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DIPLOMACY FOR
EXPANSION OF A
GLOBAL NETWORK
Chapter 1 New Asia Initiative _ 74
Chapter 2 Diplomacy with Europe _ 85
Chapter 3 Diplomacy with Latin America and the

Caribbean _ 97
Chapter 4 Diplomacy with Africa and the Middle East _ 106
Chapter 5 Inter-Regional Diplomacy _ 121

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Chapter 1
New Asia Initiative
In the third year of“the New Asia Initiative,”the Korean Government

concentrated its efforts on continuously carrying out exchanges with major Asian
partners, thereby extending the network of cooperation to a variety of sub-level areas
and realizing the fruits of cooperation.
The year 2011 has witnessed active summit-level exchanges between Korea and
the Southeast and Southwest Asian region. President Lee Myung-bak held six summit
talks within the year with Malaysia, Australia, India, Vietnam, Indonesia and the
Philippines, respectively, enabling growth in various areas of mutual cooperation
including trade, energy, green growth and human people-to-people exchanges as a
result of enhanced bilateral relations.
1. Northeast Asia Region
1) Korea-Japan Summit Meeting

In 2011, The leaders of Korea and Japan held four summit talks on the occasion
of mutual visits(October 18-19, December 17-18), the 4th ROK-Japan-China Trilateral
Summit(May 22), and the UN General Assembly(September 21). At these summit
meetings, the Korean President and Japanese Prime Minister conducted in-depth
discussions about substantial cooperation between the two countries, enhancing the
mutual trust between the two leaders.
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Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

| Korea-Japan Summit (Seoul, October 19, 2011) | Korea-Japan Summit (Kyoto, December 18, 2011)
Above all, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda visited Korea, which was his
first visiting country and exchanged opinions with President Lee Myung-bak on
matters of common concern including improving Korea-Japan relations, North Korean
nuclear issues and coordination and cooperation in the regional and international
arena. On the occasion of his visit, five of the 1,205 royal books of Joseon Dynasty
were returned, helping to promote cooperation in culture and people-to-people
exchanges between the two neighbors. Meanwhile, President Lee Myung-bak visited
Kyoto in December. On the occasion of his two-day visit, President emphasized that
Japan should have the courage to settle the issue of sexual slavery victims drafted for
the Japanese imperial army in order to genuinely develop Korea-Japan relations, and
urged Prime Minister Noda to make a political decision rather than focusing on
working-level ideas. Also, the two leaders exchanged in-depth opinions on North
Korean issues such as North Korean nuclear issues. After the death of North Korean
leader Kim Jong-il, the two leaders had a telephone discussion on North Korean issues
and agreed that both Korea and Japan should closely cooperate in order to maintain
peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula.
2) Korea-China President-Premier Meetings

In 2011, President Lee Myung-bak held summit talks with China’s Premier Wen
Jiabao on the occasions of the Korea-Japan-China trilateral summit held in Tokyo in
May and the ASEAN+3 summit in Bali in November.
The two sides took note of the development of the‘Korea-China Strategic
Cooperative Partnership’and discussed matters of mutual interest including the ways
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to boost the high-level and youth

exchanges as well as the successful
launch of the commemorative events
for the 20th anniversary of the
K o r e a - China diplomatic ties. In
addition, the two sides agreed to
strengthen bilateral dialogues and
consultations on diverse issues such as
G20 cooperation, the Korean | Korea-China President-Primier Meeting (Tokyo, May 22, 2011)
Peninsula, and North Korea’s nuclear

development.
3) Korea-Japan-China Trilateral Summit Meeting

President Lee Myung-bak
attended the 4th Korea-Japan-China
Trilateral Summit Meeting, along with
Japanese Prime Minister Kan Naoto
and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, in
Tokyo on May 21-22, 2011.
The Summit was of great
significance since it had been held as
planned despite the Great East Japan | The 4th Korea-Japan-China Trilateral Summit (Tokyo, May 21-22, 2011)
Earthquake, demonstrating the firmly

established mechanism of the annual Trilateral Summit Meeting. The three countries
adopted the「Summit Declaration」and three annexed documents:「Cooperation on
Nuclear Safety」,「Cooperation on Disaster Management」and「Cooperation toward
Sustainable Growth through Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency」.
Moreover, the three leaders agreed to promote cooperation in various fields:
concluding the Joint Study on a trilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) earlier than
planned, achieving a substantial agreement in the negotiations of the Trilateral
Investment Agreement, organizing a“Future Forum”for youths of the three countries
and promoting university exchanges among the three countries through“CAMPUS
Asia.”The three governments also accelerated preparations to launch the Trilateral
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Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) within 2011 with the effectuation of the「Agreement on

the Establishment of the Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat」 on May 17 and the
appointment of the Secretary-General and the two Deputy Secretary-Generals.
Furthermore, the leaders exchanged views on a wide range of issues such as the
situation in Northeast Asia, including North Korean nuclear problem, East Asian
regional cooperation, disarmament and non-proliferation and the global economic

situation. They also agreed to continue close cooperation for the success of the 2012
Nuclear Security Summit in March, 2012.
4) Korea-Mongolia Relationship Enhancement

On the occasion of President Lee’s visit to
Mongolia in August 21-23, 2011, the two
countries presented the‘ROK-Mongolia joint
statement’
. The statement announces that the
relationship of the two countries has been retitled
to‘comprehensive partnership’. The two leaders
adopted the‘Mid-term Action Plan’which
provides tangible structure of cooperation plans.
A more detailed discussion on a more effective | Korea-Mongolia Summit (Ulaanbaatar,
August 21-23, 2011)
implementation of cooperation plans was made
on the occasion of Mongolian Prime Minister S. Bathbold’s visit to Seoul, Korea in
March 23-26, 2011.
Both countries held various ceremonies and events to celebrate the 20th
anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and Mongolia.
Year 2010 was the‘year of Korea’in Mongolia, and a ROK-Mongolian Sireum(Korean
traditional folk wrestling) contest was held. Year 2011 was the‘year of Mongolia’in
Korea, and Mongolian Prime Minister attended the opening ceremony. Through such
events, mutual understanding of culture and arts of each country widened and the
friendly relationship between the two countries enhanced.
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2. Southeast Asia Region
1) Korea-Malaysia Summit
President Lee held a summit
meeting with Prime Minister Najib
Razak of Malaysia who visited Korea
on April 5, 2011, subsequent to
President Lee’s visit to Malaysia in
2010.
The two presidents highly
appreciated the role of Malaysia’s
Look East Policy and Korea’s New Asia | Korea-Malaysia Summit (Seoul, April 5, 2011)
Initiatives, both serving as one of the

key drivers that strengthened bilateral relations between the two countries and
expressed satisfaction over the development of the significant cooperation and
partnership among the two countries in various areas since the establishment of
diplomatic relations in 1960.
In particular, the two leaders discussed ways to deepen the trade・economic
relations between Korea and Malaysia through mechanisms such as the Korea-
Malaysia FTA. Furthermore, both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in the energy
sector, including the exploration and production projects for oil and gas. In addition,
with regard to green growth, a shared common interest for both sides, the two
leaders expressed their views on expanding cooperation in the area of green growth
industries and G2G cooperation projects.
2) Korea-Vietnam Summit
President Lee held a summit meeting with Vietnamese President Truong Tan Sang
on November 8, during the latter’s State Visit to Korea from November 8 to 11. The
two presidents exchanged views on extensive matters, such as the direction and
development of Korea-Vietnam relations, the reinforcement of bilateral cooperation
on substantial matters and cooperation on the regional and international stages.
The two presidents noted their satisfaction over the rapid progress of Korea-
Vietnam relations since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992 and the“Strategic
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Cooperative Partnership”which was

upgraded in 2002, and shared their
views on further promoting confidence,
friendship, and mutually beneficial
cooperation between the two nations.
Hence, the two sides agreed to

declare 2012 as the year of Korea-
Vietnam Friendship and to hold
various exchanges and celebratory | Korea-Vietnam Summit (Seoul, November 8, 2011)
events as well as to consider implementing

various programs over the next 20 years of cooperation.
In particular, the two presidents agreed that the use of atomic energy would
support the economies of the two countries and enable them to cope with climate
change as well as to maintain sustainable low carbon development. The two
presidents approved and welcomed the outcomes of the bilateral cooperation to build
nuclear reactors in Vietnam, represented by the‘Overall Joint Proposed Plan’, and the
two sides agreed to utilize the‘Plan’as the basis for the ensuing future projects.
3) Korea-Indonesia Summit
meeting with President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia on
November 17, 2011, during his visit to
Bali, for a series of annual regional
summits. Talks between the two
presidents covered a broad range of
issues including trade, investment, the
defense industry, and natural resources. | Korea-Indonesia Summit (Bali, November 17, 2011)
Throughout the in-depth discussions, the two leaders shared the view that
cooperation on all fronts was well underway between the two nations and exchanged
constructive ideas on the measures to further strengthen the bilateral relations.
In particular, the presidents of both nations reaffirmed that Korea would
participate as a main partner in Indonesia’s economic development blueprint known
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as the‘Master Plan’. President Yudhoyono highly appreciated Korea’s unflagging

support for the Plan, and President Lee promised to spare no efforts to help Indonesia
achieve its national goals set in within the Plan by sharing Korea’s knowledge and
experience that it had acquired over the past few decades.
Furthermore, the two leaders underlined the need to accelerate cultural,
academic, and people-to-people exchanges to enhance mutual understanding among
the peoples of the two countries.
4) Korea-Philippines Summit
meeting with President Benigno
AquinoⅢon November 21, 2011,
during his state visit to the Philippines.
It was the second summit meeting
since their initial meeting in October
2010. They acknowledged the
development of relations between the
two countries since Korea and the | Korea-Philippines (Manila, November 21, 2011)
Philippines established diplomatic ties

in 1949 and conducted an in-depth discussion on a variety of fields including trade・
economic cooperation, cultural exchange, as well as consular, regional and
international cooperation. The two leaders also agreed to further promote friendly
relations in a traditional manner among the two countries.
In particular, the two sides agreed to reinforce cooperative measures in the
agricultural sector, including a set of agricultural multi-industry cluster projects.
Furthermore, they agreed to seek to maximize aid effectiveness through the
establishment of a cooperation strategy on foreign aid to the Philippines and linking it
to the Philippines Development Plan(PDP), which the Philippine government has been
pursuing. In this regard, the two leaders concluded a set of agreements including the
EDCF(Economic Development Cooperation Fund) contract and concessional aid on the
sidelines of the summit. They exchanged views on ways to further improve people-to-
people exchanges, which totals to approximately one million as well as to protect the
nationals of one country staying in the other country.
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3. Southwest Asia and Pacific Region
1) Korea-India Summit
On July 25, 2011, the President
of the Republic of Korea, Lee Myung-
bak, and the President of India,

Pratibha Patil, held a summit meeting
at the Blue House. The two leaders
expressed satisfaction over the
increase in substantial cooperation
between the two countries in various
fields including politics, military, trade, | Korea-India Summit (Seoul, July 25, 2011)
culture, and people-to-people exchanges,

since elevating the bilateral relations to a‘ Strategic Partnership’in January 2010. The
two leaders agreed to strengthen cooperation and deepen their Strategic Partnership
through economic cooperation such as the upgrading of the Comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement(CEPA), civil nuclear development, active participation of
Korean companies in the construction of infrastructures in India, and the successful
implementation of reciprocal cultural festivals commemorating the year of Korea-India
Cultural Exchange.
The two leaders also agreed to closely cooperate in key regional and international
issues such as the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit and East Asia Summit(EAS).
2) Korea-Australia Summit
On April 25, 2011, the President of the Republic of Korea, Lee Myung-bak, and
the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, held a summit meeting at the Blue House.
Prime Minister Gillard paid an official visit to Korea on April 23-25, 2011, in
commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of the establishment of Korea-Australia
diplomatic relations, as well as the 60th anniversary of Australia’s participation in the
Battle of Gapyeong.
The two leaders agreed that the Korea-Australia partnership had developed over
the last 50 years into a broad-based partnership including significant commercial ties,
strong security cooperation and a wide range of people-to-people networks. In
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celebration of the Korea-Australia

