba, Autographa gamma, Mamestra
oleracea
• Cutworms (larvae of noctuids such as Agrotis spp., Euxoa nigricans and Noctua pronuba)
live in the soil and feed on the roots of beet, mainly at collar level.
• Larvae of other noctuids shelter in the soil during the day and emerge at night to feed on
the foliage (Autographa gamma, Mamestra oleracea).
Autographa gamma
Pests
oleracea
Euxoa nigricans
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Pests
oleracea
• Though cutworms can be controlled with the soil-applied insecticides used for other soil
pests (wireworms, white grubs, etc.), they can also be controlled by foliar sprays.
• A single spray application is generally sufficient, against young larvae, as soon as damage
is seen.
• Leaf-feeding noctuids are controlled by foliar sprays as soon as damage is seen.
Pests
Cassida spp. (tortoise beetles)
Cassida nobilis, C. nebulosa
• There are two species of some significance : Cassida nobilis and C. nebulosa.
• Both adults and larvae feed on the leaves of young beet plants.
• They are specially important in Mediterranean countries where sugarbeet is grown as a
winter crop.
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Pests
Cassida spp. (tortoise beetles)
• Foliar sprays of insecticides should be applied when the first larvae are seen.
• A single application is generally sufficient.
Pests
Beet Fly, Beet Leaf Miner
Pegomyia hyosciami Panzer.
Class Insecta, order Diptera, family Anthomyiidae, genus Pegomyia.
DESCRIPTION
• Adult 5-6 mm long; thorax mainly greyishbrown; abdomen reddish-brown; legs

yellow with black tarsi.
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Pests
Class Insecta, order Diptera, family Anthomyiidae, genus Pegomyia.
DESCRIPTION
• Egg 0.8 mm long, broadly elongate, white; chorion reticulate.

• Larva up to 8 mm long, greenish-white to yellowish-white; anterior spiracles 8-
lobed, fan-like; posterior spiracles relatively small, surrounded by numerous
prominent papillae.
• Puparium 6-7mm long, dark reddish-brown, barrel-shaped; posterior spiracles
prominent.
Pests
BIOLOGY
• Adults appear in early spring and deposit their eggs in small batches on the
underside of host leaves.
• The eggs hatch in about 5 days.
• The larvae then burrow directly into the leaf tissue.
• They feed gregariously for about 2 weeks and form large, brown blotch mines,
each of which commences as a linear gallery.
• Fully grown larvae enter the soil to pupate, and a second generation of adults
emerges in July.
• In favourable areas and seasons, a third generation of adults appears from late
August to early September.
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Pests
Damage
• Eggs are deposited on the lower side of the leaves.

• The larvae mine between the upper and lower epidermis, making transparent
irregular mines that turn brownish when they dry up.
• There are normally several generations per year, but only the first inflicts
damage.
Life cycle
adult larvae diapausa
eggs puparium
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Pests
Control
• agronomical actions promoting fast growth of culture,

• destruction of weeds,
• deep autumn plowing.
• insecticide treatments in the period of oviposition every 7-8 days,
• beet seed dressing.
Pests
Control strategy
• Economic damage occurs only when plants are small and chemical control is not
needed after the 6-leaf stage.
• If systemic insecticides are used against the soil insect complex or aphids (as
granules or seed treatment), these will control the first generation of Pegomyia
betae.
• Otherwise foliar sprays may be used, on the basis of regular inspection of the
crop, when the number of eggs or larvae per plant exceeds 4 at the 2-leaf stage,
or 6 at the 4-leaf stage. One application is sufficient.
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Pests
Pygmy mangold beetle
Atomaria linearis
Class Insecta, order Coleoptera, family Cryptophagidae, genus Atomaria Steph.
DESCRIPTION
• Adult 1.3-1.5mm long, brown and elongate, the body surface finely punctured;
antennae prominent, 11-segmented and slightly clubbed
www.alfachem.com.ua
www.colpolon.biol.uni.wroc.pl
Pests
Atomaria linearis
Class Insecta, order Coleoptera, family Cryptophagidae, genus Atomaria Steph.
DESCRIPTION
• Egg elongate-oval, milky-whitish, 0.4-0.44 mm in diameter.

