I

I
I
i

* ~fe-re:ones
lnern'g ,.1 ond '· Non-+nellti.a LJ.:frgm e of ·~
I . I
. ,I
I I . ·_, ' - ·--~~1- -·· - - \ ~ I• ,-

1 I ' I 1 ·, I I I ,· . '

- - - -
1
__ l_1I _L 1,· 1 ~ -, ~ < , \ .•~- 1 - , ', 1
, • ••

oefn!_ Frame o:f' ~re'YQnce ~-- ·---

~ weU de:£ini' ~ co.m-.dJnate _8ya~ m - ~; ~' -~ ~tc~~ e
m ,d,i on _o_~ _b_o_d_'-1_ f5_ deg:_r Lbe.,d~ ts_cgJJ_~d a.s __fr_a me.
-df.,' ~fe~n ce. __ -

~ !~Rn- 'd€BLYCbl_n9_ :tb_e_ rmot,'on o L b_od_te.s_o n the e.ar+h

1
1 we. dJ OQS_e_ CLfr_am ~_ of~ ___x_e. fE. -re n c.e rt~,Ld ,~ conrte,cted
1

--lo +tie. e_ar_tb~ - - -

I
- ----..;.. ---- - - -
I - -- ~ .,.- - - - - - - .__..-

oe.~n:- lnettiq t .:Erom e~ o.f~~Yknce~~ _ _ _ -

1
'· ---
·11 In tbl'.S_ fr_q_me_._th e..__S~_:S_tem.S__Q_b_e.11- -~ ewton' s_ l_aw of
,I inerti a and other_ lows _of Newto ofan ro.e._C.h QOfc.s .
• tn th,~ fra!rl~, o _bo_o\ ~ - not-__9_c~ cidu p_qn__J_Q·~~ e± ter-na. \ tor c.e. ,. u
1 1

.\t ,r s,··at Y:e_9i-x O"f;• ·,ro oy @__g ~w .Lt-h_ ,Q,,- ccnsJ;qn t ,_:,LeJ4 dh_J. _ _ _ .
, E<j• Bur.fac e -~f ~'rih .~ ~;1 in~~ ; ·-~":'11~ · '· . ~· _ ,_: _ _ _ _
---.- - - - --- 1

De.tn ~~ Non-tn ~l'hta ~ r_ -rr-drn e· ~t 1

1M ~ ~,({e. /. l ' 1
' i l ,· ' , - -- - -

• In thr.s fra m e, a b.od!f-- iS _ .DQt _a_c re_d-, u·pon 'h~ •. an~

,I e._xer~·q l · ..food: . .2.8:-r\ Lt/ i.t_LB_ .,A.CGE::LE·R'A;-fED. ; '- ·. - '

~ :'. Ne,wton~s taw_Q~ _no+ \/oJ fd. ··_ ·. ~ - ·- L.> ' :_. - L - · ' ·~ 1
--

i 8:J· A -~in_ p_!Qr_ec)"Dti ~ - 'rO~tl n~ -~~ le w'.·uglfd~

·i -1-o 'ffie,.- 9ert phe_r-,y thoug h_ no , vrs11'l e-,_ p l-J:Shes ': t ~
'1 a.WO.~ from w,tre_,
!- I. (
I I
I ~ [
I
)
•.
• l I • \
• •
0
f ,1 · -
11 , . t
1
1

1
I
I .
'
I , •I i

II
I
 -- -- -

' ; / . .. f
' .
- - - - ~ - - - - - -...::. ?ti
0 ?.<-
1 t , '
I
1 ' ' I
' ·
·
o' ' I ,• (
l I , . ,
, •

,r., . 1 , • I
\ 1 J • ( I ( ; /, ; ' f I i
.
1

- -

- -
r: I \ I .. r: ' r ' ' ) ~ ' ' • ., t ~
► (_ . ,' · -\

Ii z. - -

· __ -~ , • '. '~ 01·"fJ1r't'1ate: +ra n.e-f.oirmgtio_n !~ z.

