SUPPLIMENTARY NOTE FOR RCC DESIGN OF 250 KL ESR

1. Justification for Seismic Design parameters: - Since the structure is

proposed to be constructed in Seismic Zone-2, hence the Seismic design
parameters for zone-2 has been adopted as per the IS Code 1893
2. Justification for Wind Design parameters: - Since the structure is
proposed to be constructed in Wind zone of 47 m/s velocity, hence the
Wind design parameters has been adopted as per the IS Code 875 Part-3
2015
3. Justification for reference for Formulas and clauses of IS Codes: - The
Relevant pages for the clauses and formulas used in the design has
been attached with highlighted text along with this note.

16.2.1.1 Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension shall be as below:
Grade ofconcrete M20 M25
Design bondstreSJ, 1.2 1.4
f hd, N/mm2
For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786these values
shall be increased by 60 percent.
For bars in compression. the values of bond stress for
bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent.
The values of bond stress in working stress design,
are given in B-2.1.
26.2.1.2 Bars bundled ;11 contact
The development length of each bar of bundled bars
shall be that for the individual bar, increased by )0
percent for two bars in contact, 20 percent for three
bars·in contact and 33 percent for four bars in contact.
26.2.2 Anchoring ReinforcingBars
26.2.2.1 Anchoring bars in tension
a) Deformed bars may be used without end
anchorages provided development length
requirement is satisfied. Hooks should normally
he provided for plain bars in tension.
b) Bends and hooks - Bends and hooks shall
conform to IS 2502
J) Bends-The anchorage value of bend shall
be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar
for each 45 bend subject to a maximum of
t
'
16 times the diameter of the bar.
2) Hooks-The anchorage value of a standard
U-type hook shall be equal to J6 times the
diamet.er of the bar.
26.2.2.2 Anchoring bars in compression
The anchorage length of straight bar in compression
shall be equal to the development length of bars in
compression as specified in 26.2..1. The projected
length of hooks, bends and straight lengths beyond
bends if provided for a bar in compression, shall only
be considered for development length.
16.2.2.3 Mechanical devices [or anchorage
Any mechanical or other device capable of developing
the strengthof the bar without damage to concrete may
be used as anchorage with the approvalof the engineer-
in-charge.
26.2.2.4 Anchoring shear reinforcement
a) Inclined bars - The development length shan
be as for bars in tension; this length shall be
measured as under:
1) In tension zone, from the end of the sloping
Of inclined portion of the bar, and
IS 456: 2000
M30 M35 M 40 and above
1.5 1.7 1.9
2) In the compression zone, front the mid depth
of the beam.
b) Stirrups-Notwithstanding any of the
provisions of this standard, in case of secondary
reintorcement, such as stirrups and transverse
ties, complete development lengths and
anchorage shall be deemed to have been
provided when the bar is bent through an angle
of at least 90" round a bar of at least its own
diameter and is continued beyond the end of the
curve for a length of at least eight diameters, or
when the bar is bent through an angle of 135 0
and is continued beyond the end of the curve
for a length of at least six bar diameters or when
the bar is bent through an angle of 1HO° and is
continued beyond the end of the curve for a
length of at least four bar diameters.
26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
The hearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks
describedin IS 2502 need not be checked. The bearing
stress inside a bend in any other bend shall be calculated
as given below:
Fht
Bearing stress =
rei>
where
}/'ol =: tensile force due to design loads in a bar
or group of hal's,
,. = internal radius of the bend, and
¢ = size of the bar or, in bundle. the size of har
of equivalent area.
For limit stale method of design, this stress shall not
exceed I .5f~k W
tiere r.+' h h ..
k IS t e. c aractensuc cube
1+2~/a C·
strength of concrete and a, for a particular bur or group
of hars in contact shall he taken as the centre to centre
distance between bars or groups of bars perpendicular
to the plane of the bend; for a bar Of group of
bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall he
taken as the cover plus size of bar ( q». For working
'stress method of design. the bearing stress shall
not exceed --~.
J+2c/J/a
26.2.2.6 If a change in direction of tension or
compression reinforcement induces a resultant force
acting outward tending to split the concrete, such force
 IS 456: 2000
Table 16 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements
iClause26.4.2)
Exposure Nominal Cencrete Cover In mm not Leu Than
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75

NOTES
1 For main reinforcementup to 121nnldiameter bar for nliJd exposure the nominalcover may be reduced by 5 mm.
2 Unless specifiedotherwise. actual concretecover should not deviate from the requirednominalcover by + I 0 mm
o
3 For exposurecondition'severe' and 'very severe'. reduction of 5 mm Inf:lY he made.whereconcretegrade is M35 and above.

Table 16A
Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance
iClauses 21.4 and 26.4.3 and Fig. I)
Fire
Resis-
tance
...
Beams Slabs
Nominal Cover

Ribs Columns

Simply Continuous Simply Continuous Simply Continuous

supported supported supported
h mm mm nun rnrn mm min mm
o.s 20 20 20 20 20 20 40
I 20 20 20 20 20 20 40
1.5 20 20 25 20 ~ 20 40
2 ~ 30 .:u 25 4S J.1 40
3 60 ~ 45 .ll 5S 45 40
4 70 50 55 45 65 55 40
NOTES
1 The nominal covers liven relate specificallyto the minimummemberdimensionsgiven in Fig. I.
2 Casesthatlie below tbe boldlinerequireattention to the additional measures necessary to reducetherisksof spallingisee 21.3.1).

given by the following: 26.5.1.3 Side face reinforcement

Wherethedepthof the web in a beamexceeds750 mm,
~ = 0.85
sidefacereinforcement shall be providedalongthe two
bd fy faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not
where less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing
A. = minimum area of tension reinforcement, not exceeding 300 111m or web thickness whichever is
b = breadthof beamor the breadthof the web less.
of 'f-beam.
26.5.1.4 Transverse reinforcement in beamsfor shear
d = effective depth, and and torsion
f, = characteristic strengthof reinforcement in The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken
N/mm2• around the outer-most tension and compression bars.
"In T-beams and f-beams, such reinforcement shall pass
b) Maximum reinfo~eme",- The maximum area of
aroundlongitudinal barslocatedclose to the outer face
tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD.
of the flange.
26.5.1.2 Compression reinforcement
26.5.1.5 Maximum spacing ofshear reinforcement
The maximum area of compression reinforcement
shall not exceed 0.04 bD. Compression reinforcement The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective measured alongtheaxisof the membershallnotexceed
lateral restraint. The arrangementof stirrups shall be 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups
as specified in 26.5.3.2. at 45'\ where d is the effective depth of the section

