RE VISIONS: CRITICAL STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF ART Series editors: Jon Bird and List Ticker, ‘Midalesex University ‘et history as been tase at an adem dsipine over he last ‘weny yeas The ‘ew’ at hry vn longer new a that wily aed sd wel ae as come seem dangeroly ver dy, Re visions responds othe aval of ew ways of hnking i etsy in « Sees of lucid and accent by ators tinged In tele [ich book examines tbe usefunes of norave concept ad methods et in abaract terms but though the atl parla ways of Wel hou a od cleralinaitone ad rice DIFFERENCING THE CANON Feminism asd he Weiag of Ae Hist ‘Grade Pole [FEMINISM AND CONTEMPORARY ART The Revoltonry Power of Wamce's Lagi: Me Ans Fok INGRES THEN, AND NOW ‘Adin Rin CIVILIZING RITUALS INSIDE PUBLIC ART MUSEUMS Carol Duncan R foster,coPM N 430 . Dey 1495 2k Sqm Mla ak Angin, Ok OX14 RN Sivan plied inh SA sed Cn ‘ons one NY 6 auld a init ef he ler & Frac Cr 1995 Dien Aight of hook my te "Eyck, echo oe aun nw” som orate eu ica yespyng “elscningnyaeg romper Lefont in ‘tne ogni wens. andar oes sun o-4s-oou-2 ai IBavo-ais-oaia ab) i Cooper Union Library CONTENTS breecand ctnwledgmens INTRODUCTION "THE ART MUSEUM AS RITUAL FROM THE PRINCELY GALLERY 70 THE PURLIC ART (MUSEUM: THE LOUVRE MUSEUM AND THE NATIONAL PUBLIC SPACES, PRIVATE INTERESTS: MUNICIPAL. ART MUSEUMS IN NEW YORK AND CHICAGO SOMETHING ETERNAL: THE DONOR MEMORIAL "THE MODERN ART MUSEUM: IT'S A MAN'S WORLD CONCLUSION Notes aLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The National Galley of New South Wales, Sydoey Mlern arin the Te Gallery, Landon Cremag spear ein nthe cental ome of he Louvres ‘Louvee Museum, tbe newly decorated Salle es ats, 1886 The eihtent-entry dining oom fom Lansdowne Howe ‘London, isle nthe Metopaian Masur of Ar Proposed Staare ad Dome for the At asia of Chia (Gnexccte) 1994 craig ‘The Art sae of Chaps Grand Srase, 1910 ‘A Tosti Chisgo, eal of sot facade ‘galery of Reon toth Metropolitan Mesetm of Ar Reor em Klingon Prk, Oxfords, England, ©1784, a8 Insane Metropolitan Museum of Art Bedroom rom th Palazzo Secredo, Vee, 1718, stalled te Hinhorn Mise, Washingon, DC 193:10 A room inthe Metpottn Muscum of Ants Lins Collection 41 A gallery inthe Wace Calestion, Lan 42 Frick Callecuon, New Yoo the Fragouré Room 43, HMuntngon rc Gallery, San Marino, Cao 44 Inthe Prt Geny Manco, Mali, California 465 Upstate inte 1 Pol Gey Maca 446 Dalwich Picture Galery, South London 47 Dulwich Pictae Gallery: exterior of he masoeum 48 Huntngon Mseleum 49. A perod” room nthe Lohan Wing ofthe Meopolitan Museum of Ar 4610 The Lehman Win’ glass pyramid, Menoptitan Museum 4.11 Perpont Morgan Litay, New York, watercolor ederng fom the lice of Kim, Mesa & Whit, architect 1902 4412 The Wet Room of te Monga Library (Morges sy) 413 National Gallery, Washington De 4614 National Gallery: Washington: the Rotunda ‘4.15 oom nthe Nona Galley, Washington, DC 51 Museum of Modern Ant New Yor: enn othe permet callection ‘52 Modern ata he Los Angeles County Museum of Act 53 Atom of Rothko pining inthe Tae Galley, London 54 Imide me Museum of Moder Arnage of wore By Picasso 513. Inide the Museum of Modern Avs wih Kiehaer's 56 Pablo Peso, Let Demet d'Aignn, 1906-7 57. Piso, Sd for “Le Demotele €ieon" 97 58 Willem de Kooning, Woman 1952 alld in the Museu cof Modeen Artin 1588 59 De Kooning, Women, 1952 5.10 Gorgon clay ris entry 96 1 Erucas Gorgon (raving after shear 9 bronze carriage oa) $512 Robert Henecken, tation a Metmorphoss 519 Bas lier on 376 Soe, New York iy, 198, with sveriscmeat fer Pethonte againe 5:14 Aversemen foe Penthouse, Ape 88, wing photogsaph ‘by Bob Gucione - » o% 10 1 io 12 n0 4 PREFACE and acknowledgments “he orga of his book go bck many year 1976, ny inet a Ito ok a ghana ova whe ned ay of New Yo Intended a rape ta centeoi! yar exibiion of Amricah a ed atthe Whitey Moscam, on ant-catlo ew ito aerial Took st ar ttscan anda exhibons in gener Por te eighes pope wh wt, ‘signed od rodeed i? an analog wan slo an inal anna ‘Soot mscams Soon ser is completion, once asin immersed mys athe abet of ‘emo Mont, New York si aor be oe Mea — ‘Tegan work oo tis book thove ales wee my stating pit, Invi, ny ews have undergone cosieabe development nthe iervenig years, Dat that eal colaborative work has renee for me 4 nich soc oF “Thavecndavored 1 wit his ook 0th it woulé eneage bh ftw ‘Bove general readers les experienced te arcisoeal matters In Oe imret of snore eile, acess test have wood ends erly Poth or ie uta Kinds of col