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    Centrifugal Pump

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    Fahim Tanvir

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    elon its CEFN) ots > 19.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called centrifugal pump. ‘The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an ‘external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of the liquid at that point ie tien ese ead = For 7), nhs he tf se pss, whe aes ‘more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high pressure head. Due to this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level. > 19.2 MAIN PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ‘The following are the main parts of a centrifugal pump : 1. Impeller. 2. Casing. 3. Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer. 4. Delivery pipe. All the main parts of the centrifugal pump are shown in Fig. 19.1. 1. Impeller. The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called ‘impeller’. It consists of a series of backward curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric motor. 2. Casing. The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air- tight passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the ceasing and enters the delivery pipe. The following three types of the casings are commonly adopted : 945 [946 Fluid Mechanics ] (@) Volute casing as shown in Fig. 19.1 (®) Vortex casing as shown in Fig. 19.2 (a). (©) Casing with guide blades as shown in Fig. 19.2 (6). (a) Volute Casing. Fig 19.1 shows the volute casing, which surrounds the impeller. It is of spiral type in which area of flow increases gradually. The increase in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow. The decrease in velocity increases the pressure of the water flowing through the casing. It has been observed that in case of volute casing, the efficiency of the pump increases slightly as a large amount of energy is lost due to the formation of eddies in this type of casing. DELIVERY PIPE DELIVERY VALVE SUCTION Le * PIPE sume FOOT VALVE. ‘AND STRAINER Fig. 19.1 Main parts of a centrifugal pump. () Vortex Casing. If a circular chamber is introduced between the casing and the impeller as shown in Fig. 19.2 (a), the casing is known as Vortex Casing. By introducing the circular chamber, the loss of energy due to the formation of eddies is reduced to a considerable extent. Thus the efficiency of the pump is more than the efficiency when only volute casing is provided. (©) Casing with Guide Blades. This casing is shown in Fig. 19.2 (6) in which the impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades mounted on a ring which is known as diffuser. The guide vanes are designed in such a way that the water from the impeller enters the guide vanes without stock. [ Centrifugal Pumps 947] ‘Also the area of the guide vanes increases, thus reducing the velocity of flow through guide vanes and consequently inereasing the pressure of water. The water from the guide vanes then passes through the surrounding casing which is in most ofthe cases concentric with the impeller as shown in Fig. 19.2 (6). 3. Suetion Pipe with a Foot valve and a Strainer. A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet ‘ofthe pump and other end dips into water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which is a non-return valve or one-way type of valve is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve ‘opens only in the upward direction, A strainer is aso fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. GUIDE VANES | VORTEX CHANBER {@) VORTEX CASING (©) CASING WITH GUIDE BLADES Fig. 19.2 Different types of casing. 4. Delivery Pipe. A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end delivers the water at a required height is known as delivery pipe. > 19.3 WORK DONE BY THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (OR BY IMPFLLER) ON WATER In case of the centrifugal pump, work is done by the impelter on the water. The expression for the $+] work done by the impeller on the water is obtained by drawing velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of the impeller inthe same way as for a turbine. The water oa ger lly wer foc BeRNCOEY M - ‘of the pump, which means the absolute velocity of water at inlet makes an angle of 90° with the direction OUTLET § ‘of motion of the impeller at inlet, Hence angle = 90° and V,,, = 0. For drawing the velocity triangles, the ‘same notations are used as that for turbines. Fig. 19.3 TANGENTTO shows the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tips IMPELLERAT \. P ofthe vanes fixed to an impeller. Let = Speed of the impeller in p.m. ameter of impeller at inlet, ‘angential velocity of impeller at inet, Fig. 19.3 Velocity triangles at inlet and outlet. [948 Fluid Mechanics ] =n 60 ‘Dz = Diameter of impeller at outlet, uy = Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet _ RDN 60 Absolute velocity of water at inlet, V,, = Relative velocity of water at inlet, G.= Angle made by absolute velocity (V,) at inlet with the direction of motion of vane, @ = Angle made by relative velocity (V,,) at inlet with the direction of motion of vane, and Vy V,,»B and 6 are the corresponding values at outlet. ‘AS the water enters the impeller radially which means the absolute velocity of water at inlet is in the radial direction and hence angle a= 90° and V,, = 0. ‘A centrifugal pump isthe reverse of a radially inward flow reaction turbine. But in case of a radially inward flow reaction turbine, the work done by the water on the runner per second. per unit weight ‘of the water striking per second is given by equation (18.19) as vy 1 = Livy — Vet a 1 Work done by the impeller on the water per second per unit weight of water striking per second = — [Work done in case of turbine] = [Ea : v0)) = Ohete) (19.1) Work done by impeller on water per second =v, 19.2) en where W = Weight of water = p x gx Q where Q= Volume of water and Q= Area x Velocity of flow = nD,B, x Vj = RDB, x V;, (19.2) where B, and B, are width of impeller at inlet and outlet and V;, and V,, are velocities of flow at inlet and outlet. Equation (19.1) gives the head imparted to the water by the impeller or energy given by impeller to water per unit weight per second. > 19.4 DEFINITIONS OF HEADS AND EFFICIENCIES OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 1. Suction Head (hy). Itis the vertical height ofthe centre line ofthe centrifugal pump above the water surface in the tank or pump from which water is o be lifted as showin in Fig. 19.1. This height is also called suction lift and is denoted by “h’. [ Centrifugal Pumps 949 | 2, Delivery Head (by). The vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the water surface in the tank to which water is delivered is known as delivery head. This is denoted by ‘h,’ 3. Static Head (H,). The sum of suction head and delivery head is known as static head. This is represented by °H,” and is written as H,=h,+ hy 19.3) 4. Manometric Head (H,,). The manometric head is defined as the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work. It is denoted by ‘H,,’. Itis given by the following expressions @ Head imparted by the impeller to the water ~ Loss of head in the pump Vt 7 a — Loss of head in impeller and casing (19.4) tous of pap Is zero (5) 8 © HH, ="Total head at outlet ofthe pump ~ Total hea atthe inlet ofthe pump : (2+ +a)-(&% woz) 9.6) pe 2e pe” 2e where 2 = Pressure head at outlet of the pump = hy Ps re ve ~ Velocity head at outlet of the pump 2g i 2g 2, = Vertical height of the outlet of the pump from datum line, and ‘Velocity head in delivery pipe 2. Mi 7.= Corresponding values of pressure head, velocity head and datum head at the inlet of pa’ 2g the pump, fies ty “and 2, respectively. 2¢ een oD 4, © a where, = Suction head, hy = Delivery head, J, = Frictional head loss in suction pipe, f,, = Frictional head loss in delivery pipe, and ‘Velocity of water in delivery pipe. 5. Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump. In case of a centrifugal pump, the power is transmitted from the shaft of the electric motor to the shaft of the pump and then to the impeller. From the impeller, the power is given to the water. Thus power is decreasing from the shaft of the pump to the impeller and then to the water. The following are the important efficiencies of a centrifugal pump : (a) Manometic efficiency, Muy (6) Mechanical efficiency, My and (©) Overall efficiency, n,. (a) Manometric Efficiency (Nyaq): The ratio of the manometric head to the head imparted by the impeller to the water is known as manometric efficiency. Mathematically, it is written as Manometric head Nmon = Fiead imparted by impeller to water [950 Fluid Mechanics ] (19.8) ‘The power at the impeller of the pump is more than the power given to the water at outlet of the pump. The ratio of the power given to water at outlet of the pump to the power available at the impeller, is known as manometric efficiency. WA, ‘The power given to water at outlet of the pump = "2" kw power gi PUMP = 569 Work done by impeller per second wy ‘The power at the impeller aa W Moy Xa 1000 Wx Hy = 1000 W, Ve, Xi ‘1000 (b) Mechanical Efficiency (Ny). The power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is more than the power available at the impeller of the pump. The ratio of the power available at the impeller to the power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is known as mechanical efficiency. It is written as KW Bx Hn Ve, Xl Man Power at the peller Power at the shaft Work done by impeller per second 1000 ‘The power at the impeller in kW = [Using equation (19.2)] 19.9) where $.P. = Shaft power. (©) Overall Efficieney (1). It is defined as ratio of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump. The power output of the pump in kW __ Weight of water lifted x Hy, _ WH, “ 1000 ~ T000- Power supplied by the electric motor P. of the pump. (rat) 1000 Wap 49.10) Also Me = Monon % Mo a9.) Power input to the pump [ Centrifugal Pumps 951] Problem 19.1 The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rip.m. The vane angles of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20° and 30° respectively. The water enters the impeller radially and veloc Slow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of water. Solution. Given Internal diameter of impeller, D, = 0.20. m External diameter of impeller, Dy = 400 mm = 0.40 m. Speed, Vane angle at inlet, Vane angle at outlet, Water enters radially* means, = 90° and V,,, = Velocity of flow, Vn Mp Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are, _ DN _ x0.20 1200 ae = = 12.56 mis and i= BOA, BXOA 1200 _ 9515 mis, 60 60 My Me From inlet velocity triangle, tan @ = A. = Yang im 1256 V;, = 12.56 tan 8 = 12.56 x tan 20° V, = 457 mis 57 mis wee — From out veloc wianpletan = A = a as 457 tan ~ tan 30° 25.13 ~ 7.915 = 17.215 mss. The work done by impeller per kz of water per second is given by equ _ 17215 x2513 “981 Problem 19.2 A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m'/s at a speed of 1450 rp.m. against a head of 25 m. The impeller diameter is 250 mm, its width at outlet is 50 mm and manometric efficiency is 75%, Determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller. Solution. Given : = 7915 (19.1) as, 44.1 Nm/N. Ans. Discharge, = 0.118 ms Speed, N= 1450 rp.m, Head, Hy=25m Diameter at outlet, D, = 250 mm = 0.25 m Width at outlet, B, = 50 mm = 0.05 m Manometric efficiency, — Tiyuy = 75% = 0.75. Let vane angle at outlet =o Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, w Fig, 19.5 * IF in the problem, this condition is not given even then the water is assumed to be entering radially unless stated otherwise [952 Fluid Mechanics ] 7X 0.25%1450 _ 1598 my 0 Discharge is given by — O18 5.0 ms. x 025x.05, 981x25 Using equation (19.8), = a ising equation (19.8), gay ¥,, x1898 = 98125 __ 98125 "2 Tig X1898 0.75 x18.98 From outlet velocity triangle, we have 7.23. a (w-¥.,) 1898-1723) = tan"! 1.7143 = 59.74° of 59° 44”, Ans. Problem 19.3 A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 metres and a design speed of 1000 rp.m. The vanes are curved back fo an angle of 30° with the periphery. The impeller diameter is 300 mm and outlet width is 50 mm. Determine the discharge of the pump if manometric afficency is 95%. Solution. Given : tan = 7143 Net head, Hy = 145 m Speed, N= 1000 rpm. Vane angle at outlet, $= 30° Impeller diameter means the diameter of the impeller at outlet 2. Diameter, D, = 300 mm = 0.30 m Outlet width, B, = 50 mm =0.05 m Manometric efficiency, — may = 95% = 0.95 Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, DN _ %x030 1000 60 0 fi Now usin 19.8). = ow sng eaton 198). Man = 7 981x145 0.95 = 281x145, ¥,, x15:70 095%145 _ 6 54 my, 095 15.70 Refer to Fig. 19.5. From outlet velocity triangle, we have y, y, s , s tan ¢= —Y4— or an 30° = ——Yi = au (570-954) ~ 6.16 Vj, = 6.16 xtan 30° = 3.556 mis. Discharge, = xD.B,xV, = 0.30 x 0.05 X 3.556 m'/s = 0.1675 m/s. Ans. [ Centrifugal Pumps 953 | Problem 19.4 A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at 1000 r.p.m. works against a total head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40° at outlet. Ifthe outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm, determine : (@) Vane angle at inlet, (it). Work done by impeller on water per second, and ii) Manometric efficiency. Solution. Given Speed, Head, Velocity of flow, ‘Vane angle at outlet, Outer dia. of impeller, Inner dia. of impeller, Width at outlet, B, = 50 mm = 0.05 m ‘Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are RDN _ ©x025% 1000 = BX025%1000 _ 13.09 mis 60 0 a DN _ x0.50% 1000 Discharge is given by, (0 Vane angle at inlet (8). From inlet velocity triangle tan @ = 7 @= tant 191 = 10.81° or 10° 48". Ans. (ii) Work done by impeller on water per second is given by equation (19.2) as w pxexo = Mug OXEXS xy, es ie 1000 x 981 x 0.1963 = 1000x981 01963. y, ‘ nal he, X 26.18 “@ But from outlet velocity triangle, we have V,,, = 26.18 ~ 2.979 = 23.2 mls. ting this value of V,., in equation (i), we get the work done by impeller as 1000 x 9.81 x 0.1963 = ORO STRONG 5.23.2 x 26.18 981 1192279 Nis. Ans. [954 Fluid Mechanics ] (iii) Manometrie efficiency (Nyay)« Using equation (19.8), we have = Bln. 281M 9.6465 = 64.49. Ans. Vii 2322618 Problem 19.5 A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15 m/s of water against a head of 12.5 m, the speed of the impeller being 600 r.p.m. The outer and inner diameters of impeller are SOO mm and 250 mm respectively and the vanes are bent back at 35° to the tangent at exit. If the area of flow remains 0.07 m’ from inlet to outlet, calculate (i) Manometric efficiency of pump, (ii) Vane angle at inlet, and (iti) Loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced by 40% without changing the speed. Solution. Given : Discharge, = 0.15 mss el Man Head, sm Speed, Owe di, Inwee de, Vane ange at outlet, ‘Area of flow. As areaof lw is constant from inlet to outlet, then Velocity of lw willbe constant fom ine to outlet Discharge Area of flow x Velocity of flow or 0.15 = 0.07 x Velocity of flow “Big. 19.6(a) ons, oT Velocity of flow. = 14 mis. : V,, = Vj,= 2.14 ms, ‘Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are _ DN _ ©x025%600 2 BAH, BAO2S2000 nasa and uy = BON 2%0:50600 _ 15.79 mys “60 60 Pom ot vlc ing, 2 tm ( Manometric efficiency of the pump gXH, _ 981x125 u tation (19.8), WE NAVE Nagy = SSUES = 0.618 oF 61.8%. Ans. sng equation (198) We MVE Maun = Fs = Ta 68 157 r o (Vane ange at inter Ma Be 735 @ = tan! 0.272 = 15° 12’. Ans. = 0.272 From inlet velocity triangle, tan [ Centrifugal Pumps 955] (iii) Loss of head at inlet to impeller when discharge is reduced by 40% without changing the speed. When there is an increase or decrease in the discharge from the normal discharge, a loss of head occurs at entry due to shock. In this case, discharge is reduced by 40%. Hence the new discharge is given by, O° =06 x0 where Q = 0.15 m/s {As arca of flow is