i

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MATHEMATI
CS
FORM3TUTORIAL
QUADRATI
CEXPRES
SIONANDEQUATI
ONS

CHAPTERFOURTYFOUR

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Fact
ori
zequadr
ati
cexpr
essi
ons;
(
b)I
dent
if
yper
fectsquar
es;
(
c)Compl
etet
hesquar
e;
(
d)Sol
vi
ngquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e;
(
e)Der
ivet
hequadr
ati
cfor
mul
a;
(
f)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a;
(
g)For
m andsol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsf
rom r
oot
sandgi
vensi
tuat
ions;
(
h)Maket
abl
esofv
aluesf
rom aquadr
ati
crel
ati
on;
(
i)Dr
awt
hegr
aphofaquadr
ati
crel
ati
on;
(
j)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
nggr
aphs;
(
k)Sol
vesi
mul
taneousequat
ions(
onel
i
nearandonequadr
ati
c)anal
yti
cal
l
yandgr
aphi
cal
l
y;
(
1)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofquadr
ati
cequat
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Content
(a)Fact
ori
zat
ionofquadr
ati
cexpr
essi
ons

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(
b)Per
fectsquar
es
(
c)Compl
eti
onoft
hesquar
es
(
d)Sol
uti
onofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e
2
-b± b-
4ac
(
e)Quadr
ati
cfor
mul
ax=-
b±
2a
(
f)Sol
uti
onofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a.
(
g)For
mat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsandsol
vi
ngt
hem
(
h)Tabl
esofv
aluesf
oragi
venquadr
ati
crel
ati
on
(
i)Gr
aphsofquadr
ati
cequat
ions
(
j)Si
mul
taneousequat
ion-onel
i
nearandonequadr
ati
c
(
k)Appl
i
cat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ion.

Per
fectsquar
e
Expr
essi
onswhi
chcanbef
act
ori
zedi
ntot
woequal
fact
orsar
ecal
l
edper
fectsquar
es.

Compl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e
2
Anyquadr
ati
cexpr
essi
oncanbesi
mpl
i
fiedandwr
it
teni
nthef
orma
x xbx+cwher
ea,bandcar
e

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b2
const
antandai
snotequal
tozer
o.Weuset
heexpr
essi
on ( )=Ct
omakeaper
fectsquar
e.
2
Wear
efi
rstgoi
ngt
olookf
orexpr
essi
onwher
e coef
fi
cientof x=1

Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
ox+10xt
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
henumbert
obeaddedbeaconst
antc.
2
 Thenx+10x+ci
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=C
2
2
 (
10/
2)=c
 C=25 (
25mustbeadded)

Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
ox+_+36t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbebxwher
ebi
saconst
ant
2
 Thenx+bx+36i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=36
2
b
 =√36
2
b
 =±6 b=12xor-
12x
2

Wewi
l
lnowconsi
dert
hesi
tuat
ionswher
ea≠1a
ndnote
qua
ltoz
eroeg
2 2
4x-12x+9=(
2x-6)

2 2
9x-6x+1=(
3x+1)

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b2
I
ntheaboveyouwil
lnot
icet
hat( )=ac.Weuset
hisexpr
essi
ont
omakeper
fectsquar
eswher
eai
snot
2
oneandi
tsnotzer
o.

Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
o25x+_+9t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbebx.
2
 Then,
25x+bx+9i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 The
ref
ore( )=25x9.
2
b2
 ( )=225
2
b
 =±15
2

 s
ob=30or-30Thet
ermt
obeaddedi
sthus30or-30.

Exampl
e
Whatmustbeaddedt
o_-40x+25t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
2
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbeax
2
 Thena
x-40x+25i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=a
c
2
-402
 ( )=25a
2
 400=25a
2
 a=16t
het
ermt
obea
dde
dis16x

Sol
uti
onsofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
emet
hods
Exampl
e

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2
Sol
vex +5x+1=0bycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e.

sol
uti
on
2
x +5x+1=0 Writ
eor i
ginal
equat i
on.
2 2
x +5x=- 1Wr it
etheleftsi
deint heform x+bx.
2 52 52 52
x+10x+( )=( )-1 Add( )t obothsi des
2 2 2
2 25 21
x+10x+ =
4 4
2
5 21
(x +)= Takesquar erootsofeachsi deandfact
ori
zet
hel
eftsi
de
2 4
5 21
x+ =± Sol veforx.
2 4
5 4.583
=- ± Si
mplif
y
2 2
0.417 9.583
=- or Ther
efor
ex=-0.
2085or4.
792
2 2
Theme
thodofc
ompl
eti
ngt
hes
qua
ree
nabl
esust
osol
vequa
dra
tice
qua
tionswhi
ch
Cannotbesol
vedbyf
act
ori
zat
ion.

Exampl
e
2
Sol
ve2x +4x+1=0bycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e

Sol
uti
on
2 2
2x +4x=-
1 makecooef
fi
eci
entofx onebydi
vi
dingbot
hsi
desby2
2
x +2x=-
1/2

2 1
x +2x+1=- +1
2
Addi
ng1t
ocompl
etet
hesquar
eont
heLHS

2 1
(x+1)=
2
1
x+1=±√
2

x=-
1± 0.
5
=-
1±0.
7071
x=0.
2929or-1.
7071

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Thequadr
ati
cfor
mul
a
2
-
b± b-
4ac
2a

Exampl
e
2
Usi
ngquadr
ati
cfor
mul
asol
ve2x-5x-3=0

Sol
uti
on
2
Compar
ingt
hisequat
iont
othegener
alequat
ion,
ax +bx+c=0weget
;a=2b=-
5c=-
5
Subst
it
uti
ngi
nthequadr
ati
cfor
mul
ae
2
-
b± b-
4ac
X=
2a

-
5±25-
4(2)
(-3)
=
2(
2)
5±49
=
4

5±7
=
4

12 -2
= or
4 4

1
X=3or-
2

For
mat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
ions
Petertr
avelstohisuncle’
shome, 30km awayf rom hi
spl
ace.Het
ravel
sf ort wothi
rdsoft
hejour
neybefore
thebicycl
edev el
opedmechani calproblemsanhehadt opushitforther estofthejour
ney
.Ifhiscycl
ing
speedis10km\ hfast
ert hanhiswal kingspeedandhecompletest hej our
neyi n3hour
s30mi nut
es,
deter
minehi scycl
ingspeed.

Sol
uti
on
LetPet
erscy
cli
ngspeedbexkm\h,
thenhi
swal
ki
ngspeedi
s(x-
10)km/
h.

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Ti
met
akeni
ncy
cli
ng= ( 2
3 )
of30 ÷x

20
= h
x
Ti
met
akeni
nwal
ki
ng=(
30–20)
÷(x-
10)
10
= h
x-10
20 10
Tot
alt
ime=( + )h
x x+10

Ther
efor
e (20 10
+
x x-)
10
=3
1
3

(20 10
+
x x-
=
10 3)
10

60(
x-10)+30(
x)=10(
x)(
x-10)
2
10x –190x+600=0
2
x -19x+60=0

19±361-
240
x=
2
x=15or4
I
fhi
scy
cli
ngspeedi
s4km/
h,t
henhi
swal
ki
ngspeedi
s(4-
10)km/
h,whi
chgi
ves–6km/
h.Thus,
4i
snotar
eal
i
sti
canswert
othi
ssi
tuat
ion.
ther
efor
ehi
scy
cli
ngspeedi
s15km/
h.

Exampl
e
Aposit
et wodigitnumberissucht
hatt
heproductoft
hedigi
tis24.Whenthedi
git
sar
erev
ersed,t
he
numberformedisgreat
ert
hanthant
heor
igi
nal
numberby18.Fi
ndthenumber

Sol
uti
on
Lett
heonesdi
gitoft
henumberbeyandt
het
ensdi
gitbex,
Then,
xy=24………….
.1
Whent
henumberi
srev
ersed,
theonesdi
giti
sxandt
het
ensdi
giti
sy.
Ther
efor
e;

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(
10y+x)–(
10x+y
)=18

9y
-9x=18

y-x=2y=x+2…………….
.
2

Subst
it
uti
ng2i
nequat
ion1gi
ves;

(
xx+2)=24
2
x +2x-24=0

2
-2± 4-
96
x=
2

x=4or-6
Si
ncet
her
equi
rednumberi
sposi
ti
vex=4andy=4+2=6
Ther
efor
ethenumberi
s46

Gr
aphsofquadr
ati
cfunct
ions
Aquadr at
icf
uncti
onhast hef m y=ax2+bx+cwher
or ea≠0.Thegr aphofaquadr ati
cfuncti
onisU-
2 2
shapedandiscall
edapar abol a.Fori
nstance,t
hegraphsofy=xandy=- xe
2
Shownbelow.Theor i
gin(
0, 0)isthelowestpointonthegraphofy=x andt hehighestpointonthegr
aph
2
ofy=-x .Thelowestorhi ghestpointonthegr aphofaquadrat
icfunctioniscal
ledthevertex.
2 2
Thegraphsofy=x andy=- x aresymmet ri
caboutthey -
axi
s,call
edt heaxisofsymmet ry.I
ngeneral
,the
axi
sofsy mmetryforthegr aphofaquadr ati
cfuncti
onisthevert
icall
inethroughthevert
ex..

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Not
es;
2 2
aphofy=x f
Thegr ace
sdownwa
rdsorope
nupwa
rdsandy=-
xfa
cesupwa
rdsorope
ndownwa
rds
.

Exampl
e
2
Dr
awt aphofy=-
hegr 2x +5x-1

Sol
uti
on
Makeat
abl
eshowi
ngcor
respondi
ngv
alueofxandy
.

X-
1 0 1 2 3

Y -8 -
1 2 1 -
4

Not
e;Togett
hev
aluesr
epl
acet
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
iont
ogett
hecor
respondi
ngv
alueofx
2
E.gy=- 1)+5(
2(- -1)-1=-
8
2
2(0)+5(
y=- 0)-1=-
1

Exampl
e

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2
Dr
awt aphofy=x-7x+2
hegr

x 0 1 2 3 5 7

y 2 -
4 -
8 -
10 -
8 2

Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ions
Weshoul
dconsi
dersi
mul
taneousequat
iononeofwhi
chi
sli
nearandt
heot
heronei
squadr
ati
c.

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y:
2
y=x-2x+1
2
y=x-
2x

Sol
uti
on
Cor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandy
x -
2 -
1 0 1 2 3 4 x

y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 y

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Weuset hetabl
etodr
aw thegr
aphasshownbel
ow,ont hesameaxi
stheliney=5-2xisdrawn.Poi
nts
2
wheretheli
ney=5-2xandthecur
vey=x-2x+1i nt
ersectgi
vethesol
uti
on.Thepoi
ntsare(-2,9)and
(
2,1)
.Ther
efore,
whenx=-2,y=9andwhenx=2,y
=1
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thetabl
eshowst
hehei
ghtmet
resofanobj
ectt
hrownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsv
ari
eswi
tht
het
imet
seconds
2
Therelat
ionshi
pbet
weensandti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heequat
ionss=at +bt+10wher
ebar
e
const
ants.

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
s 45.
1

(
a)(
i)Usi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthet
abl
e,det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandb
(2marks)
(
ii
)Compl
etet
het
abl
e (
1mar
k)
(
b)(
i) Dr
awagr
apht
orepr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensandt(
3mar
ks)
(
ii
) Usi
ngt
hegr
aphdet
ermi
net
hev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ectwhent=5seconds
2. (
a) Const
ructat
abl
eofv
aluef
ort
hef
unct
iony=x2–x–6f
or-
3≤x≤4
(
b) Ont
hegr
aphpaperdr
awt
hegr
aphoft
hef
unct
ion
Y=x2–x–6f
or-
3≤x≤4
(
c) Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
eli
neont
hesamegr
idest
imat
ether
oot
soft
heequat
ion x2 +2x–2
=0
3. (
a) Dr
awt
hegr
aphofy x2,
=6+x- taki
ngi
ntegr
alv
alueofxi
n-4≤x≤5.(
The
gr
idi
spr
ovi
ded.Usi
ngt
hesameaxesdr
awt
hegr
aphofy=2–2x
(
b) Fr
om y
ourgr
aphs,
findt
hev
aluesofXwhi
chsat
isf
ythesi
mul
taneous
equat
ionsy=6+x-x2
y=2–2x
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(
c) Wr
it
edownandsi
mpl
i
fyaquadr
ati
cequat
ionwhi
chi
ssat
isf
iedbyt
he
v
aluesofxwher
ethet
wogr
aphsi
nter
sect
.
4.(
a)Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
efort
heequat
iony=x3–5x2+2x+9
x -
2 -
1.5 -
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 -
3.4 -
1 0 1 27 64 125

5x2
- -
20 -
11.
3 -
5 0 -
1 -
20 -
45

2x -
4 -
3 0 2 4 6 8 10

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99
-
8.7 9 7 -
3

(
b)Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awt aphofy=x3–5x2+2x+9f
hegr or-
2≤x≤5
(
c)Usi
ngt
hegr
aphest
imat
ether
ootoft
heequat
ionx3–5x2+2+9=0bet
weenx=
2andx=3
(
d)Usi
ngt
hesameaxesdr
awt
hegr
aphofy=4–4xandest
imat
easol
uti
ont
othe
equat
ionx2–5x2+6x+5=0
5. (
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
ow,
forf
unct
iony=2x2+4x-
3
x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2
2x2 32 8 2 0 2