I

1
' ' · ·, , , : ·, ; ••

ue,f i ,,uls •·_c.oh'Sf _olet-, +c.uo · uam e •of .-re_fe-rence ,· 8

\ •
1-and s-1·•
~ • .. ) t
~
I ' I ' ,. I . ( . ; , ( I • t ,
Let- , w. t • o+' S • ~tc,t iv-e to 8 be ~ V,x• .
• I • ! • I I •• I I

' ·
l; Co_na1'd f'r QJ') e.ve.nt ~tira_ppe'( )iY)~ r at, ,-p,
',at,. o.·ny ,-, ·
.; 1_pa-rtt:cu.l Otf'f +,~ e' +: " , : ( . .. .. ,.
Le. t tb e . cdo'r cl t!Y1Jpt ~ ._o ~ P · w-r+-· ,9 I? e C?<., y-, z , i) · t(
w 'r+ <3 : be (?(_ \ y ' ) Z._\ t, 2- ~ I ·, , • ., • -- - • • • r I I f I I /

. 1 Lef ',t.t9 choo se._our- ·o

1
t~es ,·eu..ch --lt1a.·v ?t..o nd· ?{~ 1

•a-re:. ' p C\ ..--0.1 (.€ I· +o

V • Aj 1' ~ z.,', CX ,-,;d '.0....,-e_, · pO."l'Q I teJ •
+-o y g z ~.Sp ·
Let u~ at.so cou__n-t -the tim e -from the fnst an+
tune n O'Yl~ (_3 t'n.9 (J l O' c.ofn CJcle,
 -
\ •r •, ~I \ • .- ''

- ~\
''
Jl l.
- -- (

--------- ---
1
X ·=. ? ( _ ~ V.K t
- -------'--- ,I '

'1' -=- y - CD
_ _ _ _ _ _ _:Z -~ '·2.1---
~ ' -·_, ~

t_l -= t
0A n CD are ca I Le__d &a l fl ea :o +ro ns.:£::rrrn cdi o ri .fey_ c o_o Y Q ·,na t-e s . '-
• I

r _ _ _. . .:. .:___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _.',

_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _._

~ _j..\~.e'-t'-_ ____,u= 9___,_,......--=, m~

a ,__,_s,___,u""'--L.._
a __,_ e- + '---
a L,_
.L.LL"""
±b . "'~od
--'b 14~ _0" es pa 'Y'Q 1le 1 to )(-Q
. .'
x ,:s
wffin u . ' • r, , \f ; ,. ,,, I C I ·, '( '
, I I . \

. I, ( \
-dt ' f . \ I' '

Ve1ou ~ d?<. - V-x.dt

If \ o\t' I
''
' I I I I I I I (· l I , ·' I

.,,! '

,. r I ( •

, • ,' ~ ' t '

.I '
.• I I I I 1
 1;; - - - - - - - - - - - -
;

- ---- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
.. - - - - -- - -
I '

- - - - - . : .1'--
I

The re£o~--1!2Tc.es do~ NOT 'ch~ nge £r~m : ,one

-&a.me to aY)othe.r whJ'cb a boW.9' • 1-tma·f 1 N e wto n s , · 1
I

,:•n~~,
-----

' law.B a~ !NVAR1Al\~T w-rt- 6uHle_Q'ry :h1ans·m+mation. ------- 7 1

---------1
~ Umt'tat,·on: -~,.I .- 1 , ,
'
1.,
• I
., . t 1 1 i h \' " 1,
--._
1

1
- -- ---...:®
==---"'~
!. . .'. ( -=
ea~ n----1.
i"r
2-:a
=..!...1-
n>-l...s~
~ -~r..m.Ll,a
!. . '. ,Lt(.L.!,~0~
·0 ca 8_es ----.]
.1=~~ a~'1'c. .l,·._i-~
Nl.3, ;0~CI"----'-"
V-'--
A.,_.l. . . . _t_,,D:____:fb
, ,., -r
--..,
u, he-rt 'v opp.nxicbes 'ta th e vo..lue·. of 'c' cve.r•of lf~h+). ~
1 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - -I'- - - -- -
ii I • ' /. • ' 'I I I , •
• I

