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~~ OeslgnaHon: 0 4633 - 86
w- 2/J-p
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
1916 Race St.. Philadelphia. Pa. 19103
Reprinted Irom the Annual Book 01 ASTM Siandards•. Copyrlghl AST~
1/ nol listed In Ihe currenl combined Index. Will appear In the next edilion.

Standard Test Method for

STRESS WAVE ENERGY MEASUREMENT FOR DYNAMIC
PENETROMETER TESTING SYSTEMS1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation 04633; the number immediately following the designatiOn indicates the year of
original adoption or. in the case of revision. the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript ep5i1on (.) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

l.Scope penetrometer connector rods for the purpose of

1.1 This test method describes the procedure sensing that part of the drive weight (hammer)
for measuring that part of the drive weight (ham- kinetic energy that is transmitted into the pene-
mer) kinetic energy that enters the penetrometer trometer connector rods.
connector rod column during dynamic (hammer NOlll I-Some hammer energy is lost at impact
impact) penetrometer testing of soil. during the transfer of kinetic energy in the hammer to
1.2 This test method has particular applica- tor compression wave energy in the penetrometer connec-

iTeh Standards rods. This impact-transfer loss can vary significantly

tion to the comparative evaluation of hammer with the shape of the hammer or the anvil, or both.
systems, and, to a lesser degree of accuracy, ham- with the mass of the anvil. and with the properties of

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mer-operator systems, that are used for the pen- any impact cushion at the anvil.
etration testing of soils. 2.1.4 penetrometer~any sampler, cone.
1.3 This test method applies to penetrometers blade, or other instrument placed at the bottom

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driven from above the ground surface. It is not of the connector rods where the penetration re-
intended for use with down-hole hammers. sistance in (hammer blows/penetration distance)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are is used as an index to one or more soil engineer-
to be regarded as the standard. The values in ing properties.
parentheses are provided for information ASTMonly. D4633-86
2.1.5 processing instrument-an instrument
I.S This standard may involve hazardous ma- which receives the signal from the load cell after
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terials, operations, and equipment. This standard a hammer blow and processes it to produce com-
does not purport to address all of the safety prob- puted E/ or ER/ values (see 2.2.2 and 2.2.3).
lems associated with its use. It is the responsibil- 2.1.6 string-cllt drop-supporting a hammer
ity ofthe IIser ofthis standard to establish appro- on a string at a stipulated distance above the
priate safety and health practices and determine anvil and cutting the string to obtain an un-
the applicability ofregu{atory limitations prior to impeded hammer drop.
use. 2.2 Symbols:
2.2.1 E·-the nominal kinetic energy in a
2. Terminology drive weight of stipulated mass after a gravita-
2.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This tional free fall from a stipulated fall height (the
Standard: Newtonian kinetic energy at impact).
2.1.1 connector rods-the drill rods that con- 2.2.2 Er-the energy content of the initial
nect the drive weight system above the ground (first) compression wave that is produced by a
surface to the penetrometer below the surface. hammer impact.
2.1.2 engineer-the engineer, geologist, or
I This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com-
other responsible professional, or their represent- mittee 0-18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of
ative. Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and Related Field Testing
2.1.3 load cell-any instrument placed for Current Soil Investigations.
edition approved Oct. 31. 1986. Published December
around, on, or Within a continuous column of 1986.

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 04633

2.2.3 ERI = (E;/E*) 100 %-measured stress reproduce environmental influences must be
wave energy ratio. considered.
2.2.4 L-length between the hammer impact 3.5 This test method has been found useful
surface and the bottom of the penetrometer. for such purposes as:
2.2.5 L'-length between the load cell and 3.5.1 Comparing the dynamic penetration re-
the bottom of the penetrometer. sistances produced by different equipment or
2.2.6 AL = L - L'. operators performing the same type of test at a
project.
3, Significance and Use 3.5.2 Comparing project penetration resist-
3.1 Various types of driven penetrometers are ance with similar design reference data.
used to evaluate in situ the engineering behavior 3.5.3 An organization performing internal
of soils. The penetration resistance of soil to a evaluations of their hammer-operator-rig com-
particular driven penetrometer depends not only binations. .
upon the mass of the hammer and the soil char- 3.5.4 The training of dynamic penetration sys-
acteristics, but upon the continuity and geometry tem operators.
of system components and upon system opera- 3.5.5 Demonstrating the relative importance·
tion factors that contribute resistance to free-fall
of equipment or operator variables.
of the drive weight. Some penetration testing 3.5.6 Aiding the design of penetrometer drive
systems are only standardized with respect to the systems.
configuration of the penetrometer and the mass 3.5.7 Documenting data for regulatory agen-
of the drive weight. The stress wave integration cies.

iTeh Standards
procedure is a method of evaluating variations 3.5.8 Developing a conversion between differ-
from differences in system geometry and opera- ent types of dynamic penetration tests.
tion.

