re € PLATE TECTONIC : PLATE TECTONICS Plas Testis Webout queton, the dhaty of “pbc tecomes” isthe mow impurtantadrancerent in eat sences nthe 20" century. proves he Faamewor for eth process tha preven wee xt, bot wat unknowa shy these ates occured Because the potions of the cars imetioe ad bferenees ence continental ad ocean rst !nean esenal prt of phe tectonics, its worth our whe orev dave concep ety ants crt (hoepher) is composed of seve nents coco cu exitene. nerd a ‘iabundane, hee eight (8) lement a: Onygen Sion Alama trea Cale Poses Magiesien ‘ison of Events Leading up tothe Fommulaton ofthe Theory of Plate Tectonics ‘Now that plat tecronis i sheryl ot someting tha we an dct sample o toe, o for hat mer prove. Thats why we wil eer ita thay in 15,4 vari sic aed Aled Wopene (att elec 0 the "Fath of Pate Tectonic") noticed, whie working nes he Nec Pola het he comps acd id ao pit ro were fomh sho” hae been. Tn osher word, aut noth ad magic arth were inn spate loci: Wegener theorized tha the polar (both North and Sout) were wandering” wath me. He cle hier andi *Subnoqunt to his theory he beg wo ao psc how coacnents together hea gs putae.mos otbl the westen cont of Ata aad the enter const of South Amen. In aon, ‘ek fom tate lois ere the ume zack ps same ae aod contained the ste age and pe of fon His erie theory Dest Kacwn a * Cnt Dis bec heeled tha was not he poles tha sed but he concent tame. ‘Wegener ded of hat ack o a voyage sedi laces ner the Nor Pole i ely 1530 and tin work was viral fogoten for sever decades Gotrdtion of Africn and Sowh Amerie by Wegener CAs frac Prey acng Sarit Cir7 J SeH=e EAN AS = that whenever equilibrium e “Sao must underlie equal ssiace aren, nn oe eartNS between buys woyancy forces that push repre hat pl the nee CAPA the Ktboaphere upward sd erty ces © Isostasy is the vertical movement of the crust to attain “buoyancy” in the mantle © The height ofa block of wood oats in water depends on it's density and thick © The “height” of the earth's crust also depends oni thickness, density and © Wood is less dense than water. © ‘The earth's crust is loss dense than the underlying mantle ei re T B < frac Prey ions Sarit cirC7. J SecH=e EAN AS Decsan plateau having less height is onl 2, Pratt-theory © It says all the blocks , lighter or denser , dopth of compensation. © The pressure / weight of blocks are also assumed to be same. all lie at a uniform depth called © So higher mountains axe composed of less dense materials than lower blocks. jsmic studies which show that more dense © Theory is supported by sei materials are lying below ocean basins than continents, B.Heiskanen's theory © Ho combines the assumptions of both Airy & Pratt. © All the blocks have diferent densities & lengths, Ih is observed that rocks at seaclevel are more dense on the average thon those at higher elevations, © And assumed that this change continues downward making deeper rocks sore dense thon shallower one © This thoory accounts for the roots of mountains & for the variations in density in difforont parts ofthe erust. Conelusion: © [material is removed from continental crus, by erosion, it will If it is added, by glaciation, the crust will sink as the ecust attempts to reach a state of equilibrium in the mantle © Dove isostnsy occur at an constant rate? carr © Why do ovoded mountains keep rising? ei re T B ag Cac Prec acng Sarit Cir(yin J Smee FS A) OK * His concept was later develope by E Haug (1900 in Europe with sme modification * Haug also established the exiseonce of geosyacline in the regions of the present day ‘mountain ranges. * Borderland: The seaward boundary of eu-geooycline is known as border land, where from the sedimer nt of gaoeyncines are derived, Py * Foreland: Stable platform ofthe continent adjacent tothe mic gootyoctng in ka as foreland ‘Types of eeosynclines Broadly gooaynclines are clasified into two: *Orthogeosynelines *Parageosynelines "Ortho sconmncline: These are elongate b ‘thickness of sediments, which is subsequently. which become filled with very great eformed to form fold mountain chain * Those are divided in to two: Bugeosyacline & Miogeosyncline ‘*Oxtho-teasvnoline: These ars largo elongated basins filled with very great thickness of voleanic and non-voleanie sediments, Later by deformation & orogens activites ‘these geosynelines turn into fold mountain chains. * Ev-gcoryncline: These are the geotyncl the cratone, These hove a ine: These are the geotynclines formed away from Pile of wedimenteonociated with abundance o igneous rocks such a bi lavas & ophioltes, andesites & granites. * Mio-gconyncline: These are formed adjacent to craton Filled with thinner development of sodimente & lack of igneous rock. Para geosyncline: * Ttis an epiorogenic gooeynctinal basin located within eraton having oval in shape * Teel active than eusonyclne and having hora ie Tove ar not forming ‘mountain chains & characterized by block faulting. Para geoayselines are ag Aivided into 3 types, Exo geosyne al ra ak y < frac Prey ions ear it cir(yin J SeH=e EAN AS * Buc geosyncline: These are Pile of edn nee re the eeonyncline formed auc from the eats, Thee havea ophiolite, andesites sociated with abundance of igneous rocks such as boric lavas & & granites * Mio-gconyncline: These are formed adjacent to craton. Filled with thinner development of sodimente & lack of igneous rock Para geosyncline; cyan ‘tia an epiorogenic geoeynelinal basin located within a craton having oval in shape tie 59 active than eugeosyncline and having shorter lifes. These are not forming ‘mountain chains & characterized by block faulting. Para gecaynelines are again Aivided into 3 types, Exo geosyncline Zeugo geosyncline Auto geosyncline Bxogeosyneline: It iss parageosyncline that lies along the eratonal border and obtains its clastic sediments from erosion of the orthogessynclinal belt outside the craton. Ibis also known as delta geosyncline, ‘eugogeosyncline: A geosyncline in a craton or stable area, within which is also an uplifted ares, receiving clastic sediments Also known as yoked basin, Autogeosyneline: Its a parageosyncline located as isolated depositional centre within a eraton and gave sediments from distant eratons. ‘Taphro-geoeyneline: Tis eynonyma with rift valley, i. elongated trough bounded by faults, These are filled with sediments + Para-geosyncline: I is intorcratonic. These are not forming mountain chains & characterized by block faulting ‘*Zeugo-goonyncline: These are the goosynclines which receives sediments from ‘mountain chain of the intorior of continonts. (or) These are the paa-geosyneline with ‘marginal uplift. + Auto-geosyncline: These are para-geosynelines without marginal uplift & contain carbonate deposits ‘-Meso-peonyacline: Those are deep complex gootynclines located between two closely ‘adjncent continonta. Thoy nre mobile & divided by several geanticlines ‘*Mono-geosynelines: These are located along the continental margin receiving ay Ua < ear it cir[Le € CORAL REEF Filnging Reale © Occur aeaceat othe and with lil oro separation om the there © They develop dough upward growth of st. forming core on frac of eoninenal bale © Rey resco sow lagoon ara Mowe commen sein the Grater Cacean and Re Sen ‘no susound many South Pace tnd tein Ocean lands Moat ‘acepble wo cont Sevlopnes gear, Pullin, and ober ara Seger resuting in feimenation aad fesbwnte Basie Res Browder and Separed fom land | byalagoon tates bem wide ad atleast den ace deep sly parle the those [icon und “Tse drop ove eon Spon co agen chen ot tom be choc ingen rcp on henge Oi eonaree te ee “shelf barriee reefs : tar Beir Lars sng shaped, smuning set! oon Found wal way fom age lapis, soc at ae South Paafe Usily deseo hosethoe. 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