4x-3 -
11 -
3 5

y -
3 3 13

(
b) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded,
drawt
hegr
aphoft
hef
unct
i =2x2+4x-
ony 3for
-
4≤x≤2anduset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
ether
otsoft
heequat
ion2x2+4x–3=0t
o1deci
mal
pl
ace. (
2mks)
(
c) Inordertosolvegraphicall
ytheequat
ion2x2 +x-
5=0,ast r
aightl
inemustbedrawnto
i
ntersectthecurey=2x2 +4x–3.Det
v er
minetheequat
ionofthi
sstrai
ghtl
i
ne,dr
aw t
he
str
aightl
inehenceobtai
nt heroot
s.
2x2+x–5t
o1deci
mal
place.
6. (
a) (
i) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
iony=x3+x2–2x (
2mks)

x -
3 -
2.5 -
2 -
1.5 -
1 -
0.5 0 0.
5 1 2 2.
5
x3 15.
63 -
0.13 1

x2 4 0.
25 6.
25

-
2x 1 -
2
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y 1.
87 0.
63 16.
88

(
ii
) Onthegri
dpr
ovi
ded,dr
aw t aphofy=x3 +x2 –2xf
hegr ort
hev
aluesofxi
nthe
i
nter
val
–3≤x≤2.5
(
ii
i) St
atet
her
angeofnegat
ivev
aluesofxf
orwhi
chyi
sal
sonegat
ive
(
b) Findt
hecoordi
natesoft
wopoi
ntsont
hecur
veot
hert
han(
0,0)atwhi
chx-coor
dinat
eandy
-coor
dinat
eareequal
7. Thet
abl
eshowssomecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandyf
ort
hecur
ver
epr
esent
edbyY=¼x3-
2

X -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2 3
Y -
8.8 -
4 -
2.3 -
2 -
1.8 0 4.
8

Onthegr
idpr
ovi
dedbel
ow,
drawt aphofy=¼x2-
hegr 2for-
3≤x≤3.Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
ethe
val
ueofxwheny=2
8. Ar etai
lerplannedtobuysomecomputersfor
m awholesal
erforatot
alofKshs1,800,
000.Befor
e
theretail
ercouldbuythecomput
ersthepri
ceperuni
twasreducedbyKshs4,
000.Thisreducti
oni
n
priceenabledtheretai
l
ertobuyf
ivemorecomputer
susi
ngthesameamountofmoneyasor igi
nal
l
y
planned.
(
a) Det
ermi
net
henumberofcomput
erst
her
etai
l
erbought
(
b) Twooft hecomput
erspurchasedgotdamagedwhil
einstore,t
herestwer
esol
dandt he
ret
ail
ermadea15%pr of
itCalcul
atet
heprof
itmadebytheretai
l
eroneachcomput
ersold

9. Thef
igur
ebel
ow i
sasket
choft
hegr
aphoft
hequadr
ati
cfunct
iony=k
(x+1)(
x-2)

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofk
10. (
a)Dr
awt
hegr =x2–2x+1f
aphofy orv
alues-
2≤x≤4
(
b)Uset
hegr
apht
osol
vet
heequat
ionsx2–4=0andl
i
ney=2x+5
aphofy=x3+x
2
11. (
a) Dr
awt
hegr –2xf
or-
3≤x≤3t
akescal
eof2cm t
o
r
epr
esent5uni
tsast
hehor
izont
alaxi
s
(
b) Uset hegr
aphtosolex3+x2–6-
v 4=0bydr
awi
ngasuit
abl
eli
neargr
aphont hesameaxes.
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12. Sol
vegr
aphi
cal
l
ythesi
mul
taneousequat
ions3x–2y=5and5x+y=17

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CHAPTERFOURTYTWO

APPROXI
MATI
ONANDERROR
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Per
for
mvar
iouscomput
ati
onsusi
ngacal
cul
ator
;
(
b)Makereasonabl
eappr
oxi
mat
ionsandest
imat
ionsofquant
it
iesi
ncomput
ati
onsand
measur
ements;
(
c)Expr
essv
aluest
oagi
vennumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es;
(
d)Def
ineabsol
ute,
rel
ati
ve,
per
cent
age,
round-
offandt
runcat
ioner
ror
s;
(
e)Det
ermi
nepossi
bleer
ror
smadef
rom comput
ati
ons;
(
f)Fi
ndmaxi
mum andmi
nimum er
ror
sfr
om oper
ati
ons.

Content
(a)Comput
ingusi
ngcal
cul
ator
s
(
b)Est
imat
ionsandappr
oxi
mat
ions
(
c)Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(
d)Absol
ute,
rel
ati
ve,
per
cent
age,
round-
off(
incl
udi
ngsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)
andt
runcat
ioner
ror
s
(
e)Pr
opagat
ionofer
ror
sfr
om si
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons
(
f)Maxi
mum andmi
nimum er
ror
s.

Appr
oxi
mat
ion
Appr
oxi
mat
ioni
nvol
vesr
oundi
ngof
fandt
runcat
ingnumber
stogi
veanest
imat
ion

Roundi
ngof
f
I
nroundi
ngoffthepl
acev al
uetowhichanumberistoberoundedof
fmustbestat
ed.Thedigi
toccupy
ing
t
henextl
owerplaceval
uei sconsi
dered.Thenumberi
sroundedupi
fthedi
giti
sgr
eaterorequalt
o5and
r
oundeddownifit
’sl
essthan5.

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Exampl
e
Roundof
f395.
184t
o:
a.Thenear
esthundr
eds
b.Foursi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
c. Thenear
estwhol
enumber
d.Twodeci
mal
places
Sol
uti
on
a.400
b.395.
2
c. 395
d.395.
18

Tr
uncat
ing
Tr
uncat
ingmeanscut
ti
ngof
fnumber
stot
hegi
vendeci
mal
placesorsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,
ignor
ingt
her
est
.
Exampl
e
Tr
uncat
e3.
2465t
o
a.3deci
malpl
aces
b.3si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Sol
uti
on
a.3.
246
b.3.
24

Est
imat
ion
Esti
mati
oni
nvol
vesr
oundi
ngoffnumbersinordert
ocarryoutacal
cul
ati
onf
ast
ert
ogetanappr
oxi
mat
e
answer.
Thi
sact
sasausef
ulcheckontheact
ualanswer
.
Exampl
e
152x269
Est
imat
etheanswert
o
32
Sol
uti
on
150x270
Theanswershoul
dbecl
oset
o =1350
30
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Theexactansweri
s1277.
75.1277.
75wr
it
ent
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esi
s1300whi
chi
scl
oset
otheest
imat
ed
answer
.

ACCURACYANDERROR
Absol
uteer
ror
Theabsol
uteerr
orofast atedmeasur
ementi shalfoftheleastunitofmeasur
ementused.Whena
measur
ementisstat
edas3.6cm tot
henearestmil
l
imeter,
itli
esbetween3.
55cm and3.
65cm.Theleast
uni
tofmeasur
ementismil
li
li
ter
,or0.
1cm.Thegreat
estpossibl
eerrori
s3.55-3.
6=-0.
05or3.65-3.
6=+
0.
05.
Togettheabsolut
eer
rorwei
gnorethesi
gn.Sot
heabsol
uteerrori
s0.
05t
hus,
|
-0.
05|=|+0.
05|=0.
05.When
ameasur ementisst
atedas2.348cm tothenear
estthousandt
hsofacenti
meters(0.
001)thenthe
1
absol
uteerr
oris x0.
001=0.0005.
2

Rel
ati
veer
ror
abs
olut
e
Rel
ati
veer
ror=
ac
tua
lmeasur
eme
nts

Exampl
e
Anerr
orof0.5kgwasfoundwhenmeasur
ingt
hemassofabul
l
.i
ftheact
ualmassoft
hebul
lwasf
oundt
o
be200kg.
Findt
hrel
ati
veerr
or
Sol
uti
on
abs
olut
e 05
Rel
ati
veer
ror= = kg=0.
0025
ac
tua
lmeasur
eme
nts 200

Per
cent
ageer
ror
Per
cent
ageer
ror=r
elat
iveer
rorx100%
abs
olut
ee r
ror
= x100%
ac
tualmeasurment
Exampl
e
Thet
hicknessofacoi
nis0.
20cm.
a.Theper
cent
ageer
ror
b.Whatwoul
dbet
heper
cent
ageer
rori
fthet
hicknesswasst
atedas0.
2cm ?

Sol
uti
on
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Thesmal
l
estuni
tofmeasur
ementi
s0.
01
1
Absol
uteer
ror= x0.
01=0.
005
2

0.005
Per
cent
ageer
ror= x100%
0.
20
=2.
5%
Thesmal
l
estuni
tofmeasur
ementi
s0.
1
1
Absol
uteer
ror= x0.
1=0.
05c
m
2
0.05
Per
cent
ageer
ror= x100%
0.2
=25%

Roundi
ngof
fandt
runcat
inger
ror
s
Aner r
orf
oundwhenanumberi
sroundedof
ftothedesi
rednumberofdeci
malpl
acesorsigni
fi
cantf
igures,
̇
forexampl
ewhenarecur
ri
ngdeci
mal1.6isroundedt
othe2signi
fi
cantfi
gur
es,
itbecames1.7therounde
offerr
ori
s;
̇ 17 5 1
1.
7-1.
6= - =
10 3 30

Not
e;
5
1.
6conv
ert
edt
oaf
ract
ion .
3

Tr
uncat
inger
ror
Theerr
ori
ntr
oducedduetotr
uncat
ingi
scal
l
edat
runcat
ioner
ror
.i
nthecaseof1.
6tr
uncat
edt
o2S.
F.,
the
̇ 6 2 1
tr
uncat
eder
rori
s;|1.
6-1.
6|=|1 -1 |=
10 3 15

Pr
opagat
ionofer
ror
s
Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ion
Whati
stheer
rori
nthesum of4.
5cm and6.
1cm,
ifeachr
epr
esentameasur
emeasur
ement
.
Sol
uti
on
Theli
mit
swi
thi
nwhi
cht
hemeasur
ement
sli
ear
e4.
45,i
.e..
,4.
55or4.
5±0.
005and6.
05t
o6.
15,i
.e.
6.
1±0.
05.

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Themaxi
mum possi
blesum i
s4.
55+6.
15=10.
7cm
Themi
nimum possi
blesum i
s4.
45+6.
05=10.
5cm
Thewor
kingsum i
s4.
5+6.
1=10.
6
Theabsol
uteer
ror=maxi
mum sum –wor
kingsum
=|
10.
7–10.
6|
=0.
10
Exampl
e
Whati
stheer
rori
nthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hemeasur
ement
s0.
72gand0.
31g?
Sol
uti
on
Themeasurementli
ewithi
n0.72±0.005and 0.
31±0.
005respect
ivel
ythemaximum possi
bledi
ff
erence
wil
lbeobtai
nedifwesubstr
actthemini
mum val
ueoft
hesecondmeasur ementf
rom t
hemaximum v al
ue
ofthef
ir
st,i
.e;
0.
725–0.
305cm
Themini
mum possibl
ediff
erenceis0.
715–0. 315=0.400.
theworki
ngdif
fer
enceis0.
72–0. 31=0.
41,
whi
chhasanabsoluteerr
orof|0.420-
0.41|or|
0.400–0.
41|=0.10.Si
nceourworki
ngdi
ff
erencei
s0.41,
wegiv
etheabsol
uteerr
oras0.01( t
o2s.f)

Not
e:
I
nbothaddi
ti
onandsubt
racti
on,
theabsol
uteer
rori
ntheansweri
sequalt
othesum oft
heabsol
uteer
ror
s
i
ntheor
igi
nalmeasur
ements.

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Exampl
e
Ar
ect
angul
arcar
dmeasur
es5.
3cm by2.
5cm.f
ind
a.Theabsol
uteer
rori
nther
eaoft
hecar
d
b.Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthear
eaoft
hecor
d
Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thel
engt
hli
eswi
thi
nthel
i
mit
s5.
3±0.
05c
m
b.
)Thel
engt
hli
eswi
thi
nthel
i
mit
s2.
5±0.
05c
m
2
Themaxi
mum possi
blear
eai
s2.
55x5.
35=13.
6425c
m
2
Themi
nimum possi
blear
eai
s2.
45x5.
25=12.
8625c
m
2
Thewor
kingar
eai
s5.
3x2.
5=13.
25c
m
Maxi
mum ar
ea–wor
kingar
ea=13.
6425–1325=0.
3925.

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Wor
kingar
ea–mi
nimum ar
ea=13.
25–12.
8625=0.
3875
Wet
aket
heabsol
uteer
rorast
heav
erageoft
het
wo.
0.
3925+0.
3875
Thus,
absol
uteer
ror=
2
=0.
3900
Thesamecanal
sobef
oundbyt
aki
nghal
fthei
nter
val
bet
weent
hemaxi
mum ar
eaandt
hemi
nimum ar
ea
1
(13.
6425- 8625)=0.
12. 39
2
Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthear
eai
s:
0.
39
=0.
039 (t
o2S
.F)
13.25

Di
vi
sion
Gi
ven8.
6cm ÷3.
4cm.
Find:
a.Theabsol
uteer
rori
nthequot
ient
b.Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthequot
ient

Sol
uti
on
a.8.6cm haslimit
s8.55cm and8.
65cm.3.4hasli
mits3.
35cm and3.45cm.Themaxi
mum possible
quotientwi
llbegiv
enbythemaximum possi
bleval
ueofthe numer
atorandthesmal
lestpossi
ble
valueofthedenominat
or,
i.
e.,

8.
65
=2.
58(
to3s.
f)
3.
35
Theminimum possibl
equoti
entwil
lbegiv
enbyt hemi
nimum possi
blev
alueoft
henumer
atorad
thebi
ggestpossi
bleval
ueofthedenomi
nator
,i.
e.