ciation and loo qualify elaborate "Over te ast few yea, ate various pats of his book evolved, I Senet fom the steno of many end and olagbes, Aron tose to wom 1am indeed for encouragement, conversation, an blogic help are Michael Ames, Susan Gallager, Janet Koel, Adan Rifkin Greg Sholete, Trent Soyer, Mini Smith, Clave Spark, on Wash and Spey SS eetWeinberg. Several people fed prt or he woe of my manuscript tone Jon Bird, Josphise Gea, Alex Pots, Beatrice Reh, Lis Tikae, an ‘Gwendoyn Wright. "Were tnt fr the inetasna suport I reve, tis book would not hae Been psu. My thank, st fal 0 he adinsvaton of Ramapo Callege an tos Diet of Grants Administration, Ron Kise, A sabbatical Screen 98h and release te in te see o 1993 enabled mee advance ty project substan For he later, arm grateful the Ramapo Clg Foundation Inaon te Coleg made pombe forme o aesep ga from the Aierian Couteil of eared Secieues, which [sso pratflly| tcknowleige: The ACLS gat gave me the Kin of unbroken wing cme | ‘eesd to complet the et. “Above all wish o express my grade to Andrew Hemingway, who, cover he nt fw year bas given me invaluable help, coast encourage ‘met and ont porta, howe ad ine ei. New York City ‘ne, 198 INTRODUCTION Sine their appearance inthe Inte eighteenth century art mascums® have Become sedi ey mee nates sd, ately, are glamorous featur activity, The Maseum Ae, ae Germain Bari elled our er! ‘Semel not 10 ve peaked, mls ugg fom the everinreasng "Tis book looks ata atin of collections Gos wht I lve to be ew eapetive omely, ae ital strctres, The Irie aboot et musi tend to epee thm the ay calletons of things oa itinctive wore ‘isons of«cllecton, The “collection” cnet smcepunaed ta lace {wt rather aan ascumslton of valuable and unique sbjote. Books txt famous collectors do someting sir, usally arating the hw and when ‘colectr gine bis posession. Thee x eren abn advesaeiertre inwhiehcolctors ar curators appear as clever seul or dashing heroes who track down and their trearres like hantersor Don Sans? Meanwhile, ‘makes, on more patel on ow ie sett handed such problens 5 Iiing or tafe ow, Where te focus ion collecting or cllection the ‘mreum environment ite fen Spore, afi spaces mere nea the museum experince a almost solely abv of encounter ith dere it bj ‘tadooalweapler and palaces they 20 often emule, at muscu aE cle hho htc ale i brvisor cont prince of sore ind, wt oot cl vir owt! drt a ch (nd wheter rn hey te prepa os) From th perpctie. at ensumsapen evrnent sce ‘pete tua senrsvrocrampesO wich eet ages of ib Sox wilesplo, Myint ni 1 argue hy of tl of iver defton ort inte maa of conpusive stoping. Nor my pinay et ‘ioe foe Raber I am Comrcd wi fe ay at mero op als and belt abot Sova vv and pet enity nthe form of vid an ete peroc inthe Chps ha follow init on the cxeoe of onc ial isbcaee cere mcan'scenl mening eng? tenon, tected hugh a hops fis too get nee of ea mcm tal. daving co mreylogal less, plone roo shout e see ‘Spaeth st mscologal wag soa he ure bd Snisow of at murs, Using ape examples, sme Earp, stot them Ameria, te ing ur ape epi sone of he et Common salen th mucus const Tese have bie cose Sie rel inpoac nur Mtr orbs ty empty 2 Cone pe af munin. Ax ouch pool ech eampl (or Be of Sample) & sated wa lvn ln cote. her? eat {fe Cove Maou in Paris and he Nation Galery fa London nds Cenctnd slly SN es taser of We afopen eS alery inc abc arnseu anton at served edo enegng bourses ton sts ‘eas Ter ebaptr dca te creation of tor a museums in {he Unie Sse Ine at inet deni tenth ces, ibs attow a New York, Chicago ad Bese al fons of Eaopera ‘nal gales et lott fo new pote and scl ees ‘apr rac private clleton at ave bone spare ness ‘raoprts mana wings (among tem he colecon of Walle, ck, {an ety and he Dwi te Caley in Soh Londo) hs Callao, cng se ost oes romped To cacti an ‘aint donor win hia of te mses ay alee nd ‘srl nd roy sre) eh da epee op ‘mcm (ad mca wigs) eee moderna Te foe bre ot tecaocog onder a spa fhtainatey = ces wh Sh omunert carotid The ears on pene this pon shoal toc bv commie omy haere meus ry gendted wi ‘yun eos esnen, however te espero ney sn ei ie ten mere have ono! he ueion eal ei a simoshere that distinguishes them from olde types of rt mscums, wh, forthe most pr, could pursue prey wraions vchallengs "Ar the above mes cleat {have lined the scope of is boc to western enoraer and ave sated thal towaed Anglo-American exanpe, themajonty being American Without dub, diferent bounsre cou have [eer ena, both geographically and coneepaaly. Were tht a istory of ‘musums the absnce of Ualy abd Germany. bth f whieh se pert ‘ueolgiea! precedents forte ret of Europe aod Amel, wosld bot be ‘mise. My purpose, however, hat not been to write history of ‘museums, bt abe toexploe he ital conten of cece group hem? ven within the iis {ve draw, th study tok me lo moe hist feriods and serosa more daciplinay ao otinal lines than ha ngially ep ’At for crossing non ics: at museums are, if anything, «very lneritina abject, However moch they are shapd by parla tistical ‘condition the politi of heiraing funders othe alight hei fatrons art muscuns also bolo to te large international har of| eurgeos clr. Is ste t sy hata the iy ational and munis poblic rt museums i he West were and te mca to be ently visible, Cert ipa fas loked across national Boundaries or Foth conceptual models and examples of raneum management. Civen the src origins ow masom, hs internaonlan wot sping Ty sppere jit a be more! when ations ofthe publican public pac were Tia being defined throughout western Earpe or raberseetied in rs ‘of bew oureols forms of the tae) If he various capil of Earope a, "Ameren ended op with ial conceived nt muscu, wa [Seca fom he tt, ose ion tates and ies ad simile olga) ted and public at net afforded tem sia eologcl tenets ‘This iernatonlism ssl sing feature of te euseu Word olay ‘museum continue to be valed ~ an supported ~ ty pont engine of ‘eology and the fr hey adop il have ermal currency esis ts scope, thst fined in ye ater respect ideas rly ll wth he eof hom western seus epee ter clues Bow ‘hai dispys of "primitive "Third Word oF non-western ar aften Inistepeset or even invent foreign cles for what re atimately eo Topica purposes. Te isue of what westera mass do 1o ee ele, Iincging the mini calles wa their own sites, has become ‘Spec arent post colo ntions tempt to dete nd redefine tit falta eater ad as minority elton the Wel sek ell rca Siton However pesing these iste, the question {am ting bee ‘tough parle ferent oe: wht ondumeatl purposes do western Iiiseurs rv inthe content of western scien? MY. Book inthe ‘resternctres but wih what art escums tye and aout our own cuteNevertheless, the two Gustins are atimatly not separate; western rep ‘esetatons of ester culture bold implications fr the way nomswetrn ‘rs ae seen? Let me add one o wo more things that distinguish his Book fom eter suds fat meats, Bra does ot argc ncncep of what art mses Should be, Advocate of at museums anew always gue ane of eal the edveationl mascum or he aethele scam I the ection ode trorke of at ate fad a tol or arora objects, wile the estes mode, their nique an anseanden quis are primary, and the sway bat ot always) the edueaoral seo is onsdered by is sdvoates tobe moe democratic and poplar while the vestetie muse it ‘em (even by it advocates, bot ot vay) ar moe ita. Both sl are vaned ws scaly saluales aod masa rofestooale aot yay ose them, alone or in combination, to artelate tee goals, Wht ay st ‘omrelevan tomy dys that within hi debts, detractors of he esthetic fuscum often objet to as rewd-rcred Rind place led wih ian like smasphore In their spy, “situa” means something empty ahd tneannges oi iplies am eliti content eet they mata, that ‘mows ean and should avoid In my vie; the edsestonl mas is mo ‘ooh ideology. Teaot therefor, tke ses in ths debt, since I sare ‘he the te norte assumption fo which its wally condoctd and ‘Gh which it proceeds eventhough have fen Sense rom he nis ‘twtr on toh of is siden Rather than ang concept of what tt ‘unsumeshold be, ny wy es tounderstand what they are. O Yo my Shor way i ses sete poston owiehe exablihed terme of ‘museums say they do and what thy do without saying. i wl, T hope, ‘Coit at eat adit tthe debate about masa, ony by insist ha art mance, horve hei sated sie and poten, st anction thin exisng plies! and doles! ite Sscondly, ths bok not a sciologial study ofa. How el vistors sajetvely engage th art seams byond te seops Ihave na ndings to repor alow How an “average” orteprenenative sample of itor ease ‘or meas mest. The “visitors” Ian aro hypothetical ees ~ Hel pes split in the museum's galleries There Is, however, one ocilogy aa cron tat pracce by Piere Boudin, with whieh share ‘erin concerns Gf not method) I he 196s, in collaboration with As Darel, Hordes interviewed bundreds of people, documenting what ters ad dedaced or observed informally ~ that ot mises ie seme «feng ‘earl ovnership and belonging white they me oer fel inferior an ‘chided? Thar concuons suppor ie noon othe art mscam scg