constant, hence new vel (V,) will be given by, ity of flow : o “4 = rea of flow — Faia | = 06xO _ 06x05 “oor =~ 007 ms: Fig. 19.6 (@) Fig. 19.6 (6) shows the velocity triangle at inlet corresponding to normal discharge and reduced discharge. ABC is the velocity triangle due to normal discharge. Triangle BDE is corresponding to reduced discharge BD = 1.284 nvs and DE is parallel to AC. The blade angle 6 at inlet cannot change and hence DE will be parallel to AC. ‘There will be a sudden change in the tangential velocity from AB to BE. Hence due to this shock, there will be a loss of head at inlet. (chang. velocity at inlet)” in tangenti Head lost at inlet Problem 19.6 The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400 mm and outlet width is 50 mm. The pump is running at 800 r.p.m. and is working against a total head of 15 m. The vanes angle at outlet is 40° and manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine : (i) velocity of flow at outlet, (ii) velocity of water leaving the vane, (iti) angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet, and (iv) discharge. Solution. Given : Outer diameter, Dy = 400 mm= 0.4 m Width at outlet, 50 mm Speed, N= 800 rpm, Head, 15m Vane angle at outlet, $= 40° Manomettic efficiency, gay = 75% = 0.75 Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, _ RDN _ nx04%800 60 60 y = 16.75 mis. [956 Fluid Mechanics ] Using equation (198). Mays = = ons = S81xIS ¥, x1675 91x15 = 1171 ms. "075x165 From the outlet velocity triangle, we have o. Vj,= 5.04 tan 6 = 5.04 x tan 40° = 4.23 mis. Ans. (ii) Velocity of water leaving the vane (V;). Vas (Wi +V2 = 423" +1078 = \1789F 13712 = 1245 mis. Ans. (iii) Angle made by absolute velocity at outlet (B), Vg _ 423 tan B= “4 = 423 L936 Boye aa : B= tan"! 0.36 = 19.80° or 19° 48". Ans. (i) Discharge through pump is given by, Q = RDB, x Vj, = 2X04 0.05 x 4.23 = 0.265 m's. Ans. Problem 19.7 A centrifugal pump is running at 1000 r.p.m. The outlet vane angle of the impeller is 45° and velocity of low at outlet is 2.5 m/s. The discharge through the pump is 200 litres/s when the pump is working against a total head of 20 m. If the manometric efficiency of the pump is 80%, determine (i the diameter* of the impeller, and (i) the width of the impeller at outlet. Solution. Given : Speed, N= 1000 rp.m, ‘Outlet vane angle, o=4s" Velocity of flow at outlet, V,, = 2.5 m/s Discharge, Q = 200 litres/s = 0.2 m/s Head, Hy, = 20m Manomettic efficiency, yay = 80% = 0.80 From outlet velocity triangle, we have or y- ) * Diameter of impeller means the outside diameter. [ Centrifugal Pumps 957] Using equation (19.8), Thuan = £2 Vat 98120 00 9.81%20 5 Vinita = = : n= Te ii) Substituting the value of V,., from equation (i) in (ii), we get (1g ~ 2.5)tg = 245,25 32 ~ 2.51, ~ 245.25 = 0 which is a quadratic equation in uy and its solution is = DE (2.5)° +4%24525 _ 25+ 625+ 981 Z 2 2 = 16.96 or ~ 14.46 s 1, = 16.96 (Cr =ve value is not possible) (® Diameter of impeller (D). DN Using, 4, = EAN sing, a 1696 = 222N _ 2D, x1000 0 0 , = 102660 _ 9.304 m= 324 mm. Ans. x1000 (i Width of impeller at outlet (B,). Discharge, Q= mD,BV,, 0.2 = nx .324 xB, x25 02 1x .324x25 Problem 19.7 (A) A centrifugal pump has the following dimensions : inlet radius = 80 mm ; outlet radius = 160 mm ; width of impeller at the inlet = 50 mm : B, = 0.45 radians ; hy = 0.25 radians ; width of impeller at outlet = 50 mm. bb 0786 m = 78.6 mm. Ans. Assuming shockless entry determine the discharge and the head developed by the pump when the impeller rotates at 90 radians/second. Solution. Given : Inlet radius, Outlet radius Width at inlet, Width at outlet, B, =50 mm = 0.05 m Angles, By = 0.45 radians and By = 0.25 radians Here B, is the vane angle at inlet and By is the vane angle at outlet. [958 Fluid Mechanics ] Vane angle at inlet, @ = B, = 0.45 radians. Vane angle at outlet, $= Br =025 radians. ‘Angular velocity, © =90 rads Find: (i) discharge, and (ii) head developed. a Fig. 19.8 (a) Now tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are, y= FAM 20 DL gc, = 90% 008= 72 is Cr) and uy = © Ry = 90x 0.16 = 144 mis y, fe From inlet velocity triangle, tan . Vj, = my Xtan ® = 7.2 x tan (045 rad) = 7.2 x 0.483 = 3.478 mis ( Discharge (Q) Discharge is given by, Q = RD, XB, x V,, = RX (2R,) x Bx Vy, = 2 x 0.08 X 0.05 x3.478 ms = 0.0874 m'ss. Ans. (ii) Head developed Hy) For the shockless entry, the losses of the pump will be zero. Hence, the head developed (F) will be ‘given by equation (19.5). 2X o where from outlet velocity triangle, V,., The value of V, is obtained from Q= RD, x By x Vj, or 0.0874 = mx (2R,) x Ba x V,, = HX (2 X016) 0.05 x Ve, 0.0874 “a Ex2x 016 x 005 Vg, =p Vj X08 6 = 1.7387 mis [ Centrifugal Pumps 959 | ‘= 14.4 - 1.7387 x cot (0.25 radians) = 14.4 ~ 1.7387 x 3.9163 = 14.4 ~ 6.809 = 7.591 mis ‘Substituting this value in equation (i) above, we get 1591x144 981 = 11.142 m. Ans. Problem 19.8 The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is ‘running at 1000 r:p.m., are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through pump is 0.04 m'/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 m/s. The diameters of the suction and delivery pipes are 150 mm and 100 mm respectively and suction and delivery heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If the outlet vane angle is 45° and power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW, determine (i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet, (i) The overall efficiency of the pump, and (iii) Manometric efficiency of the pump. Solution. Given : Speed, Internal dia, External dia., Discharge, Velocity of flow, Dia. of suction pipe, Dia. of delivery pipe, Suction head, 6m (abs) Delivery head, 30 m (abs.) Outlet vane angle, o=4s" Power required to drive the pump, P = 16.186/ kW - (i Vane angle of the impeller at inlet (0). Fig, 19.9 RDN _ x02 1000 From inlet velocity, we have tan 6 = = 2X02 %1000 _ 19.47 mi u hh 60 60 ms tan = > = 0,191 or O= tan"! 191 = 10° 48%, Ans. * 7047 = = = 10° a8 Ans. (i Overall efficiency of the pump (n,)- (i Using oquaion (19.10), we have n= (1000 SP. where $.P. = Power required to drive the pump and equal to P here. (e X8XOXHy ) ne 1000 paxOxH, P 1000 P = 1000x9.81x.04 X Hn _ 9.02494 Hy, Ai) 1000 x 16.186 [960 Fluid Mechanics ] Now H,, is given by equation (19.6) as me Pay vey i) G-z Pe were 22 = Pressure head at outlet of pump = Ps ame Fl W Ye = Vetocity head at outet of pump = VE 2 2 Pi. — Pressure head at inlet of pump = h, = 6m PS YL = Velocity head at inlet of pump = Y= 2 28 Z, and Z;= Vertical height at outlet and inst ofthe pump from datum tine. It” Z,=2; then equation) becomes as Hy=(30+%4|-[64%e iii) 28) \°* 2g Now Discharge ‘Area of delivery pipe “And ia ‘Area of suction pipe Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get Hy = (30+ >| _(64 226 3 2x981 = (30 + 1.32)— (6 + 26) = 31.32 6.26 = 25.06 m. Substituting the value of “H,," in equation (i), we get Nh, = .02424 x 25.06 = 0.6074 = 60.74%. Ans. (Gi) Manometrie efficiency of the pump (jan Tangential velocity at outlet is given by nD, XN _ x04 x 1000 0 0 From outlet velocity triangle, we have % 20.94 mis. 20 2098-vy,2 2% = 299 27 ang a E Vi = 20.94 - 2.0 = 18.94. = SH, _ 981%25.06 = Se = SSEXLO ~ 6198 = 61.98%. Ans. Viuiy 1894x2094 Using equation (19.8), Nor [ Centrifugal Pumps 961 Problem 19.9 Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.04 m'/s of water to a height of 20 m through a 15 cm diameter pipe and 100 m long. The overall efficiency of the pump is 70% and co-efficient of friction 0.15 in the formula hy eee . 7 Solution. Given : Discharge, Q= 004 ms Height, H,=h, + hg=20m Dia. of pipe, D,=D,= 15em=0.15 m Length, 1,4 L,=L= 100m Overall efficiency, n, = 70% = 0.70 Co-efficient of friction, f= 015 Velocity of water in pipe, V,=Vy= V= —Disehatte__ 004 9 96 mis, ‘area of pipe” ® (ys 4 Frictional head loss in pipe, 4.015 1002.26" _ 19 41 oy AS x2x981 Using equation (19.7), we get manometric head as 4, tha +) 2.267 2x 981 = 3041 + 0.26 = 30.67 m Overall efficiency is given by equation (19.10) as = 20+ 1041+ heh, (ts) y= (1000) _ pe x0 VSR 1000%S.P. s.p.