PAVEMENT & FOUNDATION

Assignment 01
Submission Date: 21-March-2024

Group# 04
Group# 01
Sr# Names Questions
Sr# Names Questions 01 Abdullah Qureshi(G.L)
01 Malaika (G.L) 02 Shahzad
02 Maria 4.1, 4.7, 4.14, 4.19
03 Haseeb
03 Zoha 04 Akash 4.4, 4.10, 4.16, 4.22
05 M. Talha
06 Ammar
07 Usama Nawaz
08 M. Saad
Group# 02
Sr# Names Questions
01 Ziaullah (G.L)
02 Saif ur Rehman Group# 05
03 Bilal Sr# Names Questions
04 Sibtain 4.2, 4.8, 4.12, 4.21
01 Zain (G.L)
05 Ahmad 02 Mustahsan
06 Abdullah Durani 03 Tahir
07 Saad Rehman 04 Shehroz 4.5, 4.11, 4.17, 4.20
05 Mudassir
06 Sultan
07 Abdul Ahad
08 Hamza Murad

Group# 03
Sr# Names Questions
01 Sameer (G.L)
02 Nouman Group# 06
03 Asadullah Sr# Names Questions
04 Irfan 4.3, 4.9, 4.15, 4.23 01 Aleem (G.L)
05 Noor 02 Talha Asif
06 M. Umer 03 Talal
07 Hassan Akhlaq 04 Mamoon
08 Ali Gardezi 4.6, 4.13, 4.18, 4.24
05 Ashhad
06 Raza
07 Hamza Ali
08 Bilal Javed

REFERENCES
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials). AASHTO Guide for
Design of Pavement Structures. Washington, DC:
AASHTO, 1993.
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials). Mechanistic-Empirical
Pavement Design Guide ʊA Manual of Practice.
Washington, DC: AASHTO, 2008.
Carey, W., and P. Irick. The Pavement Serviceability-
Performance Concept. Highway Research Board
Special Report 61E, AASHO Road Test, 1962.
Federal Highway Administration. "2006 Status of the
Nation’s Highways, Bridges, and Transit:
Conditions and Performance; Report to Congress",
PROBLEMS
Flexible Pavement Design (Sections 4.3–4.4)
4.1 Truck A has two single axles. One axle weighs
12,000 lb and the other weighs 23,000 lb. Truck B has
an 8000-lb single axle and a 43,000-lb tandem axle. On
a flexible pavement with a 3-inch hot-mix asphalt
(HMA) wearing surface, a 6-inch soil-cement base, and
an 8-inch crushed stone subbase, which truck will cause
more pavement damage? (Assume drainage coefficients
are 1.0.)
4.2 A flexible pavement has a 4-inch hot-mix asphalt
(HMA) wearing surface, a 7-inch dense-graded crushed
stone base, and a 10-inch crushed stone subbase. The
pavement is on a soil with a resilient modulus of 5000
lb/in2. The pavement was designed with 90% reliability,
an overall standard deviation of 0.4, and a ¨PSI of 2.0
(a TSI of 2.5). The drainage coefficients are 0.9 and 0.8
for the base and subbase, respectively. How many 25-
kip single-axle loads can be carried before the pavement
reaches its TSI (with given reliability)?
4.3 A highway has the following pavement design daily
traffic: 300 single axles at 10,000 lb each, 120 single
axles at 18,000 lb each, 100 single axles at 23,000 lb
each, 100 tandem axles at 32,000 lb each, 30 single
axles at 32,000 lb each, and 100 triple axles at 40,000 lb
each. A flexible pavement is designed to have 4 inches
of sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 6 inches of soil-
cement base, and 7 inches of crushed stone subbase.
The pavement has a 10-year design life, a reliability of
85%, an overall standard deviation of 0.30, drainage
coefficients of 1.0, an initial PSI of 4.7, and a TSI of
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Problems 131
United States Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC, 2007.
Li, S., S. Noureldin and K. Zhu. Upgrading the INDOT
Pavement Friction Testing Program. Final report
FHWA/IN/JTRP-2003/23, West Lafayette, Indiana,
2003.