for tal. However, the performance they leaiy is understood almost wholly 2 an etre in cas idenity. Despite my arto for Bours werk, my concep of what happens i at museums ds ot coinide with ‘ns atleast nor nie. Without ejecting is lane ocnlogial set, Tget museums aot only at sckly dsingurhing forms but alto a ‘erctrs wih substantive curl coment conten that fo ley or rotate subject socslopel or politcal description. Tats 0m, tht fll, wile at mosame are ubdestood tobe buh produces of iesony st prot of social in politica lterests, they are tently ‘edocteto hese catepoies. I, st my view, preiey the complet of tellar arc, pole and ideologies! nine hat makes the pain tthe museum a tual 2 tractive, nasa way his bookmaker at of cern terms pecially “rial” darn." tn adonaly ave belonged to atirpology I these Intesiscpinary times such borrowing hardly neds the theorists eaten i ight onc have rue” Evens, wat sy something boat ‘there Bene the org tems ike thew ne onshore work ‘sot anprblemate. Caper I wil bave mre to 8) shout my use othe term “sta” For be moment I sll conine my cornet the te “Tract” As actor, aris aenoraly dsnguised fom wars of amc beth conceptually and s objet of smscum dy. The ararict inincon mars the avid betwen te dacpines 0 sntvpology onthe ne tind abst Bist and ecsm onthe ther. Ar the ne ne the ‘Sehoomy has provided «rationale Tor pating western ad non-western ‘ocheir on hierarchical eae, with che western oes pe fe fr easter eur eats) ontop as proce of wt and non-western ones below a8 Produces of tact Tie sae buon te asempion tot ony works hart are philosophically and spstully seb enoeh To mest alate testers omerpation, while “rifts.” os products of presumably es ‘olved sockets nk ack richness. It follows, acording tthe th of| slog that wile at belongs in be more contemplative space oft ‘osm artfacte re best een sthvoplogicl oan or meus Ntory collections where they may be sed alentite specimens Recety this berries! patch ben challenge by “leating” the ‘te of ter othe ts of ar Bence, the itraation of "pemtive {SU" wingr ina ar metcims ofthe craton of seprse rt usc ‘pectin in ach art. My own effostelted, bu sale than choose tween tetra of the dichotomy, I hve cllsped ts cent ditto, "at ar-mipeum ar as spctes a taal rtfac not in dort pon ‘to sme higher (for tha mate, ler) category, a] lege in theneat chapter a undertand beter the way n whi art aseums cosa ‘ad communicate meaning. Like the term "rit th tr “itl” ha alka been ete a a lower tem na erarhy And, js ws ts sty rej Re marae ehay 5oie ee oe eee een cen formed. ager arguments aot rmply Tht at mscuns a val cau ata and legitimate. Museums ae therefore exten fel ‘Afnal event The museum wor inner sae, While have eceing se 9 as ns on oy THE ART MUSEUM AS RITUAL ‘his chapter sets fort the basic organizing idea ofthis ty ame the ‘ks of teat seu a tn st Uli the chapter tha low, where ‘he foeas ion specif seams andthe pariuar ieumstanee that shaped fies hs ctgier preralns more ready aba bet ene nd Fit Bese introducing the concept of ita hat forms the book 2 « trot, i ares thatthe ul chats ofa museums as. fect, been ete entare,tey were delborte Ove Sie ajc at hi rowing fom he retest pst on hae ony ietapore meaning shel ote en for mor snc oases calat {ockty and means ae aclr ventions ae acer bat init temples place, so singly at modern nts sie cult the formal tlance abd dignity of tone sructres o ht Wt hah wished to tcl the power of Sygone Cts with fe poset ext of a Whatever the motive of tebe te ejection ges) he COM of cor ‘Sct tbe Grek temper and Remitnce ple tht hose pie Collections canny only secaar ves, not eligon belie. Teir poral an end tony ronal pasties oot sed es, We se eral pt Enligmenment cate, one fn which the seul an te Teliloes a ppsig crores Tei cera the ase ta "Tet dichotomy, whieh sacar 20 asch of {he moder pai word and ow seems 2 mtr sw try. T rie he lac eit te baiheme me 7entry that undraking bad sees deine heathy of ‘lus dactine= ates weter alia! od piso! hey i fein inpacie ny emp th a wi ‘com nw Everyone knw he tee ‘fvelin; religion, although guaranteed as a matter of personal freedom and ‘Soe ep sur ly for volomay blots Teel ah = ‘eh sa nl td Sele = ta aw te ater of aetve™ owl. stent of be ht hep ids commun tose ody by providing ta univreal ax of Knowledge and valine highest tales and moet cherished memories tem conservation, a bso. rhaeoo but also Fecnse ofthe ’Agains inthe secuaeligiows terms of our etre, “vital” and omstuns” ae ante, Ritual fr succaed with religious