Year of Friendship, the two leaders
expressed the hope that 2011 would
serve as a new benchmark to further
unite the two countries and peoples
together through numerous cultural
events and exchange programs.
| Korea-Australia Summit (Seoul, April 25, 2011)
4. Central Asia Region
1) Korea-Kazakhstan Summit
President Lee Myung-bak paid an
official visit to Kazakhstan on August
24-25, 2011, during which he held a
summit meeting with President
Nursultan Nazarbayev on August 25.
At the summit, the two leaders
exchanged their views on a wide
range of issues of mutual interest,
including practical cooperation | Korea-Kazakhstan Summit (Astana, August 24-25, 2011)
measures and closer cooperation on

the international stage.
The two leaders agreed that the successful implementation of large-scale
economic cooperation projects, such as the construction of the Balkhash Thermal
Power Plant, the joint exploration of the Zhambyl offshore oil field, and the
construction of a petrochemical complex in Atyrau, can provide exemplary cases to
further expand their bilateral cooperation. They agreed to cooperate closely to ensure
the smooth progress of such projects. The leaders also shared the view that the
bilateral ties are expanding beyond the field of energy and natural resources
development to include a wide range of areas such as infrastructure building,
information technology, the health and medical service sectors, and technology, and
agreed to strengthen bilateral cooperation in each sector in order to enhance their
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strategic partnership.
On the occasion of the summit-meeting on August 2011, the two countries
signed an「Intergovernmental Agreement for Construction of Coal-Powered Thermal
Power Plants in Balkhash」
. Another 20 Agreements and MOUs were signed that day,
including a joint venture agreement and a MOU on financial cooperation for the
construction of a petrochemical complex in Atyrau, the largest cooperation project

between South Korea and Kazakhstan since the start of their diplomatic relations. This
contributed to establishing the foundation for further cooperation between the two
countries in the future.
The two leaders hoped that‘The Year of the Kazakhstan in Republic of Korea
2010’and‘The Year of the Republic of Korea in Kazakhstan 2011’events will be
successful, as it will promote mutual understanding and friendship between the
peoples of the two countries. As it is the 20th anniversary of the establishment of
diplomatic relations, the leaders also agreed to make joint efforts to ensure a
continuous bilateral growth in the future.
2) Korea-Uzbekistan Summit
President Lee Myung-bak paid a state visit to Uzbekistan on August 23-24, 2011,
during which he held a summit meeting with President Islam Karimov. During the
summit, the two leaders exchanged their views on a wide range of issues of mutual
interest, including practical cooperation measures and closer cooperation on both the
regional and international level.
Both leaders welcomed the successful implementation of the Surgil Project: the
development of a gas field and the
construction of gas chemical plant.
The project is the largest contract
between South Korea and Uzbekistan
since the establishment of diplomatic
relations. They agreed to cooperate
closely to ensure various projects go
ahead smoothly. The leaders shared
the view that the bilateral ties are
expanding beyond the field of energy | Korea-Uzbekistan Summit (Tashkent, August 23-24, 2011)
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and natural resources development to include a wide range of areas such as

infrastructure building, information technology, the health and medical service sectors
and the fabric industry. They agreed to continue to strengthen the bilateral
cooperation in each sector in order to enhance their strategic partnership.
On the sidelines of the summit on August 2011, the two countries signed 20
other intergovernmental agreements and interagency MOUs and agreements,
including a temporary employment agreement of Korean nationals in Uzbekistan, a
MOU aimed at facilitating industry and energy cooperation, and the deal to develop
the Surgil gas field and build a gas and chemical plant. This contributed to establishing
the foundation for further cooperation between the two countries in the future.
The leaders agreed to boost personal and cultural exchanges to mark the 20th
anniversary of bilateral diplomatic relations in 2012, so that the developing friendship
between the peoples of the two countries can provide a foundation for the evolution
of their bilateral relationship. The leaders also agreed to further strengthen bilateral
cooperation at the international level.
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Chapter 2
Diplomacy with Europe

In 2011, Korea further strengthened the foundation of cooperation with
European countries, including the EU, through active promotion of the exchanges
between high-level officials and consultative groups, such as the“High Level Political
Dialogue”where Korea and EU can discuss substantial development of the Korea-EU
Strategic Partnership.
1. Summit Diplomacy
1) Korea-Germany Summit
President Lee Myung-bak paid an
official visit to Germany during May 8-
11 in 2011, and held a meeting with
Chancellor Angela Merkel. They
engaged in in-depth discussions
about the measures to strengthen
cooperation between Korea and
Germany on various issues such as the
enhancement of bilateral trade and | Korea-Germany Summit (Berlin, May 9, 2011)
investment, cooperation in the fields

of green growth and renewable energy, as well as cultural exchange.
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The leaders assessed the steady development of bilateral cooperation between

Korea and Germany which had been built on their shared historical experience of war
and national division. Furthermore, they mutually agreed on enhancing the
cooperation between the two nations in political, economic and cultural fields.
2) Korea-Denmark Summit
In May, President Lee paid a state
visit to the Kingdom of Denmark at
the invitation of Queen Magrette II.
On this occasion, he held a summit
meeting with Prime Minister Lars L.
Rasmussen, where the two leaders
contracted the “ Korea-Denmark
Strategic Partnership”and launched
the“Korea-Denmark Green Growth | Korea-Denmark Summit (Copenhagen, May 12, 2011)
Alliance.”Through this framework,

Korea and Denmark agreed to improve bilateral and multilateral cooperation in order
to cope with climate change, facilitate green growth, and develop green technology.
The two countries agreed to closely cooperate and support green growth in
developing countries through the opening of GGGI (Global Green Growth Institution)
Copenhagen Office and the signing of MoUs.
3) Korea-France Summit
President Lee Myung-bak
officially visited France from May 13th
to 14th, 2011. On this occasion, he
held a Summit meeting with French
President Nicolas Sarkozy to discuss
bilateral cooperation, major regional
issues, and current global issues.
The two leaders believed that the
transfer of the ancient Korean royal
archives,“Oegyujanggak,”from the | Korea-France Summit (Paris, May 13, 2011)
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National Library of France to Korea, agreed upon during the Korea-France Summit in
November 2010, will contribute to the development of a future-oriented relationship
between the two countries. In addition, as the former and present chair countries of
the G20, the two leaders announced“The Joint Statement on G20,”which re-affirmed
their commitment to closely cooperate for the Cannes G20 Summit 2011.

4) Korea-EU Summit
President Lee Myung-bak held a
Summit meeting with President of the
European Council, Herman Van
Rompuy, and President of the
European Commission, Jose′Manuel
Barroso, on November 3, 2011. The
three leaders discussed bilateral issues
as well as global issues, such as the
Euro zone financial crisis. | Korea-EU Summit (Cannes, November 3, 2011)
The leaders noted with satisfaction

the rapid increase in trade between Korea and EU since the entry of the Korea-EU FTA
on July 1, 2011. They also agreed to promote the Korea-EU Strategic Partnership by
fully effectuating the Korea-EU FTA and effectuating the Korea-EU Framework
Agreement as soon as possible.
5) Korea-Turkey Summit
On November 4 in 2011, on the occasion of the G20 Cannes Summit in France
during November 2-4, President Lee
Myung-bak held a summit with Prime
Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of
Turkey. While they exchanged views on
mutual interests such as the Korea-
Turkey FTA, defense industry, and
atomic cooperation, they confirmed
the will to make substantial progress in
bilateral cooperation. | Korea-Turkey Summit (Cannes, November 4, 2011)
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2. High-Level Diplomacy
1) Prime Minister
(1) Spain
Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik
had a meeting with Spanish Prime
Minister Jose′Luis Rodri′
guez Zapatero
when Prime Minister Kim visited Spain
on January 7, 2011. The two leaders
discussed bilateral exchanges,
investment, and cooperation in the
field of renewable energy. Prime
Minister Kim explained Korea’s bid to | Korea- Spain Summit (Madrid, January 7, 2011)
host the Pyeongchang Winter

Olympics in 2018 and asked for Spain’s support, as two IOC members are from Spain.
(2) Slovakia
On May 25 in 2011, on the
occasion of the OECD Ministerial
Council Meeting, Prime Minister Kim
Hwang-sik held a bilateral meeting
with Prime Minister Iveta Radicova of
Slovakia to discuss issues of mutual
cooperation, such as the promotion of
bilateral trade and investment
between the two countries. Minister | Korea-Slovakia Summit (Paris, May 25, 2011)
Kim also requested support for Korean
companies wishing to enter into the Slovakian market. They also negotiated the
cooperation at a national and an EU level such as the Korea-EU FTA.
(3) Hungary
On the occasion of the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, Prime Minister Kim
Hwang-sik held a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Victor Orban of Hungary and
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discussed the cooperative measures

between the two countries in fields
such as expansion of trade and
investment, nuclear power collaboration,
and scientific technology. They
engaged in talks about cooperation at

a national and EU level such as the
Korea-EU FTA, considering that
Hungary holds the EU presidency | Korea-Hungary Summit (Paris, May 25, 2011)
during the first half of 2011, and

exchanged opinions about the current situation on the Korean peninsula.
(4) Latvia
In commemoration of the 20th
anniversary of the establishment of
diplomatic relations between Korea
and Latvia, Prime Minister Kim
Hwang-shik met Latvian Prime
Minister Valdis Dombrovskis during
the latter’s visit to Korea in June. The
two leaders evaluated the progress of
bilateral conciliation and exchanged | Korea- Latvia Summit (Seoul, June 9, 2011)
views on substantial cooperation in

the fields of ship-building, automobile, logistics and renewable energy, as well as
cooperation on the Korean Peninsula and international arena.
(5) Bulgaria
On September 28 in 2011, on the occasion of an official visit to Bulgaria, Prime
Minister Kim Hwang-sik held a meeting with Prime Minister Boyko Borisov of Bulgaria.
The two leaders exchanged views on mutual interests such as the possible measures to
enhance bilateral relationship between Korea and Bulgaria, the current situation on
the Korean peninsula, as well as the major global issues. They agreed on the necessity
to develop economic cooperation by improving mutual investment in the areas of
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infrastructure, IT, and energy, and also

decided to enhance their collaboration
in the exchange of culture and
tourism. At this meeting, both
countries signed the‘Korea-Bulgaria
Bilateral Agreement for Mutual
Recognition of Driving Licenses’.
| Korea-Bulgaria Summit (Sofia, September 28, 2011)
(6) Ukraine
On April 14 in 2011, on the occasion of the Boao Forum for Asia, Prime Minister
Kim Hwang-sik held a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Mykola Azarov of Ukraine.
They exchanged views on cooperative measures at the bilateral and multilateral levels,
such as bilateral exchange of
dignitaries, the 25th anniversary of the
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and the
2nd Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul.
Furthermore, on September 29 in
2011, on the occasion of the official
visit to Ukraine, Prime Minister Kim
held a meeting with Prime Minister
Mykola Azarov of Ukraine to engage
in in-depth discussions on the ways to | Korea-Ukraine Summit (Boao, April 14, 2011)
boost cooperation in various fields
such as trade and investment, energy
and resources, agriculture,
construction, space and radiation.
Also, they agreed on the significance
of bilateral exchange of dignitaries for
the development of bilateral
relationship between Korea and
Ukraine, and decided to take the 20th
anniversary of the establishment of | Korea-Ukraine Summit (Kiev, September 29, 2011)
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diplomatic relations in 2012 as an opportunity to further strengthen their relationship.
(7) France
Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik
held a bilateral meeting with French
Prime Minister Francois Fillion during

