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System Programming and Compiler Construction SPCC Viva Questions With Answer Sem 6 CS MU - Doubtly
System Programming and Compiler Construction SPCC Viva Questions With Answer Sem 6 CS MU - Doubtly
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other hand, involves the creation and development of these system programs. and Answer SE – AI&DS/ML/CS
Q3: Enumerate various system programs and briefly explain their functions. semester 3 computer engineering
A3: Various system programs include Assembler (converts assembly language code into syllabus mumbai university (Three)
machine language), Macro processor (expands macros in source code), Loader (loads
Data Analytics & Visualization DAV
executable code into memory for execution), Linker (combines multiple object files into a
Viva Questions with answer – sem 6
single executable program), Compiler (translates high-level programming languages into
AI-DS/ML
machine code), Interpreter (executes code line by line), Device Drivers (control hardware
devices), Operating system (manages hardware and provides services to applications), Editors Machine learning ML Viva Questions
(create and modify text files), Debuggers (identify and fix errors in programs). with answer – sem 6 AI-DS/ML
ensuring that the program can run correctly regardless of its memory location. Computer Engineering mumbai
university
Q8: Define Device Drivers and discuss their significance in system software.
A8: Device Drivers are specialized programs that enable the operating system to communicate
with hardware devices such as printers, disk drives, and network adapters. They facilitate the
abstraction of hardware complexity and provide a standardized interface for interacting with
devices.
Assemblers
Q1: What are the essential elements of Assembly Language programming?
A1: Assembly Language programming comprises mnemonic instructions, symbolic labels,
operands, and comments. Mnemonic instructions represent machine instructions, while
symbolic labels are used to denote memory addresses or variables. Operands specify data or
addresses, and comments provide human-readable explanations within the code.
Q2: Explain the assembly scheme used in Assembly Language programming.
A2: The assembly scheme involves translating mnemonic instructions and symbolic labels
into their corresponding machine language equivalents. This translation process typically
occurs in two phases: the first pass involves scanning the source code to generate a symbol
table, while the second pass generates the actual machine code.
Q4: Discuss the design of a Two-pass Assembler for the X86 processor.
A4: A Two-pass Assembler for the X86 processor first scans the source code to build a
symbol table, mapping symbolic labels to memory addresses. During the second pass, it
generates the actual machine code, replacing symbolic labels with their corresponding
memory addresses and encoding mnemonic instructions into binary format.
Q5: Explain the design of a Single-pass Assembler for the X86 processor.
A5: A Single-pass Assembler for the X86 processor translates source code into machine code
in a single scan. To achieve this, it uses techniques such as forward referencing and
temporary storage to handle unresolved symbols and generate machine code on the fly.
Q6: What are the common data structures used in the design of assemblers?
A6: Common data structures used in assemblers include symbol tables, which map symbolic
labels to memory addresses; opcode tables, which define the binary encoding for mnemonic
instructions; and data structures for handling expressions and addressing modes.
Q7: How does a Two-pass Assembler differ from a Single-pass Assembler in terms of
efficiency and complexity?
A7: A Two-pass Assembler typically offers better error detection and optimization capabilities
compared to a Single-pass Assembler. However, it requires additional memory for storing
intermediate data structures and involves two passes over the source code, making it less
efficient in terms of processing time.
Q9: How does the design of an assembler vary for different processor architectures?
A9: The design of an assembler depends on the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the target
processor. Different processors may have unique instruction formats, addressing modes, and
opcode tables, requiring specific handling in the assembler design.
Q10: Explain the role of data structures in optimizing the performance of an assembler.
A10: Data structures such as symbol tables and opcode tables are crucial for efficient symbol
resolution and code generation in an assembler. By organizing and indexing data effectively,
assemblers can quickly look up symbols and opcode encodings, reducing the overall
processing time.
Q5: What are the common data structures used in the design of a Macro Processor?
A5: Common data structures include macro tables, which store macro definitions and their
parameters, as well as data structures for handling macro expansion and argument
substitution.
Q6: Explain the significance of Simple, Parameterized, Conditional, and Nested macros in
programming.
A6:
Q7: How does the implementation of a Macro Processor differ from that of an Assembler?
A7: While both Assemblers and Macro Processors involve text substitution, they serve
different purposes. An Assembler translates assembly language code into machine code,
whereas a Macro Processor expands macros in source code before compilation.