practices "vith te eof Bei, map rel oe symbolic sacrifices, mirssloct transformations, or overpowering changes of conciousness Sec pongo tear Iie resemblance fo the cotemplotion and Tearing tat a muses te stppoued wo foster But in fac, tonal cee, tus tay be ‘ui uopectiulr and informal-ooking tmoments of contemplation ‘eovgntion, At the same tinea anlropoloist seve, uF Suppeselly i Sonieeeeite "ucespecaly eno thir Kind of yb ad, almost ways, ever sup fre question ou he shar sp “Hlimpse the Hnden ~ pep the ete word dings vital cone | a ne er oe noe ‘meas precisely to contol he presentation of «emma and its highest Sales and tats als the power to debe the relative standing of ‘ural ~ those who ae mst able 0 respond oI vais cues te so those whose detest sex rata te) the museum eal most fully contin I x presnely for ths ream thm mca and uses tices cu bsoee Cols of ere atugge and inpstone bale, What Pia 12 The Nationa Caley oF New South Wale, Sey (phat. We se and not se in at miss — and on whi ms and by whose “thoity we do or donot se ei conely Hake to ger questo about ‘ho consti he commit and who defines et (Pigs C1, 12,413. Cenainly when Munich Bei, London, Wasbig ton and othe weser capitals bik muscu whose fends loked He ‘Greek or Roman temples, no ote mito the for hel alent prope ‘On the conay, temple facades for 200 years the mos popular sure Tor °lic art massume — were completely sina to a seule diacoue "Shou arhtctrl Nest, Sore, and ational form Moreove a coded ‘minders of «pre-Christian eve fel, casa porns, rotons, and ter fetes of Greco Roma rttectre cul signal rm adberece to Tenlghenmen valves, Thre sane moaumens form, howereg aBoIMOURht vit the pcs pleas order sealed for procession bale Sen esol in ee Sp arciecral eee bt re ns ke to behave with Geib Ia the Hishon Maseum, = ign sels ‘utrathr ily the dad dow ofa acti and compotment (Pigare THC Mncuns se nomaly at pa fn the rae yt mo "Tey are approached by Smpesive Highs of sa, ganded by Pas of monumental marble Los, ‘entered trough grand dorwnys. They are frequent setback fam the set tnd occupy parkland, ground Conetsed to pble we, (Modern muses tre saually imposing architect an simiaty ae apart by seulptial Inter Ip the United Stats, Rois Bra tone of the more pops ‘Spmifers of mascum precincts, is pip charictr making i expecially propite for moder olson er we sal sx Chapter) PLEASE. . . MUSE, CONVERSE, STUDY, STROLL, TOSGH, BUOY OER RELAX, Xf, LOOK, LEARN; TAKE NOTES WITH 9&4), PENCIL, ete Moon, WegenDC By the intent ena, tc fests were seen esky prologue Do you nt think that in. spent galery... al the adjcent and ‘rcmjcunt pts fs balding shold have arse forthe as, with outs, ses, sad ther objects of interest cleulted jrepre (vistors Jind beer entering ie bling, and end them the ‘ster to appreciate the works of at which hey woul aferwads see? ‘he nnceenth enar British poticon aking this question’ clea ander rr ‘seh raming common nial practices everywhere, Mary Douglas wie ‘Arival provide frame, The marked off neo plac alert speci ind expectancy, at asthe oiftrepened “Once upon ine’ creas ‘mood ceive fo fatale” eee cea Gene sens akon up and developed inthe anropologi ‘rings oC ARAGERI see «mote of cones 7 /As Tener msl relied, hs category rliminalexpecence ha strong ais to modern westre notions of he tesieticexerene— hat mde of respi hough be mos propriate efor works ofa. Turner recognized asec of liminlity in sack moder sedis as ateadlag te eave, sig in, o visi an ft exibion tthopoogleateore nd tsedon date gathered olin on-weser tres, robably canoe be nealysipesmpsed onto Wester concep of fet experlonce. Novrcles, hi work remains gfe in fa tafe Sophstiated geerl concep of ital tat enables to tk aboot at Invsums and what suposed o happen inher roma sh perspective Teo la be sid, however, that Tormer insght aboot rt sens {belinnlityo ht pce The Lars cat Cn sr ora ‘te ha at mse Repl Whee Te om seed he ‘ior ears inte hoe of ing On "ee momen aa “pur at ge tn“ lent of knowing ely Ne ence hd his stengin"" Likewise, te Swetsh write Coan Shih noted‘aAnuanlanalng* which we sook a sate of SESE RR, hat “prota ind of release from life's staal and. capi in ou ova eg.” Referring nneteathc etry tes to at, Sebild observer “a rligow cleat, »subtine f Feligon™ As we hl se, ter, to, ave dsc ‘ol my Kin plac rogrmmed forthe ecient of someting is 2 bladed for sone id of porns has is ace whee ‘rn vistors can ad cha wadiga tab pricpa fee esr or wines dua eating sre or smbole merce Dat Ma perfermance eed ot