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3.2 The incremental penetration of a pene- 4. Apparatus
trometer from a hammer blow is directly related 4.1 Load Cell. Processing Instnlment. and
to the magnitude of the irregularly shaped force Digital Timer-The engineer may use any suit-
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pulse within the first compressive wave from that able apparatus that measures E; or ERI within
blow. A processing instrument integrates the the required accuracy of ±2 %. Such apparatus
forces within the time limits of the first compres- usually consists of a load cell, processing instru-
sive pulse or wave (idealized example in Fig. I) ment, and digital timer.
thus computing the stress wave energy ASTM D4633-86
of the 4.2 Oscilloscope-An oscilIoscope can be a
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primary force pulse. The integrated stress wave useful adjunct, and a digital oscilloscopC hooked
energy, therefore, provides an approximate mea- to a computer can act as a combination instru-
sure of the effective driving force. ment and timer.
3.3 The integrated stress wave method has
particular application to evaluation of hammer 5. Procedure
systems that are used for penetration testing of 5.1 Connect the load cell to the penetrometer
soils. There is an approximate, linear relationship connector rods no closer than 2.0 It (0.6 m) to
between the incremental advance of a driven soil the base of the anvil. Use load cell adaptors that
penetrometer and the stress wave energy that minimize abrupt changes in cross-sectional area
enters the penetrometer connector rods. There- with respect to the penetrometer connector rods.
fore, there is also an approximate inverse rela- The cross-section of the rods above and below
tionship between the penetration resistance (in the load cell must be the same for a distance of
hammer blows per unit length of soil penetration) at least r.O ft (0.3 m) in both directions.
and the stress wave energy, E; (or ER I ). 5.2 Follow the processing instrument manu-
3.4 Stress wave measurements may be used to facturer's calibration procedures to ensure the
evaluate both operator-dependent cathead and load cell and processing instrument are operating
rope-hammer drop systems and the relatively properly. Match the processing instrument set-
operator-independent mechanized systems. ting to the type rod used above and below the
When operator-dependent hammer systems are load cell.
tested, the possible inability of the operator to 5.2. J If the instrument cannot be preset to the

2
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 04633

type of rod used, then convert the results from NOTE 2-lf the engineer wishes to adjust E/ or ER/
that set on or built into the instrument, to that values reported for the infinite L case to the actual Ej
entering the rods for a case when L :s 4S ft «( 4 m), then
actually used by adjusting instrument EI or ER/ adjust by dividing the infinite E, value by K2.
values by the relative rod cross-sectional areas in·
accordance with Eqs 1 and 2 (see 5.2.2). All 5.3 Do not perform measurements of E/ or
connector rods to include the short section be· ERi until several preparatory sequences of blows
tween the load cell and the anvil must have the obtained under the same conditions of operator,
same section diameter and area. equipment. soil conditions, and the like, have
5.2.2 Stress Wave Integration Method-The been performed by the operator. Record the mea.
stress wave integration method uses the following surements by any suitable means.
formulae as the basis for making stress wave NOTE 3-Preparatory sequences of blows have the
energy comparisons: objective of bringing the equipment and operator to
their normal functioning condition. They can accom-
E; = CK:;Kc IAI {F(tW dl (I) plish such things as repolishing the cathead. drying wet
or damp rope, providing fresh lubrication for mechan-
ical parts. identifying any mechanical or human prob-
or lems. and providing refamiliarization practice for all
. _ KIK2KC
E, - A(Ep),"
r
J,
OI
2
(F(t)l dl (2)
the personnel concerned with these measurements.

5.4 Perform a minimum of 30 measurements

where: to determine the Ei or ER/ performance of a
F(t) dynamic compressive force in the con- drive weight system.
nector rods as a flInction oftime, NOTE 4-lt is preferable to make as many measure-
=
E,
iTeh Standards
energy in the first compression pulse for ments as practical so as to reduce the statistical sam-
the ideal case of III (and therefore L) = pling error. It is also preferable to make the measure-
ments when using the penetrometer system in as near
infinity,

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a routine manner as practical.
time,
time duration of the first compression 5.5 It is necessary to measure c in Eq 1 to
pulse starting at I = 0, . assure the proper cutoff time for 4(. Ifa process-
A
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cross-sectional area of the connector ing instrument without an oscilloscope is used.
rods above and below the load cell, then the engineer needs to make as many mea-
E Young's modulus of the connector rods, surements of the Eq I or 2 integration time
c theoretical velocity of the compression during each sequence of ham mer blows as needed
wave in the connector rods, ASTM
.= (Elp)11JD4633-86
to assure that the instrument makes the proper
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(see 5.5, 5.6, and Note 5). time cutoff (see Note 5). Compare these mea-
mass density of the connector rods, surements with the theoretical time to cutoff, as
a correction factor to account for the follows:
compression wave energy not sensed by 2L'/c
the load cell due to the length, L, of the where:
connector rod between the hammer im- c = the theoretical velocity of a compression
pact surface and the load cell. Table 1 wave in the rods (approximately 16800 ftf
gives theoretical values of Kl that apply s or (5100 m/s) for steel).
with sufficient accuracy over the follow-
NOTE 5-To conform to the theory in 5;2.2, the
ing range of connector rod sizes: parallel processing instrument should perform the integration
wall A and A W drill rods to upset wall until the first time the load cell senses a zero load. This
Nand NW drill rods. should happen when the- compression wave reflects at
= a theoretical correction factor needed the penetrometer and returns to the load cell as a
tension wave, at which time the net force at the load
when the rod length, L, is less than 45 ft cell crosses zero force. For some circumstances, partic-
(14 m), to correct for the fact that some ularly near penetration refusal, the reflected wave arriv-
first wave compression energy is cut off ing at the load cell may be a compression wave. Under
prematurely when L is less than 45 ft, these circumstances the force at the load cell may not
and cross zero until significant time after 2L' / c. The instru-
ment will then continue the integration and can give a
factor to correct the theoretical velocity, stress wave energy value much greater than that actually
C, to the actual velocity (see 5.6). in the first compression wave.

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