8.
65
=2.
48(
to3s.
f)
3.
45
8.
6
Thewor
kingquot
ienti
s; =2.
53(
to3.
f.
)
3.
4
Theabsol
uteer
rori
nthequot
ienti
s;
2.
53x2.
48 1
= X0.
10
2 2

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=0.
050(t
o2s
.f
)
b.Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthewor
kingquot
ient;
0.
05 5
=
2.
53 253
=0.
0197
=0.
020(
to2s.
f)

Al
ter
nat
ivel
y
0.05
Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthenumer
atori
s =0.
00581
8.
6
0.05
Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthedenomi
nat
ori
s =0.
0147
3.
4
Sum oft
her
elat
iveer
ror
sint
henumer
atoranddenomi
nat
ori
s
0.
00581+0.
0147=0.
02051s
=0.
021t
o2S.
F

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. (
a)Wor
koutt
heexactv
alueofR= 1_
___
___
__
0.
003146-0.
003130
(
b) Anappr
oxi
matev
alueofRmaybeobt
ainedbyf
ir
stcor
rect
ingeachoft
hedeci
mali
nthe
denomi
nat
ort
o5deci
malpl
aces
(
i) Theapproxi
matev al
ue
(
ii
) Theerr
orint
roducedbytheappr
oxi
mat
ion
2. Ther
adi
usofci
rcl
eisgi
venas2.
8cm t
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(
a)I
fCist
heci
rcumfer
enceoft heci
rcl
e,det
erminetheli
mit
sbet chC/
weenwhi πl
i
es
(
b)Byt
aki
ng∏t obe3.142,f
ind,to4si
gnifi
cantfi
gurest
heli
nebetweenwhi
chtheci
rcumf
erence
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li
es.
3. Thel engt
handbr eadthofarect
angul
arf
loorwer
emeasuredandfoundtobe4. 1m and2.
2m
respecti
vel
y.I
fpossibl
eerr
orof0.
01m wasmadeineachoft
hemeasurement
s,f
indthe:
(
a)Maxi
mum andminimum possibl
eareaofthefl
oor
(
b)Maxi
mum possi
blewast
agei ncarpetor
deredt
ocovert
hewhol
efl
oor
4. I
nthi
squesti
onMat
hemati
calTabl
esshouldnotbeused
Thebaseandper
pendi
cul
arhei
ghtofat
ri
angl
emeasur
edt
othenear
estcent
imet
er
ar
e6cm and4cm r
espect
ivel
y.

Fi
nd
(
a)Theabsol
uteer
rori
ncal
cul
ati
ngt
hear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
e
(
b)Theper
cent
ageer
rori
nthear
ea,
giv
ingt
heanswert
o1deci
mal
place
5. Bycor
rect
ingeachnumbertoonesignif
icantfi
gur
e,appr
oximat
ethev
alueof788x0.
006.Hence
cal
cul
atet
hepercent
ageer
rorar
isi
ngfrom thi
sapproxi
mati
on.
6. Ar ectangul
arbl
ockhasasquar
ebasewhosesi
dei
sexact
ly8cm.I
tshei
ghtmeasur
edt
othe
nearestmill
i
meteri
s3.
1cm
Fi
ndi
ncubi
ccent
imet
ers,
thegr
eat
estpossi
bleer
rori
ncal
cul
ati
ngi
tsv
olume.
7. Fi
ndthel
imit
swit
hinthear
eaofapar
all
egr
am whosebasei
s8cm andhei
ghti
s5cm l
i
es.Hence
fi
ndt
herel
ati
veer
rori
nthearea
8. Fi
ndt
hemi
nimum possi
bleper
imet
erofar
egul
arpent
agonwhosesi
dei
s15.
0cm.
9. Gi
vent
henumber0.
237
(
i) Roundof
ftot
wosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandf
indt
her
oundof
fer
ror
(
ii
) Tr
uncat
etot
wosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandf
indt
het
runcat
ioner
ror
10. Themeasur
ementsa=6. 3,b=15.8,c=14.
2andd=0. 00173havemaximum possi bleer
ror
sof1%,
ad
2%,3%and4%respect
ivel
y.Fi
ndthemaximum possi
blepercent
ageer
rori
n / bccor
rectt
o1sf.

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CHAPTERFOURTYTHREE

TRI
GONOMETRY

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Def
ineanddr
awt
heuni
tci
rcl
e;
(
b)Uset
heuni
tci
rcl
etof
indt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosi
nter
msofco-
ordi
nat
esofpoi
ntsf
or0<9<360°
;
(
c)Fi
ndt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofnegat
iveangl
es;
(
d)Fi
ndt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esgr
eat
ert
han360°usi
ngt
heuni
tci
rcl
e;
(
e)Usemat
hemat
icalt
abl
esandcal
cul
ator
stof
indt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esi
nther
ange0<
9<360°
;
(
f)Def
iner
adi
anmeasur
e;
(
g)Drawgr
aphsoft
ri
gonomet
ri
cfunct
ions;y=si
nx,y=cosxandy~t
anxusi
ngdegr
eesand
r
adi
ans;
(
h)Der
ivet
hesi
ner
ule;
(
i)Der
ivet
hecosi
ner
ule;
(
j)Appl
ythesi
neandcosi
ner
ulet
osol
vet
ri
angl
es(
sides,
angl
esandar
ea)
,
(
k)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofsi
neandcosi
ner
ulesi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Content
(a)Theuni
tci
rcl
es
(
b)Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
ionsf
rom t
heuni
tci
rcl
e
(
c)Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esgr
eat
ert
han360°andnegat
iveangl
es
(
d)Useoft
ri
gonomet
ri
ctabl
esandcal
cul
ati
ons
(
e)Radi
anmeasur
e

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(
f)Si
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cgr
aphs
(
g)Der
ivat
ionofsi
neandcosi
ner
ule
(
h)Sol
uti
onoft
ri
angl
es
(
i)Appl
i
cat
ionofsi
neandcosi
ner
ulet
oreal
sit
uat
ion.

Theuni
tci
rcl
e
I
tisci
rcl
eofuni
tradi
usandcent
reO(
0,0)
.

0 0
Fr
om 0 -90 i
sthef
ir
stqua
dra
nt
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0 0
Fr
om90 -180 i
sthes
econdqua
dra
nt
0 0
Fr
om180 -270 i
sthet
hir
dqua
dra
nt
0 0
Fr
om 270 -360 i
sthef
ort
hqua
dra
nt
Anangl
emeasuredanticl
ockwi
sefrom posi
ti
vedirect
ionofx–axi
sisposi
ti
ve.Whi
l
eanangl
emeasur
ed
cl
ockwi
sef
rom negat
ivedir
ecti
onofx–ax isisnegati
ve.

I
ngener
al,
onauni
tci
rcl
e
0
I
. c
osθ =xc
o-or
dina
teofp.
0
I
I. s
inθ =yc
o-or
dina
teofp.

0 yc
o-or
dina
teofp sinθ
I
II
. t
anθ = .
=
xc
o-or
dina
teofp cosθ

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Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofnegat
iveangl
es
I
ngener
al
0
I
. s
in⁡(
-0)= -s
inθ
0
I
I. c
os⁡(
-0)=c
osθ
0
I
II
. t
an(
-0)= -t
anθ

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Useofcal
cul
ator
s
Exampl
e
Useacal
cul
atort
ofi
nd
0
I
. Tan30
Sol
uti
on

 Keyi
ntan

 Keyi
n30

 Scr
eendi
spl
ays0.
5773502
0
 Ther
efor
etan30 =0.
5774
Tof
indt
hei
nver
seofsi
necosi
neandt
angent

 Keyi
nshi
ft

 Thenei
thersi
necosi
neort
angent

 Keyi
nthenumber

Not
e;
Al
way
sconsul
tthemanual
fory
ourcal
cul
ator
.Becausecal
cul
ator
swor
kdi
ff
erent
ly

Radi
ans
Oner adianisthemeasur eofanangl esubtendedatt hecent
rebyanar cequali nlengthtotheradi
usofthe
cir
cle.
Becauset hecircumfer
enceofaci r
cl s2πr
ei ,thereare2πr adiansinaf ullcir
cle.Degreemeasureand
radi
anmeasur ear et
hereforerelatedbytheequat i
on360°=2πr adians, or180°=πr adi
ans.
Thedi agram showsequi valentradiananddegreemeasur esforspecialanglesfrom 0°t o360°(0radi
ansto
2πr adians).
Youmayf indi thelpfultomemor i
zet heequiv
alentdegr eeandr adianmeasur esofspecial
anglesint hefi
rstquadrant.Allotherspeci
alanglesarejustmulti
plesoft heseangl es.

Exampl
e
0
Conv
ert125i
ntor
adi
ans

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Sol
uti
on
0
c 360
I
f1 = =57.
29
2π

0 125
Ther
efor
e125= =2.
182t
o4S.
F
57.29
Exampl
e
Conv
ertt
hef
oll
owi
ngdegr
eest
oradi
ans,
giv
ingy
ouransweri
nter
msπ.
0
60
Sol
uti
on
0 c
360 =2π
Ther
efor
e
0 2π c
60 =( x60)
360

πC
=( )
3
Exampl
e
Whati
sthel
engt
hoft
hear
cthatt
hatsubt
endsanangl
eof0.
6radi
ansatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us20
cm.
Sol
uti
on
c
1i
ssubt
ende
dby20c
m
c
t
her
efor
e0.
6iss
ubt
ende
dby20×0.
6cm =12c
m

Si
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cgr
aphs
Gr
aphsofy
=si
nx
The graphs can be dr
awn bychoosi
ng a sui
tabl
eval
ue ofxand pl
ott
ing t
he v
alues ofyagai
nst
theCor
respondingval
uesofx.

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Thebl
ackpor
ti
onoft
hegr
aphr
epr
esent
soneper
iodoft
hef
unct
ionandi
scal
l
edonecy
cleoft
hesi
ne
cur
ve.
Exampl
e

Sket
cht aphofy=2si
hegr nxont
hei
nter
val
[–π,
4π]
.

Solut
ion:
Notethaty=2sinx=2(
sinx)i
ndi
cat
est hey
hatt -val
uesf
ort
hekeypoi
ntswi
l
lhav
etwi
cet
hemagni
tudeof
thoseont aphofy=si
hegr nx.

x π/
2 π 3π 2π

Y=2si
nx 2 0 -
2 0

Togett
hev
aluesofysubsti
tut
etheval
uesofxint
heequat
iony=2si
nxasf
oll
ows
0
y
=2sin(360)because2πisequal
to360

Not
e;
 Youcanchangetheradi
ansint
odegreestomakewor ksi
mpler
.
 Byconnect
ingthesekeypoi
ntswithasmoothcurveandext
endingt
hecur
vei
nbot
hdi
rect
ionsov
er
thei
nter
val [–π, 4π]
,youobtai
nthegraphshowninbel
ow.

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Exampl
e

0 0 0
Sket
cht aphofy=cosxf
hegr or0 ≤x≤ 360usi
ngani
nter
val
of30

Sol
uti
on:
Theval
uesofxandt
hecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofyar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
ebel
ow

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Y=cos 1 0.
8660 0.
5 0 -
0.5 - -
1 - -
0.5
x 0.
8660 0.
8660

0 0 0 0
x 270 300 330 360

Y=cosx 0 0.
5 0.
8660 1

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Gr
aphoft
angent
s
Not
e;
0 0
 Ast
hev
alueofxappr
oaches90 and270 t
anxbecamesv
eryl
arge
0 0
 Hencet
hegr
aphofy=t
anxappr
oachest
hel
i
nesx=90 a
nd270 wi
thoutt
ouchi
ngt
hem.
 Suchl
i
nesar
ecal
l
edasy
mpt
otes

Sol
uti
onoft
ri
angl
es
Si
nrul
e
a b c
I
faci
rcl
eofradi
usRisci
rcumscri
bedar
oundthet
riangl
eABC,
then = = =2R.
sinA s inB s i
nC
Novel
s,
Update
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e,Hi
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choolNot
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Thesi
ner
uleappl
i
est
obot
hacut
eandobt
use–angl
edt
ri
angl
e.

Exampl
e
0
Sol
vet
ri
angl
eABC,
giv
ent
hatCAB=42.
9,c=14.
6cm anda=11.
4cm
Sol
uti
on
Tosol
veat
ri
angl
emeanst
ofi
ndt
hesi
desandangl
esnotgi
ven

a c
=
s
inA si
nC
11.
4 14.
6
=
s
in42.
9 s i
nC
14.
6s i
n42.
9
Si
nc= =0.
8720
11.
4
0
Ther
efor
ec=60.
69
Not
e;
Thesi
nrul
eisusedwhenweknow
 Twosi
desandanon-
incl
udedangl
eofat
ri
angl
e
 Al
lsi
desandatl
eastoneangl
e

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 Al
langl
esandatl
eastonesi
de.