the latter’s official visit to Korea
during October 21-22, 2011. This was
the first visit made by a French Prime
Minister in 20 years. The two leaders
had an in-depth discussion about the
Eurozone financial crisis as well as | Korea- France Summmit (Seoul, October 21, 2011)
bilateral issues, such as the

cooperation for G20 Summits, the promotion of trade between the two countries, and
the cooperation on the international stage.
2) Ministerial Meetings
(1) Sweden
On February 10, 2011, Trade
Minister Kim Jong-hoon had a
meeting and luncheon with Swedish
..
Minister for Trade Eva Bjorling. The
two ministers exchanged views on the
issues of mutual interests, such as the
Korea-EU FTA, DDA negotiations, the
G20, and climate change, in which
they agreed to promote cooperation. | Korea-Sweden Summit (Seoul, February 10, 2011)
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(2) Luxembourg
Minister Kim held a meeting and
luncheon with Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Luxembourg, Jean
Asselborn, on April 21-22. Both
ministers agreed to maximize the
trade and investment potential
between Luxembourg, the financial
hub of Europe, and Korea, which has
the 9th greatest trade volume in the | Korea- Luxembourg Foreign Minister Meeting (Seoul, April 22,
2011)
world.
(3) Attendance at the ASEM Foreign Ministers Meeting and the Official Visit to
Hungary
On June 6 in 2011, on the occasion of the 10th ASEM Foreign Ministers Meeting
in Budapest, Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Kim Sung-hwan held a
meeting with Minister for Foreign Affairs Janos Martonyi of Hungary. They engaged in
an exchange of views on mutual interests. Minister Kim assessed a close and friendly
cooperation between the two countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations
in 1989 for the first time among the socialist countries in Middle East Europe.
Furthermore, he asked for the support of the Government of Hungary for the forty
Korean companies rooted in its market. Both Ministers discussed about mutual
cooperation in the fields of trade and investment, nuclear power, scientific technology,
as well as culture and education. They have also exchanged views on the cooperation
between Korea and the EU. On June 7, Minister Kim paid a courtesy visit to the
Hungarian President Pal Schmitt and exchanged views on mutual interests such as
bilateral relationship, the current situation on the Korean peninsula, and cooperation
in the international sphere. Considering that President Schmitt is a current IOC
member, Minister Kim requested for Hungary ’s support in Pyeongchang’s bid to host
the Olympic Games in 2018, and expressed the hope of improving the cooperation in
the international sphere.
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(4) Poland
On June 6 in 2011, on the occasion of the 10th ASEM Foreign Ministers Meeting
in Budapest, Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Kim Sung-hwan held a
meeting with Minister for Foreign Affairs Radoslaw Sikorski of Poland. They assessed
the outstanding improvement of their bilateral relationship in various areas including
the political, economic and cultural fields since the establishment of diplomatic

relations in 1989. Both ministers anticipated the expansion of trade and investment
between the two countries with the Korea-EU FTA. Furthermore, they exchanged
views on the improvement of cooperation in the fields of nuclear power and the
defense industry.
(5) Netherlands
Foreign Minister Kim also had a bilateral meeting with the Dutch Foreign Minister,
Uri Rosenthal, on the occasion of the 10th ASEM Foreign Ministers Meeting in
Budapest, Hungary. They welcomed the increasing exchanges between high-ranking
officials, such as the visit of Presidential Special Envoy Park Keun-hye in 2011 on the
occasion of the 50th anniversary of bilateral diplomatic ties. They agreed to expand
their cooperation in various areas.
(6) Spain
Minister of Foreign Affairs and
Trade Kim Sung-hwan had a bilateral
meeting and luncheon with the
Spanish Foreign Minister Trinidad
Jime′
nez during the latter’s visit to
Korea from July 13th to 14th, 2011.
The two foreign ministers discussed
their mutual interests, such as the | Korea - Spain Foreign Minister Meeting (Seoul, July 14, 2011)
situation on the Korean Peninsula and

pending bilateral issues. After the meeting, they signed the Agreement on Social
Security which provided a sound basis for their future bilateral exchanges and
economic activities.
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(7) The United Kingdom

Trade Kim Sung-hwan visited New
York from September 20 to 24,
2011, in order to attend the United
Nations General Assembly. On this
occasion, he held a bilateral meeting
with William Hague, First Secretary
of State of the UK. The two | Korea-UK Foreign Minister Meeting (New York, September 22, 2011)
ministers exchanged various issues,
including the situation on the Korean Peninsula, cooperation on international security,
on global financial crisis, the promotion of Korea-UK trade and investment based on
the Korea-EU FTA’s entry into force, the situation in Libya, and peace in the Middle
East.
(8) Bulgaria
Subsequent to the Korea-UK Foreign Ministers Conference, Minister Kim Sung-
hwan held a meeting with Minister for Foreign Affairs Nikolay Mladenov of Bulgaria,
where they agreed to develop cooperative relations in various fields such as
infrastructure development, energy, information and communication. Moreover, with
regard to the Korea-EU FTA, Minister Kim expressed his gratitude to Bulgaria for
ratifying the agreement without delay, and agreed to provide more active support to
the Korea-EU FTA for the expansion of trade and investment between the two
countries.
(9) Belgium
Trade Kim Sung-hwan held a meeting
and luncheon with Belgian Minister
for Foreign Affairs Steven Vanackere
on October 3-5. The two ministers
shared their appreciation for their
growing friendship and cooperation in | Korea-Belgium Foreign Minister Meeting (Seoul, October 4, 2011)
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the fields of politics, economics, and culture, on the occasion of the 110th anniversary
of the establishment of diplomatic ties, and the reciprocal official visit of President Lee
to Belgium after Prime Minister Leterne visited Seoul in 2010. They agreed to make
continuous efforts for the expansion of cooperation in various fields.
(10) Ireland

Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Min Dong-seok held a bilateral
meeting with the Irish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and
Trade. The two ministers agreed to strengthen cooperation between the two countries
and exchanged their views on bilateral trade issues, the international financial crisis,
climate change, and cooperation on development assistance.
(11) Albania
On November 23 in 2011, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Kim Sung-hwan
held a meeting with Minister for Foreign Affairs Edmond Haxhinasto of Albania, who
paid an official visit to Korea during November 22-23. The two ministers engaged in
in-depth discussions about their bilateral cooperation, such as the bilateral exchange
of dignitaries, establishment of a regular consultative group, measures to enhance
cooperation in the areas of energy and private businesses. They also closely discussed
issues of their mutual interest such as the current situation in the Korean peninsula
and Europe.
(12) European Union

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Kim Sung-hwan held a bilateral meeting
with the High Representative of the
European Union for Foreign Affairs
and Security Policy, Catherine Asthon,
on December 5, 2011, on the margins
of the International Conference on
Afghanistan held in Bonn. The two
ministers agreed to hold the High
Level Dialogue regularly in order to
enhance the Korea-EU Strategic | Korea-EU Foreign Minister Meeting (Bonn, December 5, 2011)
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Partnership and to promote cooperation in areas such as human rights and

development assistance, among others.
3. Regional Cooperation Diplomacy
In order to promote substantive cooperation with European countries and to

expand the basis for cooperation in the international arena, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Trade is playing a valuable part in the efforts to resolve global issues,
including the financial crisis, climate change, and security matters through active
participation in various regional organizations as well as boosting cooperation with
European countries in a wide range of fields such as economy and trade, culture, and
energy.
Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE)

Since 1994, the Republic of Korea has maintained a close cooperative relationship
with the OSCE as a member of the OSCE Asian Partners for Co-operation, and actively
participated in OSCE meetings such as its Summit, Ministerial Council, OSCE-Asian
Partners for Cooperation Meeting, and OSCE-Asia Contact Group Meeting. Through
these meetings, the Korean government has sought ways to apply the OSCE’s
multilateral security cooperation model to Northeast Asia, and seek an understanding
of and support for its stance on the situation in the Korean Peninsula, including the
North Korean nuclear issue and inter-Korean relations.
In 2011, the Korean government attended the OSCE-Mongolia Conference
(Ulanbator, May), OSCE-ACG Meeting (Vienna, 6 times) and the 18th Ministerial
Council (Vilnius, December). The participation in these meetings served as an
opportunity for the Government to explain its policies on pressing diplomatic issues
such as the situation on the Korean Peninsula, discuss ways to enhance security
cooperation with the OSCE and Northeast Asia, and share its experience of
democratization.
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Chapter 3
Diplomacy with Latin America and

the Caribbean

1. Summit Diplomacy
1) Korea-Honduras Summit
On February 21, 2011, President
Lee Myung-Bak held a summit
meeting with the Honduran President
Porfirio Lobo Sosa during the latter’s
official working visit to Seoul on
February 20-22. The two leaders
discussed ways to promote substantial
cooperation between the two
countries and expressed satisfaction | Korea-Honduras Summit (Seoul, February 21, 2011)
for the strengthening of the

cooperative relations in various areas since the establishment of diplomatic relations in
1962.
President Porfirio Lobo Sosa hoped for the entrance of Korean companies in the
Honduran public sectors such as education and health as well as infrastructure. He also
requested the Korean companies to actively participate in the construction of a special
autonomous zone in Honduras.
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2) Korea-Colombia Summit
On September 15, 2012, President
Lee Myung-Bak held a summit meeting
with President Juan Manuel Santos
Caldero′
n of the Republic of Colombia
during the latter’
s state visit to Seoul.
The two leaders agreed to upgrade
their diplomatic relations from the
current strong ally status to a“strategic
cooperative partnership”ahead of the | Korea-Colombia Summit (Seoul, September 15, 2011)
50th anniversary of diplomatic ties

between Korea and Colombia (March 10, 2012).
The leaders also agreed to strengthen and expand their bilateral cooperation in
the fields of trade and investment by expediting the negotiations of the Korea-
Colombia FTA.
During his visit, President Santos rode on the KTX and visited many Korean
enterprises, such as SK Energy and Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, and the
Newport in Pusan. He then expressed strong interest in future cooperation in the fields
of infrastructures, plants, energy and resources. The two countries signed MOUs to
strengthen cooperation in these fields.
3) Korea-Peru Summit
On the occasion of the 66th United Nations General Assembly in New York,
President Lee Myung-Bak held a summit meeting with Peruvian President Ollanta
Humala Tasso on September 22, 2011. The two presidents reaffirmed their strong will
for cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen cooperative momentum between
the Korean Government and the new Government of Peru.
They also discussed specific ways to further enhance bilateral relations in various
areas such as the effectuation of Korea-Peru FTA, the evaluation of trade and
investment, and the strengthening of cooperation in the fields of energy, resources
and infrastructure.
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2. High-Level Diplomacy
1) Special Envoys
To strengthen ties with the new governments of Latin America, Korea has
dispatched special congratulatory envoys to the Inauguration of the Brazilian President
(January 1, Prime Minister Kim Hwang-shik), Haitian President (May 14, National

Assembly member You gi-jun), Peruvian President (July 28 National Assembly member
Lee sang-deuk). In particular, Korea could forge a cooperative relationship with the
new left-wing government of Peru in the areas of defense and energy.
In addition, substantial cooperation was expanded in the fields of energy,
resources, defense, finance and agriculture by sending special envoys to Bolivia and
Peru(May 7-15) to support the activities of Korean companies, and special envoys to
Bolivia and Ecuador(July 29-August 2) to support the development of energy,
resources and green growth.
2) Prime Minister and Ministerial Diplomacy