47
15456:2000
under consideration. 1ft no case shall the spacinl
exceed 300 mm.
26.5.1.6 Minim"". ,ltear rein/orreNnt
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stinups
shall be providedsuch that:
where
AI. • total cross-sectional area of stirrup lop
effective in shear.
'. • stirrup SPacinl alonl tho Ieft8th of the
member.
b =- breadth of the beam or breadth of the
web of ftanled beam. and
I., • characteristic ItreDltb of the stirrup
reinforcement in N/mm2 which shallnot
be taken pater dian 415 N/mm2•
Where the maximum shearstresscalculated illels than
half the permissible value and in memben of minor
structural importance such u lintels. this provision
need not be compliedwith.
Z6.5.1.7 Distributioll oftorsto« Teinfol'C~nielll
When a member is desilned for toni on (,~, 41 or
8-6) tonion reinforcement shall be providedu below:
a) The transverse reinforcement for tonion sball
be rectanplar closed stirrups placed perpen-
dicular to the WS of the member. The spacinl
of the stirrup. shall not exceed the leaJt of
.I., .I,:" and 300 mm, whele .I. and,.
reapectively the short and lonl dimension. of
the ltimap.
b) Lonptudinal reinforcement shall be placed ..
close asis practicable to the cornen oftbe croa..
section and in all casea, there shall be at leat
one IonJitudinai bar in eachcom. of the tiel.
When the croll-sectional dimension of the
member exceeds 450 mm, additional
longitudinal bars.shall beprovided to satisfy the
requirementl of minimum reinforcement and
spacinl givenin 26.5.1.3.
26.5.1.8 Reinforcement in OanlOS of T-n L-beams
shall satisfy the requirements in 23.1.1(b). Where
tlaDles are
in teuioD, • part of the main tension
reinforcement shall be dillribuled over the effective
flanle width or a width equal to ~tonth of the span.
whichever is smaller. If the effective flanle width
exceeds one-tenth of the span, nominal lonaitudinal
reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions
of the flap.
26.5.2Slab,
The rules liven in 36.1.2..1 and ZU.2.2 shall apply
to slabs in addition to those ,twn in the appropriate
clauses.
25.1.11 Minimwn "injorceIMnt
Themild lteel reinforcemeat III lither tlli'ectidtl ill~tatil
shall not be loa thin 0,IS~ftt " ' . ro\8l cross-
sectional .... Ho. . . tilt WI'Ue can bereduced to
0.12 peneIlt ~hen biSb strength deformed bars or
welded wire fabric are used.
26.5.12 Mtuimum diGm't~r
Thediameter of reinforciq banaball bOte~ ODe4(.
eisht of the total thicblu of 1M .a.b.
26.5.3 Col...,.,
26.5.11 ~ reinforcement
I) The cross-sectional area of lonaitudinal
reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 pIIIIftl
nor moro than 6 percent of the aro.' ••.
~
sectional area of the column.
NOTB-"' . . of6,... Ninf........ may .VoIve
prlCticai dtftlcultiel in pladnl-lDIbp8cdD. of ~;
hence 10. . perceMII* I. Neommencled. WhentMn ~
the col_ below have to be . . . . . . . \'fmc in the
column uDder eoDli~ . . peltentaae of steellhlll
aUllI, DOlex~ 4 perce•.
b) In any column that bas a IUJer cross-sectional
area than that required to support the load~
the minimum percenta,e of steel Ihall be
bued upon the area of concrete requlNCl to
resist the direct stress and Dot upon the actual
IR
area.
c) The minimum number of loqil\kllftal ban
provided in • column IbIIl be four in rectaDplar
columns and six illcircullr columns.
d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in
diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column havinl helical
reinforcement shall have at leut lix bin of
lonlitudinal reinforcement within tho helical
reinforcement.
f) Ina helically _fmeed column. the lonptudinal
bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner
circumference.
s) ·Spacina of lonptudinal bars meuured alonl
the periphery of the column shall not exceed
300mm.
h) In case of pedeStall in which the IORlitudinal
reinforcement is Dot takeD in account instrenath
calculations, nominaIlonptudinai reinforcement
notless. than0.15 percentof thecross-sectional
area' shall be provided.
48
 18456: 2000
Table 19 DesIp Shear ~tre"'" 01Concrete, 't c ' NI.....r
(Cltuues4O.2.1. 40.2.2. 40.3. 40.4. 4O.S.3. 41.3.2. 41.3.3 and41.4.3)

l00~
btl

(l)
,..
MIS
(2)
M20
(3)
M2S
(4)
CoDcnte
, Gnde

M30
(5)
M3S
(6)
-
M40IIld above
(7)
~0.t5 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.1S 0.54 0.56 0.$1 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.61 0.68
1.2S 0.64 0.61 0.10 0.11 0.73 0.74
I. SO 0.68 0.12 0.14 0.76 0.18 0.79
1.1S 0.11 0.7S 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.11 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.11 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.11 0.82 0.88 0.9t 0.93 0.95
2.7S 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
nnd
above

NOTE - The termA Is the arell of lonaltudinll1ten.lon reinforcement which conllnues at IClISt oneeffective depth beyond the section
bein, considered exc;pt at supponwhere the full areaof tension reinforcement maybe usedprovided thedetllilina confonn.to 16.1.1
and26.1.3

Table 10 Maximum Shear Stress, f c _ll , N/mmJ

( Cia",,, 40.2.3. 40.2.3.1. 4O.S.1 arad 41.3.1 )
Concrete MIS M20 M2S M30 M3S M40
Gncle lIIId
IIbove
2.5 2.' 3.1 3.S 3.7 4.0

c) Inclined stirrups.
Where bent-up bars are provided. their contribution where
towards shear resistance than not be more than half A II: total cross-sectional area ofstirrup legs
thatof the total shearreinforcement. •• or bent-up ban within a distance s.'
Shear reinforcement shallbe provided tocarry a shear s. • specina of the stirrups or bent-up bars
equal to Vu - f'~ bd The atrenath of ahcar reinforce- alona the lenath of themember,
ment V... shall be calculated u below: 'tv III nc)tninal shear SIre.S,
a) For vertical stirrupa: e, II: des ian shear strenath of the concrete.
_ b breadth of the member which for
0._87...;./',1...A,...;.y~d III

V U1 • flan.ed beams, shall be taken as the

Iv
breadth of theweb b••
b) Forinclined stirrups or a series of barl bent-up
at different cross-sections:
Ir = characteristic ItrenJthof thestirrup or
bent-up reinforcement which shall not
be taken Jreaterthan 41~ N/mm 2,
0.8.7 Iy.-\vd ( . )
VU1 • sma + cosa a III anale between the inclined stirrup or
sv
bent- upbarandthe axis of the member.
c) For 5in,1e bar or 5in,Ie group of parallel bars. notless than 4'°. and
all bent-up at thesame cross-section: d :; effective depth.

21H1815/07_11 73
 Table 21 Permissible Stresses in Concrete IS 456: 2000
(Clauses B·l.3. B·2.1. B-2.l.2.B-2.3 and B·4.2)
All values in Ntmml .

<Yrade 01 Permissible Stress In Compression Permissible Strea

Concrete In Bond (Averale) for
Bending Direct Plain Bars In Tension
(1) (2) (3) (4)

<, 0"
M 10 3.0 2.5
M 15 5.0 4.0 0.6
M20 7.0 5.0 0.8
M2S 8.5 6.0 0.9
M30 10.0 8.0 1.0
M 35 11.5 lJ.O 1.1
M40 13.0 10.0 12
M45 14.5 11.0 1.3
M 50 16.0 t2.0 1.4

NOTES
I The values of permissible: shear stress in concrete are given in Table 23.
2 The bond stress given in col 4 shall be increased by 25 percent for bars in compression.