Sayers, M., T. Gillespie, and W. Paterson. Guidelines
for the Conducting and Calibrating Road Roughness
Measurements. World Bank Technical Paper No. 46.
The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1986.
Yoder, E. J., and M. W. Witczak. Principles of
Pavement Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1975.
2.5. What is the minimum acceptable soil resilient
modulus?
4.4 Consider the conditions in Problem 4.3. Suppose
the state has relaxed its truck weight limits and the
impact has been to reduce the number of 18,000-lb
single-axle loads from 120 to 20 and increase the
number of 32,000-lb single-axle loads from 30 to 90 (all
other traffic is unaffected). Under these revised daily
counts, what is the minimum acceptable soil resilient
modulus?
4.5 A flexible pavement was designed for the following
daily traffic with a 12-year design life: 1300 single axles
at 8,000 lb each, 900 tandem axles at 15,000 lb each, 20
single axles at 40,000 lb each, and 200 tandem axles at
40,000 lb each. The highway was designed with 4
inches of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) wearing surface, 4
inches of hot-mix asphaltic base, and 8 inches of
crushed stone subbase. The reliability was 70%, overall
standard deviation was 0.5, ¨PSI was 2.0 (with a TSI of
2.5), and all drainage coefficients were 1.0. What was
the soil resilient modulus of the subgrade used in
design?
4.6 A flexible pavement has a structural number of 3.8
(all drainage coefficients are equal to 1.0). The initial
PSI is 4.7 and the terminal serviceability is 2.5. The soil
has a CBR of 9. The overall standard deviation is 0.40
and the reliability is 95%. The pavement is currently
designed for 1800 equivalent 18-kip single-axle loads
per day. If the number of 18-kip single-axle loads were
to increase by 30%, by how many years would the
pavement’s design life be reduced?
132 Chapter 4 Pavement Design
4.7 An engineer plans to replace the rigid pavement in
Example 4.3 with a flexible pavement. The chosen
design has 6 inches of sand-mix asphalt wearing
surface, 9 inches of soil-cement base, and 10 inches of
crushed stone subbase. All drainage coefficients are 1.0
and the soil resilient modulus is 5000 lb/in2. If the
highway’s traffic is the same (same axle loadings per
vehicle as in Example 4.3), for how many years could
you be 95% sure that this pavement will last? (Assume
that any parameters not given in this problem are the
same as those given in Example 4.3.)
4.8 A flexible pavement is designed with 5 inches of
hot-mix asphalt (HMA) wearing surface, 6 inches of
hot-mix asphaltic base, and 10 inches of crushed stone
subbase. All drainage coefficients are 1.0. Daily traffic
is 200 passes of a 20-kip single axle, 200 passes of a 40-
kip tandem axle, and 80 passes of a 22-kip single axle.
If the initial minus the terminal PSI is 2.0 (the TSI is
2.5), the soil resilient modulus is 3000 lb/in2, and the
overall standard deviation is 0.6, what is the probability
(reliability) that this pavement will last 20 years before
reaching its terminal serviceability?
4.9 A flexible pavement is designed with 4 inches of
sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 6 inches of dense-
graded crushed stone base, and 8 inches of crushed
stone subbase. All drainage coefficients are 1.0. The
pavement is designed for 18-kip single-axle loads (1290
per day). The initial PSI is 4.5 and the TSI is 2.5. The
soil has a resilient modulus of 12,000 lb/in2. If the
overall standard deviation is 0.40, what is the
probability that this pavement will have a PSI greater
than 2.5 after 20 years?
4.10 A flexible pavement has a 4-inch sand-mix asphalt
wearing surface, 10-inch soil cement base, and a 10-
inch crushed stone subbase. It is designed to withstand
400 20-kip single-axle loads and 900 35-kip tandem-
axle loads per day. The subgrade CBR is 8, the overall
standard deviation is 0.45, the initial PSI is 4.2, and the
final PSI is 2.5. What is the probability that this
pavement will have a PSI above 2.5 after 25 years?