= PX QX Hy _ 1000 x 9.81 x.04 3067 _ 19 ry kW. Ans, 1000 xn, 1000 x0.70 S.P- is the power required to drive the centrifugal pump. Problem 19.10 Show that the pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump when frictional and other losses in the impeller are neglected is given by alli +0} ~V} cosec? ¢] where V,, and V,, are velocity of flow at inlet and outlet, u; = tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, and @ = vane angle at outlet Solution. Let suffix 1 represents the values at the inlet and suffix 2 represents the values at the outlet of the impeller. Applying Bernoulli's equation at the inlet and outlet of the impeller and neglecting losses from inlet to outlet, [962 Fluid Mechanics ] Total energy at inlet = Tota energy at outlet ~ Work done by impeller on water ae PuyMaze = Work done by impeller on water per kg of water pg 2g Voss oh, Byz,- nh (taking low radial at inlet) ps 2g 8 If inlet and outlet ofthe impeller are atthe same height, BP Wim we Meh ps 2g ps 2 8 (@ 2) WE WE, Mate ps ps) 28 8 But Po _ PL ~ pressure rise in impeller PE PE Pressure rise in impelle wd) From Fig. 19.9, we have From inlet velocity triangle.V, i) “Vey m A vi i ty - 2 = u,~ Vy cot Ai =O Tang (noo Ai) Also Va? = Vio + Vy, = Vy + (Uy — Vy, cot 6) EV;2+ (ua? +Vj2 cot? §— 2usV,, cot 6) = V2 + Vj2 cot? 6+ us? — 2upV, cot > = V2 + cot? 6) + us? ~ 2upV, cot 6 = Vj2 cose? + u;?— 2uV;, cot — Cz 1+ e012 = cosec” $) Liv) Substituting the values of V,, V,,, and V,” given by equations (ii), (i) and (iv) in equation (i), we get (us Vp, cot 6) x up Pressure rise =4 2u,V, cot 4) + 2 cosce® 9 — 1s? + 2uaVs, cot 6 + 2us? — 2uaV,, x Cot $1 L y2_v,2cosee? = 3g MMs cosec? 6 + 42") 1 2 = 5g Wal tus Va cose? 6) (19.12) [ Centrifugal Pumps 963 | Problem 19.11 Find the rise in pressure in the impeller of a centrifugal pump through which water is flowing at the rate of 0.01 m’/s. The internal and external diameters of the impeller are 15 cm and 30 em respectively. The widths of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 1.2 cm and 0.6 cm. The pump is running at 1500 r-p.m. The water enters the impeller radially at inlet and impeller vane angle at outlet is 45°. Neglect losses through the impeller. Solution. Given : Discharge, 10m’ Internal dia., 15m External dia., Dy =30 em =0.30m Width at inlet, B,=12¢m=0012m Width at outlet, Speed, 0.6 em = 0.006 m 1500 r.p.m. ane gl ane ise Veocty of fow atoutit, V,=———@_ 91. __ 1 _ srg yy . Frenal Mowatt ~ BB,” HeSHOTE Velocity of flow at outlet, Vj, @ Ol ___ 1768 ms. ** ED,B, x.30%.006 ‘Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, RDN _ ©x 0301500 = 23.56 mis. 60 60 Using equation (19.12), Pressure rise B cP4S° = 14 cot? 4S? = 14 $= 14122 jt cosee? 45° = 1 + cof 451+ ett te Pressure rise = 1.768" + 23.56" 1.768 x2.0) 2x98 = 1 — 13.1058 + 555.07 6.25] = 28.13 m. Ans, 2981 Problem 19.12 Prove that she manometric head of a centrifugal pump running at speed N and siving a discharge Q may be written as : Ayano = AN? + BNQ + CQ? where A, Band C are constants. Solution. From equation (19.4), we know that the manometric head is equal to the head imparted by the impeller to the water minus the losses of head in the impeller and casing. Vout Manomettic head = "2 ~ Losses of head in impeller and casing 8 Vote _ KV? & 28 or 4, A) [964 Fluid Mechanics ] where V;= Absolute velocity of water at outlet of impeller and Pe &2 tse par of nead not converted into pressure head and is actually lost in ede. 7 Now 1, = Velocity of impeller at outlet DN 60 =KN where K, = 22 and is a constant, 60 From equation (19.2 A), we know that O= nD,B, x Vj, Q Vane = Ky 12° ED, By Z where Ky = and is a constant for a given pump. From Fig. 19.10, itis elear that \, tangs Yh or 1p ~ Vp, cot @ 4, ~ K;Q cot 6 1 V_= KO) y-KQ where Ky=K, cot @ KN-KQ Cmlks) Fig. 19.10 Now from outlet velocity triangle, we know that Vv, V+ Vee 0)? + (KN ~ K,0)* Cr Wye 11, and V; in equation (), we get 10 and V,., = KyN~ KO) Substituting the values of V,., * i (KIN K,Q\K\N) _K[K3 Q? + KIN? + K5Q? ~2K\N x K,Q] a a = FE URN? — KK NO) ~ KAO? KK 8? KRG O? + 2KK KO] z 5 z IN°QK,? - KK?) + NOQKK,K, - 2K,Ky) + PC KK;? = KK2) s = AN? + BNO + CO _ “kK =KK? = KBR = 2KKS ang C= =KKE— KAS. and they are constant. 2g 2g where A= 2Ki KAI p [ Centrifugal Pumps 965] > 19.5 MINIMUM SPEED FOR STARTING A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP If the pressure rise in the impeller is more than or equal to manometric head (#,.), the centrifugal pump will start delivering water. Otherwise, the pump will not discharge any water, though the impeller is rotating. When impeller is rotating, the water in contact with the impeller is also rotating, This is the case of forced vortex. In case of forced vortex, the centrifugal head or head due to pressure rise in the impeller who ee Ad) where cor, = Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet = t, and «or, = Tangential velocity of impeller at inte Head due to pressure rise in impeller p plier = 3-3 The flow of water will commence only if Heed dost pesste rs in impeller 2-H, or 22 7 For minimum speed, we musthave “2-41 = H,, (19.13) 2g 2e But from equation (19.8), we have Mn aoe Vasa 4, x ae & Substituting this value of Hin equation (19.13), Gat Vita cota De ag 7 Mman 2g 2s 8 Now IDM ang y, = BAN, 0 Substituting the values of u, and m, in equation (19.14), Let 1 (eny Vo, XDN 2b 60 2g 60 Van "gx OO Nv ND? _ RND? Dividing b ewe got NDE _ BND oy Va, x De ie by got BOP OL = Men Vo or 102 D P= Nay X Vo, XDy 120 a 120 > Man ¥ Vo, X Dy eco tereenee) (19.15) x[D; - D7] Equation (19.15) gives the minimum starting speed of the centrifugal pump. [966 Fluid Mechanics ] Problem 19.13 The diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30 cm dnd 60 cm respectively. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works against a head of 30 m. Solution. Given : Dia. of impeller at inlet, D, = 30 em = 0.30 m Dia. of impeller at outlet, Dy = 60 em = 0.60 m Head, Hy, = 30m Let the minimum starting speed = N Using equation (19.13) for minimum speed, 2g 2g" XD,XN _ RX06XN whe EXDXN _ EXOSKN ~ 0.03141 “ 0 0 RXDXN _ RX3XN a, = EXDXN _ BX3XN _goi57y ' 60 60 1 dl . oats me- 2 corst my? =30 2, Ou 2¢ y or (03141 NY? ~ (0157 NY = 30X2xg=30x2x9.81 30x2x981 5886 (031417 =.01577) 0009866 -.0002465 = 17952979 = 891.8 rp.m. Ans. Problem 19.14 The dimer of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30 em and (60 em respectively. The velocity of flow at outlet is 2.0 m/s and the vanes are set back at an angle of 45° at the outlet. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if the manometric efficiency is 70%. Solution. Given : or Diameter at inlet, D,=300m=030m Diameter at outlet, D, = 60 cm = 0.60 m Velocity of flow at outlet, Vj, = 2.0 mis Vane angle at outlet, o=45° Manometric efficiency, Thay = 70% = 0.70. Let the minimum starting speed = N. From Fig. 19.9, for velocity triangle at outlet, we have vy, 20 tangs Yi or y= Vy 20. =20 enh) Ee tng ans Vqy==20 But y= RDN = EXO60XN _ gost N 60 0. [ Centrifugal Pumps 967] = (0.03141N - 2.0) Using ‘equation (19.15) for minimum, starting speed, 120% Mun X Vo, x De x[pi- oi] __ 50.4(03141N ~2.0) = 59.417 [.03141 N ~ 2.0] [36-09] = 1.866 N - 118.834 or 1.866 N ~ N= 118.834 or .886 N = 118.834 118.834 = 137.22 rpm. Ans, 0866 P Problem 19.15 A centrifugal pump with 1.2 m diameter runs at 200 r.p.m. and pumps 1880 litres/s, the average lift being 6 m. The angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the impeller is 26° and the radial velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s. Determine the manometric efficiency and the least speed to start pumping against a head of 6 m, the inner diameter of the impeller being 0.6 m. Solution. Dia. at outlet, Speed, Discharge, Manometric head, Angle of vane at outlet, Velocity of flow at outlet, Dia. at inlet, ( Manometric efficiency (Nan) Using equation (19.8), Than = But cA and. tan = uy ~ 5.13 = 12.56 ~ 5.13 = 7.43 mis. Substituting these values in equation (), we get 981x60 743 x 12.56 0.63 = 63%. Ans. (i) Least speed to start the pump Least soot to start the pup i given by equaton(19.13), aoe ig ~ 2g 2g " ee where i and are the tangential velocities of the vane at outlet an inlet respectively, coresponding to leat speed of the pump. [968 Fluid Mechanics ] But Wy = OX rand uy =OXr. Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get (xn _(oxny ops Oor of? - 12] = 6.0 2g 2g " 2g ] or ©—_fo6?-03*]=60 (+ = 6 m and ry 2x98 2 > _ 6020x931 2nN 3 436 = 436 = 20.88 = —— ° 0.36 -.09 ° 60 y= 20252088 _ 200 rpm. Ans. 2x > 19.6 MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS If a centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers, the pump is called a mul gal Pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts. A multistage pump is having the following two important functions : 1. To produce a high head, and 2, To discharge a large quantity of liquid. If a high head is to be developed, the impellers are connected in series (or on the same shaft) while for discharging large quantity of liquid, the impellers (or pumps) are connected in parallel. tage cent 19.6.1 Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for High Heads. For developing a high head, a number of impellers are mounted in series or on the same shaft as shown in Fig. 19.12. ‘The water from suction pipe enters the Ist impeller at inlet and is discharged at outlet with increased pressure. The water with increased pressure from the outlet of the Ist impeller is taken to the inlet of the 2nd impeller with the help of a connecting pipe as shown in Fig. 19.12. At the outlet of the Ind impeller, the pressure of water will be more than the pressure of water atthe outlet of the Ist impeller. Thus if more impellers are mounted on the same shaft, the pressure at the outlet will be increased further. TO DELIVERY FROM MPELLER NUMBER 1 f IMPELLER NUMBER 2 PIPE CONNECTING. ‘OUTLET OF 1st IMPELLER TO INLET OF 2nd IMPELLER. Fig. 19.12 Two-stage pumps with impellers in series. Centrifugal Pumps 969 | Let n= Number of identical impellers mounted on the same shaft, H,, = Head developed by each impeller. Then total head developed =nX Hy (19.16) ‘The discharge passing through each impeller is same 19.6.2 Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for High Discharge. For obtaining high discharge, the pumps should be connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 19.13. Each of the pumps lifts the water from a common pump and discharges water to a common pipe to which the delivery pipes of each pump is connected. Each of the pump is working against the same head. COMMON PIPE DELIVERY t PIPE NO.2: | petivery PIPE NO pune No.1 foal t t SUMP 19.3 Pumps in parallel. Let n= Number of identical pumps arranged in parallel. Q = Discharge from one pump. Total discharge nx (19.17) Problem 19.16 A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40 cm in diameter and 2 cm wide at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45° and reduce the circumferential area by 10%. The ‘manometric efficiency is 90% and the overall efficiency is 80%. Determine the head generated by the pump when running at 1000 r.p.m. delivering 50 litres per second. What should be the shaft horse power ? Solution. Given Number of stages, n=3 Dia. of impeller at outlet, Dy = 40 em = 0.40 m Width at outlet, B,=2.em=0.02 m Vane angle at outlet, o=45° Reduction in area at outlet. = 10% = 0.1 Areaof flow at outlet = 0.9 X RD, x By = 0.9 x mx 4 x.02 = 0.02262 m? Manomettic efficiency, mun = 90%= 0.90 Overall efficiency, nh, = 80% = 0.80 Speed, N= 1000 r-p.m, [970 Fluid Mechanics ] Discharge, Q = 50 litres/s = 0.05 m/s Determine : (i) Head generated by the pump and Gi) Shaft power. Discharge _ 0.05 ee DisceerE oe 2.21 mis ‘Area of flow — 02262 Velocity of flow at outlet, V, Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, nD,N _ £x0Ax1000 = E04 x 1000 39.94 m/s 60 o ms Refer to Fig. 19.9. From velocity triangle at outlet, tan = 221 tan tan 45" uy ~ 2.21 = 20.94 ~ 2.21 = 18,73 mis 2.21 mis _ Slay oy = 981% Hy Using equation (19.8), Mian = yo 090= Tee ony 0.90% 18:73% 20.94 Hy = 220% 18732094 = 35.08 m, oar = Using equation (19.16) for total head generated by pump, = NX Hy = 3% 35.98 = 107.94 m. Ans. Weight of water lifted x Total head. 1000 = PRX OX 107.94 _ 1000x981 x 0.05% 107.94 “1000 1000 Power output of the pump = = 52.94 kW. Power output of pump _ 52.94 Using equation (19.10), we have 9, = : pea i b o Power input to the pump —S.P. = S294 _ 5294 _ 66.175 kW. Ans. a, 080 Problem 19.17 A four-stage centrifugal pump has four identical inpelers, keyed tothe same shaft The shaft is running at 400 rp.m. and the total manometric head developed by the multistage pump is 401m. The discharge through the pump is 0.2 fs. The vanes of each impeller are having outlet angle as 45°. If the width and diameter of each impeller at outlet is 5 cm and 60 cm respectively, find the manometric efficiency. Solution. Given Number of stage, ns4 Speed, N Shaft power [ Centrifugal Pumps 971 Total manometric head =40m 40 Manometric head for each stage, Hy, =~ = 10.0.m Discharge, ‘Outlet vane angle, Width at outlet, Dia. at outlet, Discharge _ _0.20 0.20 Areaof flow ED,B, %X0.6x05 Refer to Fig. 19.9. From velocity triangle at outlet, = 2.122 mis y, ty Vog2 we 22 9.199 ms 2 Yen an @ tan 45° Vig = p= 2.122 = 12.56 ~ 2.122 = 10.438 Hy _ 981x100 Using equation (19.8), Thay = Sn = 2812100 ea ce 2 Voy 10.438 «12.56 = 0.7482 or 74.82%. Ans. > 19.7 SPECIFIC SPEED OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (N,) ‘The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump which would deliver one cubic metre of liquid per second against a head of one metre. It is denoted by 19.7.1 Expression for Specific Speed for a Pump. The discharge, Q, for a centrifugal pump is given by the relation Q = Area x Velocity of flow Dx BXV; or Q = DX BX V, od) Diameter of the impeller of the pump and B = Width of the impeller. We know that BxD <2. From equation (i), we have Qe D? x Vj, li) We also know that tangential velocity is given by EDN u= 22% . pw Ait = Ait) where ‘Now the tangential velocity (u) and velocity of flow (V) are related to the manometric head (H,) as ec Vyee Jy i) (972. Fluid Mechanics ] Substituting the value of w in equation (ii), we get YH, = DN or De Substituting the values of D in equation (ii), From equation (iv), Vj% Ay 1 ae 0 where Kis a constant of proporoniy If Hy = 1 mand Q = 1 m'/s, N becomes = N,. Suhetating thee vales in caison Gwe pt Pek NE NE . K=n2 ening th vale of nea () get 12K o=Netm oN: nyo N,= 19.18) = re (19.18) > 19.8 MODEL TESTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Before manufacturing the large sized pumps, their models which are in complete similarity with the actual pumps (also called prototypes) are made. Tests are conducted on the models and performance of the prototypes are predicted. The complete similarity between the model and actual pump (prototype) will exist if the following conditions are satisfied 1. Specific speed of model = Specific speed of prototype = or (XV@) _ (Oo (Nom = Np (34 }, -( , (19.19) 2-tangenal lst pony a= 22M aon fs ify = DN Vin = Constan 19.19 4) son” = Constant « ) [ Centrifugal Pumps 973 | or (=) (&) (19.20) DN Jy CDN), 3. From equation (ii) of Art. 19.7.1, we have =D xv where Ve us DN =D xDxN =D XN Le constant or (—2-) = (2 -Bncommo (520) = (585 san 4.Power of the pump, p= PXSX OXF, 5 P= OxH, = DX NX Hy Cs Qe DIN) = DIN x DN? (JH, = DM = DIN Pp P P —f=constant or (—P,) =(—P. 19.22) air omen o (or), = (ar), mn Problem 19.18 A single-stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30 cm rotates at 2000 r-p.m. and lifts 3 m° of water per second 10 a height of 30 m with an efficiency of 75%. Find the number of stages and diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift 5 m of water per second 0 a height of 200 metres when rotating at 1500 r.p.m. Solution. Given : Single-stage