B-3 PERMISSIBLE LOADS IN COMPRESSION multiplication of the appropriatemaximumpermissible

MEMBERS stress as specified under B-2.1 and B-2.2 by the
B-3.1 Pedestals and Short Columns with Lateral coefficient C, given by the following formula:
Ties
C
r
=1.25 _.!SL
48b
The axial load P permissible on a pedestal or short
column reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral where
ties shall not exceed that given by the following
equation:
C, = reduction coefficient:
I", = effective length of column; and
where b = least lateral dimension of column; for
column with helical reinforcement, b is
0n = permissible stress in concrete in direct
the diameter of the core.
compression.
For moreexact calculations, the maximum permissible
A,. = cross-sectional area of concrete
stresses in a reinforced concrete column or part thereof
excluding any finishing material and
reinforcing steel. having a ratio of effective column length to least lateral
radius of gyration above 40 shall not exceed those
0"" = permissible compressive stress for which result from the multiplication of the appropriate
column bars, and maximum permissible stresses specified under B.2.1
A", = cross-sectional area of the longitudinal and 0-2.2 by the coefficient C, given by the following
steel. formula:
NOTE - The minimumeccentricity mentioned in 25.4 may he
deemed to be incorporated in the above equanon. Cr =1.25 _ le~
IbO'min
B-3.2 Short Columns with Helical Reinforcement
where i miP is the least radius of gyration.
The permissible load for columns with helical
reinforcementsatisfying the requirementof 39.4.1 shall B-3.4 Composite Columns
be 1.05 times the permissible load for similar member a) Allowable load - The allowable axial load P
with lateral ties or rings. on a composite column consisting of structural
B-3.3 Long Columns steel or cast-iron column thoroughly encased in
concrete reinforced with both longitudinal and
The maximum permissible stress in a reinforced spiral reinforcement. shall not exceed that given
concrete column or part thereof having a ratio of hy the following formula;
effectivecolumn length to least lateraldimensionabove
12 shall not exceed that which results from the

2116815/07-12
81
IS 456: 2000
b = breadthof the member, whichfor flanged B-S.Z.l.1 For solid slabs the permissible shear stress
sections shall be taken as the breadth of in concrete shall be kfc where k has the value liven
the web, and below:
d = effective depth. Ovemlldepth 300ar 275 2SO 22S 200 175 150(1"
ofslab, mm more less
B-S.l.1 Beamsof Varying Depth k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.1S 1.201.25 1.30
In the case of beams of varying depth, the equation NOTE- This does not apply to l1at slabs for which31-' shall
shall be modified as: apply.
8-5.2.2 Shear Strength of Members Under Axial
v ± Mlanfj Compression
f
v
= bd
d For members subjected to axial compression P.
the permissible shear stress in concrete t c given
where in Table 23, shalt be multiplied by the following
t y ' V, band d are the same as in B-5.1, factor:

M = bending moment at the section, and ~ =1+~' but not exceeding 1.5
A.fc:k
~ = angle between the top and the bottom
edges of the beam. where
p = axial compressive force in N,
The negative sign in the formula applies when the
bending moment M increases numerically in the same
A, = grossareaof theconcrete sectionin mm',
and
direction as the effective depth d increases, and the
Ie.. = characteristic compressive strength of
positivesign when the momentdecreasesnumerically concrete.
in this direction.
8-5.2.3 With Shear Reinforcement
8-5.2 Design Shear Strength or Concrete When shear reinforcement is provided the nominal
8-S.2.1 The permissible shear stress in concrete in shear stress f c in beamsshall not exceed f c ..... given in
beams without shearreinforcement is given in Table 23. Table 24.

Table 23 Permissible Shear Stress in Concrete

(Clauses B-2.1,B-2.3, 8-4.2, 8-5.2.1, B-S.2.2, B-s.3, B-S.4, 8 ..5.5.1, 8.5.5.3, B·6.~.2.B-6.3.3 and 8-6.4.3 and Tabl~ 21)

l00~ Permissible Shear Stress in Concrete, t c' N/mm J

bd
Grade of Concrete
MIS M20 M2S M30 M3S M40
and above
(I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (6) (7)

S O.IS 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20

0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
O.SO 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.7S 0.34 0.3S 0,36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.7~ 0.44 0.47 0.49 O.SO 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 O.SI 0.53 0.'4 O.SS
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.~3 o.~s 0.'6 0.57
2.S0 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.S7 o.sa 0.60
2.7S 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and 0.44 o.s: 0.S7 0.60 0.61 0.63
above
NOTE- A. is thatareaof longitudinal tension reinforcclncnt which continues at leastoneeffedivc deplhbeyond the lettian beiDI
considered exceptat support.~ wherethe full area of tension reinforcement may be usedprovided the detai1inlconfotml to 26.2.2and
26.2.3.

84
 IS 456: 2000
8-5.2.3.1 For slabs, T shall not exceed half the value
y greater than 230 N/mn1 2
,
of f t mal given in Table 24.
ex = angle between the inclined stirrup or
B-S.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement bent-up bar and the axis of the member,
not less than 45u • and
When t y is less than t c given in Table 23. minimum
shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance d = effective depth.
with 26.5.1.6. Nf)TE -- Where mort.than one type of shear reinforcementis
used to reinforce the same portion of the beam. the Iota) shear
B-5.4 Design of Shear Reinforcement resistance shall be computed as the sum of the resistance for the
When tv exceeds t, given in Table 23, shear various types separately. The area of the stirrups shall not be
less than the minimumspecified in 26.5.1.6.
reinforcement shall beprovidedin any of the following
forms: 8-5.5 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close
a) Vertical stirrups, to Supports
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups. and 8-S.5.1 General
c) Inclined stirrups. Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers
Where bent-up bars arc provided, their contribution without shear reinforcement will normally occur on
towards shear resistance. shall not be more than half plane inclined at an angle 30" to the horizontal. If the
that of the total shear reinforcement. angle of failure plane is forced to ~c inclined more
Shear reinforcementshall beprovided to carry a shear steeply than this Ibecause the section considered
equal to V- 'tc.bd. The strengthof shear reinforcement (X - X) in Fig. 24 is close to a support or for other
V!' shall be calculated as below: reasons], the shear force required to produce failure is
increased.
a) For vertical stirrups
The enhancement of shear strength may be taken
vs = O'sv Asv d into account in the design of sections near a support
Sv hy increasing design shear strength of concrete, ',.
to 2d r/a,. provided that the design shear stress at
h) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent..up
the face of support remains less than the values
at different cross-sections:
given in Table 23. Account may be taken of the
enhancement in any situation where the section
~ = C1sv ~v d (sin a + cos a) considered is closer to the face of a support of
Sv
concentrated load than twice the effective depth, d.
c) For single bar or single group of parallel bars, To be effective, tension reinforcement should extend
all bent-up at the same cross-section: on each side of the point where it is intersected hy a
possible failure plane for a distance. at least equal to
~ =G. v Asv SiD ex
the effective depth, or be provided with an
where
equivalent anchorage.
Asv = totalcross-sectional areaof stirrup legs
or bent-up bars within a distance, 8-5.5.2 Shear Reinforcement for Sections Close to
Supports
~~y = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars
along the length of the member, If shear reinforcement is required, the total area of this
is given by:
tc = design shear strength of the concrete,
b = breadth of the member which for =
A" avb ( f v .. 2d fJav )/O.87fy ~ O.4a v b /O.R~f)
flanged beams, shall be taken as the
This reinforcement should be provided within the
breadth of the web bwt
middle three quarters of avo Where Q v is less than .l.
(J"y = permissible tensile stress in shear horizontal shear reinforcement will be more effective
reinforcementwhichshall not be taken than vertical.