Q3: What is Linking, and how does it relate to the concept of Relocation?
A3: Linking involves combining multiple object files and resolving external references to create
a single executable program. Relocation is a crucial step in the linking process, as it ensures
that references to external symbols are adjusted to point to the correct memory locations.
Q4: Discuss different loading schemes used by loaders, including Relocating Loader and
Direct Linking Loader.
A4:
Relocating Loader: A Relocating Loader loads a program into memory and adjusts its
internal references (addresses) based on the actual memory location where it is loaded.
This allows the program to execute correctly regardless of its location in memory.
Direct Linking Loader: A Direct Linking Loader performs linking and loading
simultaneously, generating a fully linked executable program without the need for
intermediate object files.
Q5: What is Dynamic Linking, and how does it differ from Static Linking?
A5: Dynamic Linking involves linking libraries (such as DLLs in Windows or shared libraries in
Unix-like systems) at runtime rather than at compile time. This allows multiple programs to
share the same code in memory, reducing memory usage and promoting code reuse. In
contrast, Static Linking incorporates library code into the executable file at compile time,
resulting in larger executable sizes.
Q6: Describe the process of Dynamic Loading and its advantages.
A6: Dynamic Loading involves loading and linking portions of a program into memory only
when they are needed during execution. This allows for more efficient memory usage, faster
program startup times, and the ability to dynamically extend the functionality of a program
through plugins or modules.
Q2: Discuss the role of Finite State Automata (FSA) in Lexical Analysis.
A2: Finite State Automata are used in Lexical Analysis to recognize and tokenize the input
stream of characters into meaningful units, such as identifiers, keywords, and literals. FSA
provides a systematic approach for defining lexical patterns and efficiently recognizing them
during scanning.
Q3: Explain the design of a Lexical Analyzer and the data structures used.
A3: A Lexical Analyzer scans the input source code character by character, recognizing
lexemes and generating tokens. It typically uses data structures such as Finite Automata,
Regular Expressions, and Symbol Tables to perform lexical analysis efficiently.
Top-down parsers, such as LL(1) parsers, start parsing from the start symbol and
attempt to rewrite it to match the input string. They use a leftmost derivation to build the
parse tree.
Bottom-up parsers, such as Shift-Reduce (SR) parsers, start parsing from the input string
and attempt to reduce it to the start symbol. They use a rightmost derivation to build the
parse tree.
LL(1) parser: A predictive parser that reads input from left to right, constructs a leftmost
derivation, and performs one lookahead symbol to predict the next parsing action.
SR parser: A parser that shifts input symbols onto a stack until a reduction can be
applied, based on a set of predefined grammar rules.
Operator precedence parser: A type of bottom-up parser that uses precedence rules to
resolve ambiguities in the grammar.
SLR parser: A Simple LR parser that combines the efficiency of LR parsing with the
simplicity of SLR parsing.
Q9: Discuss the importance of efficient data structures in the design of Lexical Analyzers.
A9: Efficient data structures, such as Finite Automata and Symbol Tables, are crucial for
optimizing the performance of Lexical Analyzers. They allow for fast recognition and storage
of lexemes, reducing the time complexity of the lexical analysis phase.
Q3: Discuss the need for Code Optimization in the compiler process.
A3: Code Optimization aims to improve the performance, size, and efficiency of the generated
code. It reduces execution time, memory usage, and power consumption, making the program
run faster and consume fewer resources.
Q6: What are the primary issues in the design of a code generator?
A6: The primary issues in the design of a code generator include selecting appropriate
instructions for the target machine, managing register allocation and memory usage, handling
control flow structures, and ensuring correctness and efficiency in the generated code.
Q7: Explain the algorithm used in code generation during the Synthesis phase.
A7: The code generation algorithm translates the intermediate representation (such as syntax
trees or three-address code) into machine code. It typically traverses the intermediate
representation and emits corresponding machine instructions or assembly code, while also
performing optimizations to improve code quality.
Q8: Define Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs in the context of code generation.
A8:
Basic Blocks are sequences of consecutive instructions with a single entry point and a
single exit point. They represent straight-line code segments without any branching.
Flow Graphs represent the control flow structure of a program, with nodes representing
basic blocks and edges representing control flow between them. They provide a
graphical representation of the program’s execution paths.
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