be formal ptt may be umes individ cosa hy flowing pesado qetngs peter ‘ty realing snare, ory cnaeing ne he rare expen {ht rlaten to he hoy or igo testo some eet els tn the st), Some nds may eta te moe Loopy a there ay be more ecto prepared spd oe ye ocx. The cn “wal on se nea alo tae Beir at inca meaning sbjtve const. Tis sense ut aka emp ‘oun orperomance noth seen nich wee et int meus itis he vst who act he in) The seas scene pce sompnet ost hing a stan eo get md epg al me ‘ean meal caine whe pins flowed a sracoret arate tote tough he inv sping af ped pols fr pye coe tempiten Aa abs adorned wh epee of th i of Ch ‘ul tas prompt lt omapnativey vet sae sy Say, sre fer wel-dvlpd tal sour, st cn hh frm a Hol saraves th nfl hough tence of see. Even when ‘tor eter musa oes only selected wrk, the manu Lagat ‘rave scree on give searing onda wer Tike the concept of liminlty,thin noon of the at museum as 4 evormnes elds bess dace inepedeaty by msc rate Sonal: lip Rhys Adan for exaple one dtr fhe Cnc Ae Mase, compre or marist test ss (although his omen, bist an plete ma peso ‘The museum sella presario, oe more sty arégoeuaither setornor audience, bat he eontligintrmediry wh es th Scene, Inaucesurceptive mood in the spectator them id he ars take the tage and tt bert ats selves, And thet bjt dba heir ‘el and thei entrances: tion = te movement ofthe visor a be ‘ners a musta and ashe goes o i rom abet to objet pesnt clement in any installation ‘The maseum sting isnot only Hef a structure: i so conte ts romats personge. Thee are, ial, india who are peer pe ‘lapsed sock, psyeelogtcly ang alta eaat be museum (Ofcourse, no tea visor ever precy conesponds ose el neal, People continally "mvead” or seremble or rest the matoum's cos | ‘programs according to al the historical and psychological accidents of who theyre. Button he same is tue fay stuntionin which curl prodbt aly sul expeeace is bought o have a purpose, od Ie zen ss tanafocanve: i confer or renew Mey or pes fstores order In he sel oft tbe word though sericea, or element. The ‘ory lke claims made fer ton, seligious stu According (othe ‘vocates, museum visitors come away witha sense of ealighenent ora fesing ot having See pirallynoarshed or etre. I the word of Oe “The only eon fr briagingoguher works ofa ia ple pace is that they podice nr Kind of exalted apples, Por a moment theca clearing in te jange: we pst on elses, with or epacty (One canot ak fora more iu ie description of the museum expec. Nor ean one ak it from a moe renowned aathoriy. ‘The author of this fnemeat isthe Briah att Risin Sir Keneth Clark, distinguished 1s, “Cvileton” Cla’ concept ofthe at museum as pace for ‘pinta tnsfrstion and restoration Is bry niga. Alto by 90 ‘means scones, widely shard by asians crs and eres ‘We come, at st othe question of at musta objets. Thay, 6a ommonpac orga museums asthe most spropie place in which 6 ‘iw and hosp works of The eitnce of ach bests things that ae ‘orto and the cae oft muscans, Tose comonglaces, howe rex fn eavely nem ides and prctices. The European practice of placing hiss in sting designed for contemplation emerged ar part of aw a, ‘soil peaking, elaely modern way of aking athe couse of hecite centr res prop teasing nerd via eicte teas ome awoke of whe power to nfm ™ The musts comaimet to ead vistors though the cous of west ivan contest hs ay, eventhough «mew este, new acces ‘utes anda major etalon low visitor to map lr own pats tg ‘Somewhat eve misery of rt. ArT wie thi (n 1993), the mares fs geting ready fo tnvell 8 ltest expansion, he ey Saale Richton ‘Wingin whieh, forthe rt time, nrhern Easopesn at wil ven he ind of grid ceremonial spacer tht op anil nom, were way reserved for French and alan art. tapes tain ody Louvre, French vito ok moe broadly European nt Sources tha befor more ke sein Europe Communi tte” Whatever th plies nplictons ofthe new Arrangement te Love oie ts existence ava public ae ital, ‘Bu 1993 ir «long way from 1793. O the leghone of people who dy seam thouph the Lowe, rot, whsther French or orig, ae tout, ‘he cys economy, all eonruets is vitor at elightenmeat seeing ‘sien, it mt io ater to crowds of hungry, rediead-iaing co amers in zach of souvenir and pit, sides evs thsi fo ‘onanesa shopping mall Such develtents, however long oh lowre's later years: We have silt conde tore of the public ‘museum’ signifeance i the nineteenth and early twentieth Seti, fst In Briain anda the elowing caper) ia the Ue Ste.tet us tr o0w tthe Nato Galery in London the Lowe he frowype