PARASITOLOGY - the study of parasites (organisms tha! live on and obtain their nutrients fom other organises) PINES $ ENEGETOn ——~ parosilic ivasion in the BOGy TINFECTATION ~ porasilic invasion on tne boc'y DIS Ene = 6 process wilh characterslic symotoms Thewbetion Ber period belween infeclion ond evidence of symptoms Aviom fechon_~ resulls when on infecled individual becomes his own diect source of iiecion (e9 Capua ceri + nung MEREEBEREMnen he oready infected indiviclval is furlher infected with See ieocing to mone ntscion log stongvntea Hast __~ species of animals ar plants that harbors a parasite —veerons transport carriers (usually living: often an insect/aitivopod) + Biologic vector - carries the infective stage; part of the life cycle + Mechanical or phoretic vector - transporis the parasite: not part of the life eycles Epidemiology — is the study of pattems, distribution and occurrence of disease + $Poredic = disease which occurs occasionally in one or few members > Eeoemie, = disease which occurs more or less constantly + BPUDEMTE regional outbreok + BAND EMIE —— worlciwide ou'oreak AINCLDENCE _— number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given Period of time PLEVRIENLE _~ number of individuals (9 Porlculor poroste species ol o given lime % PROTO ~ single-celled poroste DAGTA 10A /HELMIOHBticellular worms * Aemesatan arthropods [insects ang their allies) Major Areas of the Body Affectzd + Gastrointestinal (GI and urogenital (UG) tracts Blood and tissue + Liver, lungs, and other majer organs + Miscellaneous locations such as CSF, eye, skin, and extremities | in @ population estimated to be infected with a Modes of Purasite Transmission + Ingestion of contaminated food or + Unprotected sexual relations rink [orimarily water] + Mouth-to-mouth contact + Hand-lo-mouth transfer + Droplet contamination + Insect bite + Fye Contac! with infected swimming ‘+ Entry via diiling through the skin woler Symptoms Arsociated with Parasitic Disease Frocess © Diarrhea + Vitamin deticiency + Fever + Bowel obstruction © Chils + Edema + Abdominal pain + Enlargement of major crgans + Abdominal cramping + Skin lesions + Elephantiasis + Blindness + Anemia Populations at Risk for Contracting Parasites + Ingividvols in underdeveloped areas ond countries + Refugees + Immigrants + Visitors from foreign counties + Individvals living in close quarlers (e.g... priscns} + Children who attend diay core centersTerms Associated with Porasite-Host Relationshi Parameter Delliffion or Descriptior “Type of Parasite ol gerotie | Porasie hol conrol suvive oulsdeenos id Zewltorne poresne | Porosile Iho! 's capable of existing independently [reeiving] of & Review Notes in Parasitology host_ section FO" OWT] Poros. Thal eTOLIAHEs Tieln Ghai whois i doesnot oranaily We rose [permanent GoweSiye _| Parasite thal remcins on orn Ihe body of the host forils entire ife | Parasite Inat ives on the nost fora shorl period of fime. Porasite {hats found in on organ which is nol ifs usual RabiGl_ Ernebic Rargive Spoclovs Parasite Freediving parasite inat passes through Ihe digestive tract without infecting ihe host Parasite that is established inside of a host | tempo 1 fe GeWpera Sie Parasite thal is established in or on the exlerior of a hos! Type of Host a | Riidentel oF Host other than the normal one thot is harboring a porosile lntidentet haste Ha ‘Connie ‘tate oF tel host | Host which the advil sexwal phase of paraile Gevelopmen' occus REREESERES [Host in which ‘ne lowvo asexual phate o! porosve development tentee_toter me dior hat occurs [PARA Tears Hos Reservoi Trons punt hook nook Hes! in which parosies do nol develop into furlher fo Teter stages | fhowever, parasites remain alive and able to infect other suscepiibie hos!) Host harboring parasiles umans and from which ansferring @ parasite from one location 1 nother Pores “herboring host that is not exhibiting ony clinical symptoms ul can infect other [Patasite-Host Relationship Terms. | Swmrar esis [commen catioer owen Living Together, the axgciationjo! two Iving erganiims, each oF @ different species ‘Association of lwo different species of organisms thal is beneficial to | one and neutral fo the other Association of fo different species of ergot iams Thal & benetical to | | both | [Parnerriso ‘Associalion of fwo different species of orgcniim that fs Benet sial fo | one.ot the other's exoense Relaling. 