Cosi
ner
ule

2 2 2 2 2 2
a =b +c-2bc
cosAORb =a +c-2a
ccosB

Exampl
e
0
Fi
ndACi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
ifAB=4cm ,
BC=6cm andABC=78

Sol
uti
on
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Usi
ngt
hecosi
ner
ule
2 2
b +c-2a
ccosB
2 2 2
b =a +c-2a
ccosB
2 2 2 0
b =4 +6 -2x4x6c
os78
0
=16+36–48c
os78
=52–9.
979
=42.
02cm
Not
e;
Thecosi
ner
ulei
susedwhenweknow
 Twosi
desandani
ncl
udedangl
e
 Al
lthr
eesi
desofat
ri
angl
e

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Sol
vet
heequat
ion
Si
n5θ=-
1for00≤0≤1800
2 2
2. Gi
vent nθ=2/
hatsi 3andi
sanacut
eangl
efi
nd:
(a)Tanθgiv
ingy
ouransweri
nsur
dfor
m
(b)Sec2θ
3. Sol
vethe1
equat
i n2(
on2si x-300)=cos600f
or–1800≤x≤1800
0
4. Givent
hatsi
n(x+30) =cos2x0f
or00,00 ≤x≤900 f
indt
hev
alueofx.Hencef
indt
hev
alueofcos
2 0
3x.
5. Gi
vent
hatsi
na=1 wher
eai
sanacut
eangl
efi
nd,
wit
houtusi
ng
√5
Mat
hemat
ical
tabl
es
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(
a)Cosai
nthef
orm ofa√b,
wher
eaandbar
erat
ional
number
s
( 900–a)
b)Tan( .
6. Gi
v hatxoi
et sanangl
eint
hef
ir
stquadr
antsucht n2x+2cosx-
hat8si 5=0
Fi
nd:
a) Cosx
b) t
anx
7. Gi
v hatCos2x0=0.
ent 8070,
findxwhen00≤x≤3600
8 Thefi
gurebel
owshowsaquadr
il
ater
alABCDi
nwhi
chAB=8cm, <BAD=450,
DC=12cm, <CBD=
0 0
90 andBCD=30.

Fi
nd:
(
a) Thel
engt
hofBD
(
b) Thesi
zeoft
heangl
eADB

9. Thediagr
am below r
epresent
saschoolgat
ewi
thdoubl
eshut
ter
s.Theshut
ter
sar
esuchopened
0
thr
oughanangleof63.
Theedgesoft
hegat
e,PQandRSar
eeach1.
8m

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Cal
cul
atet
heshor
testdi
stanceQS,
cor
rectt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
10…Thefigurebel
ow r
epr
esent
saquadr i
lat
eralpi
eceoflandABCDdi v
idedi
ntot
hreet
ri
angul
ar
0 0
pl
ots.Thelengt
hsBEandCDar e100m and80m respect
ivel
y.Angl
eABE=30ACE=45 and
ACD=1000

(
a)Fi
ndt
ofoursi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
(
i) Thel
engt
hofAE
(
ii
) Thel
engt
hofAD
(
ii
i) Theper
imet
eroft
hepi
eceofl
and

(
b)Theplotsar
etobefencedwithfiv
estrandsofbarbedwireleavi
nganent r
anceof2.8m wideto
eachplot
.Thety
peofbarbedwir
etobeusedi ssol
dinrol
lsoflengths480m.Calcul
atet
henumber
ofrol
l
sofbarbedwi
rethatmustbeboughttocomplet
ethefencingofthepl
ots.
11. Gi
vent
hatxi
sanacut
eangl
eandcosx=25,
findwi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
5
0
t
abl
esoracal
cul
ator
,tan(90–x).
12. I
nthef
igur owA=620,
ebel B=410,
BC=8.
4cm andCNi
sthebi
sect
orofACB.

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Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hofCNt
o1deci
mal
place.
13. Inthediagram bel
owPAr epr
esent
sanelect
ri
cit
ypostofheight9.
6m.BBandRCr epr
esent
stwo
storeybuil
dingsofhei
ghts15.4m and33.4m r
especti
vel
y.Theangl
eofdepr
essi
onofAfrom Bi
s
0 0
5.5 Whiletheangl
eofelevati
onofCfrom Bi
s30.5 andBC=35m.

(
a) Cal
cul
ate,
tot
henear
estmet
re,
thedi
stanceAB
(
b) Byscal
edr
awi
ngf
ind,
(
i) Thedi
stanceACi
nmet
res
(
ii
) BCAandhencedet
ermi
net
heangl
eofdepr
essi
onofAf
rom C
Mor
equest
ions

1. Sol
vet
heequat
ion: (
2mks)

f
or

2. (
a)Compl
etet
het abl
ebel
ow,
leav
ingal
lyourv
aluescor
rectt
o2d.
p.f
ort
hef
unct
ionsy=cosxand
0
y=2cos(
x+30) (
2mks)
X0 00 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
cosX 1.
00 -
1.00 0.
50

2cos(
x+30) 1.
73 -
1.73 0.
00

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0
(
b)Fort
hef
unct
iony=2cos(
x+30)
St
ate:
(i
) Theperi
od (
1mk)
(i
i) Phaseangl e (1mk)
0
(
c)On t
hesameaxesdr aw t
hewav esofthef uncti
onsy= cosxand y= 2cos(
x+30) f
or
0
.Usethescal
e1cm r
ep30 hori
zontall
yand2cm r
ep1uni
tver
ti
cal
l
y
(
4mks)

(
d)Usey
ourgr
aphabov
etosol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty (
2mks)

3. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion.
3x-180o)= √3
Cos( i
nt angeOo<x<180o(
her 3mar
ks)
2

4. Gi
vent
hat andөi
sanacut
eangl
e,f
indwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
escos(
90–ө)

(
2mks)
0
5. Sol
vef
orөi
f-¼si
n(2x+30)=0.
1607,
0≤ө≥360 (
3mks)
6. Gi
venthatCos=5/13a hat27003600,
ndt wor
koutthevalueofTan+Si
nwi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
mathemati
cal
tabl
es. (3marks)
7. Sol
vef
orxi
nt ange00x1800
her (
4mks)
- n2x–2cosx=-
8si 5.
8. I
ftanxo=12/
5andxi
sar
efl
exangl
e,f
indt
hev
alueof5si
nx+cosxwi
thoutusi
nga
cal
cul
atorormat
hemat
ical
tabl
es
9. Fi
ndgi
vent
hat2cos3- or0o360o
1=0f
10. Wi
thoutamat
hemat
ical
tabl
eoracal
cul
ator
,si
mpl
i
fyCos300oxSi
: n120ogi
vi
ngy
ouransweri
n
Cos330o–Si
n405or
ati
onal
i
zedsur
dfor
m.
11. Expr
essi
nsur
dsf
orm andr
ati
onal
i
zet
hedenomi
nat
or.
1
n60oSi
Si n45o-Si
n45o

12. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
es;
Tan45+cos45si
n60

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CHAPTERFOURTYFOUR

S
URDS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
iner
ati
onal
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s,
(
b)Si
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
onswi
thsur
ds;
(
c)Rat
ional
i
zedenomi
nat
orswi
thsur
ds.

Content
(a)Rati
onal
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s
(
b)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofsur
ds
(
c)Rat
ional
i
zat
ionofdenomi
nat
ors.

Rat
ional
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s

Rat
ional
number
s

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p
Ar
ati
onal
numberi
sanumberwhi
chcanbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm ,wher
epandqar
eint
eger
sandq≠0.
The
q
i
nteger
’spandqmustnothav
ecommonf
act
orsot
hert
han1.
13
Number
ssuchas2, , 4ar
eexampl
esofr
ati
onal
number
s.Recur
ri
ngnumber
sar
eal
sor
ati
onal
number
s.
24
I
rr
ati
onal
number
s
p
Number
sthatcannotbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm .Number
ssuchasπ 23 ar
eir
rat
ional
number
s.
q
Sur
ds
3 3
Number
swhi
chhav
egotnoexactsquar
eroot
sorcuber
ootar
ecal
l
edsur
dse.
g.2 ,8 28,16 or 36
Thepr
oductofasur
dandar
ati
onal
numberi
scal
l
edami
xedsur
d.Exampl
esar
e;
1
2 3,
4 7 and 2
3
Or
derofsur
ds
3,6 a
res
urdsofor
dert
wo
3 3
2,6 a
res
urdsofor
dert
hre
e
4 4
2,64 a
res
urdsofor
derf
our
Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofsur
ds
Asur
dcanber
educedt
oit
slowestt
erm possi
ble,
asf
oll
ows;
Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy
a) 18
b) 72
Sol
uti
on

18= 9x2

9× 2 =3 2

48= 16x3

16× 3=4 3

Oper
ati
onofsur
ds
Surdscanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edonl
yift
heyar
eli
kesur
ds(
thati
s,i
ftheyhav
ethesamev
alueundert
he
rootsi
gn)
.
Exampl
e1
Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng.

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i
. 3√2+5√2
i
i
. 8√5−2√5

Sol
uti
on

i
. 3√2+5√2=8√2
i
i
. 8√5−2√5=6√5
Summar
y
2+ 2 Leta= 2

Ther
efor
e 2 + 2=a+a
=2a

Buta= 2

Hence 2+ 2 =2 2

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sionofsur
ds
Sur
dsoft
hesameor
dercanbemul
ti
pli
edordi
vi
dedi
rr
espect
iveoft
henumberundert
her
ootsi
gn.

Law1:√ax√b=√abWhenmul
ti
ply
ingsur
dst
oget
her
,mul
ti
plyt
hei
rval
uest
oget
her
.

e.
g.1 √3x√12=√(
3x12)=√36=6

e.
g.2 √7x√5 =√35

Thi
slawcanbeusedi
nrev
erset
osi
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
ons…

e.
g.3 √12=√2x√6 or√4x√3=2√3

√a
Law2:
√a÷√b or =√(
a/b) Whendi
vi
dingsur
ds,
div
idet
hei
rval
ues(
andv
icev
ersa)
.
√b

e.
g.1 √12 = √(
12÷3)=√4=2
√3

√6 √3
e.
g.2 =
√8 √4

a2)or(
Law3:√( √a)2 =a Whensquar
ingasquar
e-r
oot
,(orv
icev
ersa)
,thesy
mbol
scancel

Eachot
herout
,leav
ingj
ustt
hebase.

e.
g.1 √122 =12

e.
g.2 √7x√7=√72=7

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Not
e:
I
fyouaddthesamesurdstogethery
oujusthav
ethatnumberofsur
ds.E.
g.
√2+√2+√2=3√2
I
fasurdhasasquar enumberasaf act
oryoucanuselaw1and/orlaw2andwor kbackwar
dst
otaket
hat
outandsimpl
if
ythesurd.E.
g.√500 =√100x√5=10√5

Rat
ional
i
zat
ionofsur
ds
Surdsmayal soappearinfracti
ons.Rat ionali
zingthedenomi nat
orofsuchaf r
act
ionmeansfi
ndi
ngan
equival
entfr
act
ionthatdoesNOThav easur dont hebottom ofthefr
act
ion(t
houghitCANhav
easurdon
thetop!
).
Ift
hesur dcont
ainsasquarer ootbyitsel
foramul t
ipl
eofasquar eroot
,togetri
dofit,y
oumustmul
ti
ply
BOTHt hetopandbottom ofthefract
ionbyt hatsquarer
ootvalue.

e.
g. 6 x√7 = 6√7
√7 x√7 7

e.
g.2 6+√2x√3 = 6√3+√2x√3= 6√3+√6
2√3 x√3 2x√3x√3 6
i
.e.2x 3

I
ft hesur
dont hebott
om invol
vesaddi
ti
onorsubtracti
onwithasquarer
oot
,togetr
idofthesquar
eroot
partyoumustusethe‘di
ff
erenceoftwosquares’
andmul ti
plyBOTHthet
opandbott
om ofthef
ract
ionby
thebott
om sur
d’sexpr
essi
onbutwiththeinv
erseoperat
ion.

e.
g.3 7 x(2-√2) = 14-7√2 = 14-7√2
22–( 2
2+√2x(
2-√2) √2) 2
i.
e.4 – 2

Not
esont
he‘
Dif
fer
enceoft
wosquar
es’
…

Squar
ing… (2+√2)
(2+√2) =2(
2+√2)+√2(
2+√2)
(opst
hesame) =4+2√2+2√2+√2√2
=4 + 4√2 + 2 =6+√2(
sti
l
lasur
d)

Mul
ti
ply
ing… (2+√2)
(2-√2) =2(
2-√2)+√2(2-√2)
(
opposi
teops) = 4-2√2+2√2-√2√2
=4 ( cancel
out
)- 2 =2 (
notasur
d)

Inessence,aslongast
heoperati
onineachbracket
sistheopposi
te,themiddl
eter
mswi llal
wayscancel
eachotheroutandyouwil
lbel
eftwit
hthefi
rstt
erm squar
edsubt
racti
ngthesecondt
erm squared.
5-√7) 52–( 2
i
.e. ( 5+√7)( √7) =25–7=18

Example
Simpl
i
fybyr
ati
onal
i
zingt
hedenomi
nat
or

2+ 3
6-3
Sol
uti
on

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2+ 3 2+ 3 6+ 3
= x
6-3 6-3 6+ 3

2(6+ 3)+ 3(6+ 3 )