• Larva mainly white, with yellowish head and brownish mandibles; its
integument covered with sparse and fine hairs. Head is broad and flat with
protruding labrum. Body length of mature larvae is to 2.3 mm.
• Pupa covered with fine hairs located on small prominences. Its last abdominal
segment has 2 long spicules.
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Pests
Atomaria linearis
Damage
• The adult beetles bite into the roots and hypocotyl of plants, producing
characteristic pits that soon turn black
• Atomaria linearis feeds just below the soil surface, making small round holes in
stem and main root, killing some seedlings before emergence.
• A. linearis may also attack the leaves under humid conditions.
• If the crop is still in the 1-2-leaf stage, damage may be considerable.
Importance
Damage by the pest occurs during cold and moist

springs, when adults stay in the soil longer than usual.
In the last case about 45% of seedlings perish
following drought.
Pests
Atomaria linearis
Control
• The adult beetles bite into the roots and hypocotyl of plants, producing
characteristic pits that soon turn black
• Atomaria linearis feeds just below the soil surface, making small round holes in
stem and main root, killing some seedlings before emergence.
• A. linearis may also attack the leaves under humid conditions.
• If the crop is still in the 1-2-leaf stage, damage may be considerable.
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Pests
Atomaria linearis
Control
• Seed treatments: benfuracarb, carbofuran, imidacloprid, tefluthrin.

• Soil treatments: aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan,
isofenphos, oxamyl, phorate, phoxim, tefluthrin, terbufos.
• Sprays: acephate, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos,
cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim,
triazophos.
Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Chaetocnema concinna
Class Insecta, order Coleoptera, family Chrysomelidae, genus Chaetocnema Steph.
This species is a pest of sugar and fodder beet; also causes damage to buckwheat,
spinach and sorrel to a lesser degree.
DESCRIPTION
Adult 1.5-2.0 mm long, black to bronzy-black and shiny, with deeply punctured
elytra and a pointed projection on each middle and hind tibia
Larva up to 6 mm long; body mainly white; head small, brown; thoracic legs small;
prothoracic plate and anal plate light brown.
www.agroatlas.ru
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Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Biology
• The adult beetles overwinter in herbage along ditches, in hedgerows and woods.
• Beetles appear at the end of March or in April at temperatures of 8-9°C, and eat
leaf parenchyma.
• Propagation begins at 19.5°C.
• Oviposition occurs from the 1st third of June until the end of July.
• Female lays eggs in groups of 2-6 in the soil near host plants at a depth of 3-5
cm.
• Fertility is about 40 eggs.
• The larvae feed on the roots for up to 6 weeks.
• New adults appear after pupation (2 weeks) - from July.
• Young adults feed throughout the summer before seeking overwintering sites.
Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Damage
It sometimes occurs in enormous numbers on lighter, sandy soils shortly after

sowing and on young plants.
• The adults bite out small, circular pits in the cotyledons and leaves; these
feeding punctures often coalesce and, later, develop into holes as the plant
tissue grows.
herbs.hdc.org.uk
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Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Damage

• Extensive feeding leads to defoliation and to the death of growing points.

Infestations are particularly damaging on slow-growing beet seedlings (e.g. in
cold, dry conditions); attacks on older plants are of little or no significance.
• Larvae, although attacking plant roots, are of no significance.
www.isip.de
Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Damage

• Extensive feeding leads to defoliation and to the death of growing points.

Infestations are particularly damaging on slow-growing beet seedlings (e.g. in
cold, dry conditions); attacks on older plants are of little or no significance.
• Larvae, although attacking plant roots, are of no significance.
www.isip.de
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Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Control
The entire crop may be destroyed, especially at seedling stage, unless insecticides
are applied.
If systemic insecticides are used against the soil insect complex or aphids (as
granules or seed treatment), these will control C. concinna.
Otherwise foliar sprays may be used, on the basis of regular inspection of the crop.
Normally a single application is sufficient.
Pests
Mangold flea beetle
Control
Main insecticides
• Seed treatments: imidacloprid. Soil treatments: aldicarb, bendiocarb,
carbofuran, carbosulfan, oxamyl, phorate.
• Foliar sprays: acephate, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, esfenvalerate, lambda-
cyhalothrin.
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Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Heterodera schachtii
Phylum Nematoda, class Secernentea, order Tylenchida, suborder Hoplolaimina,
superfamily Hoplolaimoidea, family Heteroderidae, genus Heterodera.
DESCRIPTION Obligate parasite
• female is lemon shaped, white (0.31-0.89 x 0.19-0.67 mm);