of he pbc at mse ~andthat ts in he erate — ow me we tudes the Naa] Calley? The dramatic an rel {Mona ogo ofthe French mucum, cing very stm wh wat heen oyel plc, s unparalled Bosh example whose od. Settee eres scm sorely acing poll anisole “The ei events nd power symbole Ingredients hat de the Feoch ieopieso mach heehee fhe Evropeas pbc at seu ie sine bo presen. The ft missing ingredient i sinican royal collection of te Kind sharrevencnty in eigheest-centary mowed often semble od then became tc creas atona gry. Cen. Ea had oe howe such oy wes Cares famous nd mc sme ealeton Suing Broken ap when Chas fel he wary of i alton ~ i cdr t mocha creo st ui se bgioing ofthe ry ‘pbc art seus in Ean, hares cme the Engi toe in 162 binging wih him ides soot snasrchy hat ere shape by comin models and continent heres Urike avin sight of Kings pectallyfmprosd by ae baught) formality ‘splendor afte Span cour be sought reaton Engh oi similar les of raat ou soot power. Accordingly. he emission Tigo ss wopely rep plac complete with reat al decorated ta tates in 1639) show ot power nthe atten eet aio endo nmapsificet pcre coleston: ewer h Earp, church ad Sate pines" Cad Mazina te Archake Leopold Willa ae ‘hisanding examples ~ pid foros forthe requisite Tans, Crmenio, ‘SMooter lavoro he day, Chars andes fly the meaning os ‘remosla dopa. Sd ir Patan excetonr, who pied anton Sita ie par of te Kin esleton. Not only di they fee Puran Inch sch emally pleasing obec thy ao wise to dis Stunts quimessntal spn of ra sboltin> The absence ofa tai fntryulolecion ingen stich monuments egies {oihecn of Ealnh able the Lasee Museum tote eng of enh “Tony to ny ht he proces of Bris sc ing was English, sot Frenchy a waste deveopeat ofthe symbian public spaces wich ‘Shar rvulted ta rote In he gid ater Chae, mamarchs Soh colet tu police ates courage them rom payin {rene teal fo uch the eg shws wb aaa anbions of ther ata afer Cher anda ery ew te rand seventeen written in prota Eat of Arun and he Dake of Bucking "fore matl bw sgicnt Bosh olecton for several deca? ‘ean only after te Restor tat ag-seale Enis pctre-coletng “ would be resumed, most nobly by the powetl rsoeratc oligarchs 10 ‘whom stn power now passe. Measwbil, British monte ep rater lo bi role asa cllectors an ar putons ‘Kesigton Place ling rominde ofthe modesty in which monarchy was expected olive at asthe Iter sevetceth entry. Te reence {t King Wiliam I and Qneen May Gallego the nei 1689), he builing began as‘ unpretentious dling, certaily comfortable and gai noush frie noble oeapans 1s setn i isto “Toe alee filed with a objects — but no in any way palatial tacked the eran pacer of an empowered royal, space that would appeal Ine der ings George Tand 1 Witian’spitre gly be fine cllection, ut ‘renaised a soue of private plane not regal pay. I fc, various royal esidences Would én up With considerable holding, bat thane were ever inttonatzed at "the Brith Royal Colleton” Even mow hey ‘nai rely private ned, when displayed in the new Sane Wing ‘tthe Natlonal Gallery ia 1991-2, they atraced tenon precaly boatre to moch ofthe calleton ha ben unui othes-viewing publi." Besides the want of a opal collection popes deployed ay Sah, Bish tiphenceotry history Tacks » pte pote event that could have Samaeally tured that coletion into gable property ~ im shor. an tlpheenth- or riecenhcenuy typ of democrat evolution. OF couse, ‘mother way to get a public at most (short of being occupied by a enc tny) was through tbe liberazing monacha geste a seen the enti a which a royal cllction was opened pa publ space in fymbolie i not diet politcal recgnton of the Bourget presente. The Revolution. The Revolution ok ver that museum poet bt als ese I oking what would ave been privilege st ested space ato someting uly open and poli. The Fevoutonary ste thus appropri the legacy of absolut symbols and ceremonies snd put them 10 ae cologne, making thm san ore Republican i desl fea. ‘The Enis ring clas, onthe ther hand ad rejected the we of # rye srt eolectio aera symbol jute dlieaey art had blokes the ‘velopment of an absoltst monarchy. Thee was pais oom site for the Kind ofa collestion th the pope ould meanngly atone or forthe kind of monarch who could meaningfully atonaliz i hime Impoctat ropa election was tore than sade up for by thas ofthe tory In athe Briah at art cally ova the ost tie tn ‘ahem cenary Horope as bot the lnded astray anda bw aves ‘etepding ole hs boundaries steps beach ht, un of wel ‘deemed it sotllyexpoient a cllec and dapay a especialy