10 commenisalism; the association ielween two different | Gmmensal | organisms on which one benefits and hos a neutral effect on the other [ batnogen ne Parasite thal hos demonstrated the billy to couse disease Source: Teibiy E. 2013, Clinical Parasiiology. A Clinical Approach, 2ed, methods a foctve Crowe — morphologic form tho! invades humans Porasitie Crame — one (or more) forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval PROTOZOAN ne — | a - al | aReview Notes in Porositology PROTOIOAN - sn9} celled microorganism (under Kingdom Protisto} + Phylum Sarcomastigophoro Foniee SGphyiom Sorcodino/Rhizopode - pseudopodio Subphylum Mestigophore - whip-tke flagella + Phylum Apleomplexa ~ have on apic | complex for penetration and invasion of target cells oll members are PARASITIC: sporozon + Phylum Microspora ~ spore-forming norosiles | General Characteristics + Provided with nucieus, c/loplosm, outer limiting membrane, cind organelles + wilh locomotion eppara!Us (e.g. clio. flagella. pseudopodio} Generel Characteristics: + Also known os Suphylum Rhizopode + With pseudopods ([olee fee!) as locomotion epparatus + With cystic stage, exces E. gingivais + Inhabit lorge intestines, except E. gingivais + Commensals, except €, histolytica Ue cyel + infective stage: CYST + BACYSTATION (cyst to trophozoite) - ic 2cecal area of the intestine + Trophozoilesin the intestinal rac! actively muliply by binary fission + GACYSTAMOY — [irophozwite fo cysi| intestines, + Diognoslic stage _OXSt qwophoz73Te Amebie Morphologic Forms ‘cysts infective stage: relatively ysitgnt to environmental changes: found in formed stot + Tophozoltes - motte, feeding/ végelalive sage; found in iquid or diortheal stool delicate ‘ond fragile: easily destroyed by gastie’fuices Clavilicalion of Amoeba According to Habla | = infestingl Amoeba ay + Eniamoeba histolytica + Enfomoebo gingivalis + Entomoeba haxtmanni + Nosgieric tower! * Entamoeba coli * Acanthamoeba spp. + ntomoebo poleck Endolimax nano | lodomoeba butselil seo | cen ead Eni Most invasive of the Entamoeba family co Amebic anitis is characterized by abdominal cramping, anorexio, fotigue, ‘and diarthea. Amebic colitis can also cause ulcers and Ara@bic dyscakeybloody ‘and mucoid diarhea). Extrointestinal amebiasis primarly involves infections of the liver, but it is o rore complication, ‘Additional concitions include infections of the spleen, brain, skin, pericardium, and lung. > Venerecl amebiasis may also occur © [izaiment: AN@moniderole (Fiagy!l Morphologically to non-pathogen s ; can be dilferentioled by immunologic ossays |PRC) detecting sutace antigensReview Notes in Parasitology commensa\ ONly Enlamoabo holies Es Fnlameeba col |; —yaareclier ol eogresive mo T-Sogghh nen dheelons movement | Pe eeree ee Bewinie preudopoct |2. Bunt ww" rounded prewepods | Iirasted in On expiosive monner tivusted ina slow monner | 3 USCC ENPEAU SY” ocotes | 3. Lorge ELEWTET GLY ocotea raeosome "bul eye omosbo" koryosomne wophorotes |, ticiecrehromatin ine and dipered |4. Nucleor chiometin coarse ond § thdopiosm contoins ingested gBC tut | clumped cree tais or cel dertis: “clea | § Endoplosm contoins bacteda, veasts | 1 eyss [Bokina Hoohazole” ond cell_detrivs’ =oimvoouing | ' CY . fophomla hropnowsi SaRnRaneaT Teashoped? cigor [1 Spinterike neeie/ witch Broome? Sere eradecends chromotoidd | reaged end ctromatoidal bor bor crt 2, Brlesed glycogen massin young cysts | 2. Dittused glycogen mossin young cysts Stee eieraain up. lo. 4 nucle! 2. Motue qs wit up foSnucte LY fquacrinuclected| fist aiticty eeFentral mass of chromatin materials Tchemmarerd beScontain condensed RNA material - Cig er grated “Gwonen mess i000 storoa? Wa led Entamoeba coli +E. cols generally nonpathogenic but may cause intestinal problems in immunosuppressed patients Eniamecha diseer + Morphologically the same with E, histolyfica Eniomnebe _hertmeni + “smollrace” E, histolytica Entamoeba poleck! + Aparasite of pigs and monkeys * Endolimax nana + Smaliest omoebo Enbemoees Gingive lis + pFound fhe mouth ‘gum line of the feeth, tonswar erypls, Eronchial mucus) + Only emetba that ingest WC 2 NO CYSTIC STAGE Korynseme [SET (am ~ophoreltes rc aas7 + —Fidggih norprogressive molly, Bunt | + Usvally oval | Endotimax hyaline preuconods ‘ Postesses 4 nuclei when motured none + Menanucleor cron-eyed cyst | \ + _"blottike” koryo ome + "blotike" koryosome ia j Eryihematous rash, put sensation to pain} Trypanosoma brucel rhodesiese + Reservoir host: Cattle, 2€ »P. wild oninsals + Gost in Sickness ‘o Winierbotiom’s sign may 62 present; absence of lymphadenopathy Trypanosoma cruz! + Chagos diseas€ ne aaa (ery nemalous node} ~ intl symptom 8 ymeng.'s Stan conjunctiviisc 19 ocuor edema of ihe eyelids Hiemotegeaie abit ———| —“asscotea buecse | Vectr. Hemolegetele |e reraarbi00d | Weil Mfcan Seuping | Glouina potpois Glosino | suet gombtense yom Scenes: Gormoon ‘acnoes | ‘yponosomiats _Steeping periods: CSF me i | Tiypanosoma | —Febtie perods blood fost Aticon Sleeaing | Glosina morsions | brucei hodesiense lymph ness, Rosedion Glossine poliipes ‘ryponosomiasis seeping perods cst | Tiyponorome cra’ | RE (ver). corcioc muscle, | American Iypanoromiem. | Reduvid bug. Fain BUG. ons ‘Chagos Gieare | conenose bv9. Hiclomic buaSPOROZOANS Spore-forming General Characteristics: + Belong fo phylum Apicomplexa + Obligate intracellular parasites «All members are parasitic + No apparent means of locomotion + Includes Plasmogium spp. and Babesio spp. Plasmodium spp. rere ae FfereA@ oeyopheres mnonguivo_ 2 s/s: Recurrent fever and chil, anemia, splenomegaly. joint pain © Diagnosis: © Thiuk meer - screening ° Thin (mcor ~ identification of species r Morphologic forms: + Ring form/ early trophozoite + Developing trophozoite + Immature schizont + Mature schizont % Gometocytes (Microgametocyte, Macrogametocyte] } lite Cycle: . 