(Drainage coefficients are 1.0.)
Rigid Pavement Design (Sections 4.5–4.6)
4.11 Consider the two trucks in Problem 4.1. Which
truck will cause more pavement damage on a rigid
pavement with a 10-inch slab?
4.12 You have been asked to design the pavement for
an access highway to a major truck terminal. The design
daily truck traffic consists of the following: 80 single
axles at 22,500 lb each, 570 tandem axles at 25,000 lb
each, 50 tandem axles at 39,000 lb each, and 80 triple
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
axles at 48,000 lb each. The highway is to be designed
with rigid pavement having a modulus of rupture of 600
lb/in2 and a modulus of elasticity of 5 million lb/in2. The
reliability is to be 95%, the overall standard deviation is
0.4, the drainage coefficient is 0.9, ¨PSI is 1.7 (with a
TSI of 2.5), and the load transfer coefficient is 3.2. The
modulus of subgrade reaction is 200 lb/in3. If a 20-year
design life is to be used, determine the required slab
thickness.
4.13 A rigid pavement is being designed with the same
parameters as used in Problem 4.5. The modulus of
subgrade reaction is 300 lb/in3 and the slab thickness is
determined to be 8.5 inches. The load transfer
coefficient is 3.0, the drainage coefficient is 1.0, and the
modulus of elasticity is 4 million lb/in2. What is the
design modulus of rupture? (Assume that any
parameters not given in this problem are the same as
those given in Problem 4.5.)
4.14 A rigid pavement is designed with a 10-inch slab,
an Ec of 6 million lb/in2, a concrete modulus of rupture
of 432 lb/in2, a load transfer coefficient of 3.0, an initial
PSI of 4.7, and a terminal serviceability index of 2.5.
The overall standard deviation is 0.35, the modulus of
subgrade reaction is 190 lb/in3, and a reliability of 90%
is used along with a drainage coefficient of 0.8. The
pavement is designed assuming traffic is composed
entirely of trucks (100 per day). Each truck has one 20-
kip single axle and one 42-kip tandem axle (the effect of
all other vehicles is ignored). A section of this road is to
be replaced (due to different subgrade characteristics)
with a flexible pavement having a structural number of
4 and is expected to last the same number of years as the
rigid pavement. What is the assumed soil resilient
modulus? (Assume all other factors are the same as for
the rigid pavement.)
4.15 Consider the loading conditions in Problem 4.3. A
rigid pavement is used with a modulus of subgrade
reaction of 200 lb/in3, a slab thickness of 8 inches, a
load transfer coefficient of 3.2, a modulus of elasticity
of 5 million lb/in2, a modulus of rupture of 600 lb/in2,
and a drainage coefficient of 1.0. How many years is the
pavement expected to last using the same reliability as
in Problem 4.3? (Assume all other factors are as in
Problem 4.3.)
4.16 Consider Problem 4.15. How long would the rigid
pavement be expected to last if you wanted to be 95%
sure that the pavement would stay above the 2.5 TSI?
4.17 Consider the traffic conditions in Example 4.3.
Suppose a 10-inch slab was used and all other
parameters are as described in Example 4.3. What

would the design life be if the drainage coefficient was
0.8, and what would it be if it was 0.6?
4.18 Consider the conditions in Example 4.4. Suppose
all of the parameters are the same, but further soil tests
found that the modulus of subgrade reaction was only
150 lb/in3. In light of this new soil finding, how would
the design life of the pavement change?
4.19 Consider the conditions in Example 4.4. Suppose
all of the parameters are the same, but a quality control
problem resulted in a modulus of rupture of 600 lb/in2
instead of 800 lb/in2. How would the design life of the
pavement change?
Pavement Design with Design-Lane Traffic
(Sections 4.3–4.6)
4.20 You have been asked to design a flexible
pavement, and the following daily traffic is expected for
design: 5000 single axles at 10,000 lb each, 400 single
axles at 24,000 lb each, 1000 tandem axles at 30,000 lb
each, and 100 tandem axles at 50,000 lb each. There are
three lanes in the design direction (conservative design
is to be used). Reliability is 90%, overall standard
deviation is 0.40, ¨PSI is 1.8, and the design life is 15
years. The soil has a resilient modulus of 13,750 lb/in2.