platings, Tin, Fema, nd er -maser works he kd eed bythecurrent canons of good taste poured int thee colons. Asin Pears Street ocoltng, yong nonisng atral el, helped he wpe {En of Caghh st form nemo tasty “They increasingly saw themsves he cts nd pital Cove af te an, "hin nthe Oreck eae with he er aks soit scarcely Suing io hei undertanding othe “ato. Instore were te soil skeen fh “sv sociey”f seventeenth ta iginecncay pts ploy. tha emmy of proper ‘lace whew inter an eention abe then othe View, most A modem ees te ssi dpi sac of ance ety ‘gla acollecton fl sewer bewecn he publican pre elns. ‘uration of te "publie® dts fro ater ine. when almost everywhere Inte Wes, te adveat of brn democrcy opened up the ego of Sisemnnpocver boner sepmesa ofthe pope and eee te ea Ste pub nr ever moe acesbe and sve What ty looks ie tency ecusv sce cols taesnmed inthe sige etary och toe ope, Inds neice picts calleton (ad aon! euptuecllection) ws coniguous with sere fhe sacs {ingot ney he net nde ih Mea (iether mapped athe soa ia ens. Cerny acess ose “olcaon wa ifelfone dd otelog tthe ete But om te it Stew of tei owners hese spaces wee accesabe to everyone WHO ousted te fle group of ena tens sas, sequintances and enemies who Ime pe cmparavely smi nfra ainorcy of ded gentle tn, pos ov commonc ov whom fe chains pees, “fend ‘ip orcomscton covered” Displayed in eli or reeption oof wn coun boas. ite ection nee cent nanometre teow ae ‘Sorento vs te iglindowse showy Rosen nice eres SX ace weve thee spblos sper fh thy could veal ‘Mi thc ety “public” nt woe stole wll feted mee of titan wove warily (fata, elm women ‘nt sled vai dininton pct Bene they wee eens smcikansimplsizs fweathog power Arruasudcrodta beso Braue moral snd spa xgescce Toh seme, as eat opening abe shred byt ole commen ghee en raise ns mel rec ol hee a at oeton coal ‘gto non, honever hey deco ha Te Pech pampe- Sirfcale fr tenon of he royal colt eth ten S's aan at sum’ bad rik omer nb eile ch «6 collectors fr eeling Grom theres larper public eel ati nd waters “sua Reyaods, Bejamin Wert, and Thomas Lawrence, heft tee wesdens of the Royal Academy, were among tone who called forthe {eatin ofa nom gallery on the less, the opening p of pret follections. Even before the creation ofthe Louvre, in 1777 he rales] polilan Fon Wilkes proposed that Parliament puchate the fabulous Collection of Horace Wail nd make it the beeing fv ational alr. ‘The proposal was noc ken up andthe collection wa aol to Catherine he (Great A few yeas later, the creation of he Love Museum inteaifed the wish for an English national eallctio, a lest among some. Ths in 1799, the ae dealer Neel Josep Desenfan fered the sae bella, ready-made national collection of ld master, embed for King Stislas ‘August of Plan jus befor he abictes. Dereon, determined beep the allestion lta ad in England, offered itt the wate onthe condition "ha prope bling be provided fort. Acordng tote German a expe 5D. Passavant, the offer "was cooly received and slimately rejected” Desenfns'yeoletion was Golly beueatad 1 Dulwich Collage (ice Chapter 4), and was, for sacter decade ors the oly pli pctare ‘llc Inthe ven of London * ‘Why ws Palaent ors to establishing a atonal gallery? Inthe years between te founding a the Louvre in 1799 and tefl of Napoleon in 815, most very leading European stat equi atioal et maram Hf not bya act ofthe reigning monarch thea tough the efforts of Preach ‘ccupes, who tegnn museum buldig onthe Louvre model in several Placer. Why dd he rling ligarteof Great Bin ene what wa 80 ilring in Berlin, Madrid, nd Amster? The answer to this question, bere nie mening aay iin cote of ht inert cntary Britain wa ued bya oiathy of ge andownere who presided overs highly ranked und tly hirrchical cy. Lande ropery mainly nthe form of ets, was he base source of wealth andthe cyte politieal power and acl peng, Although landowners ngage ‘ncommarsal and inde eaptlist vents, profs wee sell tuned Jno more land of land improvement, since that frm of property as onsicre th ool gentlemanly source of wealth, Livi off reat masta ‘ote th onl pprornte way of achieving the aurea freedom acssery ‘ocaltvate one's gher moa and itll capacs. Apologist or he landowners rped tht ownership of land was precondition fr developing ‘he widom, independence, and civic mindedness necessary forte esp "hic eee of polite power They mata ta holdings a and ted fone in the larger community nd made e's plate terest ei with ‘he penerl interest and wellbeing ofthe whole of let. Landowner, th ea