(1) Prime Minister’s Visit to South American Countries
Prime Minister Kim Hwang-shik participated in the Inauguration of the Brazilian
President, Dilma Rousseff, and strengthened ties with Brazil, the world’s 6th-largest
economy by nominal GDP of $ 2.48 trillion as of 2011. While he was in the region,
Prime Minister Kim also made an official visit to Paraguay (January 3-4) and Uruguay
(January 4-6) to strengthen relationships with these countries that are difficult to visit
due to their geographical remoteness. During the visits, he discussed ways to promote
cooperation in various fields, including economy, trade, development, and ICT
(information and communications technology), thus laying foundation for further
enhancement of the relationship.
(2) Ministerial Meetings

The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kim Sung-Hwan, held ministerial
meetings with Brazil (September 24) and The Rio Group (September 23) on the
occasion of his visit to the UN General Assembly session in September, to discuss
bilateral and international issues. Foreign Minister Kim met with Peruvian and Mexican
Foreign Ministers on November 11 and 12 respectively, on the occasion of the APEC
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Summit in Honolulu, Hawaii. During the meeting with Peru, the two Ministers signed
the Korea-Peru Aviation Agreement, thus strengthening the institutional mechanism
for the expansion of bilateral exchanges.
Many Latin American Foreign Ministers visited Korea to exchange views on the
promotion of bilateral cooperation. Samuel Santos Lope′
z, Minister of Foreign Affairs
of Nicaragua, attended the Busan High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF-4,
November 30), Laurent Lamothe, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Haiti, attended the
Korea-Latin America and the Caribbean Business Forum (October 21), while Carolyn
Rodrigues-Birkett, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guyana, Karl Hood, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Grenada and Surujrattan Rambachan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
Trinidad and Tobago participated in the 1st High-Level Forum on Korea-Caribbean
Partnership(October 6).
3) Bilateral Consultations
Korea arranged various occasions to discuss issues of mutual interest with many
countries in the region. Korea held the Senior Policy Consultation meeting with
Ecuador (Seoul, June 20, 2011) for the first time since the establishment of the
diplomatic relations. Korea also held the 2nd Korea-Mexico Joint Committee meeting
for Mineral Resources Cooperation (Mexico City, April 27), the 1st Korea-Colombia
Joint Cultural Committee meeting (Bogota, June 13), the 5th Korea-Chile Senior Policy
Consultation meeting (Santiago, June 24), the 8th Korea-Brazil Senior Policy
Consultation meeting (Brazilia, June 27), the 4th Korea-Peru Joint Economic
Committee meeting (Lima, October 17), and the 4th Korea-Uruguay Joint Economic
Committee meeting (Montevideo, October 19), respectively.
3. Regional Cooperation Diplomacy
The Republic of Korea played a leading role in the Forum for East Asia-Latin
America Cooperation (FEALAC), and continued to promote exchanges with Latin
America, thereby strengthening the Korea-LAC Partnership with many Latin American
regional organizations in various fields.
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1) High-Level Forum on Korea-Caribbean Partnership

In order to explore“A New Vision for Co-Prosperity”between Korea and the
Caribbean, Foreign Minister Kim Sung-Hwan invited 12 prime minister and minister
level officials from Caribbean countries to the 1st High-Level Forum on Korea-
Caribbean Partnership on October 6. It was the first High-Level Forum between Korea
and the Caribbean region since Korea established its first diplomatic relations with a

Caribbean country, the Dominican Republic in June 1962.
The participants reaffirmed the existing friendly and cooperative relationship
between Korea and the Caribbean region, and exchanged in-depth views on strategies
for the development of the Caribbean region and ways for mutual cooperation in the
fields of energy and green growth. On the occasion of the Forum, Foreign Minster Kim
Sung-Hwan held bilateral meetings with the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda,
and Foreign Ministers of Grenada, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as with
Suriname’s Minister of Labor, Technological Development and Environment. In these
meetings, Minister Kim requested the support for the success of the Yeosu Expo 2012
and for the election of Korea as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
They also exchanged views on matters of mutual interest.
2) Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC)

Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC) is the only multilateral
forum between East Asia and Latin America, in which Korea has been actively
participating to promote mutual understanding and cooperation between the two
regions. Korea not only participated, but played a leading role in this forum as:
Regional Coordinator for East Asia (2004-2007), Co-Chair of Working Group on
Economy and Society (2007-2010) and co-chair of Working Group on Politics, Culture,
Education and Sports (2010-2011). Korea also succeeded in hosting the FEALAC Cyber
Secretariat at the 4th FEALAC Foreign Ministers’Meeting held in Tokyo, Japan in
January 2010.
The Cyber Secretariat was established to complement the structural weakness of
the FEALAC, as FELAC lacked an official secretariat. Since its official launch in March
2011, the Cyber Secretariat strengthened information exchange among member
countries, established an online database, and promoted FEALAC through the
management of the FEALAC website (www.fealac.org). The Cyber Secretariat also
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hosted the FEALAC Cyber Secretariat Workshop in Seoul on June 2011, where
representatives from 24 member countries discussed ways for FEALAC’s future
development.
At the 5th Foreign Ministers’Meeting(FMM) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on
August 2011, Korea proposed the creation of the“FEALAC Vision Group”in order to
provide a long-term development roadmap for the cooperation between the two
regions. With full support from member countries, the establishment of the Vision
Group and its official launch in 2012 was agreed in Buenos Aires. At the 5th FMM,
Korea also co-chaired Working Group Meeting on Politics, Culture, Education and
Sports and accepted co-chairmanship of the Working Group on Science and
Technology with Brazil.
As for national projects, Korea hosted on September 2011 the“3rd FEALAC
Experts’Meeting on Current Issues on e-Learning”in Seoul, where member countries
shared policies on e-learning. On November 2011, Korea also hosted the“1st FEALAC
Forum on Promotion of Traditional Sports,”where experts from member countries
discussed successful experiences in their promotion of traditional sports and strategies
for the increase of exchange and information in this field.
3) Cooperation with the Central American Integration System (SICA)

The Central American Integration System(SICA) was founded in February 1993,
for the purpose of achieving economic development and democracy through regional
integration. So far, Korea has organized a total of 3 summits and 10 Dialogue and
Cooperation meetings with SICA.
During the 37th SICA Summit (July 22, 2011), the proposal on the Admission of
the Republic of Korea as an Extra Regional Observer to SICA was approved. In this
context, at the 10th Korea-SICA Dialogue and Cooperation meeting in El Salvador on
October 13, 2011, Korea and representatives of SICA member countries agreed to
sign this agreement as soon as possible. The two sides also signed the MOU on
‘Enhancement of the Regional Integration and Development for Improving the
Competitiveness of Central America,’a cooperative project between Korea and SICA.
4) Cooperation with ECLAC

The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) was
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established in 1984 as one of the regional commissions of the United Nations for the
economic development of Latin America and for the strengthening of relations among
the member states and with other nations. As the 44th member of the Commission,
the Republic of Korea has been implementing various projects and sending out interns
to the Commission every year.
From November 3 to 4, 2011 during the Korea-ECLAC Seminar on Economic

Cooperation between Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean, participants
exchanged in-depth views on future cooperation between Korea and Latin America in
areas of development, green growth and economic cooperation.
5) 2011 High-Level Forum on Korea-LAC Partnership

On May 18-19, 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of
Korea hosted the 2011 High-Level Forum on Korea-LAC Partnership. This forum was
attended by 11 ministers and vice ministers from 11 Latin American countries (Costa
Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Uruguay, Colombia, Peru, Chile,
Nicaragua, Ecuador) representing the Ministries of trade, natural resources,
infrastructure and environment, and by Korean ministers, businessmen, and members
of academia.
The participants held in-depth discussions on issues regarding cooperation
between Latin America and Korea in the fields of trade and investment, energy,
natural resources, infrastructure, and green growth. In addition, the high officials from
Latin America had the chance to explore and expand new areas of cooperation by
holding individual meetings with Korean business representatives.
The High-Level Forum on Korea-LAC Partnership held annually since 2008 is the
key cooperation channel between the governments of Korea and the LAC. The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade plans to seek new areas that may further
promote cooperation, thereby strengthening the momentum of cooperation.
‘Green Caravan’
6) Korea-Latin America Economic Cooperation
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Environment dispatched the
“Korea-Latin America Green Caravan”to Brazil, Chile, and Trinidad Tobago on
November 7-14 2011 for cooperation with Latin American countries in the areas of
renewable energy, water, and eco-friendly industry (Head of delegation: Lee Man-eui,
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former Minister of Environment). With this delegation, Korea was able to establish a
base for Korean companies to advance and boost cooperation in these countries.
The Caravan consisted of around 40 experts not only from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Trade and the Ministry of Environment, but also from a number of public
institutions such as Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, Korea
Environment Corporation, Korea Water Resources Corporation, and 20 other private
companies.
During the visit of the Caravan, a human network was established between local
enterprises and Korean enterprises. The participants of the Caravan had the chance to
discuss possible new areas of cooperation through individual meetings with local
business representatives. Many high-level officials of the Latin American countries
showed great interest in Korea’s Low-Carbon Green Growth Policy and the advanced
technology in environmental industry.
7) Center for Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure on Latin

America
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has been operating the Center for
Energy, Natural Resources and Infrastructure on Latin America since 2008 in order to
support Korean companies interested in conducting business in Central and South
America in the fields of energy, natural resources, and infrastructure.
This Center offers a wide range of information and assistance for Korean
companies interested in the Latin American region: it manages the Center website
<http://energia.mofat.go.kr>, publishes the monthly Webzine <Latin Energy &
Resources>, actively researches through seminars and symposiums, and offers
consultations to enterprises by e-Mail or a phone call.
Furthermore, the Center changed its name from‘Center for Energy & Natural
Resources on Latin America’to‘Center for Energy, Natural Resources and
Infrastructure on Latin America’towards the end of 2011 because many projects on
energy and natural resources were closely connected with the construction of a large
scale infrastructure.
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8) Internship Program in the Regional Organization of Latin America

Seeking to improve the awareness of Latin America and to expand the base of
Latin American experts within Korea, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has
been carrying out an internship program in the regional organization of Latin America
since 2009, which sends young trainees to work in the regional organization of Latin
America for 6 months.