Table 24 Maximum Shear Stress, "r ma.' N/mm1

(Clauses 8-5.2.3. 8·5.2.3. t, 8..5.5,1 and B-6.3.1)

Concrete Grade M )~ M20 M2~ MJO ~1 40 and above

1 2.2 2.J
\'m••' N/mm 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.5

85
IS 456: 2000
8-5.5.3 Enhanced Shear Strength Near Supports
(Simplified Approach)
The procedure given in D-S.S.l and 8-5.5.2 may be
used for all beams. However for beams carrying
generally uniform load or where the principal load is
located further than 2 d from the face of support, the
shear stress may be calculated at a section a distance d
from the face of support. The valueof tc is calculated
in accordance with Table 23 and appropriate shear
reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the
support, no further check for such section is required.
8-6 TORSION
8-6.1 General
In structures where torsion is required to maintain
equilibrium, members shall be designed for torsion in
accordance with8-6.2, 8-6.3 and 0-6.4. However, for
such indeterminate structures where torsion can be
eliminated by releasing redundent restraints, no
specific design for torsion is necessary provided
torsional stiffness is neglected in the calculation of
internal forces. Adequate control of any torsional
cracking is provided by the shear reinforcement as
per B-S.
NOTE- The approachto design in this clause for torsionis as
follows:
Torsional reinforcement is not calculated separately from
that required for bending and shear. Instead the total
longitudinal reinforcement is determined for n fictitious
bending moment which is a function of actual bending
moment and torsion; similarly web reinforcement is
determinedfor a fictitious shearwhichis Il function of IlCtual
shear and torsion.
8-6.1.1 The design rules laid down in 8·6.3
and 8-6.4 shall apply to beams of solid rectangular
cross-section. However, these clauses may also be
v = shear.
T = torsional moment, and
b = breadth of beam.
The equivalent nominal shear stress, 'Ye' in this case
shalJ be calculated as gi yen in B-5.1, except for
substituting V by Ve • The values of 1'vc shall not exceed
the values of 'c max given in 'fable 24.
B-6.3.2 If the equivalent nominal shear stress 'rye does
not exceed fe' given in Table 23. minimum shear
reinforcement shall be provided as specified
in 26.5.1.6.
8-6.3.3 If 1'ye exceeds 1'\; given in Table 23, both
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with B-6.4.
8-6.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to
Torsion
B-6.4.1 Reinforcement for torsion, when required,
shall consist of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.
B-6.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to
resist an equivalent bending moment, Mr l , given by
Mel :::M+Mr
where
M = bending moment at the cross-section, and
(J+D/b)
Ml = T 1.7 ,where T is the torsional
moment, D is the overall depth of the
beam and b is the breadth of the beam.
B-6.4.2.1 If the numerical value of Ml as defined
in 8-6.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the moment
M longitudinal reinforcernent shall be provided on
t

applied to flanged beams by substituting bw for b, in the flexural compression face, such that the beam can
which case they are generally conservative; therefore also withstand an equivalent moment Mt.2 given by
specialist literature may be referred to. =
Mez Ml-M, the momentMe2 being taken as acting in
the opposite sense to the moment M.
B-6.2 Critical Section
8-6.4.3 Transverse Reinforcement
Sections located less than a distance d. from the face
of the support may be designed for the same torsion as Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner
computed at a distance d, where d is the effective longitudinal bars shall have an area of cross-section
depth, A.y ' given by
B-6.3 Shear and Torsion -,v =bId)T,s;"+ 2.5dV'Sv(J,v
A
(Jay
t
but the totaI
1
B-6.3.1 Equivalent Shear
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than
Equivalent shear, Ve shall be calculated from the
formula:
(tv. - t c) b.s y

a.v
v = V+1.6 T • where
• b
where T = torsional moment.
~ = equivalent shear, V = shear force.

86
 15 3370 (Part 2) : 2009

~ ~ ~~gol .~ ~ ~ ~i\!ir~r~ _ ~ ~
1fl1T 2 MCi4~d QJs6le ~i(q~~

Indian Standard
CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR STORAGE OF
LIQUIDS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

( First Revision)

ICS 23.020.01; 91.080.40

© BIS 2009

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK SHAVAN . 9 BAHAD tJR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

June 200'J PriaGroup6


Indian Standard
CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR STORAGE OF
LIQUIDS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
( First Revision )
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 2) lays down the requirements
applicablespecificallyto reinforcedconcrete structures
for the storage of liquids, mainly water. These
requirements are in additionto the generalrequirements
laid down in IS 3370 (Pan 1).
1.2 This standard does not cover the requirements for
reinforced and prestressed concrete structures for
storage of hot liquids and liquids oflow viscosity and
high penetrating power like petrol. diesel oil. etc. This
standard also does not cover dams, pipes. pipelines.
lined structures and damp-proofing of basements.
Special problems of shrinkage arising in the storage
of non-aqueous liquid and the measures necessary
where chemical attack is possible are also not dealt
with. The recommendations. however. may generally
be applicable to the storage at normal temperatures of
aqueous liquids and solutions which have no
detrimental action on COncrete and steel or where
sufficient precautions are taken to ensure protection
of concrete and steel from damage due to ,action of
such liquids as in the case of sewage.
2 REFERENCES
The following standards contain provisions, which
through reference in this text. constitute provisions of
this standard. At the time of publication. the editions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision and parties to agreements based on this
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the standards
indicated below:
/SNo. TItle
456: 2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
1786 : 2008 Specification for high strength bars
and wires for concrete reinforcement
(fourth revision)
3370 Concrete structures for the storageof
liquids - Code of practice:
(Part 1) : 2009 General requirements (first revision)
(Part 4) :·1967 Design tables
IS 3310 (Part 2) : 2009
3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Design and construction of reinforced concrete liquid
retainingstructures shallcomply withthe requirements
of IS 3370 (Part I) and IS 456 unless otherwise laid
down in this standard.
4 DESIGN
4.1 General
Provisionsshall be made for conditions of stresses that
mayoccur in accordance with principlesof mechanics.
recognized methods of design and sound engineering
practice.In particular. adequate consideration shall be
given to the effects of monolithic construction in the
assessment of axial force. bending moment and shear.
4.2 Loads
Allstructures required toretainliquids shouldbedesigned
for both the full and empty conditions. and the
assumptions regarding thearrangements of loading should
be such as to cause the most critical effects. For load
combinations, waterload shall be treatedas 'dead 10a'1'.
Liquid loads should allow for the actual density of the
contained liquid and possible transient conditions. for
example. suspended or deposited silt or grit where
appropriate. For ultimate limit state conditions and
working stress design, liquid levels should be taken to
the maximumlevelthe liquidcan rise assumingthat the
liquid outletsare blocked. For serviceability. limit state
conditions, the liquidlevelshould be takento theworking
top liquid level or the overflow level as appropriate to
workingconditions. Allowanceshould be made for the
effects of any adverse soil pressures on the walls.
accordingto the compactionand/orsurchargeof thesoil
and the condition of the structure during construction
and in service. No relief should be given for beneficial
soil pressure effects on the walls of containment
structures in the full condition. Loading effects due to
temperature occurs when thermal expansion of a roof
forces the walls of an empty structure into the
surrounding backfill causing passivesoil pressure. This
effectcanbereducedby providinga slidingjoint between
the top of the wall and under side of the roof which may
be either a temporary free sliding joint that is not cast
 IS 3370 (Part 2) : 2009