If the TSI is 2.5, what is the required structural number?
4.21 A three-lane northbound section of interstate (with
the design lane conservatively designed) has rigid
pavement (PCC) and was designed with a 10-inch slab,
90% reliability, 700 lb/in2 concrete modulus of rupture,
4.5 million lb/in2 modulus of elasticity, 3.0 load transfer
coefficient, and an overall standard deviation of 0.35.
The initial PSI is 4.6 and the TSI is 2.5. The CBR is 2
with a drainage coefficient of 1.0. The road was
designed exclusively for trucks that have one 24-kip
tandem axle and one 12-kip single axle. It is known
from weigh-in-motion scales that there have been 13
million 18-kip–equivalent single-axle loads in the entire
northbound direction of this freeway so far. If a section
of flexible pavement is used to replace a section of the
PCC that was removed for utility work, what structural
number should be used so that the PCC and flexible
pavements have the same life expectancy (the new life
of the flexible pavement and the remaining life of the
PCC)?
4.22 A rigid pavement is designed with an 11-inch slab
thickness, 90% reliability, Ec = 4 million lb/in2, modulus
of rupture of 600 lb/in2, modulus of subgrade reaction of
150 lb/in3, a 2.8 load transfer coefficient, initial PSI of
4.8, final PSI of 2.5, overall standard deviation of 0.35,
and a drainage coefficient of 0.8. The pavement has a
20-year design life. The pavement has three lanes and is
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Problems 133
conservatively designed for trucks that have one 20,000-
lb single axle, one 26,000-lb tandem axle, and one
34,000-lb triple axle. What is the daily estimated truck
traffic on the three lanes?
4.23 A rigid pavement is on a highway with two lanes
in one direction, and the pavement is conservatively
designed. The pavement has an 11-inch slab with a
modulus of elasticity of 5,000,000 lb/in2 and a concrete
modulus of rupture of 700 lb/in2, and it is on a soil with
a CBR of 25. The design drainage coefficient is 1.0, the
overall standard deviation is 0.3, and the load transfer
coefficient is 3.0. The pavement was designed to last 20
years (initial PSI of 4.7 and a final PSI of 2.5) with 95%
reliability carrying trucks with one 18-kip single axle
and one 28-kip tandem axle. However, after the
pavement was designed, one more lane was added in the
design direction (conservative design still used), and the
weight limits on the trucks were increased to a 20-kip
single and a 34-kip tandem axle (the slab thickness was
unchanged from the original two-lane design with
lighter trucks). If El Niño has caused the drainage
coefficient to drop to 0.8, how long will the pavement
last with the new loading and the additional lane (same
volume of truck traffic)?
4.24 A four-lane northbound section of interstate has
rigid pavement and was designed with an 8-inch slab,
90% reliability, a 700 lb/in2 concrete modulus of
rupture, a 5 million lb/in2 modulus of elasticity, a 3.0
load transfer coefficient, and an overall standard
deviation of 0.3. The initial PSI is 4.6 and the TSI is 2.5.
The pavement was conservatively designed (assuming
the upper limit of the W18 design lane load) to last 20
years, and the CBR is 25 with a drainage coefficient of
1.0. A design mistake was made that ignored 1000 total
northbound (daily) passes of trucks with 22-kip single
and 30-kip tandem axles. What slab thickness should
have been used?
Multiple Choice Problems (Multiple Sections)
4.25 A flexible pavement is constructed with 5 inches
of sand-mix asphaltic wearing surface, 9 inches of
dense-graded crushed stone base, and 10 inches of
crushed stone subbase. The base has a drainage
coefficient of 0.90 while the subbase drainage
coefficient is 1.0. Determine the structural number of
the pavement.
a) 4.47
b) 4.31
c) 4.76
d) 3.98