Since 2009, the Ministry sent out a total of 52 interns. In 2011, the Ministry has
sent a total of 18 interns to 8 organizations - Organization of American States (OAS),
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC),
Central American Integration System (SICA), Latin American Integration Association
(ALADI), Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) and Amazon Cooperation
Treaty (ACTO), Latin American Parliament (PARLATINO), and Central American Court
of Justice (CCJ).
9) Development of Strategic Alliance with Priority Partner Countries

in Latin America
Since 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has dispatched a delegation
of government officials and businessmen to priority partner countries in Latin America
including Peru, Colombia and Paraguay. This delegation shared Korea’s development
experience in the areas of promising long-term cooperation such as ICT industry,
education, public health, and science technology, thereby strengthening mutual
cooperation.
In first half of 2011, the Ministry sent a delegation to Colombia, Paraguay, and
Peru to discuss ways to expand cooperation in the ICT industry, such as e-Government,
next generation Telecommunication network and digital hospital. In the latter half of
2011, another delegation was dispatched to Peru, Venezuela and Panama to promote
mutual interest in the new promising areas of bilateral cooperation.
The Ministry will continue to send delegations to the priority partner countries in
Latin America so as to share the experience of Korea’s development in the fields of
agriculture, public health, education and science as well as ICT industry.
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Chapter 4
Diplomacy with Africa and the

Middle East
The Middle East is a rich repository of energy resources, such as oil and natural
gas, which are essential for economic development. Also, the region is a newly
emerging market with booming economy. Africa, since it has successfully realized a
high level of economic development with its political stability as well as economic
reform and open-economy policy, is the focus of increasing interest at the global level
in the 21st century as a new source of energy and natural resources.
The Korean Government fostered solid ties of cooperation with African and
Middle Eastern countries and strengthened energy security through exchanges of
high-ranking officials and by actively pursuing intergovernmental consultations, whilst
also participating actively in projects in various fields such as construction, industrial
plants, investment, and information technology. Furthermore, it sought to promote a
wider range of cultural exchanges through the holding of cooperation forums and the
dispatching of cultural performance troupes to build an extensive network of political,
economic, and cultural relations with African and the Middle Eastern countries.
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1. Summit Diplomacy
1) Korea-UAE Summit
President Lee Myung-bak made an official visit to UAE from March 12 to 14,
2011, and held a summit meeting with President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
on March 13. They expressed their satisfaction with the continuously strengthening

bilateral relations especially since they became strategic partners in December 2009.
They also exchanged views on bilateral cooperation in a whole spectrum of areas, such
as energy, construction, trade, defence field, health and welfare, etc.
Futhermore, the UAE Government expressed appreciation of the smooth
operation of the Korean troops, Akh Special Forces Unit. The Leaders welcomed the
fact that the bilateral cooperation has been expanding to include fields such as
military, environment, and new growth engines, as illustrated by the activities of the
‘Akh’troops. They agreed on strengthening high-level exchanges to support the
expanding areas of cooperation. In this regard, President Lee Myung-bak invited
President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan to visit Korea at his convenience, and
President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan expressed his appreciation in response.
This summit was the second summit meeting held after the first in December 27,
2009. It provided an opportunity for the two countries to further develop their
strategic partnership in a wide range of areas.
2) Korea-Iraq Summit
On April 28, 2011, President Lee
Myung-bak had a summit meeting
with Nouri Al-Maliki, the Prime
Minister of Iraq, on the occasion of his
official visit to Korea from April 27 to
30, 2011. The two Leaders engaged in
an exchange of views on international
interests and the cooperation between | Korea-Iraq Summit (Seoul, April 28, 2011)
Korea and Iraq in a whole range of

fields including the economy, education, energy and resources. They concurred that,
given the mutually complementary nature of their economies, there is great potential
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for Korea and Iraq to promote mutually beneficial partnerships. President Lee Myung-
bak expressed his willingness to share Korean experience and technology for the
development of Iraq, and Prime Minister Nouri Al-Maliki introduced“National
Development Project”of Iraq, requesting that the Korean Government and businesses
participate in various projects in various sectors, such as petroleum and gas, electric
power, agriculture, and education.
3) President Lee, Myung-bak’s Visit to Africa

President Lee, Myung-bak paid an official visit to three African countries-the
Republic of South Africa, DR Congo, and Ethiopia-from July 2 to 11, 2011. First,
President Lee held a summit meeting with South Africa’s President Zuma in Durban,
South Africa on July 5, 2011, and gave a presentation promoting a bid for the
Pyeongchang Olympics at the International Convention Center in Durban where the
IOC Executive Board Meeting was held on July 6, 2011. In the summit meeting, the
two Leaders discussed
ways to strengthen
bilateral ties in the areas of
trade, investment, energy,
and natural resources.
They also engaged in an
in-depth exchange of
views on the regional
situation including the
| Korea-South Africa Summit (Durban, July 5, 2011)
Korean Peninsula and
Africa, and agreed to
deepen the cooperation
on major international
issues such as the G20
Development Agenda.
Also, President Lee
visited DR Congo on July
7, 2011 and had a summit
meeting with President | Korea-DR Congo Summit (Kinshasa, July 7, 2011)
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Joseph Kabila of DR Congo. President Lee expressed his hope that Korea’
s experience
of economic development would contribute to DR Congo and promised to support a
national development strategy of DR Congo. The two Leaders agreed to make efforts
to reconstruct DR Congo under the principle of mutual benefit by maximizing upon the
respective strengths of each country such as Korea’s outstanding technology and
experience of economic development and DR Congo’
s abundant natural resources. In

addition, President Lee requested DR Congo’
s consistent support at international states
such as UN. President Lee delivered a keynote address at the Korea-DR Congo Business
Forum and expressed words of encouragement to Korean people living in DR Congo.
President Lee visited Ethiopia on July 8, 2011, and had a summit meeting with
Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi. At this summit meeting, President Lee
expressed profound appreciation for the participation of Ethiopia in the Korean War
on the occasion of its 60th anniversary. The two Leaders agreed to cooperate for the
success of the five-year economic development plan of Ethiopia, the Growth and
Transformation Plan, and to actively share Korean development experience, the vision
of Green Growth, agricultural technologies and rural development experience. In
addition, the two countries agreed to expand economic cooperation beyond
development issues, such as investment and trade promotion, cooperation in the fields
of natural resources, science, and technology. Meanwhile, President Lee visited the
Korean War Memorial Park on July 9 and laid wreaths for Ethiopian veterans who gave
their lives. President Lee invited Korean War veterans to a reception and expressed his
deep gratitude to them on behalf of the Korean people. Furthermore, President Lee
and the First Lady visited Ras Desta Hospital and Myungsung Christian Medical Center,
and expressed words of comfort to
patients and encouraged Korean
doctors for their valuable work.
President Lee and the First Lady visited
Kenena village in Addis Ababa on July
9 and Gareare village in Oromiaju on
July 10, and participated in the
volunteer medical service program
and living-condition improvement
| President Lee Myung-bak visited a village of Gare Arena in
activities. Ethiopia for volunteer work (Gare Arena, July 10, 2011)
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4) Korea-Rwanda Summit
On November 30, 2011,
President Lee, Myung-bak held a
summit meeting with Rwandan
President Paul Kagame who visited
Korea to attend the 4th High-Level
Forum on Aid Effectiveness from
November 29 to December 03, 2011.
President Lee noted with satisfaction
that the mutual cooperation and | Korea-Rwanda Summit (Seoul, November 30, 2011)
friendship between the two countries

have been enhanced, including the opening of embassies in each country since the
former summit meeting in May 2008, and requested President Kagame’s support for
our companies’participation in energy and infrastructure construction markets in
Ethiopia. President Kagame commended Korea’s emergence as a leading IT nation
and expressed his goal to make Rwanda an IT hub and an economic centre in Eastern
Africa. President Lee explained that Korea’s development cooperation is centered on
capacity building through the development of human resources and expressed the
willingness to contribute in this area by opening an Information and
Telecommunication Engineering Department at the National University of Rwanda. The
two Leaders agreed to cooperate on international issues such as development
cooperation.
5) Korea-Ethiopia Summit
meeting with Ethiopian Prime
Minister, Meles Zenawi, on November
28, 2011 at the Blue House. On the
occasion of the 60th anniversary of
Ethiopia’s entry into the Korean War,
President Lee welcomed the fact that
the cooperation between Korea and
Ethiopia has been greatly expanded. | Korea-Ethiopia Summit (Seoul, November 28, 2011)
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The two countries’leaders discussed ways to improve practical cooperation in various

fields, such as development cooperation, economics, investment, infrastructure,
education, and culture. In particular, an MOU on Industrial Cooperation was signed
during this visit, thus paving the way to attract investment by small and medium sized
businesses in textiles, leather industry, and to create an industrial complex. Prime
Minister Meles stated that the vocational training project for 300 descendants of

veterans would contribute to the nurturing of human resources which is an essential
element for economic development. Furthermore, the two Leaders agreed to
strengthen bilateral cooperation in the fields of education and culture. President Lee
greatly welcomed that Prime Minister Meles had attended the 4th High Level Forum
on Aid Effectiveness, and the two Leaders agreed to continue to enhance cooperation
on the international stage such as in the G20 Development Agenda as a partner in
development cooperation.
2. High Ranking Officials’Diplomacy
1) Prime Ministerial Diplomacy

Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik had a bilateral meeting with Deputy Prime Minister
and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel Avigdor Lieberman on the
occasion of the Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level in Paris on May 25 -
26, 2011. The two Leaders engaged in an in-depth discussion on the relations
between Korea and Israel and the situation in the Middle East. Prime Minister Kim
noted with satisfaction the thriving ties of cooperation between the two countries
under the common values of democracy and the market economy and acknowledged
the fact that the amicable relations has further deepened since the President Peres’
visit to Korea in June 2010. Deputy Prime Minister Lieberman also noted the ever
growing importance of economic relations between Korea and Israel and the further
deepening of the cooperation between the two countries at the international level.
Also, the two Leaders discussed ways to deepen the cooperation in the field of
cutting-edge science and technology such as new and renewable energy. They
exchanged views on the situation in the Middle East including the Israel-Palestine
Peace Talks and the situation in Northeast Asia.
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2) Ministerial Diplomacy
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kim Sung-hwan paid a courtesy visit to
Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and held a
bilateral meeting with UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al
Nahyan, during his visit to UAE on February 5-7, 2011. They noted that the bilateral
relations have been expanded into a comprehensive and cooperative one, with ties of
cooperation in a whole range of areas including the political, military, culture, health,
and education fields. On this occasion, Minister Kim Sung-hwan expressed
appreciation for the mobilization of the UAE royal aircraft for transporting captured
Somali pirates in January 2011. Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan noted
that the bilateral relations have been developed in an unprecedented way, and
expressed hope that they would continue to deepen. In addition, he suggested
expanding bilateral cooperation in third countries in such areas as climate change,
development cooperation, and agriculture cooperation.
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of Korea, Kim Sung-hwan,
held a bilateral meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria, Mourad Medelci,
during his visit to Algeria on February 8-9, 2011. The two Ministers agreed to expand
cooperation in industry, development cooperation, nuclear and technology transfer on
the occasion of 5th year since the declaration of the strategic partnership. They also
agreed to actively pursue matters which have been discussed between relevant
institutions of the two sides such as the establishment of the African Center for
Information and Communications Technology and Advanced Technology(CATICTA),
industrial cooperation fund, nuclear
cooperation, and cooperation in the
fields of fisheries and agriculture.
Furthermore, during the visit Minister
Kim Sung-hwan paid a courtesy visit
to President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.
Trade Kim Sung-hwan visited three
African countries (Gabon, the Republic
| Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan pays a courtesy call on
of Congo, and Ethiopia) from April
Gabonese President Ali Ben Bongo Ondimba by (Libreville,
2nd to 9th 2011. This was the first April 4, 2011)
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visit to the Republic of Congo and

Ethiopia by a Korean Minister of
Foreign Affairs and Trade, and in the
case of Gabon, it was the first visit for
more than 30 years since the visit by
the Foreign Minister at the time, No

Shin-young, in 1980. During his visit,
Minister Kim Sung-hwan had
meetings with Gabon’s Foreign | Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan pays a courtesy call on Prime
Minister Adolphe Muzito of DR Congo (Kinshasa, April 5, 2011)
Minister Paul Toungui, Foreign
Minister of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo Alexis Thambwe Mwamba,
and Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe,
Ethiopian Deputy Prime Minister and
Foreign Minister. During the meetings,
they discussed bilateral cooperation,
situations in Korea and Africa, and
cooperation in the international
community. Furthermore, Minister Kim
| Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan pays a courtesy call on Ethiopian
met with President of Gabon Ali Ben Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (Addis ababa, April 7, 2011)
Bongo Ondimba, President of the