06 — sexual reproduction: occurs in the arthropod vector . i = asexual life cycle; occurs in mon . Ree infective stoge to mon : eee WHS ecive stage to Anopheles masquito The Life Cycle of Malaria 0 osm cctinel 5 O: Omer aint oe rm —_— Plasmodium vivax + Most 4 evelent infection Plasmodium falciparum © Most likely fatal Qlechwarer FoF rossive intravascular hemoiys’s + Cerebral malorio = red cell and malarial parasites block brain vesselsReview Notes in Parasitology ae DIFFERENTIATION OF PLASMODIUM SPP Point of Diference | Plosmodium vivax | Plasmodium ovale | Pasmacim eee Tock water fever | malignant terion | ‘molaria, deci Benign tertion’ | Benign tertion jorton moloria, | _oestivoautumnat Asocioted | praia. vivo. | molota,ovale | Qvattenmaloro, | molar, sublerion bi molario malaria. ina ooo moloto, folciporum aioe 1 ae 1a eg Ce) Infected RBC [ORD /tmemorke® | Yoon / itn moore cert Epihvoeyte cycle | fven/ nous | Bey hous | ven 72hous | vey 3etBhovs ecole of smollertnon?. | configuration or Ring orm Aceale | pesemeles. vr | S48 Se ensguration configuration One oF2 ngs w7 Bond, ound, reow | it Imeguor Amoeboid ‘oval, bar cytoplasmic ring: Lamar omelet trophozoite ‘Accole forms posible i ‘Crescent/ | Gometocyte | Roundioovel | Roundioovel | Roundioovel | Scwoge! = roreto/ | wo.ot ai merozoltes/RBC_ 18. e doisyhead/truit pie ‘oppearonce” ord | stoges seen in PBS ALL Att Att [Ring ord smmtlacple \ To wawer aor Schutiner's dois | Schutine’s o's! | pemman'sdots | _-, Stephen \ Ene {condensed Hab) Jares dots | e I eerivrooercoi i | | etneitorm dots obesto spp. + Offen infects animals (e.g. deer): zoonotic + Responsible for Texas cattle fever oxedwoter fever + Transmitted through blood transfusionor through insect (intereciate host) bite ~ bkodes tick + Diagnosis: appearance of " MEMHSE Cress EorenaKon in stained blood smear Babesia microti/ Theilera microt! Babesio divergens M ro Bolantidium coll + Clic 7~motie by cla Couses helanrigios$ (diarthes to dysentery) Infective stage: cysl, through contaminated woler or food Cyst: contains 2 nuclei: macronucleus {kidney-shoped, very large) and micronucleus (round, small); contains double cyst wall with numerous clia between 2 cell walls Trophozoite: contain 2 nuclei hos | or 2 contractile vacuoles with clia Ground the cel Isospora bell + Under Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclzss Coccidio + Assocloted disease: sosparioss; infects immunocompromised patients (AIDS) + Intermediate host: pigs, cattle + Detintive host: man Cryptosporidium parvum + Auocioled disease: Ciyplosporidesis infects immunocompromised patients (AIDS): ‘couses diormheo in irovelers. in doy core centers, n woler-boine outbreaksReview Notes in Parasitology Blastocystis hominis + Associated disease: Blastocystis hominis infection + Reproduces by sporulation cr binary fision Toxoplasma gondil + Associoled clseose: © Congenital loxoplosmosis~ transplacental: associated with blindness. mento} ‘elardation, fetal death Cerebro! toxopiosmos's Acquired !oxoplasmosis + Morphologic torms: iplying, crescent-shaped wit = eclive, muti er T fmaller, slow-growing vioole form + Detiniive host col (oocyst in feces me irtect mon} + Intermediate host: man + Diagnostic test: ° = Fs [methylene blue staining of tachyzoites inhibited ing antibodies 10 Toxoplasma} iy prior addition of patient serum cor:toinl yveci/ Preumocystis carinil Pneumocystis jo + Now considered o 2 aftects immunocompromised patients Microsporid’a i sed dseose: Microspuxicil infection: infects immunocon rettisgg! Polients (alos): comedl infection; enteritis; myo! e\° ae coaeanest Bee feReview Notes in Parasitology Nemotodes ore olso etened 10 os Fad weer) — General Charectaristles: Pe sorpoled ond cylindrcolin shope with ploterol symmelty, covered wilh culicuo F eerste aigesive trac! ond o musculor treadite pharynx Provided with separate sexes (Dleclous) oo Females ave lorger then males | © Females nave sicigh! fol-end: Moles hove cued alan «sone ney be Beeinenscenit female parasite loys e995 wilhout being feiized By | + SSedeborie sre ote conoxenous (wilh only one hos! or heleroxenoys (will more than one hos!) | + Mode of transmission ingestion of Ihe egg oF lorve | She peneiralion of he lave = hevkwranm$ Through arthropod vector flarial worm) a L Ue cycle 1. 