• male is vermiform, transparent (0.97-1.63 x 0.028-0.042 mm).
• eggs are oval (0.122-0.14 x 0.049-0.053 mm);
• vermiform larvae of I and II instars (0.415-0.44 x 0.05-0.09 mm).
Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Life cycle
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Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Life cycle
When the female dies, the cuticle becomes tanned, brown, tough and minutely rugose,
forming a protective envelope, the cyst, containing 500-600 eggs.
Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Life cycle
When the female dies, the cuticle becomes tanned, brown, tough and minutely rugose,
forming a protective envelope, the cyst, containing 500-600 eggs.
Within the cysts, the larvae keep in anabiosis 9 years in the absence of host plants (sugar
beet, cabbage, rutabaga, rape, spinach, false flax, orach, common lambsquarters, wild cress,
shepherd's purse).
Cysts of H. schachtii spread with soil, water and wind.
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Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Damage
• Second-stage juvenile (J2) enters lateral roots which may cease to grow or die
and are replaced by others resulting in a whiskered appearance.
• Plants wilt, top growth and yields are reduced, initially in patches which spread
with repeated crops.
nematode.unl.edu
Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Control
• Growing beet or other host plants not more than once every 5 years will achieve
this, but this is not common practice.
• The crop rotation is usually more intensive than once in 5 years, and regular soil
surveys are necessary (counts of viable cysts).
• The growing of resistant cruciferous crops as green manure in summer also
reduces cyst populations considerably.
• Early sowing of the beet crop allows the formation of a good root system before
the larvae leave the cysts (14°C), and reduces the susceptibility to drought later
in the season.
34
27.03.2023
Pests
Beet cyst nematode
Control
• oksamyl
• fluopyram
35

4 Diseases and Pests of Sugar Beet

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4 Diseases and Pests of Sugar Beet

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27.03.

Pest and diseases

• various degrees of stunting,

• increased sodium content

• Use of resistant cultivars

Evidence of the disease: ELISA test in the laboratory

Basic strategy (EPPPO standards)

• not using water from possibly contaminated drains,

Yellow-orange discoloration usually starting from the extremity of the leaves.

• transmitted by : Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae

Evidence of the disease: ELISA test in the laboratory

• Avoid the presence of host plants

Basic strategy (EPPPO standards)

• avoid growing crops near beets for seed production;

• Class Ascomycota, order Sordariales, family Laesiosphaeriaceae, genus

Individual ash-colored circular lesions with

The development of disease is highly dependent upon:

The fungus survives as spores and spore-bearing structures (psuedostromata) on

• using disease free seed

• using leaf spot-tolerant cultivars

Rotation of fungicides with differing modes of action to avoid development of resistance in

Control (EPPO standards)

• Pythium debarianum - Class Oomycota, order Pythiales, family Pythiaceae,

• Pythium debarianum - Class Oomycota, order Pythiales, family Pythiaceae,

underground part of shoots in initial phases

aboveground part of the affected plant

Infectious diseases of roots

Zgnilizna korzeni Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs.

Infectious diseases of roots

Infectious diseases of roots

Infectious diseases of roots

To zdjęcie, autor: Nieznany autor, licencja: CC BY

• Direct damage by A. fabae and M. persicae varies from year to year.

To zdjęcie, autor: Nieznany autor, licencja: CC BY-SA

Blaniulus guttulatus Scutigerella immaculata Onychiurus armatus

Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris

• The weevils usually attack frontally.

Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris

Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris

• It is important to determine the insect population in autumn before overwintering, then

Cassida nobilis, C. nebulosa

Cassida nobilis, C. nebulosa

• Adult 5-6 mm long; thorax mainly greyishbrown; abdomen reddish-brown; legs

• Egg 0.8 mm long, broadly elongate, white; chorion reticulate.

• Eggs are deposited on the lower side of the leaves.

adult larvae diapausa

• agronomical actions promoting fast growth of culture,

• Egg elongate-oval, milky-whitish, 0.4-0.44 mm in diameter.

Damage by the pest occurs during cold and moist

• Seed treatments: benfuracarb, carbofuran, imidacloprid, tefluthrin.

It sometimes occurs in enormous numbers on lighter, sandy soils shortly after

It sometimes occurs in enormous numbers on lighter, sandy soils shortly after

• Extensive feeding leads to defoliation and to the death of growing points.

It sometimes occurs in enormous numbers on lighter, sandy soils shortly after

• Extensive feeding leads to defoliation and to the death of growing points.

DESCRIPTION Obligate parasite

• female is lemon shaped, white (0.31-0.89 x 0.19-0.67 mm);

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