into a fixed or pinned connection. or a permanently
slidingjoint of IbSC:SSed limiting friction. M.ove~~ of
a roofmayoccur also wherethereis substantial vanauon
in the temperature of the containedliquid. Wherea roof
is rigidly connected 10 a wall thismay leadto additional
loading in lhe wall that should be considered in the
design. Earth coveringon reservoirroof maybe taken as
dead load . but due account should be taken of
construction loads from plant and heaped earth which
may exceeo the intended design load.
Thejunctions between variousmembers(betweenwall
and floor) intended to be constructed as rigid should
bedesignedaccordingly and effect of continuityshould
be accounted in design and detailing of each member.
4.3 Methods of Design
One of lhe two alternative melhods of design given
in 4.4 and 4.5 for design of water retaining structures
shan be followed:
Additionalprovisionsfordesign of floors.walls and
roofs are given in 5. 6 and 7 respectively. Structural
dements that are not exposed to the liquids or to
moist conditions shall be designed in accordance
with IS 456.
..... Umit State Desip
"'''.1 Limit State Req",irtmtllts
AllrelevantlimitStaleS shall be considered in thedesign
to ensurean adequate degree of safetyand serviceability.
that in mature concrete shall be calculated as given in
Annex B.
4.4.3.1 Crackwidthsforreinforced concretemembersin
direct tension and flexural tensionmay he deemed to be
satisfactory if steel S!reSS under service conditionsdoes
not exceed 115 N/mm2 for plain bars and 130 N/mm2
for high strength deformed bars.
4.5 Working Stress Design
4.5.1 Basis of Design
The design of members shall be based on adequate
resistance to cracking and adequate strength .
Calculation of stresses shall be based on the following
assumptions:
a) At any cross-section plane section remains
plane after bending.
b) Both steel andconcreteare perfectly elastic and
the modularratio has the valuegiven in IS456.
c) In calculationof stresses. for both flexural and
direct tension (or combination of both)
relating to resistance to cracking. the whole
section of concrete including the cover
together with the reinforcement can be taken
into account provided the tensile stress in
concrete is limited to Table I .
d) In strength calculations the concrete has no
tensile strength.
...5.2 Permissible Stresseson Concrete

"1.1 Limit stlUe ofcollaps«

The recommendations given in IS 456 shan be
followed.
...... 1.1 Limitstales ofserviceability
a) Deflection - The limits of deflection shaI1
be as per IS 456.
b) Croding - The maximumcalculalcd surface
width of cracks for direct tension and flex.ure
or restrained temperatureaod moisture effects
shall not exceed 0.2 mm with specified cover.
4.4.1.3 Partial safety factor»
4.5.2.1 Resistance to cracking
For calculations relating to the resistance to cracking.
the permissible concrete stresses shall conform to the
values specified in Table I . Altbough cracks may
develop in practice. compliance with assumption given
in 4.5.1(c) ensures that these cracks are not excessive.
Table 1 Permissible Coacrete Stresses in
Calculations Relating to ResistaDce
to Cracking
(Chuues 4.5.I(c). 4.5.2.1 and 6.3(b)]
51 Pcnaiulble COllUde Strata,
No. NI J

The recommendationsgiven in IS 456 for partial safety _-----A---_

faet0r5for serv~ility shall be followed.
".4.1 Basis 01 Design
Design and detailing of reinforced concrete shall be as i) M2S 1.3 U
ii) MJ() 1.5 2.0
specified in Section S of IS 456 except thal 37.1.1 of iii) M3S 1.6 2.2
IS 456 shall DOl apply. jy) M40 1.1 2.4
y) M4S 2.0 2.6
4.OCrad~hs yj) MSO 2.1 2.1
NOTE - The YIIues of sbar JlrcsI in ~
Crack widths due to the temperature and moisture sUll be .1iY= in IS 4$6.
effects sha1J be calculated as given in Annex A and

2
 IS 337. (Pari 2) : 1009

4.5.2.2 St~ngth calculation steel shill be equal to the product of modular ratio of
In strength calculations. the permissible concrete
steel and concrete, and the corresponding perm issible
tensile stress in concrete.
stresses shall be in accoo:Iance wilb Table 2 and Table 3.
4.5.3.2 Strrngth calculations
'lable 2 Permissible Stres.Ws ia Coocftte
All values are in N/mm 2• For strenglb calculations. the: perm issible stresses in
steel shall conform to the values specified in Table 4.
51 Gradtof PftWillibk Straa Ie r--....,
No. CMCI"de C_pcuIioII Strali. Iolld
A (A ftf1IIe) lor T.bIe .. Pel misaible StreIRs ia Sled
r '\ I'IahI Ban I. Reinfonaneat for Streaeth
8cDding DiIUl TrtUIoe
a. a.. r.. Sl T~ ofSfna I. SCftI I'n1aIIIi1IIr srr-, ~ .
(4) (S) Na. RdIIf_t A.
(I) (2) (3) r
I'IMI RAlUIld HiP SIftIIIdl'
i) M25 I .S 6.0 0.9 MilclSlDdBm Dd:Jrnxld BIn
ii) M30 10.0 1.0 1.0
iii) MJS II .S 9.0 1.1 (I) (2) (3) (4)
iv) M40 13.0 10.0 1.2 i) TCIIIilc __ .. ..-bas liS 130
v) M4S 14.S 11.0 I.3
lIIIlb 0iftlCI IaIIian.
vi) MSO 16.0 120 14
~1IId"III'CSS
NOlES ii) CompIasiYe ill 12$ l.a
I The values of permissible she. stress in oona'ClC we liven in 001_ subjec:lecl to
T-,*3. dim;lload
1 The bond suess given ill col S shall be inaeascd by 2S
pacaJl for t.n ill compression.
3 In c:asc of deformed bm confunnina to IS 1716. lhc bond 4.5.4 SI1~SStS Dw to Moisnlre or Tt"'IWtUttllY ClttJrtges
stresIc:S gival IIbo¥e may be inaaIsed by 60 pcrca1l
No separate cak:ulation is requin:d for stres.es due to
moisture or temperature change in the concrete
'lable 3 Pel ....ble Shear Stress ID Co9Crfle provided that:
(Claust 4.5 .2.2. and Tablt 2)
a) The reinforcement provided ~ nOl less than
51
No. I" .1-
W
Prnnlulbk SIImrStna I. CotIn'de
N1• •'
Gndc OrCOlICnlir
~
Ibal specified in 8.