' I ' I
i I

- - --"~ Po.S:tUJ.Q_te..6,_.'_________. _I
1
_ _ _ _ _ __ __

--·I

----"'G)~ ~A.U_ r-h-4AicaJ~ la:w-5 oJw ;the~- (ea1m f · ,·,rr a 1Lin_e_,-ti'GA L

_____' :fur_0,m~ ',C,·f · :te;fe_-re noe . Lu b fC b a'.Y£ mO_'J_l'-ng· I wf th - -----_
I I I j
- - -~ c.ons+. veJ,· -reJati~ ,·:to• ~cb rothe"i;"• · ! . - , , _

__®-rb_e_ s_p· of light rn vacc,um t's the. same ,·n

- - - -~ : b ·~
·a~'~rr~o~m
~· _p._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

- ---- - -- - - -- - -- -- -- - - - - -- -- --
 t

ri..''n, e transfo r-mC\t ,·on e..9uat ;or,B -thcd- oppltj -f-o-r all
n,/ Gpeecls up to veJociicj or li'3 ht 'c' · n vid in coY'po:rote
the ,nvariq_n ce Of s pe.ed· of tight were. devel oped 11

b~ H·A · LQ-rent z.. The~ o.,ye know n OE> Lo'Y'Qntz trcu·-,5--ft,ymo-tion.

0 ?(__

z_ z'
Let us consid_e_Y- two_ ,nerti·a1 -fm_m £E_ o_-E _:r-e.fe_):e_nce_ 9 S'.
arid

Let i +he _veJoc.1·~ of G' ~lati ve to S be_ v oJ ong ±ve..___ __

?e.-d t'Y n .
Let, c p_u !Ge o ~ l ,·9ht be. gener a te_d . a-t t == o Cfrom o'Yi·g, li) A

Now I conedd-er fue__ ,s ttuan or)_ w'nen put~e 'Y'Q..aches Opt• p.

Let the coord ina t-e.. of P _w"r t S · 6-e (,x, Y-, z> i:_)_ o Y1°'
w ,t- S ' b e (_~' , y ' z' , t' ) •
J

Co nstdeY If~ ht- pu tge +rcrV'e ls , n the rx.-d i,y,e_c.n_on.

S i n ce, 1n e.. s ~stern mo\/ es _- on \ y 1n ?e.- cH Y ~ , y and -z.. co o Yd in~

do notch on~e. -
~ =: y'
z.=-z'
 'I I
I I

o.nd ?<...,=Ct
~' == ct'
tI I I ' J I

~
; I I
_I I_ 1_ I .. ·' I, \ I I ( I I

UsfnCj .® g_@ In @)1.l@ , I,'.

--- . -_________ _c i. ~:: _t,\ Cc.-l -vt~

_ ______ __ C t __ == ~ (Ct'+ Vt\)

, - - - - -- -- · - - --- - - ~
M_u 1-:Hply LD~ _@ __&@, i ____ _
1 r ct 1 +~-t_ 1) J
____c2 tt = , [
/\(C -l-v -t)]. L~(
'

.·. c)t Y= __ 6: dCc-v)Cc.+v)

1, ' '

I ' ' ·,II) ',- G~ I- V 2 . I

-f

' A=,- It 1'' ( ,,I • : I I I

J!~Vi ·
I I I I

'I ,
' • ,, l '· 1
. r. '2
0 ! I I. . ( I I

r I - - - -- - - - -
-r--

u S. 111~ - @ •·n@ ,· ·
I ' ' I I ', I'

rI'\..v l - ~
A..-V t

• ! /,
 ,,, ___

~ :. t' '::
t- vrx..c2 -@
_.,,,, ----- ~ l J. 'y'l
fleffl@
------- c2

I o:rent2 ce en-dina re ±mn,s-£ormqtioo f'AY)s a:re ~iv_n b~

lJ x' - : ; ?t-Vc -fmm©

\ .