Democratic Republic of the Congo Joseph Kabila Kabange, Adolphe Muzito and Prime
Minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi, then had a meeting with Jean Ping, Chairman of
the AU (African Union) Commission.
During his visit, Minister Kim discussed bilateral issues with each country. In
Gabon, projects for cooperation in the energy field, such as oil, has been discussed as
a follow-up to the President of Gabon's visit to Korea. In Democratic Republic of
Congo, projects to link the infrastructure and natural resources were discussed. In
Ethiopia, activities to provide support for the veterans on the occasion of the 60th
anniversary of dispatch of Ethiopian veterans to Korean war were discussed along with
further bilateral issues. Furthermore, he had a meeting with local Korean residents and
entrepreneurs in Africa, promising active support for Korean industries in Africa which
is an emerging market as well as a repository of abundant natural resources.
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3) Presidential Envoy
Presidential Envoy Choi Byung-gook visited Nigeria and the Seychelles from May
28th to June 1st, 2011 and offered his congratulations on the inauguration of
Goodluck Jonathan, Nigerian President, and James Michel, President of the Seychelles.
Envoy Choi attended President Jonathan’s inauguration ceremony in Nigeria and had
a meeting with Namadi Sambo, Vice President of Nigeria. During the meeting with the
Nigerian Vice-President Sambo, Envoy Choi offered his congratulations on the
inauguration of the President and conveyed President Lee Myung-bak’s hope for the
strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries while Vice-
President Sambo expressed the hope to expand the investment and trade between the
two countries. Moreover, Envoy Choi paid a courtesy visit to President James Michel in
the Seychelles and offered his congratulations on his reelection. President Michel
reconfirmed support for our 2013-14 candidacy for a non-permanent UNSC seat and
active participation in the 2012 Yeosu Expo, and agreed to strengthen cooperation
regarding the eradication of piracy off the coast of Somalia. Envoy Choi also met with
Dr. Patrick Herminie, Speaker of the National Assembly in the Seychelles, and
discussed how to deepen the bonds between the two countries including active
exchanges between the parliaments of both countries.
Presidential Envoy Lee Jae-oh attended the South Sudan Independence Ceremony
on July 9, 2011 and conveyed a personal letter from Korean President Lee Myung-bak
to H.E. Salva Kirr Mayardit, President of the Republic of South Sudan, in which he
offered his congratulations on South Sudan’s independence and a recognition of it as
an independent state. Furthermore, the Presidential envoy signed Protocol on the
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with his counterpart, Mr. Deng Alor Kuol,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Sudan, thereby establishing diplomatic relations at
the ambassadorial level between the two countries. 98.83% of South Sudanese
agreed on the separation of South Sudan from Sudan in the referendum conducted in
January 2011 in accordance with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which
was signed to end the civil war between North and South Sudan in 2005. As a result
of the referendum, South Sudan achieved independence on July 9, 2011, and it is
highly meaningful that this was achieved peacefully and democratically with the
support of the international community.
Presidential Envoy Kim Jang-soo visited Jordan and Lebanon from August 23 to
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31, 2011, with the aim of enhancing the ties of friendship and cooperation with
Middle Eastern countries by pursuing more active exchanges between high-ranking
officials. Presidential Envoy Kim Jang-soo conveyed a personal letter from President Lee
Myung-bak to H.M. King Abdullah II Ibn Al Hussein in which he noted with satisfaction
the constant advances in the relations between Korea and the Hashimite Kingdom of
Jordan such as the opening of the Embassy of the Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan in

2010 and the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2012. Furthermore, he
conveyed a personal letter from the President to H.E. General Michel Sleiman,
President of Lebanese Republic, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of diplomatic
relations between the two countries as well as engaged in discussions on issues of
bilateral cooperation. He also requested the interest and support of the Lebanese side
for the stable stationing of Korean troops dispatched to UNIFIL.
3. Consultations and Conferences
1) The 5th ROK-Republic of South Africa Policy Dialogue

Vice Foreign Minister Park Suk-
hwan visited the Republic of South
Africa from June 9 to 12, 2011 and
participated in the Fifth ROK-
Republic of South Africa Policy
Consultation in Pretoria as a head of
delegation. Furthermore, during the
visit he paid a courtesy visit to the
high-level officials, such as the Vice | First vice foreign Minister, Park Suk-hwan attends The 5th
Korea-South Africa Policy Consultation (Pretoria, June 10,
President of the Republic of South 2011)
Africa. During the consultation, Vice-
Minister Park engaged in discussions on ways to promote cooperation in fields such as
politics, security, energy, trade and investment, and development cooperation with
Marius Llewellyn Fransman, Deputy Minister of International Relations and
Cooperation of the Republic of South Africa. Furthermore, sub-committees were held
at a working-level so that the representatives of the two countries could engage in in-
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depth discussions on the strengthening of cooperation in various fields. In particular,

the Korean Government requested active participation in the Yeosu Expo and High-
Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF-4), and discussed how to share experience of
economic development through personnel exchanges, participation in projects for the
construction of nuclear reactors, implementing the Knowledge Sharing Programme
(KSP), and establishing the KOPIA Centres.
2) The 2nd Korea-Cameroon Policy Dialogue

On June 13th, 2011, the 2nd
Korea-Cameroon Policy Dialogue was
held in Yaounde′
, Cameroon with Vice
Foreign Minister Park Suk-hwan and
Henri Eyebe Ayissi, Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Cameroon, attending as
Heads of Delegation. In the year of the
50th anniversary of the establishment
of diplomatic relations, both | The 2nd Korea-Cameroon Policy Consultation (Yaounde,
June 13, 2011)
representatives placed great value on
the relations and discussed ways to
cooperate in the fields of natural resources, infrastructure, development, and
international issues. Furthermore, Minister Park paid a courtesy visit to Laurent Esso,
Secretary General of the Executive President’s Office, and requested support for the
hosting of the Winter Olympic Games in Pyeong-chang and Korea’s 2013-14
candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
3) The 3rd Korea-France Policy Dialogue on Africa

On September 22 in Seoul, Chung Tae-in, Deputy Director-General of African
Middle-Eastern Affairs Bureau, held the 3rd Policy Consultation with Olivier Chambard,
Deputy Director of African-Indian Ocean Bureau of the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. In this meeting, the two representatives engaged in an exchange of views on
possible fields of cooperation, such as development cooperation, promotion of peace,
and eradication of piracy, as well as on the situations in Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and
Madagascar.
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4) High Level Meeting on Libya

On September 1, 2011, French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime
Minister David Cameron hosted a High-level Meeting on Libya in Paris, France. High-
level officials and leaders from over 50 countries and international organizations
attended the meeting, including Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic
of Korea, Kim Sung-hwan. On this occasion, the National Transitional Council (NTC) of

Libya explained its plans for national reconstruction and political transition, and the
Leaders discussed various ways to provide political and economic assistance to Libya’s
reconstruction efforts, including the release of Ghaddafi’s frozen assets abroad.
On September 20, 2011, another High-Level Meeting on Libya was held at the
UN headquarters, hosted by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Representatives
of over 70 countries and 10 international organizations, including leaders of 20
countries, attended the meeting, such as Chairman of the NTC, Mustafa Abdul Jalil,
U.S. President Barack Obama, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, and Foreign Ministers
including Minister Kim Sung-hwan. The participants praised the leadership
demonstrated by the NTC and expressed support for its reconstruction plans, and
recognized the NTC as the representative authority of Libya in the UN. Moreover, they
welcomed the UN Security Council Resolution that mandated the establishment of the
UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) and reaffirmed that the UN should lead the
international community’
s efforts to help Libya. The participants adopted a Chairman’
s
Statement that emphasized the agreement of the international community to actively
render their support so that the people of Libya can fulfill their aspirations.
5) The 1st Korea-U.S. High-Level Discussions on Africa

The ROK Government pursued policy dialogue with the U.S. in order to
strengthen diplomacy with Africa, a new engine for growth in the 21st century and to
share information and experience with the U.S. counterpart since the ROK entered
into Africa later than the U.S. So the first Korea-U.S. High-level Dialogue on Africa was
held on November 14, 2011 in Seoul, with Song Woong-yeob, Director-General of the
Africa and Middle East Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of
the ROK, and Johnnie Carson, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs of the
U.S., attending as Heads of Delegation.
In the 1st Korea-U.S. High-level Dialogue on Africa, the two countries exchanged
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views on policies toward Africa, the outlook for the situation in Africa, and protecting
citizens abroad in danger, as well as discussing ways to cooperate on policies toward
Africa.
6) The 4th Trilateral Policy Dialogue on Africa

The 4th Trilateral Policy Dialogue on Africa was held on December 7 in Tokyo,
Japan with the Director-Generals for African Affairs of each country’s Foreign Ministry
attending. The Deputy Director-General for Africa and Middle East Chung Tae-in
represented the ROK, Kusaka Sumio, Director-General for African Affairs, represented
Japan, and Lu Saye, Director of African Affairs Bureau, represented China. The
Trilateral Policy Dialogue on Africa was launched after agreement reached at the
Trilateral Summit in November 2007, with the purpose of sharing information and
experience regarding Africa, and to find ways to promote Africa’s sustainable
development and security. In this year’s dialogue, the representatives discussed their
policies toward Africa, plans for next year’s forum on Africa, the link between
economic and development cooperation, support for South Sudan’s nation-building,
and Somalia issues.
4. Diplomacy for Ties of Friendship and Cooperation
1) The 4th Arab Cultural Festival

The 4th Arab Cultural Festival was held for four days, on June 2-5, 2011, at
COEX, in the form of the Arab Culture and Tourism Special Exhibition of the 24th
Korea World Travel Fair. The festival was held to introduce Arab culture and promote
cultural understanding of the Arab world amongst Koreans. Twelve Arab countries
and Palestine participated in this festival and promoted tourism. The Oman photo
exhibition displayed more than 200 photos showing various aspects of Oman, and the
Oman fashion show introduced traditional and colorful Omani clothes and hijab. The
Palestine dance performance by the Sareyyet Ramallah Troupe for Music and Dance,
which was established in the 1930s, demonstrated a form of quintessentially Arab
culture with the development of a kind of traditional Palestine music and dance into a
modern day form. Through experiencing Arabic food, henna, and the digital Arab
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corner which provided opportunities to do activities such as learning Arabic and taking
part in a quiz, visitors also had the opportunity to gain an understanding of and feel a
rapport with Arab culture.
2) The 8th Korea-Middle East Cooperation Forum

The 8th Korea-Middle East Cooperation Forum, jointly hosted by the Jeju Peace

Institute and Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (ECSSR) and
sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, was held on October 14, 2011
in Jeju. Since 2003, this Forum has been playing a valuable role in the deepening of
mutual understanding between Korea and Middle East countries and in the building of
networks among leaders in various fields. In particular, the 8th Forum was held under
the theme of“Strengthening the Korea-GCC Relationship in a Time of Change”to
discuss ways to enhance cooperation among Korea and the Gulf Cooperation
Council(GCC) member countries which, with their abundant natural resources as well
as vision for the future, are assuming increasing importance and playing an ever more
valuable role.
3) The 4th Korea-Arab Friendship Caravan

From October 17 to 24, 2011, the 4th Korea-Arab Friendship Caravan took place
in the following seven countries: the UAE, Iraq, Oman, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Jordan,
and Palestine. Many people, including high-level officials from ministries as well as
cultural and art organizations, participated in the event. The aim of the event was to
promote mutual understanding and communication between Korea and Arab
countries. Through various events including Taekwondo demonstrations, B-boy
performances, Korean traditional music and dance performances, a Korean traditional
Hanbok fashion show, an exhibition of tourism pictures, Korean film festival, and
consultations on trade and investment in Korea, opportunities to promote interest in
and understanding of Korean culture were provided.
4) Meeting of Next Generation Leaders of Korea and Arab Countries