r
,...,. -,.
b) The recommendations of the standard with
regard to the provis ion of movement joinu
M2S M30 M3S M408IId
Abovc and for a suitable 51iding layer benealb the
(I) (2) (3) (4) IS) (6) tank. given in IS 3370 (Part I) arc complied
i) sO.IS 019 0.20 0.20 020 with.
ii) 0.2S 023 02.\ 023 0.23 c) The tank. is to be lI)CCj only for the stora&e of
iii) O.SO OJI OJI 0.31 032
Iv) 0.7S 0.36 OJ7 0.37 OJI water or aqueous liquids It or near ambient
v) 1.00 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42 temperature and the concrete never dnes out,
vi) US 0.44 0.4S 04S 046 and
vii) I.SO 0.46 041 0.49 0.49
viii) 1.75 0.49 O.SO 0.S2 0..52 d) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid
ix) 2.00 O.SI 0.S3 0.54 0.55
x) 2.25 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.S7
cracking of the concrete during the
xi) 2.SO 0.5S 0.57 0.51 0.60 coeseuetion period and until the lanle is put
xii) 2.75 0.S6 O.s. 0 .60 0.62 into usc.
xiii) 3.00 IIIll Oj7 0.60 0.62 0.63
Ibofc ".5.4.1 Shrinlease stresses may, however. be rcquin:d
NOTE - A. is dill wca of \oa&i1IadNi laISioa .ciDbCCIIiUII to be calculated in special cases. when a shrinkage
wtIidI COIlliIM:s • asc ClIIC dm::ti'IC dllpdl bc)'Oftd die ~
being CIOIIIidc:ftd at:qlI • ~ 1IltlcR the full Il'aI of coefficienl of 300 )( I()-6may be assumed.
llcIIsioa rcinfoRancnI may be IlSCd provided the dcUifina
lXllIIilnnIlIO lU.111ld l6.1.3 at IS 456. ... 5.... 2 Where reservoirs are protected with an
incemal impermeable lining. consideration should
4.S.3 hrmissible Stresses in Stee! be liven to the possibility of concrete eventually.
dry in, OUI. Unless it is establi5bc:d on the basis of
4.5.3.1 Resistance 10 crac1illg
tests or experience Ibat the linin, has adequate crack
The tensile stress in the steel will necessarily be limited bridaing properties. allowance for the increased
by the requirement that the permissible !ensile Slres5 effect of dryinl shrinka,e should be made in !he
in thecoeerete is nOlexceeded; 50 !he tensile suess in design.

3
 IS 3370 (Part 2) : 2009
5 FLOORS
5.1 Provisions of Movement Jomts
Movementjoints shall be provided in accordancewith
IS 3310 (Part I).
5.2 Floon ofTaoks RestiDg 00 Ground
The floors of tanks resting on ground shall be in
accordance with IS 3310 (Part I).
5.3 F100n of Taoks Resting on Supports
If the tank is supported on walls or other similar
supports. the floor slab shall be designed for bending
momentsdue to water load and self weight. The worst
conditions of loading may not be thosegivenin 22.4.1
of IS 456, since water level extends over all spans in
normal construction except in the case of multi-cell
tanks, these will have to be determinedby the designer
in each particular case.
5.3.1 When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls
(as is generally the case) the bending moments at the
junction between the walls and floor shall be taken
into accounl in the design of floor together with any
direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or
from the floor to the wall due to the suspension of the
floor from the wall.
6 WALLS
6.1 ProrisiOD of Joints
6.1.1 Sliding Joints al 1M Base O/IM Wall
Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or
contract separately from the floor, or to prevent
moments at the base of the wallowing to fixity 10 the
floor. sliding joints may be employed.
6.1.1.1 Constructions affecting the spacing of vertical
movement joints are discussed in IS 3310 (Part I) .
While the majorityof thesejoints may be of the partial
or complete contraction type, sufficient joints of the
expansion type should be provided to satisfy the
requirements of is 3310 (Part I).
6.2 Pressure On Walls
6.2.1 In liquidretainingstructures withfixed or floating
covers,the gas pressuredevelopedabove liquidsurface
shall be added to the liquid pressure.
6.U When thewall ofliquid retainingstructureis built
in ground or has earth embanked against it. the effect
of earth pressure shall be taken into account as
discussed in IS 3370 (Part I).
6.3 W" ofTaoks Rectanplar or PoI)'IOoaI in Plao
Whiledesigning the walls of rectangular or polygonal
4
concrete tanks, the following points should be taken
care of:
a) In plane walls. the liquid pressure is resisted
by both vert ical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate of the bend ing
moments in the vertical and horizontal planes
should be made . The horizontal tension
caused by the direct pull due to water pressure
on end wallsshould be added to that resulting
from horizontal bending moment.
b) On liquid retaining faces, the tensile stresses
due to the combination of direct horizontal
tension and bending action shall satisfy the
following condition:
where
CTe( =calculated direct tensile stress in
concrete.
Oet = permissible direct tensile stress in
concrete (see Table I).
OeM' =calculated tensile stress due to
bending in concrete. and
acbc = permissible tensile stress due to
bending in concrete (see Table I).
c) At the vertical edges where the walls of a
reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be
provided to resist the horizontal bending
moments. even if the walls arc designed to
withstand the whole load as vertical beams
or cantilever without lateral supports.
In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side
walls act as two way slabs. whereby the wall is
continued or restrainedin the horizontaldirection. fixed
or hinged at the bottom and hinged or free at the top.
The walls thus act as thin plates subject to triangular
loading and with boundary conditions varyingbetween
full restraint and free edge. The analysis of moment
and forces may be made on the basis of any recognized
method. However. moment coefficients, for boundary
conditions of wall panels for some common cases arc
given in IS 3370 (Part 4) for general guidance.
6.4 Walls of Cylindrical Tanks
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks, the
following points should be borne in mind:
a) Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast
monolith ically with the base or are set in
grooves and keyways (movement joints). In
either case deformation of the wall under the

influence of liquid pressure is restricted at the
base .
b) Unle ss the extent of fixity at the base is
established by anal) sis with due consideration
to the dimensions of the base slab. the type of
joint between the wall and slab and the type:
of soil supporting the base slab. it is advisable
to assume wall to be fully fixed at the base.
Coefficient for ring tension and vertical moments for
different conditions of the walls for some common
cases are given in IS 3370 (Part 4) for general
guidance.
7 ROOFS
7.1 Provision of Movement Joints
To avo id the possibility of sympathetic cracking. it is
important to ensure that movement joints in the roof
correspond with those in walls if roof and walls are
monolithic. If, however. provision is made by means
of a sliding joint for movement between the roof and
the wall, correspondence of joints is not important ,
7.2 Water-Tightness
In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for
drinking purposes, the roof must be made water-tight.
This may be achieved by limiting the stresses as for
NOTE - For D < 500 mm, assc.me ead'l rW'dolament lace controls en deptI'l0100I'lCt8tlI.
For D ,. 500 mm assume each reinforcement face controls 2SO mm depth 01concrete,
ignoring any central core beyoncllhis sUl1ace dep1h.
FIG . I SURFACE ZoNES:
IS 3310 (Pan 2) : 2009
the rest of the tank or by use of the covering of
waterproof membrane or by providing slopes to ensure
adequate drainage .
8 OETAILI~(;
8.1 Minimum Reinforcement
8.1.1 The minimum reinforcement in walls. floors and
roofs in each of two directions at right angles. within
each surface zone shall not be less than 0.:\5 percent
of the surface zone, cross section as shown in Fig . I
and Fig. 2 for high strength deformed bars and not
less than 0 .64 percent for mild steel reinforcement bars .
The minimum reinforcement can be further reduced
to 0.24 percent for deformed bars and 0 .40 percent for
plain round bars for tanh having any dimension nOl
more than 15 m. In wall slabs less than 200 mrn in
thickness. the calculated amount of reinforcement may
all be placed in one face . For ground slabs less than
:lOO rnm thick (su Fig . 2) the calculated reinforcement
should be placed in one face as near as possible [0 the
upper surface consistent with the nominal cover. Bar
spacing should generally not exceed :\00 OlIO or the
thickness of [he section. whichever IS less .
8.2 Size of Ban, Distance BetwHn Ban. Laps and
Bends - Size of bars . distance between bars. lap!> and
bends in bars. and fixing or han shall be in accordance
with IS 456 .
WAUS AND SUSP£NDED SLAas
5
IS 3370 (Part 2) : 2009