=
6(6+ 3)
- 3(6+ 3 )

12+ 6+ 18+√9
=
36+ 18-18-√9

4 x 3+ 6+ 9x 2+ 3
=
6-
3

2 3+ 6+3 2+3
=
3
Not
e
Ift
heproductoft
het
wosur
dsgi
vesar
ati
onalnumbert
hent
hepr
oductoft
het
wosur
dsgi
vesconj
ugat
e
sur
ds.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
es,
findt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion
Logx3+l
og5x=5l
og2–l
og2
5
2. Si
mpl
i
fy (
1÷√3)(
1-√3)
Henceev
aluat
e 1 t
o3s.
f.gi
vent
hat√3=1.
7321
1+√3
3. I
f√14 - √14 =a√7+b√2
√7-
√2 √7+√2
Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofaandbwher
eaandbar
erat
ional
number
s.
4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
nthef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion49(x+1)+7(2x)=350
5. Fi
ndxi
f3l ogx2=l
og5+l og1/
125
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6. Si
mpl
i
fyasf
araspossi
blel
eav
ingy
ouransweri
nfor
m ofasur
d

1 - 1
√14 -2√3 √14+2√3
7. Gi venthattan750=2+√3,
findwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl an150i
est nthef
orm p+q√m,
wher
ep,
q
andm ar
eint
egers.
8. Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
es,
simpl
i
fy

63 + 72
32 + 28
9. Si mpli
fy 3 + 1 l
eav
ingt
heansweri
nthef
orm a+bc,
wher
ea,
bandc5-
2 5
ar
erat
ional
number
s

CHAPTERFOURTYFI
VE

FURTHERLOGARI
THMS

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Der
ivel
ogar
it
hmi
crel
ati
onf
rom i
ndexf
orm andv
icev
ersa;
(
b)St
atet
hel
awsofl
ogar
it
hms;
(
c)Usel
ogar
it
hmi
clawst
osi
mpl
i
fyl
ogar
it
hmi
cexpr
essi
onsandsol
vel
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions;
(
d)Appl
ylawsofl
ogar
it
hmsf
orf
urt
hercomput
ati
ons.
Content
(a)Logar
it
hmi
cnot
ati
on(
eg.an=b,
logab=n)
(
b)Thel
awsofl
ogar
it
hms:
log(
AB)=l
ogA+l
ogB,
log(
A^B)=l
ogA-
logBandLogAn=nxl
ogA.
(
c)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionsofl
ogar
it
hmi
cexpr
essi
ons
(
d)Sol
uti
onofl
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions
(
e)Fur
thercomput
ati
onusi
ngl
ogar
it
hmi
claws.

I
f t
henwei
ntr
oducet
hei
nver
sef
unct
ionl
ogar
it
hm anddef
ine

(
Readasl
ogbase of equal
s).

I
ngener
al

Wher
e means“
impl
i
esandi
simpl
i
edby
”i.
e.i
twor
ksbot
hway
s!

Not
ethi
smeanst
hat
,goi
ngf
rom exponentf
ormt
ologar
it
hmi
cfor
m:

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 

 

 

Andi
ngoi
ngf
rom l
ogar
it
hmi
cfor
mtoex
ponentf
orm:

 

 

 

Lawsofl
ogar
it
hms
Pr
oductandQuot
ientLawsofLogar
it
hms:

ThePr
oductLaw

TheQuot
ientLaw

Exampl
e.

=2

ThePowerLawofLogar
it
hms:

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Exampl
e.
2l
og5+2l
og2

=2

Logar
it
hm ofaRoot

or

Exampl
e.

PROOFOFPROPERTI
ES
Pr
oper
ty Pr
oof Reasonf
orSt
ep

1.l
ogbb=1andl
ogb1=0 b1=b andb0=1 Def
ini
ti
onofl
ogar
it
hms
2.
(pr
oductr
ule) a.Letl
ogbx=m andl
ogby=n a.Set
up
l
ogbxy=l
ogbx+l
ogby b.x=bm andy=bn b.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm
y=bm *bn
c.x c.Mul
ti
plyt
oget
her
m +n
d.xy=b d.Pr
oductr
ulef
orexponent
s
e.l
ogbxy=m +n e.Rewr
it
einl
ogf
orm
fl
ogbxy=l
ogbx+l
ogby f
.Subst
it
uti
on

3.(
quot
ientr
ule) a.Letl
ogbx=m andl
ogby=n a.Gi
ven:compactf
orm
b.x=bm andy=bn b.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm
l
ogb =l
ogbx-l
ogby

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c.Di
vi
de
c. =

d.Quot
ientr
ulef
orexponent
s
d. =

e.Rewr
it
einl
ogf
orm

e.l
ogb =m -n
f
.Subst
it
uti
on

f
.logb l
ogbx-l
ogby

4.(
powerr
ule) ogbxsox=bm
a.Letm =l a.Set
up
n
l
ogbx =nl
ogbx
b.xn=bmn b.Raisebot
hsi
dest
othent
h
power
ogbxn=mn
c.l
c.Rewr
it
easl
og
ogbxn=nl
d.l ogbx
d.Subst
it
ute
5. Pr
opert
iesusedt
osol
ve
logequati
ons:

fbx=by,
a.i thenx=y
a.Thisfol
lows dir
ectl
yf r
om t
he
pr
oper
ti
esforexponent
s.

b.i
flogbx=l
ogby
,thenx
=y b.i
.logbx-l
ogby=0
b.i
.Subt
ractf
rom bot
hsi
des

i
i
.logb i
i
.Quot
ientr
ule

0
i
i
i. =b

i
i
i.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm

i
v. 1sox=y

i
v.b0=1

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Sol
vi
ngexponent
ial
andl
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions
Bytaki
nglogar
it
hms,andexponent
ialequat
ioncanbeconv
ert
edt
oal
i
nearequat
ionandsol
ved.Wewi
l
l
usethepr
ocessoft
akingl
ogari
thmsofbothsides.

Exampl
e.

a)

x=1.
792

Not
e;
Alogarit
hmicexpressi
onisdefinedonlyforposi
ti
vev al
uesoftheargument.Whenwesol veal
ogari
thmic
equati
onitisessenti
altover
if
yt hatt
hesoluti
on(s)doesnotresul
tinthelogar
it
hm ofanegat i
venumber.
Solut
ionsthatwouldresul
tinthelogari
thm ofanegat i
venumberarecall
edextraneous,andarenotval
i
d
sol
uti
ons.

Exampl
e.
Sol
vef
orx:

(
theonebecomesanexponent: )

Ver
if
y:

notpossi
ble

Sol
vi
ngequat
ionsusi
ngl
ogs

Exampl
es

(
i)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

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Thedef
ini
ti
onofl
ogssay
sif t
hen or

Hence (
to5deci
mal
places)

Check (
to5deci
mal
places)

I
npr
act
icef
rom wet
akel
ogst
obase10gi
vi
ng

(
ii
)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Check , ,wewant sotheval

ueof l
i
esbetween3and4or whi
ch
means l
i
esbet
ween1.
5and2.Thi
stel
l
susthat isr
oughl
ycor
rect
.

(
ii
i)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Check v
erycl
ose!

Not
eyoucoul
dcombi
net
erms,
giv
ing,

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(
iv)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Takel
ogsofbot
hsi
des
Expandbr
acket
s
Col
l
ectt
erms
Fact
ori
set
hel
efthandsi
de

di
vi
de
(
Not
eyougett
hesameanswerbyusi
ngt
hel
nbut
tonony
ourcal
cul
ator
.)

Check and

Not
icet
haty
oucoul
dcombi
net
hel
og-
ter
msi
n

t
ogi
ve

I
tdoesnotr
eal
l
ysi
mpl
i
fyt
hingsher
ebut
,insomecases,
itcan.

(
v)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

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Takel
ogsofbot
hsi
des
Expandbr
acket
s
Col
l
ectt
erms

Fact
ori
zel
efthandsi
de

si
mpl
i
fy

di
vi
de

Check

LHS= (
taki
ng )

RHS= (
taki
ng )

Thev
aluesofLHSandRHSar
eroughl
ythesame.Amor
eexactcheckcoul
dbemadeusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

Logar
it
hmi
cequat
ionsandexpr
essi
ons
Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions
l
og3
81=x a
ndl
ogx
8=3

Thev
alueofxi
neachcasei
sest
abl
i
shedasf
oll
ows
l
og3
81=x

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x
Ther
efor
e 3 =81
x 4
3 =3
X=4
l
ogx
8=3
3
x =8
3 3
x =2
x=2
Exampl
e
Sol
vel
og6
2

Sol
uti
on
t
Letl
og6
2=t
.then6=2

I
ntr
oduci
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
obase10onbot
hsi
des

t
l
og6=l
og2

og6=l
tl og2
log
2
t=
log
6
0.
3010
t=
0.
7782
t=0.
3868
Ther
efor
elog
6
2=0.
3868

Exampl
e
2 +3(
2)-4=0
2x x

nce2 +3(2)cannotbecombi
2x x
Taki
ngl
ogsonbothsidescannothel
pi ngetti
ngthevalueofx,si nedi
ntoa
X
si
ngl
eexpr
essi
on.Howeverifwelet2 =yt hentheequati
onbecomesquadr
ati
ciny.
Sol
uti
on
X
Thus,
let2 =y…………….
.(1)
2
Ther
efor
ey +3y-4=0…………………(
2)
(
y+4)
(y-1)=0

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y= -4ory=1
Subst
it
uti
ngf
oryi
nequat
ion(
1);
X X
Let2 =-
4 orl
et2 =1
X X
Ther
eisnor
eal
val
ueofxf
orwhi
ch2 =-
4 hence2 =1
x=0
Exampl
e
2 2
Sol
vef
orxi
n(l
og10
x)=3-l
og10
x

Sol
uti
on
Letl
og10
x=t
……………………….
(1)
2
Ther
efor
et=3-2t
2
t+2t-3=0sol
vet
hequadr
ati
cequat
ionusi
nganymet
hod

2
t+3t-t-3=0
t
(t+3)-1(
t-3)=0
(
t-1)
(t+3)=0
t=1ort= -3
Subst
it
uti
ngf
orti
ntheequat
ion(
1).
l
og10
x=1 or l
og10
x=-
3
1 -
3
10 =1or10 =x
1
x=10or
1000
Not
e;
1
l
og =
b
log
a
b

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
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2
1. Sol
vef
or(
log
3
x)–½ l
og3
x=3/
2

2. Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ytheequat
ion52x–6(
5x)+5=0

3. Sol
vet
heequat
ion
Log(
x+24)–2l
og3=l
og(
9-2x)
4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
nthef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion49(x+1)+7(2x)=350
5. Fi
ndxi
f3l ogx2=l
og5+l og1/
125
6. Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
es,
findt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion
Logx3+l
og5x=5l
og2–l
og2
5
7. Gi
v hatP=3yexpr
ent esst
hequest
ions32y-1)+2x3(y-1)=1i
nter
msofP
8. Henceorot
her
wisef
indt
hev
alueofyi
ntheequat
i 3(2y-1)+2x3(y-1)=1
on:

CHAPTERFOURTYSI
X

COMMERCI
ALARI
THMETI
CII
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
inepr
inci
pal
,rat
eandt
imei
nrel
ati
ont
oint
erest
;
(
b)Cal
cul
atesi
mpl
eint
erestusi
ngsi
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
a;
(
c)Cal
cul
atecompoundi
nter
estusi
ngst
epbyst
epmet
hod;
(
d)Der
ivet
hecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a;
(
e)Appl
ythecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
aforcal
cul
ati
ngi
nter
est
;
(
f)Def
ineappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on;
(
g)Usecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
atocal
cul
ateappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on;
(
h)Cal
cul
atehi
repur
chase;
(
i)Cal
cul
atei
ncomet
axgi
vent
hei
ncomet
axbands.
Content
(a)Pri
nci
pal
rat
eandt
ime
(
b)Si
mpl
eint
erest
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(
c)Compoundi
nter
estusi
ngst
epbyst
epmet
hod
(
d)Der
ivat
ionofcompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a
(
e)Cal
cul
ati
onsusi
ngt
hecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a
(
f)Appr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on
(
g)Cal
cul
ati
onofappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
onusi
ngt
hecompoundi
nter
est
for
mul
a
(
h)Hi
repur
chase
(
i)I
ncomet
ax.

Si
mpl
eint
erest
I
nterestisthemoneychargedfortheuseofbor rowedmoneyf oraspeci
fi
cper
iodoftime.I
fmoneyis
borr
owedordeposi t
edi
tearnsint
erest,
Pri
nci
pleisthesum ofmoneyborr
owedordeposi
tedP,
Rat
eisthe
rat
ioofinter
estear
nedi
nagi v
enper i
odofti
met othepri
nci
ple.
Therat
ei sexpr
essedasapercentageofthepr
inci
palperannum (
P.A).Wheni
nter
esti
scal
cul
atedusi
ng
onl
ytheini
ti
alpr
inci
palatagi
venrateandt
ime,i
tiscal
ledsi
mpleint
erest(I
).
Si
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
ae
pr
inc
ipl
exrat
ext
ime
Si
mpl
eint
erest=
100

Exampl
e
Frannyi nv
est
sksh16,000i nasav
ingsaccount.Sheearnsasi
mpl eint
erestrateof14%,paidannual
l
yon
1
heri nvest
ment.Sheintendstoholdtheinvestmentfor1 y ears.Deter
mi nethefutur
ev al
ueoft he
2
i
nv estmentatmatur
it
y.