60 Soda 2 ecw wenile worn 3. Lode, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO HABITAT + Intestinal e Genott_pniestine (Capillorio, Ascaris, Sronavloides, Hookworms) ° eae ese is, En’2robius) + Extraintestinal © Lymphotics (Floral worm > Encysted in the muscle (lichinelic) TE adutt tn Smal intesting CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING 10 PRESENCE OF CAUDAL CHEMORECEPTORS + Amphids - wilh sensory organs in the anterior ends ‘0. Allnematodes + Phosmids — with sensory organs in the posterior ends 6 Strongyloides, Ascaris, Enterobjus, Wuchereria, Brugia + Aphasmids worms - do not have phasmid; without coudal chemoreceptors ‘© Tichuris, Tichinella, Copilirio CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LIFE STAGES = lays eggs without fuly developed larva in its shell: lays unembryonated eggs 0 Hookworns, Ascaris, Tichuris + Quovivi perovs § — lays embryonated egg 9 Strongyloides. Enteroblus + Conviperovs /vivipe"Be’not produce eggs, but produce fully developed larva °°. Flarial worms, Tichinella, Angiostrongylus, Dracunculus [ sSoil-ransmited helminthes (HAT) ] Tso urea | | + Trichur tichiura With heor!-lo-lung migration (ASH) | + Ascoris lumbricoides + Strongyloides stercoralis + Hookworms + Enlerobius vermicularis + Strongyloides stercoralis | Couses Autolntection (Es) l scott umbcaldes Sie nore lage estat 3 J sno ound worm, ln! testinal ound cane ssocioled Disease: Ascariasis [disease c! poverty) cea eanegn Nol ngesion ty embyonates coe + Inlectve soge: Embeyaneies ensReview Notes in Parasitology ized and untertzed eGo + Diagnostic stoge: jet! Nirotion lechnigues Kato kolz, Koto thick 1 SSemeelmemmation abumnous/ uti.oted) ei co LN anicaea~uler mommiloy coo! cbsent + Adult i ‘© inhobils the small intestine; sometimes erratic S White. cream or pinkish yellow when fresh; resembles common earthworm head is provided with 3ilips, and a triangular buccal cavity + Lite cycle 1, Adult Ives in the small intestines 2. Undeveloped eggs in feces, embryonates in warm soll 3. Embryonated egg ingested by man i 4. Larva hale: in the small intestine and begin larval migration {heart to lugigs), then mature into adul Trichuris hichivra + Othernome: __whiewoRm + Associated Disease: Trichutiass, whipworm infection, trichocephaliosis ‘© S/S: bloody or mucoid diorhea, .veigh! loss, abdominal pain, rectal prolapse [heavy infeétion} + MOT: Ingestion of fully embryonated egg, be + Infective stage: _EmaRyonanto e6p + Laboratory Diagnosis: OFS, Concentration techniques, Koto kal} Kato thick + Ova: barelshaped, foolball shaped, lemon-shoped, Jopenese lanier with bicolor mucus plugs = Adult ‘0 Anterior encl: coloriess and contains « slender esophagus ‘© Posterio: end: pinkish-gray color, consisting of intestine and reproductive systems © Mole: possess curted tail + Lite cycle 1. Adult lives in the colon 2. Undevelopd eggs in feces. einbryonates in warm soil 3. Embryonaled eag ingested by ma 4. Larva hatch in the small intestine, penetrate and develop in vill, retum to lumen, and migraie to cecum, mature to adult —tmirkopius vermenuagiy + Olner nome: Oxy sris vermicularis, pinworm, seatworm, society worm (social or familial lendency) + Associated Disease: Enterobiasis, pinworm infection, extraintestinal enterobiasis (vagina, fallopian tube, uterus, etc.) © S/S: Prufitus ani, lack of sleep ‘+ MOT: Ingestion of fully embryonated egg | mHauamen + Infective stage: embryonated egg + Loboratory Diagnosis: ova or adult found in perianal region (cellulose tape technique/ Graham scotch tape method/ scotch tape technique] or in fingernail scrapings GGarN morming)* Ova: elongated. flailened on one end, —_D-SuageD + Adult © Small, whitish or brownish in color ‘© Witn prominent esophageal bulb © Anterior wings with lateral wings or cephalic alae + lite cycle: 1. Adutt in __¢ovon 2. Grovid female migrates to __perianat eueRo deposi eggs 3. Eggs ingested, naich in smalliniestines, releasing larvae and develop inlo adulls Hookworms Nico AMLELANAs = New World Hookworm Americon Hookwor, Americen murderer + AMKAGTDMA Nupgeuie = Cid Worlc Hookworm + does CANINUM Dog Hookworm. $ave tauae Col Hookworm + Associoled Diease: © Ancylostomioss, Necatorioss © A.caninum and A. brazliense -creepiiig eruption or _{umNeaUs LARVA MistausReview Notes in Parasitology © Couses ion deficiency anemic (104) \Sentcoton of 50 eainicall oveidal,thinshelled, colotess, Iwo-, four, or eight- cell slage: “morula ball rernoton + 100 amine ove feeding (onsn mouth sh ane wong buceo Zevity/ buccal capsule, small genital primordium Tuseinal ——_~ioleciive.non-eeding [closed moutn|:long ong sender: Bsopnaigus, datinc! pointed fail ‘Appears urayish-white to pink: wth thick cule © Male adull hookworm has copulatory bursa o Nuosteisaaus ~ Sshoped cervical curvature; more pronounce ai of semilunar cutting plates; barbed and bristle-ike copulatory Bursa © A:dudenale _~ C-shaped cervical curvature; with 2 pairspef feethhipartte bursa - simple and not barbed oie + Lite Cycle: F 1. Adults live in the small intestines 2. Eggsin feces develop rapidly 10 rhabaitiform ek 0 hookwith 3. Become taritorn larva offer 2 molts 4, Flloriform larva penetrates the skin of man, begins matures info adull igration (heart to lung} Strongyloides stercoralis sine name’ Tieaodoen 1 Auocoied dieuie” Stenpvsidlass, theadworm infection, Cochin China diante, Vietnam dlares oa : «Stine reacjoua hele otirval penetration + Larval migration =(pnetimoria + intestines - obdominal ain, dicrrheo, vomiting, eosinophilia, honey comb appearance of intestinal mucosa + Conbe tree-lving inthe soil + Capable of autoinfection cr hyperintection + MOT: Larval skin penetration + Infectve stage: fvifexri Ida + Laboratory Diagriesis;,Concentration techniques, Harada Mol culture technique identification), Baertann technique, .eale’s string test, ELISA ‘Ova: sightly smaller thon hookworm: with well-developed larva + love © Rhabatiforn - shor! buccal cavily, prominent genital primorcium 2 Flo‘form ~long esophagus, nelchea 13, blunt or forked + Adult:parthenogenic L Haan EL eaeaeaercorei iieeemrinik ‘ong buccal cavity ‘short buccal cavily | Serra genital primorcium Lorge/genital peimorcium Short esrohagus Long esophagus FluaeireRs Pointed tal Notched, biunt, furked tal sheathed, Unsheathed Mchinelia spiralis + Other name: iichina worm, muscle worm + Associated Disease: Tichinoss, richinelloss,tichiniosis ° SiS: Intestine - edema and inflammation, nausea, vomiting, diotheo + Larval migration = fev, facial edema. eesinophiia, + Muscle ~ edema ond pain cI the sile of encyslation «Hopton egy LoCo” 872i edema, retinal namormage, rash bila: adult in frau nmesTINEs encysted larva in MuscLes + ltermeciote nost ond definitive hos! man, + Diagnostic stage: encysted lavReview Noles in Parasitology biopsy, ‘mmunologic les! (Bentonite flocculation tes! rotory Dognosis: muscle + Loberatory Deognes ognoses (Beck's es!) Bachmann intradermal fest). X6NO* + tite evcte 1 adult in yall intestine 3) Sipotou. temaie roieores lorvoe which penetrate intestine! mucosa ond dissemincila into blood streum 3. Lonae encyst in sirialed muscle @ tntection for mon: ingestion of undercooked lorvae-containing striated m scle {pig. beer! 5. moe aizested out of Ihe muscle in intestines, ond mature into adult Sine nome: Guinea worm, Flery serpent of Israelites, Dragon worm, Medina worm Longest nematode of man Inrocioted disease: Drocunculoss, dracunculiasis, guinea worm infection Hobitot: adull~ suecuranceus nsidE lite cycle 1 intermediate host cquatic custoceon (__toretaas _)~ Cyclops, 2. infection: accidental ingeslion of crustacean with larva. 3. Lone elgesied fee in the intestine. penetrates wal, ond developsin bodyicovily or connective fssve 4. Gravid female migrates to subcutanecus tissue, causing UCer Ya, 5. Ulcer, on contact wih water, eleasesiavo ek ia_philippingnsis __ (Other name! Pudoe worm + Fist found in Bacarra, locos Nor, ilocos Sur; discovered by __Nelia Jalazar Associated Disease: Pudoc disease, Mistery disease ji © S/S: abdominal pain, diorhea, _ backejgei {peculiar abnormal gurgling sound), LBM alternating with constization, MOT: eating small, uncooked fish & Intermediate host (harbors the larval stage) fresh water fsh — ipen (Hypselotis bipartite), birol, bogsang, bagtu + Laboratory Diagnoss: OFS, duodenal aspiration + Ova ‘0 With bipolar mucus plugs, siiated, smeller than T. richiuro egg © Guitor, peanut-shaped 2 Embryonalesin ater Adult - delicate tiny worms 2 Mole~with chitinized spicule © Female - usually have eggsin utero Diroflaria Immitis + Othernome: __dag hearhworm + Inman, produces “coin lesions” in the lungs Angiostrongylus cantonensis + Other nome: pat. + Associated Disease: ‘© When infeclive larva is ingested by human, they migrate to the bruin and spinal cord, producing © S/S: eosinophilia and symptorrs of r eningitis increased WBC in the CSF] +) MOT: ingestion of IH + Intermediate host: _maliusie [Pio luzonica ~ kuhol, Brotio sperata - suso) + Aduit: female - characteristic Basbee't pale pearance Anlsakis spp. (and other fish and marine mammal roundworms) ‘+ Other nome: Hering's worm or Cod worm, + Associoted Disease: nering’s disease © §/S: abdominal pain, gronuiome, ouscess bn fea sik pi. ‘301K: ger fish {soimon) D4: sea mommals ike wholes and dolphins MOT: ingestion of raw fish infected with larva (e.g. ftom sashimi)Review Notes in Parasitology NEMATODES oe gem serene, | pate [arya | amr FILARIAL WORMS Ganerel Characteristics: Vector bome nematodes Group of nematodes thot inhabit the __lymphaht agctem © Causes ee + Definitive host: Man’ + IS10DH: Intermediate host: vector 1S to 1H! _micpilans filavia__ Specimen of che.ce is blood, except O. volvulus ~__dhin snips Laboratory Diagnosis: ‘0 Glemsa-stained blood smeor cr tissue scraping of infected nodvie: © Knott technique; and 2 Serologic technique lite cycle yn_lana— (3° slage lorva) "Adults in lymphatics, subcutaneous tissue; micrfiatia in blood 2. Microfiloriae ingested by intermediote hast (vector) inthe arthropod 4. infective larvae enter skin ond arlh.orod teeing site 3. Microfilariae develop into infective sta 5. Larvae migrale and develop into adults in