pump : Diameter of impeller, D, = 30 em =0.30m Speed, N, = 2000 r.p.m. Discharge, Q,=3m's Height, Hy, = 30m Efficiency, Nan = 75% = 0.75. Multistage similar pump : Discharge, Total height Let the height per stage Speed, Diameter of each impeller » Specific speed should be same. Hence, applying equation (19.19) as Gi) - GE), aa) =a [974 Fluid Mechanics 2000 x V3. _ 1500 x V5, Son = a 1500 x v5 x30" _ 1500 2000xV3 2000 (12.411) = 28.71 m Total head ___200 © Head per stage 28.71 Using equation (19.20), we have Vim Vim 4 VS VRT x 12.818 = 12.411 ‘Number of stages 6.96 = 7. Ans. DN, D,N; 0302000 ~ D, x1500 _ 030 x 2000 x J2871 Da Sx fa 703913 m= 3913 mm. Ans. Problem 19.19 Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep well under a total hhead of 89 m, All the pumps are identical and are running at 800 r.p.m. The specific speed of each pump is given as 25 while the rated capacity of each pump is 0.16 m/s. Solution. Given : Total head Speed, Specific speed, Rate capacity, Let Using equation (19.18), 95 = 800% S016 Ha 3 _ 800xV0I6 _ 15 25, . Hy = (12.8)"° = 29.94 m Total head 89 Number of pumps required = er = 3. Ans. Head developed by one pump — 29.94 As the total head is more than the head developed by one pump, the pumps should be connected in series. Problem 19.20 Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1000 r.p.m. One pump has an impeller diameter of 0.30 metre and lifts water at the rate of 20 litres per second against a head of 15 metres. Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver half the discharge. Solution. Given : For pump No. 1, Speed, Diameter, Discharge, Head, For pump No.2, Speed, Discharge, Let Using equation (19.19), Centrifugal Pumps 1000 rpm. 0.30 m Q, = 20 litres/s = 0.02 m/s Hy, = 15m Nz = 1000 rp.m. =. 2 = 7 0, = B= 2 = 10 ltes’s = 0.01 ms. D, = Diameter of impeller H,,, = Head developed, NivQ) _ N2VQ> Ags Hao 1000 x 02 _ 1000 x VOT Problem 19.21 TH yoo 1000 ADT 15 [OT ™ 1000 x v.02 (5.389)"" = 9.44 m. Ans. Yin 2 DN, DN, % 7.622 = 5.389 wis eae 03 x1000 ~ D, x1000 94 x03 D, = EXOS ~ 0.238 m = 238.0 mm. Ans. vis 975) The diameter of a centrifugal pump, which is discharging 0.03 m'/s of water against a total head of 20 m is 0.40 m. The pump is running at 1500 r.p.m. Find the head, discharge and ratio of powers of a geometrically similar pump of diameter 0.25 m when itis running at 3000 r.p.m. Solution. Given Centrifugal pump, Discharge, Head, Diameter, 0, = 03 mis H,, = 20m D,= 040m [976 Fluid Mechanics ] Speed, N, = 1500 p.m. Geometrically similar pump, Diameter, Speed, Let Head on similar group Discharge on simitar pump Q Usi 19.21), (—S— ing equation (19.21), & 8 _ 40° 1500 ~ 0.25" x3000 03 x.25? «3000 = 1.01465 m°ss. Ans. 40° x 1500 = 1x( V0 in 0.401500 — 0.253000 igp = x0.25x3000 m: "9.40 x 1500 ‘ Hy, = (5.59)" = 31.25 m. Ans. Using equation (19.22), we have (wr) Dv"), (air), a__ m _ns (DY (Mm) WP DENS Py” DENS ( Jf } Dz) "Ws, -(8) (=) = 10.485 > 125 = 1.31. Ans. Problem 19.22 A one-fifth scale model of a pump was tested in a laboratory at 1000 r.p.m. The head developed and the power input at the best efficiency point were found to be 8 m and 30 kW respectively. Ifthe prototype pump has to work against a head of 25 m, determine its working speed, the power required to drive it and the ratio of the flow rates handled by the two pumps. [ Centrifugal Pumps 977] Solution. Given : ‘One-fifth scale model means thatthe ratio of linear dimensions of a model and its prototype is equal to 5. Speed of model, Ny = 1000 r-p.m. Head of model, H,= 8m. Power of model, P= 30 kW Head of prototype, H,=25m Let N,, = Speed of prototype P, = Power of prototype Q, = Flow rate of prototype Op, = Flow rate of model (0 Speed of prototype Using equation (19.20), we get Why. Te DN, DN, or ‘= 383.5 rpm. Ans. (i) Power developed by prototype Using equation (19.22), we get (or), Corr), - rere += 30 x 3125 x 0.04419 = 4143 kW. Ans. (Git) Ratio of the flow rates of two pumps (ie., model and prototype) (a),- (Ore), otk Ge, PaNe Qn DN = 44,1875, Ans. [978 Fluid Mechanics ] > 19.9 PRIMING OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP Priming of a centrifugal pump is defined as the operation in which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe upto the delivery valve is completely filled up from outside source with the liquid to be raised by the pump before starting the pump. Thus the air from these parts of the pump is removed and these parts are filled with the liquid to be pumped. ‘The work done by the impeller per unit weight of liquid per sec is known as the head generated by the pump. Equation (19.1) gives the head generated by the pump as = V,, 4) metre. This equation is. independent of the density of the liquid. This means that when pump is running in air, the head generated is in terms of metre of air. If the pump is primed with water, the head generated is same metre of water. But as the density of air is very low, the generated head of air in terms of equivalent ‘metre of water head is negligible and hence the water may not be sucked from the pump. To avoid this, difficulty, priming is necessary. > 19.10 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps are defined as those curves which are plotted from the results of a number of tests on the centrifugal pump. These curves are necessary to predict the behaviour and performance of the pump when the pump is working under different flow rate, head and speed. The following are the important characteristic curves for pumps : 1. Main characteristic curves, 2. Operating characteristic curves, and 3. Constant efficiency or Muschel curves. 19.10.1 Main Characteristic Curves. ‘The main characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump consists of variation of head (manometric head, H,,), power and discharge with respect to speed. For plotting curves of manometric head versus speed, discharge is kept constant. For plotting curves of discharge versus speed, manometric head (H,,) is kept constant. And for plotting curves of power versus speed, the manometric head and discharge are kept constant. Fig. 19.14 shows main characteristic curves of a pump. q P{QANDH CONSTANTS) zz3) =n IM Som ——> SPEED IN) ig. 19.144 Main characteristic curves of a pump. [ Centrifugal Pumps _979| For plotting the graph of Hy, versus speed (N), the discharge is kept constant. From equation (19.19 A), itis clear that /H,, /DN is a constant or H,, & N°. This means that head developed by a pump is proportional to N?. Hence the curve of H,, v/s N is a parabolic curves as shown in Fig. 19.14. From equation (19.22), its clear that P/D'N*is a constant, Hence P s N°. This means that the curve P vis Nis a cubic curve as shown in Fig. 19.14 Q Equation (19.21), shows that 2 = constant. This means Q = N for a given pump. Hence the quation (19.21), Dw @ given pump. curve Q v/s N is a straight line as shown in Fig. 19.14. 