Sol
uti
on
PRT
I=
100
14 3
=sh.16000x x
100 2
=sh3360
Amount=P+I
=sh.
16000+sh3360
=sh.
19360
Exampl
e

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1
Cal
cul
atet
her
ateofi
nter
esti
fsh4500ear
nssh500af
ter1 year
s.
2

Sol
uti
on
Fr
om t
hesi
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
ae
PRT
I=
100

100XI
R==
PXT

P=sh4500
I=sh500
1
T=1 year
s
2
100x500
Ther
efor
eR=
3
4500x
2
R7.
4%
Exampl
e
Eshainv
estedacer
tai
namountofmoneyi
nabankwhichpaid12%p.a.si
mpleint
erest
.Af
ter5y
ear
s,hi
s
tot
alsavi
ngswer
esh5600.
Deter
minet
heamountofmoneyheinv
est
edinit
ial
l
y.
Sol
uti
on
Lett
heamounti
nvest
edbeshP
T=5y
ear
s
R=12%p.
a.
A=sh5600
ButA=P+I
12
Ther
efor
e5600=P+PX X5
100
=P+0.
60P
=1.
6P

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5600
Ther
efor
ep=
1.
6
=sh3500

Compoundi
nter
est
Supposeyoudepositmoneyi ntoaf inanciali
nsti
tut
ion,itear
nsint
erestinaspeci
fi
edperi
odoft i
me.
Inst
eadoftheinter
estbeingpaidt otheowneri tmaybeaddedt o(compoundedwit
h)thepri
nci
pleand
ther
efor
ealsoearnsinter
est.Thei nt
erestearnediscalledcompoundinter
est
.Theperi
odaf
terwhichit
s
compoundedtotheprinci
pleiscal
ledinterestper
iod.
Thecompoundint
erestmaybecal
cul
atedannual
ly
,semi-
annual
ly
,quar
terl
y,mont
hlyet
c.I
fther at
eof
compoundi
nter
esti
sR%p. aandthei
nteresti
scal
cul
atedntimesperyear
,thent
herat
eofint
erestper
per
iodi()
R
s %
n
Exampl
e
Moyolentksh.
2000ati
nter
estof5%perannum f
or2y
ear
s.Fi
rstweknowt
hatsi
mpl
eint
er or1sty
estf ear
nd
and2 y earwi
l
lbesame
i
.e.=2000x5x1/
100=Ksh.100
Tot
alsi
mpl
eint
erestf
or2y
ear
swi
l
lbe=100+100=ksh.200
I
nCompoundI nter
est(CI)thef
ir
styearInt
erestwil
lbesameasofSi mpl
eInter
est(SI
)i.
e.Ksh.
100.But
y
earI
Iint
eresti
scalcul
atedonP+SIof1styeari.
e.onksh.2000+ksh.100=ksh.2100.
So,
yearI
Iint
eresti
nCompoundI
nter
estbecomes
=2100x5x1/
100=Ksh.105
Soiti
sKsh.5mor ethanthesi
mpleint
erest
.Thisi
ncr
easeisduetot
hefactt
hatSIi
saddedtot
hepri
nci
pal
andthi
sksh.105isalsoaddedi
ntheprinci
pal
ifwehavetofi
ndthecompoundi
nter
estaf
ter3y
ear
s.Dir
ect
for
mulaincaseofcompoundinter
esti
s
r t
A=P(
1+ )
100
Wher
eA=Amount
P=Pr
inci
pal
R=Rat
e%perannum
T=Ti
me
A=P+CI
r
1+ )t=P+CI
P(
100

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Ty
pesofQuest
ion:
Ty
peI
:Tof
indCIandAmount
Ty
peI
I:Tof
indr
ate,
pri
nci
pal
ort
ime
Ty
peI
II
:Whendi
ff
erencebet
weenCIandSIi
sgi
ven.
Ty
peI
V:Wheni
nter
esti
scal
cul
atedhal
fyear
lyorquar
ter
lyet
c.
Ty
peV:
Whenbot
hrat
eandpr
inci
pal
hav
etobef
ound.

Ty
pe1
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heamountofksh.1000i
n2y
ear
sat10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Sol
uti
on.
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
2
=1000(
1+10/
100)
=1000x121/
100
=ksh.1210
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heamountofksh.6250i
n2y
ear
sat4%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Sol
uti
on.
A=P(
1+r
/100)t
2
=6250(
1+4/
100)
=6250x676/
625
=ksh.6760
Exampl
e
Whatwi
l
lbet
hecompoundi
nter
estonksh31250atar
ateof4%perannum f
or2y
ear
s?

Sol
uti
on.
CI=P(
1+r
/100)t-1
2
=31250{(
1+4/
100)-1}
=31250(
676/
625-1)
=31250x51/
625=ksh.2550
Example
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Asum amount
stoksh.24200i
n2y
ear
sat10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Fi
ndt
hesum ?
Sol
uti
on.
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
2
24200=P(
1+10/
100)
2
=P(
11/
10)
=24200x100/
121
=ksh.20000

Ty
peI
I
Exampl
e.
Thet
imei
nwhi
chksh.15625wi
l
lamountt
oksh.17576at45compoundi
nter
esti
s?
Sol
uti
on
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
t
17576=15625(
1+4/
100)
t
17576/
15625=(
26/
25)
(
26/
25)
t=(
26/
25)
3
t=3y
ear
s

Exampl
e
Ther
ateper
centi
fcompoundi
nter
estofksh.15625f
or3y
ear
sisKsh.1951.
Sol
uti
on.
A=P+CI
=15625+1951=ksh.17576
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
3
17576=15625(
1+r
/100)
3
17576/
15625=(
1+r
/100)
3
(
26/
25)
3=(
1+r
/100)
26/
25=1+r
/100
26/
25-1=r
/100

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1/
25=r
/100
r=4%

Ty
peI
V
1.Remember
2t
Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedhal
fyear
lyt
henAmount=P(
1+R/
2)
-
--
--
--
--
--
100
I
.e.i
nhal
fyear
lycompoundi
nter
estr
atei
shal
vedandti
mei sdoubl
ed.
2.Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedquar
ter
lyt
henr
atei
smade¼andt
imei
smade4t
imes.
4t
ThenA=P[
(1+R/
4)/
100]
3.Whenrateofi
nter
esti
sR1%,
R2%, or1st,
andR3%f 2ndand3rdy
earr
espect
ivel
y;t
henA=P(
1+R1/
100)
(1+R2/100)(
1+r3/100)

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hecompoundi
nter
estonksh.
5000at205perannum f
or1.
5yearcompoundhal
fyear
ly.
Sol
uti
on.
Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedhal
fyear
ly
2t
ThenAmount=P[
(1+R/
2)/
100]
3/
2
Amount=5000[
(1+20/
2)/
100]
3
=5000(
1+10/
100)
=5000x1331/
1000
=ksh6655
CI=6655-5000=ksh.1655
e.
g.
Fi
ndcompoundi
nter
estksh.47145at12%perannum f
or6mont
hs,
compoundedquar
ter
ly.
Sol
uti
on.
Asi
nter
esti
scompoundedquar
ter
ly
4t
A=[P(
1+R/
4)/
100)
]
A=47145[
(1+12/
4)100]½x4
/

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2
=47145(
1+3/
100)
=47145x103/
100x103/
100
=ksh.50016.
13
CI=50016.
13-47145
=ksh.2871.
13
Exampl
e
Findthecompoundi
nter
estonksh.18750f
or2y
ear
swhent
her
ateofi
nter or1sty
estf eari or2nd
s45andf
year8%.

Sol
uti
on.
A=P(
1+R1/
100)(
1+R1/
100)
=18750*104/
100*108/
100
=ksh.21060
CI=21060-18750
=ksh.2310

Ty
peV
Exampl
e
Thecompoundinter
estonacert
ainsum f
ortwoy
ear
sisksh.52andsi
mpl
eint
erestf
ort
hesameper
iodat
samerat
eisksh.50fi
ndthesum andther
ate.
Sol
uti
on.
Wewi l
ldothi
squestionbybasicconcept.Si
mpleint
eresti
ssameev eryyearandther
ei snodif
fer
ence
st nd st
betweenSIandCIf or1 y ear
.Thedi
ff
erenceari
sesinthe2 y earbecauseint
erestof1 y eari
saddedin
pri
ncipalandi
nter
estisnowchargedonprinci
pal
+simpleint
er estof1styear
.
Soi
nthi
squest
ion
2y
earSI=ksh.50
1y
earSI=ksh.25
or1sty
NowCIf ear=52-25=Rs.
27
Thi
sadditi
onali
nter
est27-25=ksh.2isduet
othefactthat1sty
earSIi
.e.ksh.25i
saddedi
npr
inci
pal
.It
meansthataddi
ti
onalksh.2i
nter
esti
schar
gedonksh.25.Rate%=2/25x100=8%
Shor
tcut
:
Rat
e%=[
(CI-SI
)/(
SI/
2)]x100
=[
(2/
50)
/2]x100

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2/
25x100
=8%
P=SIx100/
RxT=50x100/
8x2
=ksh.312.
50
Exampl
e
Asum ofmoneyl
entCIamount
sin2y
eart
oksh.8820andi
n3y
ear
stoksh.9261.Fi
ndt
hesum andr
ate
%.
Sol
uti
on.
Amountaf
ter3y
ear
s=ksh.9261
Amountaf
ter2y
ear
s=ksh.8820
Bysubt
ract
ingl
asty
ear
’si
nter
estksh.441
I
tiscl
eart
hatt
hisksh.441i
sSIonksh.8820f
rom 2ndt
o3rdy
eari
.e.f
or1y
ear
.
Rat
e%=441x100/
8820x1
=5%
t
Al
soA=P(
1+r
/100)
2
8820=P(
1+5/
100)
2
=P(
21/
20)
P=8820x400/
441
=ksh.8000

Appr
eci
ati
onandDepr
eci
ati
on
Appr
eci
ati
oni
sthegai
nofv
alueofanassetwhi
l
edepr
eci
ati
oni
sthel
ossofv
alueofanasset
.
Exampl
e
Ani
ronboxcostksh500andever
yyearitdepr
eci
atesby10%ofi
tsv
alueatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hatt
haty
ear
.
Whatwi
lli
tsv
aluebeaft
erval
ue4years?

Sol
uti
on
10
Val
ueaf
tert
hef
ir
sty
ear=sh(
500- x500)
100
=sh450

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10
Val
ueaf
tert
hesecondy
ear=sh(
450- x450)
100
=sh405
10
Val
ueaf
tert
het
hir
dyear=sh(
405- x405)
100
=sh364.
50
10
Val
ueaf
tert
hef
our
thy
ear=sh(
364.
50- x364.
50)
100
=sh328.
05
I
ngenerali
fPistheini
ti
alv
alueofanasset
,At
hev
alueaf
terdepr
eci
ati
onf
ornper
iodsandrt
her
ateof
depr
eci
ati
onperper
iod.
r n
A=P(I- )
100
Exampl
e
Ami ni
buscostsh400000.
Duet
owearandt
ear
,itdepr
eci
atesi
nval
ueby2%ev
erymont
h.Fi
ndi
tsv
alue
af
teroneyear
,
Sol
uti
on
r n
A=P(I- )
100
Subst
it
uti
ngP=400,
000,
r=2,
andn=12i
nthef
ormul
a;
12
A=sh.
400000(
1-0.
02)
12
=sh.
400,
000(
0.98)
=sh.
313700
Exampl
e
Theini
ti
alcostofaranchi
ssh.
5000,000.Attheendofeachy
ear
,thel
andv
aluei
ncr
easesby2%.
Whatwi
l
l
betheval
ueoftheranchatt
heendof3y ears?
Sol
uti
on
2 3
Thev
alueoft
her
anchaf
ter3y
ear
s=sh5000,
000(
1+ )
100
3
=sh.5000000(
1.02)
=sh5,
306,
040

Hi
rePur
chase
Methodofbuyi
nggoodsandser
vicesbyi
nst
alment
s.Thei
nter
estchar
gedf
orbuy
inggoodsorser
viceson
cr
editi
scal
ledcar
ryi
ngchar
ge.
Hi
repur
chase=Deposi
t+(
inst
alment
sxt
ime)
Exampl
e

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Achi
ngwantstobuyasewi ngmachi
neonhirepur
chase.I
thasacashpriceofksh7500.
Shecanpaya
cashpri
ceormakeadownpay mentofsh2250and15mont hl
yinst
almentsofsh.
550each.How much
i
nter
estdoesshepayundert
hei
nstal
mentpl
an?

Sol
uti
on
Tot
alamountofi
nst
alment
s=sh550x15
=sh8250
Downpay
ment(
deposi
t) =sh2250
Tot
alpay
ment =sh(
8250+2250)
=sh10500
Amountofi
nter
estchar
ged=sh(
10500-
7500)
=sh3000
Not
e;
Al
way
suset
heabov
efor
mul
atof
indot
herv
ari
abl
es.