tissue of man CLASSIFICATION OF MICROFILARIA ACCORDING TO PERIODICITY + Periodic - there is a time required for the microfiiaria to appearin the biood ‘© Nocturnal - occurs af night © Duna ~ occurs at daytime + Subperiodie ~ miciofiaria can be recoversd both at night and day time + Nonperiodie ~ ricrofiarial count is the same during night and day time FILARIAL WORMS Wucherera bancrofi + Causes "elephoniiosis" + Vectors: Culex, Aedes, and Anophales mosquitoes + Laboratory Diagnosis: Blood smear examination for microfiariae ruc / + Couses “elephanlioss" + Vector: Anophel2s or Aedes mosquito + Laboratory Diaignss: Blood smear examination for microfilarice loo loo *@eworm ___' + Couses Colabar or fugitive swelling Laboratory Diagnosis: Blood smear examination for microflloriae + Treatment: Surgical removal of the worm Onchocerca volvulus + Blinding worm, convoluted filorial + Couses River blingness + Transmission: by ine bite of the UM _Ibiack + _Leboratory Diagnosis: Tisue or ophihuimologic anclysis for microtilorioe ‘Monsonella + M.onordi © nonpathogenic farial; no sheaths and no nucielin their tolls 'M. sheptocerca (lormerly Lipetolonema sirep!ocerco) ove 4124 ‘Rarceragrn coReview Notes in Parasitology 5 pathogenic ond lranimiied by Culicoides: observed only in tisve scropings © Ro sheaihs and have single nucieiin thek tol im. perstons (formerly 0. perstons) 7M er mpalnogenic: no shealins and have paired nucielin thet toils MET [rarer we] AEP Bheciad | neses Wuchureria muctet ABIEAT] Anopnetes, | Noctumol ancroft Culex r Bee Felt | neces “= Anopheles, Subperiodic, trugio molayi pwcle Monsonia. | noclumal Sep. Shea Hed 5 = ructe’ ahi] chasoRs ae reas ue rete} Tabanid or | Dino! Tip ot boll memaculy Onchocerca ‘Simutium spp, riod volvulus Blacktly. Shea Unshea ted, Treuie | eueng | Culicoides fly Monsonelia. Ho the He of | orsimuium: |: Nonpetiocic perstons en sep. ack | Lesheein® Z Morsonelo Be BET Cutesizes ty | "Nonperodie rant | J Dorso-ventrally flaltened with bilateral asymmetry Segmented with ribbon-like appeararice: white. yellowish in color + No digestive tract: No circulatory tract + Hermaphrodites Most species ore heteroxenous Scolex - for attachment Neck - region of growth because it wil start the strobilzation or segmentation Segments or proglottid (strobilo} Point of ‘Order Wi ‘Order_Gyel Tse eyeing Wide ] | Diferentiotion “false iapeworm" “hue tapeworm", spoon shapes with bolhvia > Quodrate with globulor scoex with] eos [spotuiate scolex with suzking fur muscular cuplice suckers grooves): + Rostellum with-or without nooklets + _Rostelium hos no hooklet» + With genital pores and ulerme pore |» for the release of eggs from gravid | + uterus + Arapoytic + Ovar, opercuiated: mmatue No ulerie pore, wih genital pores Apolytc (gravid progiotids detach £0 thal eggs are released) | skobito ‘Spherical, nor-operculcied. jee ad embiyorated_ Tewanoger [+ Caaetaum> poccrend> TO arco, CHEE va [tewotsoues |" pieocercad | Reuhes 7 MeTeGSTO PTE aagavat By Tnvemecioie how Intermediote host |" [custocc ans- copepods, eth lover forms of momma or | wate sy |__ artnropods ua PSEUDOPHYLUIDEANa! civ Broad fish tapeworm Lorgest fopeworm of man Couses megolobiostic anemic WHIH: copepods ‘pe IH: fresh water fish sucking groove (Uterus with characleristic rosette formation Review Notes in Parasitology Tleum @ absorr ion of vat CCT oual [Fora of bifereniiation. Taenla saginata Taare sonar ‘Commonname | Acek tapeworm — —| Bec terete —___j fa etc, ee Inlermediate host Scolen fob None, no rosteltar hooks Wiln rostellum armed wilh 2 rows of large and small hookets __| [Tena z melas Tmeters [Number of progiotid 7,000 = 2,000) Tess than 1,000 le 751630 aleral branches | 710 13lolerat branches (dencr siete Pesca (dichotomous ortreesike)__|—__or fingers) Spherical, stotea, inside Bon | embryo with 6 hooklels “Spherical, sisted, inside is on embrio with nookle!s fogs Hl (hexacanth embryo) nexacanth embryo) Lore (ar | Gyth cereus Colivjosac | [infective stage be i —Teraticgtes calsinee _ eyste TGC Lae OY Pathogenesis Obdauiien lees 2 Jagdle asiean®Ihid spp of Taenio: "Taiwan Toenia” Gz Point of Differentiation Hymenolepis nana ‘Hymenolepis.diminuta. Infective stage Common name oct) inlemediotehos!