~
UNDER
I~O~
o ---l
300mm NO BOTTOM
_1__ REINFORCEMENT

-~---r
I
300mc;., TO
on
I __
~~
'L 1
_-:-:-::t
100mm
f

-I
o
OVER

L
500mm

1.-/"77 r r 7 7 7'/77" r/77" r/"".'7 7"//7

FIG . 2 SURFACE ZoNES : GROUNDED SLABS

ANNEXA
(Foreword, and Clause 4.4.3)
CRACK WIDTH DUE TO TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE
A-I CALCULATION OF MINIMUM REIN- Grade of M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
FORCEMENT CRACK SPACING AND CRACK concrete
WIDTHS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE fa' N/mm21.15 1.3 1.45 1.6 I.7 1.8
AND MOISTURE EFFECTS IN THIN SECTION fy = characteristic strength of the reinforcement.
A-I.I The design procedures given in A-I.2 to A-I.3 For ground slabs under 200 mm thick the minimum
are appropriate to long continuous wall or floor slabs reinforcement may be assessed on the basis of
of thin cross section. A-2 considers thick sections. thickness of 100 mm and placed wholly in the top
surface with cover not exceeding 50 mm. The top
A-I.2 Minimum Reinforcement
surface zone for ground slab from 200 to 500 mm
To be effective in distributing cracking. the amount of thick may be assessed on half the thickness of the
reinforcement provided needs to be at least as great as slab. For ground slabs over 500 mm thick, consider
that given by the formula; them as 'thick' sections with the bottom surface zone
only 100 mm thick.
_fa
Pcril- f, .. .(1) A-I.3 Cracks can be controlled by choosing the
spacing of movement joint and the amount of
where
reinforcement. The three main options are summarized
Peri, = critical steel ratio, that is, the minimum ratio, in Table 2 of IS 3370 (Part I) .
of steel area to the gross area of the whole
concrete section , required to distribute the A-l .4 Crack Spacing
cracking; When sufficient reinforcement is provided to distribute
h, = direct tensile strength of the immature cracking the likely maximum spacing of crack SMu
concrete, which is taken as given below: shall be given by the formula:

6
IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

Table 1 Percentage Increase in Net Bearing Table 2 Classification of Types of Soils for
Pressure and Skin Friction of Soils Determining Percentage Increase in Net
(Clause 6.3.5.2) Bearing Pressure and Skin Friction
(Clause 6.3.5.2)
Sl No. Soil Type Percentage Increase Allowable
(1) (2) (3) Sl No. Soil Type Remarks
(1) (2) (3)
i) Type A: Rock or hard soils 50
ii) Type B: Medium or stiff soils 25 i) Type A Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand
iii) Type C: Soft soils 0 Rock or (SW) both with less than 5 percent passing
hard soils 75 mm sieve (Fines)
NOTES Well graded gravel — sand mixtures with
or without fines (GW-SW)
1 The net bearing pressure shall be determined in
Poorly-graded sand (SP) or Clayey sand
accordance with IS 6403 or IS 1888.
(SC), all having N above 30
2 Only corrected values of N shall be used. Stiff to hard clays having N above 30, where
3 If any increase in net bearing pressure has already been N is corrected standard penetration test value
permitted for forces other than seismic forces, the ii) Type B Poorly graded sands or poorly graded sands
increase in allowable bearing pressure, when seismic force Medium or with gravel (SP) with little or no fines having
is also included, shall not exceed the limits specified stiff soils N between 10 and 30
above. Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils,
4 The desirable minimum corrected field values of N shall like silts of low compressibility (ML) or
be as specified below: clays of low compressibility (CL) having
N between 10 and 30
Seismic Depth (m) below N Values Remarks
Zone Ground Level iii) Type C All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The
Soft soils various possible soils are:
III, IV £5 15 For values of Silts of intermediate compressibility (Ml);
and V ³10 25 depths between Silts of high compressibility (MH);
5 m and 10 m,
II £5 10 Clays of intermediate compressibility (CI);
linear
interpolation is Clays of high compressibility (CH);
³10 20
recommended Silts and clays of intermediate to high
com-pressibility (MI-MH or CI-CH);
Silt with clay of intermediate compressibility
If soils of lower N values are encountered than those (MI-CI); and
specified in the table above, then suitable ground Silt with clay of high compressibility
improvement techniques shall be adopted to achieve (MH-CH).
these values. Alternately, deep pile foundations should iv) Type D Requires site-specific study and special
be used, which are anchored in stronger strata, underlying Unstable, treatment according to site condition (see
the soil layers that do not meet the requirement. collapsible, 6.3.5.3)
5 Piles should be designed for lateral loads neglecting lateral liquefiable
resistance of those soil layers (if any), which are liable soils
to liquefy.
6 Indian Standards IS 1498 and IS 2131 may be referred
for soil notation, and corrected N values shall be
Table 3 Seismic Zone Factor Z
determined by applying correction factor CN for effective (Clause 6.4.2)
overburden pressure σ 'vo using relation N = C N N1 , Seismic Zone Factor II III IV V
where CN = Pa σ ' vo ≤ 1.7 , P a is the atmospheric (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
pressure and N1 is the uncorrected SPT value for soil.
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
7 While using this table, the value of N to be considered
shall be determined as below:
a) Isolated footings — Weighted average of N of soil 6.4.3 Effects of design earthquake loads applied on
layers from depth of founding, to depth of founding structures can be considered in two ways, namely:
plus twice the breadth of footing;
b) Raft foundations — Weighted average of N of soil a) Equivalent static method, and
layers from depth of founding, to depth of founding b) Dynamic analysis method.
plus twice the breadth of raft;
c) Pile foundation — Weighted average of N of soil
In turn, dynamic analysis can be performed in three
layers from depth of bottom tip of pile, to depth of ways, namely:
bottom tip of pile plus twice the diameter of pile;
d) Group pile foundation — Weighted average of N of
1) Response spectrum method,
soil layers from depth of bottom tip of pile group, to 2) Modal time history method, and
depth of bottom tip of pile group plus twice the width
of pile group; and 3) Time history method.
e) Well foundation — Weighted average of N of soil
layers from depth of bottom tip of well, to depth of In this standard, Equivalent Static Method, Response
bottom tip of well plus twice the width of well. Spectrum Method and Time History Method are

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 IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

FIG. 1 SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

© Government of India Copyright, 2016

Based upon Survey of India Political map printed in 2002.

The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline.
The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971, but have
yet to be verified.
The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned.
The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India.
The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.

NOTE — Towns falling at the boundary of zones demarcation line between two zones shall be considered in higher zone.