~ c2-

Q__

I '
\ I I' ·3)
I 2 . 1I - Z ' I 1 ,.
1
1 ',

y) t1- t V'X
c'L ' I'

J 1 v
Ic'2
2
 ·- - - - -~
L ~o ~
'Y'<~n
? rr.h___L'O.Ye_tfi£ :tro n s fu 'rm ct±io_n ·.-~
·- - - - - - - --
1 , •

- - - --- '-- ------''--1__2i.-c__=--..,:?e..:::...._

"+ .
___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __Jj l •.l.·1_~v~t},<_'_v__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2
__,_ _ _: _ _ _ _ ___:1~ : -- -~c.2.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
--- --- -

_ __
( ,'
2.) y ~-Y I .
I , ,
----
\ ' ' , I
' I
·r ' I ' ,· I

4) t t'+ \/ ?l I

. ' I\

1 y2
c2.
I • I

1 1 · f •

NO TS~~ J::b e u,__xe_ntz veJ o ci:Tij +r a ns

-fo nn a ti o ns a "f€ 8,~t \ b t1 ·.-

9 u!X' - u?C -v
\ - U~ 'v

_ __:_ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
-- --
---- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- --- -
 - - - - - - - - -1-

- · iw1tm@ttmllllDffM - -
~~-~t
- -- - -+ ---- ).._
I

.R-'

- - -- - -- -
'Z.

_Co nS td e r :\w o fro me _g o ~ ye -te. r-en t.e ~~ <.. :..-

1
S a n d S • -= --- -'- --- --- -·
__ _i_e+ 9' is m cv 1ng w,t h ve\. \J rrelath,"e. to
9_ olo ~__ x._d,-yn_
__ _ Le± o y-od b_e._ r-,a_c_e..d____in_ S_' olo ~-
2t~- .~~
: :. :. X.'5
c. .c:=---
. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .,
\t rx.. 1-anL,.tiL:A- coo'Yd i na_te~ o_f_ tb_e_
-
, ""'a- ~
I
' en_d~ of the__r_o_cL..-- ---,
_ _· _:tb
~ " leng.±b of the_ :cod jn s_ysrem s' ·; ; , _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ,
L\ '= X2.\ - \
"X, \_ _ fl'\
-____:'-Y
, ,~ - - - - -- --

\f 9C , n d, ,x 2. a ,ye_ e_o_o. , - d n,a t-e s · 'c .{: e. n d s o f .o

0 d , _fu e
\en'j ±:b o'r ~d: in S'45\-em_f LL~,,- - - -
-- - -
J... '::; 'X-2-?(__\1_ __ _ _-_ (i)_ -
- -- -- ---

-- --- -
-- - -- -- -

- ---- - - ---
f' --
1

_ _ _ _ __ __ __] U-t- @ _ tD_(D_, _ - - - -- - ·_.:'. .- - - -~ -

/

_ _ __ _ _ __:.__ _ ...,__I_~~ 2cI ~'X'. ,' - ---- - - - - -- - - -

X2 -V t 'X r -V t
- - - - - : - - - - - --

L-....- - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____:__ _
c12.
- -

--t -v~ -----

.-f --~~ -- -- - - - -
-=- 9(2 v+ ?C,+Jt
) I vi}_;_
~ - c~

-- <X:i.-?e.1

I
Ji v2
c'2 . . I
I
I

I, .! t l
I
I
''

''I' I'

- Ji · . I
I I
' I
I •

I
I it l f t I \ I ' I

J
' /,

'} '12 . I
' i I I I I
I
'
I

cri I
I

I
-::: - \J f'J.. . ·, .. . ' 1· , Ag I·-' \J
2
<\ .::;:,
' '
C '2 ,c'2.
' I
I I
I' . (

• :re ntz ~ ·Fi±zera l d contra ctlJ~oo ' I

I .