19.102. Operating Characteristic Curves. If the speed is kept constant, the variation of manometric head, power and efficiency with respect to discharge gives the operating characteristics of the pump. Fig. 19.15 shows the operating characteristic curves of a pump. The input power curve for pumps shall not pass through the origin. It will be slightly away from the origin on the y-axis, as even at zero discharge some power is nceded to overcome mechanical losses. ‘The head curve will have maximum value of head when discharge is 2er0. ‘The output power curve will stat from origin as at Q = 0, output power (p QgH) will be zero. (= a2 The efficiency curve will start from origin as at Q= 0, HEAD (H) EFFICIENCY, 1) —_+ EFFiciency, —= POWER. P — bean, SPEED = CONSTANT ‘ourPurPOWER —> DISCHARGE, a Fig. 19.15 Operating characteristic curves of a pump. 19.10.3 Constant Efficiency Curves. For obtaining constant efficiency curves for a pump, the head versus discharge curves and efficiency versus discharge curves for different speed are used. Fig. 19.16 (a) shows the head versus discharge curves for different speeds. The efficiency versus discharge curves for the different speeds are as shown in Fig. 19.16 (b). By combining these curves (H~ Q curves and 1) ~ Q curves), constant efficiency curves are obtained as shown in Fig. 19.16 (a). For plotting the constant efficiency curves (also known as iso-efficiency curves), horizontal lines representing constant efficiencies are drawn on the 1) ~ Q curves. The points, at which these lines cut the efficiency curves at various speeds, are transferred to the corresponding H ~ Q curves. The points hhaving the same efficiency are then joined by smooth curves. These smooth curves represents the iso- efficiency curves. [980 Fluid Mechanics ] : oan ; Foon 8 ena wo va [CONSTANT J se Ny No Ng o> pecwncee Fig. 19.16 Constant efficiency curves of « pump. > 19.11 CAVITATION Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher pressure. When the vapour bubbles collapse, a very high pressure is created. The metallic surfaces, above which these vapour bubbles collapse, is subjected to these high pressures, which cause pitting action on the surface. Thus cavities are formed on the metallic surface and also considerable noise and vibrations are produced, Cavitation includes formation of vapour bubbles of the flowing liquid and collapsing of the vapour bubbles. Formation of vapour bubbles of the flowing liquid take place only whenever the pressure in any region falls below vapour pressure. When the pressure of the flowing liquid is less than its vapour pressure, the liquid starts boiling and vapour bubbles are formed. These vapour bubbles are carried along with the flowing liquid to higher pressure zones where these vapours condense and bubbles collapse, Due to sudden collapsing of the bubbles on the metallic surface, high pressure is produced and metallic surfaces are subjected to high local stresses. Thus the surfaces are damaged. 19.1.1 Precaution Against Cavitation. The following precautions should be taken against cavitation : (i) The pressure of the flowing liquid in any part of the hydraulic system should not be allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. Ifthe flowing liquid is water, then the absolute pressure head should not be below 2.5 m of water. [ Centrifugal Pumps 981] (@) The special materials or coatings such as aluminium-bronze and stainless steel, which are cavitation resistant materials, should be used. 19.1.2. Effects of Cavitation. The following are the effects of cavitation = (® The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the surfaces. (ii) Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and vibrations are produced. (iii) The efficiency of a turbine decreases due to cavitation. Due to pitting action, the surface of the turbine blades becomes rough and the force exerted by water on the turbine blades decreases. Hence, the work done by water or output horse power becomes less and thus efficiency decreases, 19.1.3 Hydraulic Machines Subjected to Cavitation. The hydraulic machines subjected to cavitation are reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps. 19.1.4 Cavitation in Turbines. In turbines, only reaction turbines are subjected to cavita- tion. In reaction turbines the cavitation may occur at the outlet of the runner or at the inlet ofthe draft- tube where the pressure is considerably reduced (i.e., which may be below the vapour pressure of the liquid flowing through the turbine). Due to cavitation, the metal of the runner vanes and draft-tube is ‘gradually eaten away, which results in lowering the efficiency of the turbine. Hence, the cavitation in a reaction turbine can be noted by a sudden drop in efficiency. In order to determine whether cavitation will occur in any portion of a reaction turbine, the critical value of Thoma’s cavitation factor (6, sigma) is calculated, Thoma’s Cavitation Factor for Reaction Turbines. Prof. D. Thoma suggested a dimensionless number, called after his name Thoma’s cavitation factor 6 (sigma), which can be used for determining the region where cavitation takes place in reaction turbines. The mathematical expression for the Thoma’s cavitation factor is given by (Ham ~ Hy)= Hy H o (19.23) H where —_H, = Barometric pressure head in m of water, La = Atmospheric pressure head in m of water, Hi, = Vapour pressure head in m of water, H, = Suction pressure at the outlet of reaction turbine in m of water or height of turbine runner above the tail water surface, H = Net head on the turbine in m. 19.11.5 Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps. In centrifugal pumps the cavitation may occur at the inlet ofthe impeller of the pump, or atthe suction side of the pumps, where the pressure is consid- erably reduced. Hence if the pressure at the suction side of the pump drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid then the cavitation may occur. The cavitation in a pump can be noted by a sudden drop in efficiency and head. In order to determine whether cavitation will occur in any portion of the suction side of the pump, the critical value of Thoma’s cavitation factor (9) is calculated. Thoma’s Cavitation Factor for Centrifugal Pumps. The mathematical expression for ‘Thoma’s cavitation factor for centrifugal pump is given by Hy fas _ (Ham ~ Hy)~ Hs out) ( ) =e 19.24) fF (19.24) [982 Fluid Mechanics ] where Hymy = Atmospheric pressure head in m of water or absolute pressure head at the liquid surface in pump, Hy = Vapour pressure head in m of water, ‘Hg = Suction pressure head in m of water, +hys = Head lost due to friction in suction pipe, and H = Head developed by the pump. ‘The value of Thoma’s cavitation factor (6) for a particular type of turbine or pump is calculated from equations (19.23) or (19.24). This value of Thoma’ cavitation factor (6) is compared with critical cavitation factor (6,) for that type of turbine pump. If the value of 6 is greater than G., the cavitation will not occur in that turbine or pump. The critical cavitation factor (,) may be obtained from tables or ‘empirical relationships. ‘The following empirical relationships are used for obtaining the value of 4, for different turbines : For Francis trbines, o.as (=A) 09.25) 380.78 = 431105 NS? 09.26) For Propeller turbines, =028+ 4 Me ) 19.27) 75\ 380.78 In the above expressions N, isin (r.p.m., kW, m) units. IFN, isin (p.m. h. relationships would be as follows ‘m) units, the empirical For Francis turbines, 0.25 ( (19.28) = 317 x10? xN2 19.29) ley For Propeller turbines, o2s+| (Xe 1930 Propeller tu 5) (19.30) Problem 19.23 A Francis turbine has been manufactured to develop 15000 horse power at the head of 81 m and speed 375 r.p.m. The mean atmospheric pressure at the site is 1.03 keflem? and vapour pressure 0.03 kaffem?, Calculate the maximum permissible height of the runner above the tail water level to ensure cavitation free operation. The critical cavitation factor for Francis turbine is given by 6.