I
ncomet
ax
Taxesonpersonali
ncomeisi
ncomet
ax.Gr
ossi
ncomei
sthet
otalamountofmoneyduet
othei
ndi
vi
dual
attheendofthemonthort
heyear
.
Gr
ossi
ncome=sal
ary+al
l
owances/benef
it
s
Taxabl
eincomeistheamountonwhi chtaxi
slev
ied.Thi
sisthegrossi
ncomelessanyspeci
albenef
it
son
whicht
axesarenotlev
ied.Suchbenef
it
sincl
uderef
undsforexpensesi
ncur
redwhi
leoneisonoff
ici
aldut
y.
I
nordertocal
culat
etheincometaxthatonehastopay,
weconver
tthetaxabl
eincomei
ntoKeny
apounds
K£perannum orpermonthasdi
ctat
edbyt hebyt
hetabl
eofr
atesgi
ven.
Rel
i
ef
 Ev
eryempl
oyeei
nkeny
aisent
it
ledt
oanaut
omat
icper
sonalt
axr
eli
efofsh.
12672p.
a(sh.
1056per
month)
 Anempl
oyeewi
thali
fei
nsurancepol
i
cyonhisli
fe,t
hatofhi
swi feorchi
l
d,maymakeat axcl
aim
ont
hepr
emiumspai
dtowardsthepol
i
cyatsh.
3perpoundsubjecttoamaximum cl
aim ofsh.
3000
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permont
h.
Exampl
e
Mr.Johnear
nsat
otalofK£12300p.
a.Cal
cul
atehow mucht
axheshoul
dpayperannum.
Usi
ngt
het
ax
t
ablebel
ow.

I
ncomet
axK£perannum Rat
e(shperpound)

1-
5808 2

5809-11280 3

11289-16752 4

16753-22224 5

Excessov
er22224 6

Sol
uti
on
Hi
ssal
aryl
i
esbet
ween£1and£12300.
Thehi
ghestt
axbandi
sther
efor
ethet
hir
dband.
Fort
hef
ir
st£5808,
taxduei
ssh5808x2=sh11616
Fort
henext£5472,
taxduei
ssh5472x2=sh16416
Remai
ning£1020,
taxduesh.1020x4 =sh4080+
Tot
alt
axdue sh32112

Lessper
sonal
rel
i
efofsh.
1056x12 = sh.
12672-
Sh19440
Ther
efor
epay
abl
ep.
aissh.
19400.
Exampl
e
Mr.Ogemboearnsabasi
csalar
yofsh15000permont
h.i
naddi
ti
onhegetsamedi
cal
all
owanceofsh2400
andahouseal
lowanceofsh12000.
Usethet
axtabl
eabovet
ocalcul
atet
het
axhepayspery
ear.
Sol
uti
on
Taxabl
eincomepermont
h=sh(
15000+2400+12000)
=sh.
29400
12
Conv
ert
ingt
oK£p.
a=K£29400x
20
=K£17640
Taxdue
Fi
rst£5808=sh.
5808x2=sh.
11616
Next£5472=sh.5472x3=sh.16416
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Next£5472=sh.
5472x4=sh.
21888
Remai
ning£888=sh.
888x5=sh4440+
Tot
alt
axdue sh54360
Lessper
sonal
rel
i
ef sh12672-
Ther
efor
e,t
axpay
abl
ep.
a sh41688

PAYE
InKenya,everyemployeri
srequir
edbythelaw t
odeducti
ncomet axfr
om themonthl
yearni
ngsofhi
s
employ
eesev erymonthandtoremitt
hemoneytothei
ncometaxdepar
tment
.Thissy
stem i
scal
l
edPayAs
YouEarn(PAYE) .

Housi
ng
Ifanemployeeispr
ovi
dedwithahousebytheemployer(ei
therf
reelyorforanominalrent)then15%ofhis
salar
yisaddedtohissal
ary(
lessr
entpai
d)forpur
poseoft axcalcul
ati
on.Ifthet
axpay erisadirect
orand
i
spr ovi
dedwithafr
eehouse,
then15%ofhissal
aryisaddedtohissalarybeforet
axat
ion.
Exampl
e
Mr.Omondiwhoisacivi
lser
vantl
i
vesi
ngover
nmenthousewhopay
sar
entofsh500permont
h.I
fhi
s
sal
aryi
s£9000p.
a,cal
cul
atehowmuchPAYEheremi
tsmonthl
y.
Sol
uti
on
Basi
csal
ary £9000
15
Housi
ng£ x9000=£1350
100
Lessr
entpai
d = £300
£1050+
Taxabl
eincome £10050

Taxchar
ged;
Fi
rst£5808,
thet
axduei
ssh.
5808x2 = sh11616
Remai
ning£4242,
thet
axduei
ssh4242x3=sh12726+
Sh24342
Lessper
sonal
rel
i
ef Sh12672
Sh11670

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11670
PAYE=sh
12

=sh972.
50
Exampl
e
Mr.Odhiamboi saseniort
eacheronamont hl
ybasi
csalaryofKsh.16000.
Ontopofhissal
aryheget
sa
houseall
owanceofsh12000, amedicalal
l
owanceofKsh.3060andahardshi
pall
owanceofKsh3060and
ahardshipall
owanceofKsh.4635.
Hehasal i
fei
nsur
ancepolicyf
orwhichhepaysKsh.
800permonthand
cl
aimsinsurancer
eli
ef.
i
. Uset
het
axt
abl
ebel
owt
ocal
cul
atehi
sPAYE.
I
ncomei
n£permont
h Rat
e%

1-484 10

485-940 15

941-1396 20

1397-1852 25

Excessov
er1852 30

i
i
. I
naddi
ti
ont
oPAYEEt
hef
oll
owi
ngdeduct
ionsar
emadeonhi
spayev
erymont
h
a)WCPSat2%ofbasi
csal
ary
b)HHI
Fksh.
400
c) Co–oper
ati
veshar
esandl
oanr
ecov
eryKsh4800.
Sol
uti
on
a)Taxabl
eincome=Ksh(
16000+12000+3060+4635)
=ksh35695
K£35695
Conv
ert
ingt
oK£ =
20
=K£1784.
75
Taxchar
gedi
s:
10
Fi
rst£484=£484x =£48.
40
100
15
Next£456=£456x =£68.
40
100

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10
Next£456=£456x =£91.
20
100
25
Remai
ning£388=£388x =£97.
00.
100
Tot
alt
axdue=£305.
00
=sh6100
800
I
nsur
ancer
eli
ef=sh x3=sh120
20
Per
sonal
rel
i
ef =sh1056+
Tot
alr
eli
ef sh1176

Taxpay
abl
epermont
hissh6100
Sh1176–
Sh 4924
Ther
efor
e,PAYEi
ssh4924.
Not
e;
Fort
hecal
cul
ati
onofPAYE,
taxabl
eincomei
sroundeddownort
runcat
edt
othenear
estwhol
enumber
.
I
fanempl
oyee’
sduet
axi
slesst
hant
her
eli
efal
l
ocat
ed,
thent
hatempl
oyeei
sexempt
edf
rom PAYEE
b)Tot
aldeduct
ionsar
e
2
Sh( x16000+400+4800+800+4924)=s
h11244
100
Netpay=sh(
35695–11244)
=sh24451

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Abusinesswomanopenedanaccountbydeposi t
ingKshs.12, nabankon1stJul
000i y1995.Each
subsequentyear,shedeposi
tedthesameamounton1stJul y
.Thebankoff
eredher9%perannum
compoundi nt
erest.Cal
cul
atethetot
alamounti
nheraccounton
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ls,
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(
a) 30thJune1996
(
b) 30thJune1997
2. Aconst
ruct
ioncompanyr
equi
rest
otr
anspor
t144t
onnesofst
onest
osi
tesAand
B.Thecompanypay
sKshs24,
000t
otr
anspor
t48t
onnesofst
onef
orev
ery28
km.Ki
mani
transpor
ted96t
onnest
oasi
teA,
49km away
.
(
a) Fi
ndhowmuchhepai
d
(
b) Ki
mani
spendsKshs3,
000t
otr
anspor
tev
ery8t
onnesofst
onest
osi
te.
Cal
cul
atehi
stot
alpr
ofi
t.
(
c) Achi
engtransport
edther
emai
ningst
onest
osi
tesB,84km away
.Ifshemade44%pr
ofi
t,
fi
ndhert
ransportcost
.
3. Thet
abl
eshowsi
ncomet
axr
ates

Mont
hlyt
axabl
epay Rat
eoft
axKshsi
n1K£

1–435 2
436–870 3
871-
1305 4
1306–1740 5
ExcessOv
er1740 6

A companyempl
oyeeear
namont hl
ybasi
csal
aryofKshs30,
000 and i
sal
so gi
vent
axabl
e
al
l
owancesamount
ingt
oKshs10,
480.
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
incomet
ax
(
b) Theempl
oyeei
sent
it
ledt
oaper
sonal
taxr
eli
efofKshs800permont
h.
Det
ermi
net
henett
ax.
(
c) I
ftheempl
oyeer
ecei
veda50%i
ncr
easei
nhi
stot
ali
ncome,
cal
cul
atet
he
cor
respondi
ngper
cent
agei
ncr
easeont
hei
ncomet
ax.
4. Ahouseistobesol
dei
theroncashbasi
sorthr
oughaloan.Thecashpr
icei
sKshs.
750,000.The
l
oancondi
ti
onsar
eaasf
ollows:
ther
eistobedownpay
ment
of10%oft
hecashpr
iceandt
her
estoft
hemoneyi
stobepai
dthr
oughal
oan
at10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Acust
omerdeci
dedt
obuyt
hehouset
hroughal
oan.
a) (
i) Cal
cul
atet
heamountofmoneyl
oanedt
othecust
omer
.
(
ii
) Thecust
omerpai
dthel
oani
n3y
ear
’s.Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
amount

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pai
dfort
hehouse.
b) Fi
ndhowl
ongt
hecust
omerwoul
dhav
etakent
oful
l
ypayf
ort
hehouse
i
fshepai
dat
otal
ofKshs891,
750.
5. Abusinessmanobtai
nedal
oanofKshs.450,000fr
om abankt obuyamatat
uval
uedatt
hesame
amount.Thebankchar
gesi
nter
estat24%perannum compoundquar
ter
ly
a) Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
amountofmoneyt
hebusi
nessmanpai
dtocl
eart
hel
oani
n1½y
ear
s.
b) Theaver
ageincomereal
i
zedfrom t
hematatuperdaywasKshs.1500.Themat
atuworked
for3y
earsatanaver
ageof280daysyear
.Cal
culat
ethet
otal
incomefrom t
hemat
atu.
c) Duri
ngthethreeyear
s,thev
alueoft
hematat
udepreci
atedattherat
eof16%perannum.If
thebusi
nessmansoldthematat
uati
tsnewval
ue,
calcul
atethetot
alprof
ither
eal
i
zedbyt
he
endofthr
eeyears.
6. Abankei t
herpayssimpl
eint
erestas5% p.aorcompoundi nterest5% p.
aondeposits.Nekesa
deposi
tedKshsPinthebankf
ortwoyearsonsimpleint
erestt
erms.Ifshehaddeposi
tedthesame
amountfortwoyear
soncompoundint
erestt
erms,shewouldhav eearnedKshs210more.
Cal
cul
atewi
thoutusi
ngMat
hemat
icsTabl
es,
thev
aluesofP
7. (
a) Acer
tai
nsum ofmoneyi
sdeposi
tedi
nabankt
hatpay
ssi
mpl
eint
erestat
acert
ainrate.Af
ter5year
sthetot
alamountofmoneyi
nanaccounti
sKshs358400.The
i
nter
estearnedeachyeari
s12800
Cal
cul
ate
(
i) Theamountofmoneywhichwasdeposi
ted (2mks)
(
ii
) Theannual rat
eofinter
estthatt
hebankpaid (2mks)
(
b) Acomputerwhosemarkedpri
ceisKshs40,000issol
datKshs56,
000onhi
repur
chase
t
erms.
(
i) Kiokoboughtthecomputeronhir
epurchaset
erm.Hepai
dadepositof25% oft
hehi
re
purchasepri
ceand cl
eared t
hebalancebyequalmont
hlyi
nst
all
mentsofKshs2625.
Calcul
atet
henumberofinst
all
ment
s(3mks)
(
ii
) HadKiokoboughtthecomputeroncashter
mshewoul dhavebeenall
owedadiscountof12
½%onmar kedpri
ce.Cal
culat
ethedif
fer
encebetweenthecashpri
ceandthehir
epurchase
pr
iceandexpressasapercent
ageofthecashpr
ice
(
ii
i) Cal
cul
atet
hedif
fer
encebetweent
hecashpr
iceandhi
repur
chasepr
iceandex
pressi
tasa
per
cent
ageoft
hecashpri
ce.
8. Thet
abl
ebel
owi
sapar
toft
axt
abl
eformont
hlyi
ncomef
ort
hey
ear2004

Mont
hlyt
axabl
eincome Taxr
ateper
cent
age
I
n(Kshs) (
%)i
neachshi
l
li
ngs

UnderKshs9681 10%

Fr
om Kshs9681butunder18801 15%
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Fr
om Kshs18801but27921 20%

I
nthet
axy
ear2004,
thet
axofKer
ubo’
smont
hlyi
ncomewasKshs1916.
Cal
cul
ateKer
ubo’
smont
hlyi
ncome
9. Thecashpr
iceofaT.Vseti
sKshs13,
800.Acust
omeropt
stobuyt
hesetonhi
repur
chaset
erms
bypayi
ngadeposi
tofKshs2280.
Ifsi
mpleinterestof20p.ai schargedonthebalanceandthecust
omeri
srequi
redt
orepayby24
equalmonthlyinst
all
ments.Calcul
atetheamountofeachi
nstal
l
ment.
10. Apl
otofl
andv
aluedatKsh.50,
000att
hest
artof1994.
Ther
eaf
ter
,ev
eryy
ear
,itappr
eci
atedby10%ofi
tspr
evi
ousy
ear
sval
uef
ind:
(
a) Thev
alueoft
hel
andatt
hest
artof1995
(
b) Thev
alueoft
hel
andatt
heendof1997

11. Thet
abl
ebel
owshowsKeny
ataxr
atesi
nacer
tai
nyear
.

I
ncomeK£perannum Taxr
atesKshsperK£

1-4512 2

4513-9024 3

9025-13536 4

13537-18048 5

18049-22560 6

Ov
er22560 6.
5

I
nthatyearMuhandoear
nedasal
aryofKsh.16510permont
h.Hewasent
it
ledt
oamont
hlyt
ax
r
eli
efofKsh.960
Cal
cul
ate
(
a) Muhandoannual
sal
aryi
nK£
(
b) (
i) Themont
hlyt
axpai
dbyMuhandoi
nKsh
14. Atail
orint
endstobuyasewingmachinewhichcostsKsh48,000.Heborrowsthemoneyf r
om a
bank.Theloanhast
oberepaidattheendofthesecondyear
.Thebankchargesanint
erestatt
he
rat
eof24%perannum compoundedhalfy
ear
ly.Cal
cul
atet
hetotalamountpayabl
etot
hebank.