_ j_ __ , \___LJ_
__J_L______Ll~±h_n -the 'rD d m Q Vi ng . w i th ttri:: ye IOe,i
:.__..~~-~~ ~~-=--to tb e obserVeY is co :rrtmct--ed b l/ fu r'toY , ~~
f
·I

±:yr
. .!-.-'--'c~n- ~O~+_f-o
- - -~ ~~ ~,n.J_±b.L.Uke__!...d~,::re -,..L_~k~n~a~tu~n!..!. __~a~~- -- - - -----~~
~ r~L=e_•_,_T~h~i~B'-----'-IS
_ ~ n.!....!..
_ _ __1l_!oL YB - ---'F
z :___
t ....f=. tz
l-ll·-'<""""e'-<....Yi al
'---""=.=.c eo
d ------'-'"""-Jr'---'::tlv c :ti
a."""'
--L.1.--"C , t_
'. . J__~oL..!.n-.!....,___ t - - - - -- - -- - -~-
)f~-
,# T,me cHlcrn'on ' \ I ' I

Cons1.d.e.r iuJo -Frame.£ of ~,y-ence 9 and G'.

Let G' fg mov tng w,th velocity \J ~\Qtive to 8 aJo_
ng
--\-~ ,.,..,d,irection.
Guppose o. cJoc~ fs s,tuated
,'n the. system Sat
posi-h'o" ?t. and 9,ven etgna\s at- tntervo.l~ ·c') t ,• · · ·
- l l , I ' , ,,~t.:x:t12-·t, ~ . : ', - CD ' I

1.fih\'s '-tnte_ Yvaf ,·s obs·e.rV(:d bt{ ·O.t'l observer . Ln~Slf$te(D S.,
1

the·n : tY1·1!e-r~~, ~t' • = t~ --t.~- , · ~~ --"-® ~ ·· . -~

Ae_co rcl (n~' -to · LoYe.ntz tta n s.fbrmatl'o n, e._q T), we. tia ve •;-

t' = t - vrx..
c'l

TT '2.

I
t,' -: : tt - \/?t. .'. tf,2 '= tz-\/X
c'l. -@ c2
-®
F% '}_
R '2

j t-V 2
C '2.

: ,6 tt -
- At
'1~
- C2
 --------
-
- --
-- -
-
o.nd ~t=To J ' • '• r ( •, I

' T ·~ ' To 1 ' I l. . :. ,J. i' l , I I I

., , . ,'jJL=.!Cl!.,_ , I I ' I
I.

'
C '2 ,· '·
I, .

--- -·
' ' ' I
----
I '

. '
Con_cluEio_n 1 . · l :
..I.
L I
.. 'r I ,_\~"--•'_' l L -~ ~•-' ' (

r
- -
1 Th U9_, the t, ·m e intetvo/ _be.,tuteen ':.fu>o eventg__r-ec.orded
vfD9 _cJoc·k_r_Qp_pe.dr_s-' 1 ±o!tb~~ ~ ~-tY !thq o ~
· • ·1 -·b\.f _C\ l_mo_ 1
1 • I,--

-nm e. tn te'f v_o I - -bett.u ee n 8Q.mi1-eY0'JtS ve~rd·ecl b~ , I

.±,t,£_·ctock_· _when:.H- '· t& at -: ¥e_S.:t !. Tu i,s 111. ts ·catl led ( r

-time dilation,
,/
,,
--

I' -

'
L
. ' .,

/' .
I

- __ . , ,

L
.,9'1 I_
 I

Rrrmulae C' '

Rt LATI\J Ii'/

It I I ,. I

__E:o_r m_or.g_fno__tt>s, _ ?(
1
~ ')(. -v_~ t-_
- - - - , -- - --:1- -
u' - u
-:1------- ---· -- -
--- Z I ~ z.. I. • • ' ' ' '· r ' ·, , I • 0