=317 x 10x N? where N, is the specific speed of the turbine in M.K.S. units. Solution, Given : Horse power developed, P= 15000 Head, H=81m Speed, N=375 rpm, Atmospheric pressure, __p, = 1.03 kgflem? = 1.03 x 9.81 Niem? = 1.03 x 9.81 x 10" Nim? Atmospheric pressure head in meter of water, He = Ba = 103x981 x10" em bg 1000x981 [ Centrifugal Pumps 983 | ‘Vapour pressure, p, = 0.03 kgflem? = 0.03 x 9.81 N/em? = 0.03 x 9.81 x10* Nim? ‘Vapour pressure head in meter of water, Pa _ 003% 981x104 pg 1000x981 Critical eavitation factor, 0, = 317 10 WN? “ where N, is the specific speed of the turbine in M.K.S. units i., (rp.m., hip. m) units. Now specific speed of turbine is given by NAP rag Substituting this value in equation (i), we get 6, = 317 x 10° x 189" = 0.1132 Now let 1, = Suction pressure head in meter of water at the outlet of Francis turbine or height of the turbine runner above the tail water surface. Now using equation (19.23), we get 4, 3m 375 x 15000 * ae 89 p.m, or 0.1132 = 103703 He 8I or 0.1132 81 = 10-H, or H, = 10- 0.1132 x 81 = 0.8308 m. Ans. Hence, maximum permissible height is 0.83 m above the tail water level. > 19.12 MAXIMUM SUCTION LIFT (or SUCTION HEIGHT) Fig. 19.17 shows a centrifugal pump that lifts a liquid from a sump. The free surface of liquid is at ‘depth of h, below the pump axis. The liquid is flowing with a velocity v, in the suction pipe. Let /, = Suction height (or lift) : Suction pipe Free surface of iqud oe Sump 5 Fig. 19.17 * Here power P should be taken in horse power and not in kW. [984 Fluid Mechanics ] Applying Bemoulli’s equation at the free surface of liquid in the sump and section 1 in the suction pipe just at the inlet of the pump and taking the free surface of liquid as datum line, we get pg 2g" pg 28 “Atmospheric pressure on the free surface of liquid, Velocity of liquid at the free surface of liquid = 0, Height of free surface from datum line = 0, Absolute pressure atthe inlet of pump, Velocity of liquid through suetion pipe = Height of inlet of pump from datum line Loss of head in the foot valve, strainer and suction pipe = hy, Hence equation (i), after substituting the above values becomes as, where Pe 40402 Le4 aha hy, Ps ps 28 ea Mee ht hy ago Pa Pa _(¥E or Fale (ener i) Pe pg (& ) Now the equation (if) becomes as_ (Zenea} Pe oP o PoP hah PL=,) oA) Pa 2¢ a Now 22 = Atmospheric pressure head = H, (meter of liquid) Ps = Vapour pressure head = H, (meter of liquid) Now, equation (iii) becomes as Hy= Hy+ 2 +h, hy eg OS or hy =H,-H,- 2 — 931, 2g % Equation (19.31) gives the value of maximum suction lift (or maximum suction height) for a centrifugal pump. Hence, the suction height of any pump should not be more than that given by ‘equation (19.31). Ifthe suction height of the pump is more, then vaporization of liquid at inlet of pump will take place and there will be a possibility of cavitation. [ Centrifugal Pumps 985] > 19.13 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) ‘The term NPSH ( Net Positive Suction Head) is very commonly used in the pump industry. Actually the minimum suction conditions are more frequently specified in terms of NPSH. ‘The net positive suction head (NPSH) is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump, minus the vapour pressure head ( in absolute units) plus the velocity head. ++ NPSH = Absolute pressure head at inlet of the pump — vapour pressure head (absolute units) + velocity head = 2 Pe 4% 6; Absolute pressure at inlet of pump = p,) ... (19.32) Ps ps 28 But from equation (i) of Art. 19.12, the absolute pressure head at inlet of the pump is given by as Bake (teonsn,) PS Pe 2g . Substituting this value in equation (19.32) , we get, wosit=[ Poe H, = Vapour pressure head ( Ps pee =[(4.-4-4,) 4] 19.33) ‘The right hand side of equation (19.33) is the total suetion head. Hence NPSH is equal to total suction head. Thus NPSH may also be defined as the total head required to make the liquid flow through the suetion pipe to the pump impeller. For any pump installation, a distinction is made between the required NPSH and the available NPSH. The value of required NPSH is given by the pump manufacturer. This value can also be ‘determined experimentally. For determining its value, the pump is tested and minimum value of fis ‘obtained at which the pump gives maximum efficiency without any objectional noise (i, cavitation free). The required NPSH varies with the pump design, speed of the pump and capacity of the pump. When the pump is installed, the available NPSH is calculated from equation (19.33). In order to have cavitation free operation of centrifugal pump, the available NPSH should be greater than the required NPSH. > 19.14 CAVITATION IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ‘Thoma’s cavitation factor is used to indicate whether cavitation will occur in pumps. Equation (19.24) gives the value of Thoma’s cavitation factor for pumps as [986 Fluid Mechanics ] Hi, hand hy, = hy) (H= Hy for pumps) But from equation (19.33), we have HoH hh = NPSH (Net postion suction head) o= SESH. (19.34) An, If the value of o (calculated from equation 19.34) is less than the critical value, 6, then cavitation vine ep Theat 9 pnt nt cite ot oe (1,= 42) ‘The following empirical relation i se to determine the value of 0. 6, = 0.103 | —— (555) moog 2 = 0403. Ne joy" 0 = 1.03 x 10° v8 (19.35) Problem 19.24 A centrifugal pump rotating at 1000 r.p.m. delivers 160 litres/s of water against a head of 30 m. The pump is installed at a place where atmospheric pressure is 1 x 10° P, (abs.) and vapour pressure of water is 3 KPa (abs.). The head loss in suction pipe is equivalent to 0.2 m of water. Calculate (i) Minimum NPSH, and (ii) Maximum allowable height of the pump from free surface of water in the sump. Solution. Given N= 1000 r-p.m.; Q = 160 litres/s = 0.16 m/s; Hy = 30m P= 1 10° Pa (abs.) = 1 x 10° Nim? (abs.);p,= 3 kPa (abs.) = 3 x 10° N/m? abs.) hy, = 02m. (@ Minimum NPSH Using equation (19.34), we get NPSH o= 4, From the above equation, itis clear that NPSH is directly proportional to Thoma’s cavitation factor (0). NPSH will be minimum when 6 is minimum, But the minimum value of 6 for no cavitation is 6.. Hence when ¢ = G, then NPSH will be minimum. (NPSH) gin aa or (NPS) pig = Hy X 8 o Now the critical value of 6 ie. 6, is given by equation (19.35) as 6. = 1.03 x 109 x, ti) no sed of pump = “VS speed of pump = 77 Centrifugal Pumps 987] = 1000 x 2016. a 16 m°fs and H,,= 30m) 30 N= 1000r-p.m., Q: Substituting the value of N, in equation (ii), we get 1000*” x 0.167" _ 1.03 x10” x10* x0.2947 = 1.03 x 10 x 30 30 = 0.1012 Substituting the value of 6, in equation (0), we get (NPSH) qin, = Hy X 0.1012 = 30 x 0.1012 = 3.036 m. Ans. (Co Hy = 30m) (Gi) Maxinum allowable height of the pump from free surface of water inthe sump (ise, hy) Let (1) guy = Max. allowable height of pump from free surface of water. Using equation (19.33) NPSH = H,—H,—h,—h, @ From the above equation, it is eler that for a given value of atmospheric pressure head (¥. am), PS. given vapour pressure head ( Pe ) and given loss of head due to friction (lt) the value of suction ps b head (h,) will be maximum if NPSH is minimum. (NPSH) pig = Hy ~ Hy ~ pan hi, Aid) (max = Ho ~ Hy by, (NPSH) i Mati) 1x10 Now 1510 _ 10,193 m of water pe 1000x981 “ Hz Be = 3810 0.305 m of water pe 1000x981 fy, = 0.2 m and (NPSH)pq = 3.036 m Substituting the values of HH, fy, and (NPSH) qi, in equation (ii), we get (max = 10.193 0.305 — 0.2 ~ 3.036 = 6.652 m. Ane. HIGHLIGHTS 1. The hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into pressure eneray by means of eentrifu- ‘ga force is called centrifugal pump. 2. The centefugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. The work done by the impeller (rotating part of the pump) on the water per second per unit weight of water per second flowing through the pump is given as 988 Fluid Mechanics 3. 6. 1 10. oy sn > where Vp, = Velocity of whirl at outlet, and u, = Tangential velocity of wheel at outlet. ‘The vertical height of the centre-line ofthe centrifugal pump from the water surface in the pump is called the suction head (). Delivery head (i, is the vertical distance between the centre-line ofthe pump and the water surface in the tank to which water is lifted. Manometric head (H,)is the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work, Itis given as ¥, © Higm Ma" sot hea in ipeller and casing s Me, Xp = 25% if osses in pump is zero o H, = Total head at outlet ~ Total head at inlet of pump © ‘The efficiencies of a pump are ; (i) Manomettic efficiency (yyy) (i) Mechanical efficiency (m,.), and (ii Overall efficiency (n,). Mathematically they are given as oly Wi, Xt Man = w( Moxa 6 SP. Wx Hy ‘1000 %S.P. where W= Ww x 120% tar XV, Ds [D3 - DF] Ita centifuga pump consists of two or more impellers, the pomp i called a multistage pomp. To produce a high head, the impellers are connected in series while to dscharge a large quantity Of liquid, the icpeles are connected in parallel ‘The specific speed of a centrifugal pump Is defined as the speed at which a pomp runs when the head

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