FIG. 1 SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

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 IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

Table 7 Minimum Design Earthquake Horizontal critical damping for the purposes of estimating Ah in
Lateral Force for Buildings the design lateral force VB of a building as per 7.2.1,
(Clause 7.2.2) irrespective of the material of construction (namely
steel, reinforced concrete, masonry, or a combination
Sl No. Seismic Zone ρ
thereof of these three basic materials) of its lateral load
Percent
(1) (2) (3) resisting system, considering that buildings experience
inelastic deformations under design level earthquake
i) II 0.7 effects, resulting in much higher energy dissipation
ii) III 1.1
iii) IV 1.6
than that due to initial structural damping in buildings.
iv) V 2.4 This value of damping shall be used, irrespective of
the method of the structural analysis employed, namely
Equivalent Static Method (as per 7.6) or Dynamic
7.2.3 Importance Factor (I)
Analysis Method (as per 7.7).
In estimating design lateral force VB of buildings as
7.2.5 Design Acceleration Spectrum
per 7.2.1, the importance factor I of buildings shall be
taken as per Table 8. Design acceleration coefficient Sa/g corresponding to
5 percent damping for different soil types, normalized to
Table 8 Importance Factor (I) peak ground acceleration, corresponding to natural period
(Clause 7.2.3) T of structure considering soil-structure interaction,
Sl No. Structure I irrespective of the material of construction of the structure.
(1) (2) (3) Sa/g shall be as given by expressions in 6.4.2.
i) Important service and community build- 1.5 7.2.6 Response Reduction Factor (R)
ings or structures (for example, critical
governance buildings, schools), signature Response reduction factor, along with damping during
buildings, monument buildings, lifeline and extreme shaking and redundancy: (a) influences the
emergency buildings (for example,
hospital buildings, telephone exchange
nonlinear behaviour of buildings during strong
buildings, television station buildings, earthquake shaking, and (b) accounts for inherent
radio station buildings, bus station system ductility, redundancy and overstrength normally
buildings, metro rail buildings and metro available in buildings, if designed and detailed as per
rail station buildings), railway stations,
airports, food storage buildings (such as
this standard and the associated Indian Standards.
warehouses), fuel station buildings, power For the purpose of design as per this standard,
station buildings, and fire station
buildings), and large community hall response reduction factor R for different building
buildings (for example, cinema halls, systems shall be as given in Table 9. The values of R
shopping malls, assembly halls and subway shall be used for design of buildings with lateral load
stations) resisting elements, and NOT for just the lateral load
ii) Residential or commercial buildings [other 1.2
than those listed in Sl No. (i)] with resisting elements, which are built in isolation.
occupancy more than 200 persons
7.2.7 Dual System
iii) All other buildings 1.0
Buildings with dual system consist of moment resisting
NOTES frames and structural walls (or of moment resisting
1 Owners and design engineers of buildings or structures frames and bracings) such that both of the following
may choose values of importance factor I more than
conditions are valid:
those mentioned above.
2 Buildings or structures covered under Sl No. (iii) may be a) Two systems are designed to resist total
designed for higher value of importance factor I, design lateral force in proportion to their lateral
depending on economy and strategy.
stiffness, considering interaction of two
3 In Sl No. (ii), when a building is composed of more than
one structurally independent unit, the occupancy size systems at all floor levels; and
shall be for each of the structurally independent unit of
the building.
b) Moment resisting frames are designed to
4 In buildings with mixed occupancies, wherein different I
resist independently at least 25 percent of the
factors are applicable for the respective occupancies, design base shear.
larger of the importance factor I values shall be used for
estimating the design earthquake force of the building. 7.3 Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force
Calculation
7.2.4 Damping Ratio
7.3.1 For various loading classes specified in IS 875
The value of damping shall be taken as 5 percent of (Part 2), design seismic force shall be estimated using

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IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016
full dead load plus percentage of imposed load as given
in Table 10. The same shall be used in the three-
dimensional dynamic analysis of buildings also.
Table 9 Response Reduction Factor R for Building
Systems
(Clause 7.2.6)
Sl No. Lateral Load Resisting System
(1) (2) (3)
i) Moment Frame Systems
a) RC buildings with ordinary moment resisting 3.0
frame (OMRF) (see Note 1)
b) RC buildings with special moment resisting 5.0
frame (SMRF)
c) Steel buildings with ordinary moment resisting 3.0
frame (OMRF) (see Note 1)
d) Steel buildings with special moment resisting 5.0
frame (SMRF)
ii) Braced Frame Systems (see Note 2)
a) Buildings with ordinary braced frame (OBF) 4.0
having concentric braces
b) Buildings with special braced frame (SBF) 4.5
having concentric braces
c) Buildings with special braced frame (SBF) 5.0
having eccentric braces
iii) Structural Wall Systems (see Note 3)
a) Load bearing masonry buildings
1) Unreinforced masonry (designed as per
IS 1905) without horizontal RC seismic
bands (see Note 1)
2) Unreinforced masonry (designed as per 2.0
IS 1905) with horizontal RC seismic
bands
3) Unreinforced masonry (designed as per
IS 1905) with horizontal RC seismic
bands and vertical reinforcing bars at
corners of rooms and jambs of openings
(with reinforcement as per IS 4326)
4) Reinforced masonry [see SP 7 (Part 6) 3.0
Section 4]
5) Confined masonry
b) Buildings with ordinary RC structural walls 3.0
(see Note 1)
c) Buildings with ductile RC structural walls
iv) Dual Systems (see Note 3)
a) Buildings with ordinary RC structural walls 3.0
and RC OMRFs (see Note 1)
b) Buildings with ordinary RC structural walls 4.0
and RC SMRFs (see Note 1)
c) Buildings with ductile RC structural walls 4.0
with RC OMRFs (see Note 1)
d) Buildings with ductile RC structural walls 5.0
with RC SMRFs
v) Flat Slab – Structural Wall Systems
(see Note 4)
RC building with the three features given below:
a) Ductile RC structural walls (which are
designed to resist 100 percent of the
design lateral force),
b) Perimeter RC SMRFs (which are designed
to independently resist 25 percent of the
design lateral force), and preferably
c) An outrigger and belt truss system
connecting the core ductile RC
structural walls and the perimeter RC
SMRFs (see Note 1).
NOTES
1 RC and steel structures in Seismic Zones III, IV and V
shall be designed to be ductile. Hence, this system is not
allowed in these seismic zones.
2 Eccentric braces shall be used only with SBFs.
3 Buildings with structural walls also include buildings
having structural walls and moment frames, but where,
a) frames are not designed to carry design lateral
loads, or
b) frames are designed to carry design lateral loads,
but do not fulfill the requirements of ‘Dual Systems’.
4 In these buildings, (a) punching shear failure shall be
avoided, and (b) lateral drift at the roof under design
R
lateral force shall not exceed 0.1 percent.
7.3.2 For calculation of design seismic forces of
buildings, imposed load on roof need not be
considered. But, weights of equipment and other
permanently fixed facilities should be considered; in
such a case, the reductions of imposed loads
mentioned in Table 10 are not applicable to that part
of the load.
Table 10 Percentage of Imposed Load to be
Considered in Calculation of Seismic Weight
(Clause 7.3.1)
Sl No. Imposed Uniformity Percentage of
Distributed Floor Loads Imposed Load
1.5
kN/m2
(1) (2) (3)
i) Up to and including 3.0 25
ii) Above 3.0 50
2.5
7.3.3 Imposed load values indicated in Table 10 for
calculating design earthquake lateral forces are
applicable to normal conditions. When loads during
earthquakes are more accurately assessed, designers
3.0
may alter imposed load values indicated or even replace
the entire imposed load given in Table 10 with actual
assessed load values, subject to the values given in
4.0 Table 7 as the minimum values. Where imposed load is
not assessed as per 7.3.1 and 7.3.2,
a) only that part of imposed load, which
possesses mass, shall be considered; and
b) lateral earthquake design force shall not be
calculated on contribution of impact effects
from imposed loads.
3.0
7.3.4 Loads other than those given above (for example,
snow and permanent equipment) shall be considered
appropriately.
7.3.5 In regions of severe snow loads and sand storms
exceeding intensity of 1.5 kN/m2, 20 percent of uniform
design snow load or sand load, respectively shall be
included in the estimation of seismic weight. In case
the minimum values of seismic weights corresponding
to these load effects given in IS 875 are higher, the
higher values shall be used.
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