I • • r
t' ::: t ,, _, '
_Eo-r ~lo_t-t~ty, _-1Jd_: : u?L-:-~ _·_ _
~ u
u'~ ---~- --- - - - -- - --- - - - - - - -
U-z.' =:-_U.z~·_, ________ __!_ _

fo_y_coo ,,-d ,no. te.s, __

u I
- - -,l.
= Ll,:x._ -V
\ - _ u~v __
c.2

t 1 -:: t - V?<..
c2.
 ' I ' I
' I

3) L£ X lg th
1 co ntraet-ion
11 , ... 1 '1
I

I
,,I
l '

- ·-
!
@ _o~
T ~_ Tc
·-··· -
~ ) , Trme drla.HorJ
,.
'I
. ,_.
..~~
?
____ ·-· /
II
m = mo '
._ . __ ~ Re.lativ-e. m a ss
..- -- - -·-
I I (
.· 4
'
f . ; I

ii
'? / rvia.sg -:e.ne.rg ~ ~la.+ton
L _ ,.
I

, _-
 ,_-
; Jrr__o_bJe m a h eet '' I l ' ' ' I

.L) _ &,~n~ ?!- = too ry1 ·' ,

.,- - ~-=- I9 rn _
z.:::. !>m I '

t ~ I 1J<J0-~..9 - \

- Ln
-r-;,0 '----D
________-1-
_y_ == i · "::J
_,_,__~d _
: _
x.'___,, -:,-
x Io 8 m ls
u ' , z •' -L,
.1... ' -=-- 7• ,v , n d e r- 9 o l ,1 e_a n _o" _ Lo_yenJ-z
o__fra.Jile_an__:bnn_s_±o_n:o_ati·~n ;_· __
- - -~fo
~ 'fn:l!JJ_.{). e ~- x' -: :. --x..__::- ~~t- ___
• I
. ,z..' ·':. z,
t'~l:: . '

-=- , oo -(2. :I x ,o~~C_l-x~ ' o_-_Lt~)- - - - - - - -- - ---------;

rx-' - -2 G' 9 oo 'YYJ

- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - ------>,1'-

y'=.-.y ::1om
--- · - - - : -- - - - - - - - - ~--- -
-

.,!.__ ;_ _ ____,2.~~'..__·L~ ot 2 tto n_s_-fbY!Y>Atto'-. .n:._,___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ---

_ _ __.:.•·-..:.,_,
_.:_- ··- - - -~ - - -t Q'o
:rlt .Ll a._ ~©- ~' ::..
«.. - \/ l
'---~
~- -- - -~ - -- - - - - -- -J== ===-~ - - - - - - - -
l~,
"t-- •· -- -- -' -- --- - - - - - - - -~v~~~--~~-~~
- -~ ~~ ~c'2-=___ _ _ ___:___ _ _ _~_ .

..- -·- - - - --;-i--- - - -

- - - - - - -- ~ ~_l } ~-~VL.2~' ·:_
__ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ·· _:...:.
· •__l..l..'.......'_:__:__.!_1_2_ · ~·~~
1 __!_•~ _:_

1 _ _ _ _ _ __. .:.~
"-\---'-_:·_c~,~- - - ~ ' ~ I•'._..'.'____:__ .:____ _
_ -
:l
\ I • ' •

._- -- - - - - ; - - - -
-- - -- -- - -
---------
' \- .
\j t -:: y ~ to rn
- - - - -- -

. _-; ,.

- - - -- - - - - -- - - -..._.9 ~:_..
9 ':f- X 1D- S
....:.
"\ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
I .....:~~==----- - -- -- - ---------
_ _ _ _ _ ____:__0· 43:~5,.- - -- -
- -- - --- -
· ,'. t' =- '2• 2.9 x1 0-· 5 ---
coo...-d toate 5 =- ( -61 32 .Sm , ,o m , D rn , 2, ,2-C\ x 10 4 ~-J
 ~ .1) ; _v_~3P_'r1?J_s
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