_|— Nov sometimes secTs sea Te Final host fii. ~ pel, ‘Sboine With rostellum aimediwith ing A ef Boson ‘with an-unormed restellum | E998 contain on oncosphere enciosed in cn inner membrane | £998 contain an orcosphere Fog: with 2 polar thickenings, from | enclosed in an inner membrane flomen's Egq3 (direct) Cysticercoid larva fincivect) est eee each of which atse 4 1¢ 3 polar with two polar thickenings but WITHOUT FILAMENTS Cyslicercoid lov one.Review Notes in Parasitology py lidier® Coninuen «Bie ee Sivsim or double-pored npeworm 1 pea eee opeworm of dagsand ca moni conten re ele se frearoductve ons onc foreo margin weg grow! progtios: men 3 accidental nost (ingestion of fleas Jenilol pore on each side o! the .eds/pumpkin seeds/tice grains + infective slog: dali eval fovnary Taenia granulosus totes! tapeworm wilh only 3 segments tags conno! be citferenticted 10 Teena infective stage: Jyoti. cyst Final host: doo Manis accidental host Leporetory Diognoss 3. Sporto cst pune $ Roenigenogram (Xa , Roentaeno9t or pentonte flocculation tes, Cason nadermal es [CESTODES sue mecey mena Teen rma ‘are Trematodes are also referred to as Fluke worm (under Platyhelminthes) General Characteristics: Dorso-ventrolly flattened and leaf-like with bilateral asymmetry, except Schistosomes | {elongated and cylindrical) + Ungegmented, incomplete digestive traci, no circulatory iract 2 Hermaphrodites, excep! Scnis to Som _ + Eggsore Oper Guiei\ea "excep! Schisiosames + infective stoge: mein cerGexta _ lexcent Schistosoma: IH ~ cercaria) 2 MOT:ingestion, excep! Schisioscmes-_ Sin penetra On + Requires 2 intermediate hosts © WH Sneth © 201 “another snal, Teh, cruslocean, fresh woler plonis + Fish—Heterophyes, heterophyes, Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis felineus + Crab - Poragonimus westermani + Vegetation = Fasciola hepotice, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciule os's buski + Snail~ Echinostoma.lloganum + Acetabulum for attachment — eral and ventral sucker © Except Helerophyes~3 suckers, 8 suckers the gonotyle (genital sucker) Foscivia heeetita, + Common/ Sheep liver fuk a luke cousing liver 0! in sheep + 2eiH: water plonts (watercress, konckong) Foss m + Glant liver fluke + Inlects calte in the: PhilippinesReview Notes in Parasitology Glonacchis St + Chinese liver tluke/ Oriental fluke 1 Mos! important liver fluke to humun 1 Bogs ore apercuietec: old fosnioned elec ah Bul © 2elH fish ot Fetinens, + Cal liver uke + 21H: cyprinoid fish Seen eee 5771 NTESTIAR FE Fascioloras bust! + Giant Intestinal fuke 2 Largest fluke parasitizing human 1 Eggs ate indislinguishable from Fasciola: Hen’s egg snope 1 get woler caltrop, chestnut, bamboo shoots Echinostoma llocanum + Garrison's fluke, spiny fluke J elsnal Incase vers oPercvium ; Ahickem? Bhoporiler end iacteropnyes _Meterophyts + Von Slebold's fluke 2 Smallest but deadliest fluke of man [presence of 9¥ sucker) + 28H: sno fh ori mS eyesterinven + Oriental ung fluke eaerbnary inlammotion ond florsis resuli ag in preumonia or TB-ke syndrome; endemic hemoptysis hivvd In Spvtum aeeetory Dicgnoss: examination cf =. $Pe¥UM __orstool for character eH treshwater rob, crovfsh Adull rexemoves coffee bean £5p. wih Inickened aboperculor end opposite he operculum Pe EE Blood flukes/ Schistosymes, ‘+ Most romantic parasilé 1 Xgult mole - with gynécophoral canal where the female is held during copulation + Laboratory Diagnosis: ‘0 Demonsttution of eggs in feces, rectal or liver biops © Fousl ond Meleney's egg hatching technique © Citcumoval precipitin test (COP) egos ies, urine Pointiofs. ~~ Séhistosoman: " ‘Schistosoma: oaceesalil Smeal stesomaimensoal_ | gematolum Grientalblood tuke ——Yesieal blood fluke commonname | [cousng Ketayama's | Smalest blood uke | (cousing bilarzasis or a fever) urinary schistosorriass) [Habitat seve pniestines @iun, rem urinary biedger 9 ally Knut ey or| Ath [cterat A "rene “Spine | te rence: Seine Chee ef teen ne Se * Biompnalor ej Intermediote hot | Oncomelonia Ausrelots Bulinus, Physopsis quacos ausfeis aomphoito |Review Notes ii. Parasitology {ode Fy Found In Stool Specimens of Man @ 0|¢@ Ini | ioe { Generel Charecerste: + Bloteral symmeticc! with segmented ond joint appendages 2 Body covered with chitinous exoskeleton + Hemocele [system of Blood contoining spaces) Getogorasite __ - parasites outside the body melomenphstis _- change in form or stucture of an arthropod during period of development + Incomplete - egg [juvenile stage), nymph (developmental stage that resemibies aul!) dull (separate sexes) Example: cockroaches, ce, bugs. glusshoppers + Complete - egg, larva, pupa, adult © Example: mosquitoes. fies, bulterfies, moths, ants, bees, wosps SMIeITen 1. Head Single/oceli Compound Chewing rort Piercing pew! Sponging pc. 1 + Chewing-lapping port 2. Thorox- where the wings attached: wilh three segmenlsReview Notes in Parasitology + Prothorce, © Mesothorox + Metathorax 3. Abdomen = eleven segments eomenis 3 ond 9. exlemcl male sex organ ond laying device fc: famole 3 Segment 1] —contains ngerike projections (cercl Cras —Fempies Taatennae [Tees ‘Arachnida Tiles. figs, scorpions. solders zZ Hexapoda/inseci rmosauloes fies, ice, 0Ugs Tick - Rocky Mountain spotied fever, Lyme disease, Erlichiosis Mites - Scabies tenes ransmission of O. caninum, H. nana. H. diminuto, ¥. pestis (plague). Rickettsia typhi (murine fever) Flies ~ AryiosSt 6. (human tissue infestation by lorvoe) o Tete t ~ Trypanosoma rhodisiense. Trypanosoma gambiense oo Sond Fy Leishmania spp. © laletk Gif - Onchocerca volvulus Deer Gry Loa 10a Weed bee _- Peaiculus humonus copitis Peciculus humanus humanus Phthirus pubis lice 