A meeting of next generation leaders of Korea and Arab countries was
successfully held on December 27, 2011, with about 150 students attending, including
Korean university students and Arab university students residing in Korea. The goal of
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the meeting was to build networks among future Korean and Arab leaders and to
promote exchanges between the two. The meeting has contributed greatly to laying
the foundations for thriving friendships and the building of networks.
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Chapter 5
Inter-Regional Diplomacy

1. APEC Economic Leaders’Meeting (AELM)
1) Overview of APEC 2011

As the host economy of APEC 2011, the US set out the following three priority
areas under the 2011 theme of“Toward a Seamless Regional Economy”: i) Regional
Economic Integration and Expansion of Trade, ii) Promotion of Green Growth, and iii)
Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation.
The US also initiated various proposals to promote liberalization and facilitation of
trade and investment, such as liberalization of environmental goods and services (EGS),
exemption of customs duties for low value shipments by establishing de minimis
values, streamlining of import procedures and documentation requirements,
exemption of customs duty for environment-friendly automobiles, and lowering of
trade barriers for remanufactured goods.
Member economies made their utmost efforts to produce various tangible results
through four rounds of Senior Officials’Meetings (SOM), a Ministers Responsible for
Trade (MRT) Meeting, an APEC Ministerial Meeting (AMM), and other Ministerial
Meetings1).
1) In addition to the three priority areas, several other issues were discussed such as structural reform, food security,
small and medium enterprises (SMEs) issues, women and the economy, disaster resiliency, illegal logging, etc. In this
regard, several Ministerial or High Level Meetings were held such as the 1st joint Ministerial Meeting of SMEs and
MRT (May 20, Montana), the 1st Ministerial Meeting for Forestry (September 6, Beijing), the 7th Transportation
Ministerial Meeting (September 13, San Francisco), the 1st High Level Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy
(September 16, San Francisco), etc.
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2) Major Outcomes and Korea’s Role in APEC Priorities

(1) Strengthening Regional Economic Integration and Expanding Trade
and Investment
The exploration of possible pathways to the realization of the FTAAP has been
repeatedly emphasized by the APEC Economic Leaders since 2006. In order to identify
the obstacles, Korea conducted an FTA capacity building needs survey in 2010, in
cooperation with Chile, Peru, and the Philippines. In that survey, the gap of FTA
capacities among APEC member economies was identified as one of the biggest
challenges to the realization of the FTAAP. Based on the survey results, Korea
proposed the multi-year action plan called“REI Capacity Building Needs Initiative
(CBNI)”in May 2011. It also held a trade policy dialogue to discuss effective ways of
enhancing member economies’capacity building and share best practices of
developing capacity building programs, with the full support of and commitment to
participation from member economies.
APEC economies actively participated in the discussion on next-generation trade
and investment issues2), which could be included in the FTAAP, APEC’s long term
vision that will further advance regional economic integration. At the Leaders’
Meeting in November 2011, member economies endorsed two next-generation trade
and investment issues: 1) effective, non-discriminatory, and market-driven innovation
policy, and 2) SMEs participation in global production chains. Major principles and core
elements of next-generation trade and investment issues were included in the
Honolulu declaration.
In an effort to contribute to the achievement of an APEC-wide target of a ten
percent improvement in supply-chain performance by 2015 in terms of reduction in
time, cost, and uncertainty, as stipulated in the Yokohama vision of 2010, the US
suggested the establishment of de minimis values in order to exempt customs duties
or taxes of low value shipments and streamline customs documentation requirements.
APEC economies agreed to take a pathfinder approach for this project, in which 10
2) The Yokohama Vision, adopted in the 2010 Economic Leaders’Meeting, emphasized APEC’s role as an incubator
of an FTAAP and instructed to define, shape, and address next-generation trade and investment issues. The U.S., as
the host economy of 2011 APEC, defined them as traditional trade issues requiring a new approach (such as supply
chain connectivity, service, investment, customs procedures, etc), and newly emerging trade issues (such as data
privacy, data security, cloud computing, labor, environment, etc).
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economies joined, including Korea. Korea contributed to the discussion of“de

minimis”values for low value imports as it proposed to take the current good practices
into account at the Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade (MRT) in May
2011.
(2) Promoting Green Growth

The US proposed the following strategies to increase market access of
environment-friendly goods in the region:
△to promote liberalization of trade and investment in environmental goods and
services(EGS), △facilitate trade in remanufactured products, △to rationalize and
phase-out fossil fuel subsidies, △to streamline import procedures for energy-efficient
demonstration vehicles, △to reduce energy intensity, and △to prohibit illegal logging
and related trade.
Regarding the liberalization of environmental goods, APEC economies finally
agreed at the APEC Leaders’Meeting in November to reduce applied tariff rates to
5% or less by the end of 2015, taking into account the economic circumstances of
economies, without prejudice to the position of APEC economies in the WTO. Member
economies also decided to work to develop an APEC list of environmental goods in
2012.
Korea reaffirmed that trade liberalization of environmental goods will contribute
to the promotion of green growth and the transfer of environmental technology, thus
playing a positive role in reaching an agreement on the Leader’s Declaration on the
liberalization of environmental goods. Korea also pointed out that it is necessary for
sensitive items of each economy to be taken into sufficient consideration.
Furthermore, the“Green Initiative”led by Korea acquired general support from
member economies, which was reflected in the AMM Joint Statement and the
declaration of the SME Ministers’Meeting.
(3) Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation

By emphasizing the importance of cooperation and harmonization of regulations
as well as the elimination of barriers on trade at the borders for economic growth and
regional integration, the US promoted the implementation of model regulatory
practices and the adoption of an APEC regulatory cooperation plan. Although many
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APEC economies supported the US proposal, they agreed to allow APEC economies to
have flexibility when implementing the proposal, considering the differences in the
level of economic development and domestic legal systems.
Korea actively participated in the APEC Structural Reform agenda as it
continuously implemented regulatory reform through the Presidential Council on
National Competitiveness (PCNC) and Regulatory Reform Committee. As a result,
Korea ranked 8th among the total of 183 economies in the EoDB(Doing Business)
report issued by the World Bank in October. Considering the fact that Korea ranked
30th in 2007, this record shows that Korea’s efforts on regulatory reform were
substantially fruitful.
Korea shared its experience of regulatory reform and its good regulatory practices
in various APEC meetings in 2011. President Lee Myung-bak presented Korea’s efforts
and good practices in regulatory reform at the 2011 APEC Leaders’Meeting, in which
he stressed the necessity of regulatory reform for the sake of economic growth and
job creation.
(4) Other Issues

In the APEC Leaders’Meeting in Honolulu in November 2011, there were various
deliverables, such as △the establishment of the Implementation Plan on the APEC
New Strategy for Structural Reform(ANSSR)3), △the adoption of a declaration in the
APEC High Level Policy Dialogue on Disaster Resiliency, a declaration in the APEC High
Level Policy Dialogue on Open Governance and Economic Growth, and the San
Francisco Declaration on Women and the Economy and △an agreement to establish
the Policy Partnership on Food Security(PPFS) in the High level Policy Dialogue on Food
Security.
3) With the completion of the Leaders’Agenda to Implement Structural Reform(LAISR), the APEC New Strategy for
Structural Reform(ANSSR) was adopted at the APEC Economic Leaders’Meeting(ALEM) in Yokohama in 2010. Each
individual APEC member economy set forth its structural reform priorities in 2011 and agreed to present its report
on the implementation of its reform priorities by 2015. The initiative encourages structural reforms that promote:
①Ámore open, well-functioning, transparent, and competitive markets; ②Ëbetter functioning and effectively
regulated financial markets; ③Èlabor market opportunities, training, and education; ④Ísustained SME development
and enhanced opportunities for women and vulnerable populations; and ⑤Îeffective and fiscally sustainable social
safety net programs.
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Regarding the issue of APEC membership4), APEC Ministers agreed to continue

the discussion on the accession of new members. On the occasion of the 2011 APEC
Economic Leaders’Meeting, Korea and the US agreed to implement a bilateral trusted
traveler arrangement, which was signed in November 2010. The system contributed to
the convenience of travelers by allowing them to enter without going through an
interview process. Furthermore, it was expected to serve as an important model case

for promoting the APEC Travel Facilitation Initiative.
2. Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
The 10th ASEM Foreign Ministers’Meeting was held on June 5-6, 2011 in
Budapest, Hungary. In the meeting, the ministers discussed non-traditional security
challenges, the global economic and financial crisis, global issues, as well as the future
of ASEM.
The outcome documents were adopted at the end of the meeting, including the
Chair’s Statement and its annexes titled“ASEM Senior Officials’Report to the
FMM10 on the Enlargement of ASEM,”and“Non-Paper on ASEM Working Methods.”
Minister Kim Sung-hwan, through his speech, asked support for South Korea’s
policy towards North Korea which aims to ensure peace and stability in the Korean
peninsula, and emphasized the need for cooperation between Asia and Europe in the
field of green growth. Furthermore, he reaffirmed the member countries support on
South Korea’s foreign policy in the Chair’s Statement, which underlines the
importance of the implementation of the“G20 Seoul Development Consensus,”and
the success of the 4th Busan High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.
The Ministers recognized the need for policy coordination between the two
region to deal with non-traditional security issues such as counter-terrorism, piracy at
sea, energy security, water resource management, food security, disaster management
and prevention and climate change; and agreed to strengthen sectoral cooperation in
4) Although some economies in Asia and South America applied for membership to the APEC, leaders adopted a ten-
year moratorium on new memberships in 1997. In 2007, they agreed to revisit the issue of membership in 2010 in
order to put more emphasis on making progress in other pending issues such as APEC reform and Trade and
Investment Liberalization.
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the future.
South Korea held“the Third ASEM Forum on Marine Fisheries”on November 16-
17, 2011 in Busan, under the theme of“Green Growth and Cooperation in Fisheries
and Aquaculture.”Member countries exchanged various opinions on fisheries issues,
including climate change, development of a environmentally-friendly aquaculture, and
policy coordination on the international level.
Meanwhile, South Korea will actively contribute to the ASEM process until the 9th
ASEM Summit, scheduled to be held on November 5-6, 2012 in Vientiane, Laos.
3. Organization of Black Sea Economic Cooperation

(BSEC)
On November 26 in 2010, South Korea became a member of the Organization of

Black Sea Economic Cooperation(BSEC) as a“Sectoral Dialogue Partner(SDP)”to
strengthen economic cooperation with the Black Sea Economic Zone and it entered
into force on January 1 in 2011.
South Korea has performed various programs to improve cooperation with the
Black Sea region in 2011. In June 2011, they held a conference under the topic of
「Korea-Black Sea Cooperation: Present and Future」 and engaged in in-depth
discussions on numerous topics such as an intensification plan for economic and
industrial cooperation between Korea and the Black Sea region, multicultural identity
of the Black Sea region and its historical background, and energy security. Also in
September, twelve participants from twelve countries held the Korea-BSEC ICT
Cooperation Program under the topic of the「National Information Strategy oriented
by the case of Korea’s e-government promotion」, where they conducted seminars on
e-government and public-private cooperation.
Furthermore, they have set forth their intention to cooperate with the Black Sea
region in various fields by attending the BSEC Senior Officials’Committee in
November and the BSEC Foreign Ministers’Meeting in December. Also, they discussed
in detail the future cooperative business plan by examining the level of cooperation
between the Korea-BSEC ICT work groups.
While the Black Sea region is a geopolitical location with the highest growth
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potential such as abundant resources and major energy transport routes, BSEC is the
only international organization that deals with economic cooperation in the region.
South Korea is expanding its diplomatic prospect by becoming a member of the BSEC
and holding a range of programs. Henceforth, they plan to continue their efforts in
establishing close cooperation with the countries in the Black Sea region that are
located in the energy transport route and possess abundant resources.