0 Crab “jyuse Mosquifoes 0 Ano PrA& __~ Plosmocium spp. {molaria) oo Culex, Aedes, Anopheles - W. bancrofti {filcriasis) § Anopheles, Mansonia, Armigeres, Aedes 8, moiay/ iflariasis) ‘most commonly submit ‘eorly morning specimen is the best (most concentrated) rine = early moming or fist vowed urine Genitalia. ~sgine wet swabs Tissue end skin _— sterile container Blood Stool Specimens (0. &P-ova and Forasite; fradi.onol parasite recovery method Routine stool examination usually requires a thumb-szed/ wea-sted specimen of FORMED stool or about 5-6 tbsp of WATERY stool. Slool specimens should not be contaminated with water or urine” For outine parasitic work up - submit stools from 3ncrmal bowel movements. one every other day or within 10 doy period For amebiasis or giardiasis - a! leost_Hrre? specimens should be exomined quid stool within 3a mins | semi-solid stool: within uve | formed stool: wiltin —Unawe Ecru Nanri ce ameaco hemi Within | nour room _be mperodus rhe Beyond I hour: stoi mus! be_reege ~- 900d for eggs. larvae and amoebic cysts Preservatives fermavin ___- ol: puipose tixative for recovery of protozoan and helminins © SRBiecommended or protozoan cys ° recommended for helminth eggs and larvae wdiinnS edlons EME vedo presene es sooth preparation for slong Ihe sloolsmeor ontoins mary. Chine which is highly toxic fo humansReview Notes in Parasitology + Polyvinyl Aico! (© Used a5 ciclhesive of stool sample onto the slide © Thisis nor nolly incorporated into the Schaudinn's solution © MAIN ADVANTAGE: preserves of protozoan cysls and trophorolles for permanent staining © DISAOVANTAGE: mertury Contos we + Merthiolate lodine Formaldehyde (MIF)/ thimerosal © Useful for the fixation of intestinai protozoons, helminth eggs, and lorvoe © Merthiolale and lodine -_ Shining, capone Dresersxae © Formalin + Sodium Acetate Formaldetyde (SAF) - alternative to PVA and Schaudinn's solution 0 ADVANTAGE: mecwry Ere preserves for stool concentration and permanent staining © Good for amebic trophozoites Gear a a 1. Macroscopic Examination ~ gross examination of stool may detect adult forms 2. Microscopic Examination * {. Direct Wel Preparation/ Direct We! Mount ~ direct saline wet mount, direcHigdine wet mount Ne b. Concentration techniques - provide the ability 1o detect small riugabar of Borasites that might not be detected using wet preparc ‘ions, % TRerraiin -eMmil awabate. $aimanerSRSTE Pec ctoviy: oorosites elle debi leat ii, Zine GAFoRe Cloot otton becnnh4tS oc cn specie grovily: grosles foot, debris sett wi Sheed ee = is siil6 to the zinc sulfate Procedure, except sucrose is usedin place ofzinc; generally recommended for Cryptosporidium ond some ove 3. Permanent stains eee ‘0. Teicheme, Sti =the most commonly used stain b. ~i5 vied when enfionced deicilisneeced: however. itis dificult, To-oblain consistent staining resuils © Specialized stains i. Modiled acte-taslstalh = Cryptosporidium and Isospora i Modified tichrome stains = microsporiaio 4. Stool Culture ‘a. Copro cullure- stools mixed wvth chorcool b. Harada Mort 5. Egg Counting Methods 3 uses wie mest and cellophane sooked in glycerin; used for ‘assessing infection brough: by schis! as0miasis (for identifcation-use 1% eosin} & oi tronsmitied helminthias’ ®. = uses of sodium hycroxide as divents CIMA + Duodenal Material - parasites Inat reside ot smatl intestines ° (enteric capsule tes!) - Giardia. wophozoites, Crypiosponcium spp., s0:pore Bell, Strongyloides stercoralis Slomoidescopy material - ospiration or scrapings of the colon are observed on wel mount ‘ond permanen: stains Cellophane Tape preparation/ Scotch tape method ~ specimen of choice for detection of ON eee Blood - Plosmocium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and microfiorice B ———-- concentration: moia:iol porasite screening = Hentiication of Plosmoction ¢. Permanen' siains ce Yliti. alain - fixative and stain in one solution | SAtht@ sai0 tative and stain in separate solution TOOT E10! 1Ow-spee0 ceninl. gation to concentrate blood somples 2. BuBacled of Containing minimal numbers of porosios Cole Mde# 010 ut0d for Leishmania or Trypanosoma detection Coren co mony Mancnemsene tut Sera2. 3 Review Notes in Parasitology Cerebrospinal tivid (CSF) ~ collected for diagnosis of omebic conditions (Noeglerio fowler and African sleeping siceness Tissue and Blopsy specimens - recommended for the recovery of a number of parasites including intracellular organisms such as 7, gondii and Leishmania spp. Sputum ~ potients suspected of lung luke P. westerman! infection, A. lumbricoides, 5. stercoralis Urine and genital secretions ~ detection ct $, haematnbium. T. vaginalis Eve specimens ~ siognosis of Acanthamoea keralllis (comeal scrapings) ond Loo loo ‘Mouth scrapings and Nasal discharge ~ recovery of E. gingivalis, 7. tenax, N. fowler! ‘Skin snips - detection of Onchocerca vowwulus Each day you must choose: PAIN OF DISCIPLINE or PAIN OF REGRET? ope 134