Organization of the Black Sea Cooperation was set up through the initiative of Turkey on
June 25 in 1992 for the purpose of expanding trade and economic cooperation between the
coastal states of the Black Sea. The twelve members include Turkey, Russia, Ukraine,
Azerbaijan, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Armenia, Albania, Georgia, Moldova and Serbia.
They have a population of 35 million and their foreign trade volume is 300 billion dollars per
year.
4. Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building

Measures in Asia(CICA)
In 2011 South Korea participated in the Senior Officials’Committee(SOC) and

Special Working Group(SWG) of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-
Building Measures in Asia(CICA) three times. Moreover, it made its efforts to expand
the basis of diplomatic relations with Central Asia and Turkey through active
participation such as dispatching a experts to the training course on International
Narcotics Law-Enforcement in Thailand. South Korea currently acts as a coordinator in
the field of energy security and IT among four cooperation fields(human, economy,
environment, non-traditional security) and twenty-six detailed agendas. It continued to
join in the CICA process by voluntarily making financial contributions in June in 2011.
These activities have a positive impact on the status of South Korea within the
CICA, development of CICA, dialogue on regional security among the member states,
as well as on the improvement of confidence-building in the fields of energy security
and IT. South Korea plans to enhance its presence by continuing to make voluntary
financial contributions and actively participate in the summits and foreign ministers’
meetings.
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Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia(CICA) is a regional

security consultative group established in October, 1992 for confidence-building and conflict
prevention in Asia. It has twenty-three member states and the secretariat is located in
Almaty, Kazakhstan (expected to move to Astana). South Korea has been participating as an
observer since 1993 and joined the group as a full member at the 2nd Summit in 2006.
Turkey has been chairing for two years since 2010.
5. ASEAN-ROK/ASEAN+3/EAS Cooperation
In 2011, the ROK actively participated in the meetings of the ASEAN-

ROK/ASEAN+3/East Asia Summit(EAS). During the 14th ASEAN-ROK Summit, President
Lee Myung-bak announced that the ROK would establish a mission to ASEAN, and
send a resident ambassador to Jakarta, Indonesia. Also, President Lee highlighted the
need to continue expanding economic ties through the ASEAN-ROK FTA.
In addition, in order to strengthen the ROK’s cooperation with the Mekong
region, a sub-region of ASEAN, the ROK and the five Mekong countries held the 1st
Mekong-ROK Foreign Ministers’Meeting in Seoul in October 2011, and adopted the
「Han-River Declaration of Establishing the Mekong-ROK Comprehensive Partnership
for Mutual Prosperity」, which includes the vision, objectives, and principles for the
Mekong-ROK cooperation.
During the 14th ASEAN+3 Summit Meeting, President Lee and the leaders
reviewed ASEAN+3 Cooperation and shared the view to continue working together to
increase substantial cooperation in many areas including food security, financial crises,
and financial integration. President Lee expressed his expectations for the 2nd East
Asia Vision Group (EAVG Ⅱ), which was proposed by the ROK in 2010 to set the future
direction of ASEAN+3 Cooperation, and asked for the support of the member
countries in this regard to successfully carry out its mission.
On the sideline of the ASEAN Summit, the 6th East Asia Summit(EAS) Meeting
took place to provide an opportunity to invigorate discussions on East Asian regional
cooperation with the U.S. and Russia as new members along with existing members
including ASEAN member states, the ROK, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and
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외교백서영문03e 2012.10.22 3:4 PM 페이지129
India. During the 6th Meeting, President Lee exchanged views with leaders on East
Asian regional issues such as disaster management, maritime security and non-
proliferation. The leaders approved the“Declaration of the East Asia Summit on the
Principles for Mutually Beneficial Relations”which described the principles, objectives,
and modalities of the EAS.

6. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a regional security consultative body that was
established in 1994 in order to build confidence and promote preventive diplomacy
among countries in the Asia-Pacific region through political and security dialogues.
At the 18th ARF Foreign Ministers’Meeting held in Bali, Indonesia, on July 23,
2011, ARF participants exchanged views on major international and regional security
issues including the North Korean nuclear issue, South China Sea dispute, the
reconstruction in Afghanistan, and the Myanmar issue. Furthermore, they reviewed
the implementation of ARF’s Work Plan and activities in the fields of counter-
terrorism, disaster relief, maritime security, and non-proliferation.
7. Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
The Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), which was established in September 2002,
is a pan-Asian body covering Northeast, Southwest, and Central Asia as well as the
Middle East and is comprised of 31 members including the ROK, China, Japan, ASEAN
member countries, India, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.
The 10th ACD Ministerial Meeting was held in Kuwait on October 10-11, 2011,
under the theme of“Toward a better future for Asian cooperation”. ACD members
discussed ways of enhancing cooperation and integration in the Asia region in areas
such as economy, environment, IT and culture.
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Strengthening International Leadership in the Field of Protocol
In 2011 as well, our government actively launched summit diplomacy in the midst of
various challenges at home and abroad in order to enhance national interest. President Lee
Myung-bak visited 19 nations through 11 overseas visits and Prime Minister Kim Hwang-
shik also visited 4 nations through 3 overseas visits. These overseas visits of our leaders
contributed to establishing global network with leaders throughout the world. Moreover,
14 foreign Heads of State or Government made official visits to Korea among which 4 were
state visits.
2011 Overseas Visits and Incoming Visits

Classification Content of the Event
•Official Visit to United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Dubai) (3.12-15)

•State Visit to Denmark and Official Visits to Germany and France (5.8-15)
•Attended the 4th Korea- Japan- China Summit (Sendai, Japan) (5.21-22)
•Attended South Africa IOC and State Visits to DR Congo, Ethiopia (7.2-11)
•State Visit to Mongolia and Uzbekistan and Official Visit to Kazakhstan
(8.21-26)
Overseas Visits by •Attended High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety at UN General Assembly
the President
and Visit to Seattle (9.20-24)
(11 Overseas Visits
19 State Visits) •State Visit to the United States (Washington, Chicago, Detroit) (10.11-16)
•the 2nd Korea-Russia Talk and G20 Summit in Cannes
(Saint Petersburg, Cannes) (11.1-5)
•Attended 19th APEC Summit (Honolulu, U.S.) (11.12-14)
•Attended ASEAN+3/EAS Summit and State Visit to Philippines
(Bali, Manila) (11.17-22)
•Visit to Japan (12.17-18)
Overseas Visits by •Official Visit to China and Attended Boao Forum for Asia(Sanya)(4.12-15)
the Prime Minister
•Attended OECD Council (Paris) (5.24-27)
(3 Overseas Visits
4 State Visits) •Official Visit to Bulgaria, Ukraine (9.26-10.2)
•
‘ Lobo’
, President of Honduras (2.20-22, Official Working Visit)
•
‘ Batbold’
, Prime Minister of Mongolia (3.23-28, Official Visit)
•
‘ Najib’
, Prime Minister of Malaysia (4.4-6, Official Visit)
Incoming Visit by
•
‘ Gillard’
, Prime Minister of Australia (4.23-25, Official Working Visit)
Foreign Dignitaries
(14 cases) •
‘ Al-Maliki’
, Prime Minister of Iraq (4.27-30, Official Visit)
•
‘ Dombrovskis’
, Prime Minister of Latvia (6.8-6.11, Official Visit)
•
‘ Mizan’
, King of Malaysia (7.19-7.20, State Visit)
•
‘ Patil’
, President of India (7.24-7.27, State Visit)
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외교백서영문03e 2012.10.22 3:4 PM 페이지131
Classification Content of the Event
•
‘ Ban Ki-moon’
, UN Secretary General (8.9-8.14)
•
‘ Santos’
, President of Colombia (2011.8.14-16, State Visit)
Incoming Visit by
•
‘ Noda’
, Prime Minister of Japan (10.18-10.19, Working Visit)
Foreign Dignitaries
(14 cases) •
‘ Fillon’
, Prime Minister of France (10.21-22, Official Visit)
•
‘ Sang’
, President of Vietnam (11.8-10, State Visit)

•
‘ Meles’
, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (11.28-29, Official Visit)
Through these visits by foreign dignitaries, South Korea established positive image among
leaders throughout the world, and built up protocol experience. That is, the high-level
diplomacy not only brought in visible outcome but also strengthened competence of South
Korea in the field of protocol, consolidating long-term national interests.
Moreover, competence of South Korea’s protocol was also acknowledged on the world
stage. During President Lee's state visit to the United States which took place from 11 to 16
October, 2011, the Chiefs of Protocol from the United States and South Korea agreed that,
it is necessary to arrange a conference where the chiefs of protocol from different countries
could gather and share their unique protocol practice. All the participants can discuss the
ways to improve work efficiency in the field of protocol. As a result, the two chiefs of
protocol came up with a conference titled‘Global Chiefs of Protocol Conference’. In
particular, the two countries agreed on the necessity of South Korea’s active role in the
conference considering its status in the field of protocol. It set a good example as a
successful host of G20 Summit in 2010 and the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit was
scheduled to be held in Seoul.
✽ The 1st Global Chiefs of Protocol Conference was held.(4-7 July, 2012, Washington D.C.)
✽ The 2nd Conference was agreed to be held in South Korea in 2014.
131

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외교백서영문03e 2012.10.

Chapter 1 New Asia Initiative _ 74

Chapter 2 Diplomacy with Europe _ 85

Chapter 3 Diplomacy with Latin America and the

Chapter 4 Diplomacy with Africa and the Middle East _ 106

Chapter 5 Inter-Regional Diplomacy _ 121

New Asia Initiative

In the third year of“the New Asia Initiative,”the Korean Government

1. Northeast Asia Region

1) Korea-Japan Summit Meeting

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

2) Korea-China President-Premier Meetings

to boost the high-level and youth

Peninsula, and North Korea’s nuclear

3) Korea-Japan-China Trilateral Summit Meeting

Earthquake, demonstrating the firmly

Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) within 2011 with the effectuation of the「Agreement on

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

4) Korea-Mongolia Relationship Enhancement

2. Southeast Asia Region

Initiatives, both serving as one of the

Cooperative Partnership”which was

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

events as well as to consider implementing

as the‘Master Plan’. President Yudhoyono highly appreciated Korea’s unflagging

Philippines established diplomatic ties

3. Southwest Asia and Pacific Region

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

culture, and people-to-people exchanges,

celebration of the Korea-Australia

| Korea-Australia Summit (Seoul, April 25, 2011)

4. Central Asia Region

measures and closer cooperation on

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

and natural resources development to include a wide range of areas such as

Diplomacy with Europe

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

investment, cooperation in the fields

The leaders assessed the steady development of bilateral cooperation between

Alliance.”Through this framework,

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

The leaders noted with satisfaction

host the Pyeongchang Winter

discussed the cooperative measures

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

during the first half of 2011, and

views on substantial cooperation in

infrastructure, IT, and energy, and also

| Korea-Bulgaria Summit (Sofia, September 28, 2011)

diplomatic relations in 2012 as an opportunity to further strengthen their relationship.

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

bilateral issues, such as the

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

situation on the Korean Peninsula and

(7) The United Kingdom

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network

(12) European Union

Partnership and to promote cooperation in areas such as human rights and

3. Regional Cooperation Diplomacy

In order to promote substantive cooperation with European countries and to

Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE)

Diplomacy with Latin America and

Diplomacy for Expansion of a Global Network