15. Theaveragerat
eofdepr
eci
ati
oninval
ueofawaterpumpis9%perannum.Af t
ert
hreecompl
ete
year
sit
sv al
uewasKsh150,
700.Fi
ndit
sval
ueatt
hestar
toft
het
hreeyearper
iod.

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1.Awat erpumpcostsKsh21600whennew,att heendoft hefirstyeari

tsvaluedepreci
atesby
25%.The depreci
ati
on atthe end oft
he second y
eari s 20% and thereaf
terthe rate of
depr
eciati
oni
s15%y ear
ly.Cal
culat
etheexactval
ueofthewat erpumpatt heendoft hefourth
year
.

CHAPTERFOURTYSEVEN

CI
RCLES
,CHORDSANDTANGENTS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendofthet
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(a)Cal
cul
atel
engt
hofanar
candachord;
(
b)Cal
cul
atel
engt
hsoft
angent
sandi
nter
sect
ingchor
ds;
(
c)St
ateandusepr
oper
ti
esofchor
dsandt
angent
s;
(
d)Const
ructt
angentt
oaci
rcl
e,
(
e)Const
ructdi
rectandt
ransv
ersecommont
angent
stot
woci
rcl
es;
(
f)Rel
ateangl
esi
nal
ter
nat
esegment
;
(
g)Const
ructci
rcumscr
ibed,
inscr
ibedandescr
ibedci
rcl
es;
(
h)Locat
ecent
roi
dandor
thocent
reofat
ri
angl
e;
(
i)Appl
yknowl
edgeofci
rcl
es,
tangent
sandchor
dst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Cont
ent
(
a)Ar
cs,
chor
dsandt
angent
s
(
b)Lengt
hsoft
angent
sandi
nter
sect
ingchor
ds
(
c)Pr
oper
ti
esofchor
dsandt
angent
s
(
d)Const
ruct
ionoft
angent
stoaci
rcl
e
(
e)Di
rectandt
ransv
ersecommont
angent
stot
woci
rcl
es
(
f)Angl
esi
nal
ter
nat
esegment

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(
g)Ci
rcumscr
ibed,
inscr
ibedandescr
ibedci
rcl
es
(
h)Cent
roi
dandor
thocent
re
(
i)Appl
i
cat
ionofknowl
edgeoft
angent
sandchor
dst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Lengt
hofanAr
c

TheAr
clengt
hmar
kedr
edi
sgi
venby;
θ
x2πr
.
360
Exampl
e
0
Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hofanar
csubt
endedbyanangl
eof250 att
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eofr
adi
us14cm.
Sol
uti
on
θ
Lengt
hofanar
c= x2πr
360
250 22
= x2x x14=61.
11c
m
360 7
Exampl
e
0
Thelengthofanar
cofaci
rcl
eis11.
0cm.
Findt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eifanar
csubt
endedanangl
eof90at
thecentr
e.
Sol
uti
on
θ 0
Ar
clengt
h= x2πrbutθ=90
360
90 22
Ther
efor
e11= x2x xr
360 7
r=7.
0cm

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
ebyanar
cof20cm,
ift
heci
rcumf
erenceoft
heci
rcl
eis60
cm.
Sol
uti
on
θ
= x2πr=20
360
But2πr=60c
m
θ
Ther
efor
e, x60=20
360
360
θ=20x
60
0
θ=120
Chor
ds
Chordofaci r
cle:Ali
nesegmentwhichjoi
nst wopoint
sonaci rcl
e.Diameter
:achordwhichpasses
thr
oughthecenteroft
heci
rcl
e.Radi
us:t
hedist
ancefr
om thecent
erofthecir
cletot
he ci
rcumfer
enceof
theci
rcl
e

Per
pendi
cularbi
sect
orofacode
A perpendicul
ar drawn fr
om t
he cent
re of t
he ci
rcl
e t
o a chor
d bi
sect
s t
he chor
d.

Not
e;
 Per per
ndicul
ardrawnfrom t
hecentr
eoft hecir
clet ochor
d bisect
sthecord(di
videsiti
ntotwo
equalpar
ts)
 Ast rai
ghtli
nejoi
ningt
hecentreofaci
rcl
et ot
hemi dpoi
ntofachordisper
pendi
cul
artothechor
d.

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Ther
adi
usofaci
rcl
ecent
reOi
s13cm.
Findt
heper
pendi
cul
ardi
stancef
rom Ot
othechor
d,i
fABi
s24cm.

Sol
uti
on
OCbisectschor
dABatC
Ther
efore,AC=12cm
2 2 2
I
n∆AOC, OC =AO -AC
2 2
=13 -12 =25
Ther
efore
,OM = 25 =5cm

Par
all
elchor
ds
Anychor
dpassi
ngt
hrought
hemi
dpoi
ntsofal
lpar
all
elchor
dsofaci
rcl
eisadi
amet
er

Exampl
e
I
nthefi
gurebelowCDandABar
epar
all
elchor
dsofaci
rcl
eand2cm apar
t.I
fCD=8cm andAB=10cm,
f
indt
heradiusoft
heci
rcl
e

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Sol
uti
on
 Dr
awt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
hechor
dst
ocutt
hem atKandL.
 Joi
nODandOC
 I
ntr
iangl
eODL,
 DL=4cm andKC=5cm
 LetOK=Xcm
2 2 2
 Ther
efor
e(x+ 2)+4 =r
I
ntr
iangl
eOCK;
2 2 2
 x + 5 =r
2 2 2 2
 Ther
efor
e(x+ 2)+4 =x +5
2 2 2 2
 x +4x+20)+4 =x +5

 4x+20=25

 4x=5
1
 X= 1
4
2 2 2
Usi
ngt
heequat
ion x + 5 =r

2 52 2
r=( )+ 5
4
25
= +25
16
425
=
16

425
r= =5.
154cm
16

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I
nter
secti
ngchor
ds
DE EB
I
ngeneral = orDE×EC=EB×AE
AE EC

Example
Intheexampl
eaboveABandCDar
etwochor
dst
hati
nter
secti
naci
rcl
eatGi
vent
hatAE=4cm,
CE=5cm
andDE=3cm, f
indAB.

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Solut
ion
LetEB=xcm
4×x=5×3
4x=15
x=3.
75cm
Si
nceAB=AE+EB
AB=4+3.75
=7.
75cm

Equal
chords.
 Anglessubt
endedatthecent
reofacir
clebyequalchordsar
eequal
s
 Ifchor
dsareequalt
heyareequi
dist
antfr
om thecentr
eoftheci
rcl
e

Secant
Achor
dthati
spr
oducedout
sideaci
rcl
eiscal
l
edasecant
BC CD
= ORBC×CA=CD×EC
EC CA

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofATi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.AR=4cm,
RD=5cm andTC=9cm.
Sol
uti
on
ACxAT=AOxAR
(
x+9)x=( 5+4)4
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2
x +9x=36
2
x +9x-36=0
(
x+12)(
x-3)=0
Ther
efor
e,x=-12orx=3
xc
anonl
ybeapos
iti
venumbe
rnotne
gat
ivehe
ncex=3c
m

Tangentandsecant
Tangent
Alinewhi
chtouchesacir
cleatexact
lyonepoi
nti
scal
l
edat
angentl
i
neandt
hepoi
ntwher
eitt
ouchest
he
ci
rclei
scal
ledthepoi
ntofcont
act
Secant
Al i
newhichi
ntersect
sthecircl
eintwodisti
nctpoi
ntsi
scall
edasecantl
i
ne(
usual
l
yref
err
edt
oasa
secant
).
Thefi
guresbelow Ashowsasecantwhil
eBshowsatangent.

A B
Const
ruct
ionofat
angent

 Dr
awaci
rcl
eofanyr
adi
usandcent
reO.

 Joi
nOt
oanypoi
ntPont
heci
rcumf
erence

 Pr
oduceOPt
oapoi
ntPout
sidet
heci
rcl
e

 Const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
neSPt
hroughpoi
ntP

 Thel
i
nei
sat
angentt
otheci
rcl
eatPasshownbel
ow.

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Not
e;
 Ther
adi
usandt
angentar
eper
pendi
cul
aratt
hepoi
ntofcont
act
.

 Thr
oughanypoi
ntonaci
rcl
e,onl
yonet
angentcanbedr
awn

 Aper
pendi
cul
art
oat
angentatt
hepoi
ntofcont
actpassest
houghtt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.

Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow PT=15cm andPO=17cm,
cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hofPQ.

Sol
uti
on
2 2 2
OT =OP -PT
2 2
=17 -15
=64
OT=8cm

Pr
oper
ti
esoft
angent
stoaci
rcl
efr
om anext
ernal
poi
nt
I
ftwot
angent
sar
edr
awnt
oaci
rcl
efr
om anext
ernal
poi
nt

 Theyar
eequal

 Theysubt
endequal
angl
esatt
hecent
re

 Thel
i
nej
oini
ngt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
etot
heext
ernal
poi
ntbi
sect
stheangl
ebet
weent
het
angent
s

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Exampl
e
Thef
igurebel
owr
epr
esent
saci
rcl
ecent
reOandr
adi
us5cm.Thet
angent
sPTi
s12cm l
ong.Fi
nd:a.
)OP
1
b.
)AngleTPT

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Joi
nOt
oP
2 2 2
OP =OC -PC (
pyt
hag
ora
sthe
ore
m)
2 2 2
OP = 5 +12

=25+144
=169
The
ref
ore
,OP=13c
m
1 1
b.
)<TPT =2TPO(PObi
sec
t<TPT)
0
<OTP =90
∆TPOi
sar
ighta
ngl
eda
tT

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12
c
os<TPO= =0.
9231
13
0
Ther
efor
e,<TPO=22.
62
1 0
Hence<TPT =22.
62 ×2
0
=45.
24

Twot
angentt
oaci
rcl
e
Di
rect(
ext
eri
or)commont
angent
s Tr
ansv
erseori
nter
iorcommont
angent
s

TangentPr
obl
em
Thecommon-tangentproblem i
snamedf orthesingletangentsegmentthat’
stangentt
ot wocir
cles.Your
goali
stofi
ndthelengthoft hetangent
.Theseproblemsar eabitinv
olv
ed, butt
heyshouldcausey ouli
tt
le
di
ffi
cul
tyi
fyouusethest r
aightf
orwardthr
ee-
stepsoluti
onmet hodthatf
oll
ows.

Thefoll
owingexampl einvolv
esacommonext ernaltangent(wheret
hetangentl
i
esonthesamesi deof
bothcir
cles).Youmi ghtalsoseeacommon- t
angentpr obl
em thati
nvolv
esacommoni nter
naltangent
(wher
ethet angentl
i
esbet weentheci
rcl
es)
.Nowor r
ies:Thesolut
iont
echni
queist
hesameforboth.
Gi
v enther
adi
usofci
rcl
e Ai
s4cm andt
her
adi
usofci
rcl
eZi
s14cm andt
hedi
stancebet
weent
het
wo
ci
rclesi
s8cm.
Her
e’showt
osol
vei
t:

1.)Dr
aw thesegmentconnect
ingthecenter
soft hetwoci
rcl
esanddr
aw t
het
wor
adi
itot
hepoi
ntsof
tangency(i
fthesesegment
shaven’
tal
readybeendrawnf
oryou)
.
Dr
awl
i
neAZandr
adi
iABandZY.
Thef ol
l
owingfigur
eshowst hisst
ep.Notethatt
hegivendi
stanceof8cm betweent heci
rcl
esi
sthe
di
stancebetweentheout
sidesoft
hecir
clesal
ongt
hesegmentt
hatconnect
sthei
rcent
ers.

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2.)From t
hecenterofthesmal
lercircle,dr
aw asegmentpar
all
elt
othecommont angentt
il
lithi
tst
he
radi
usofthel
argerci
rcl
e(ort
heextensionoftheradi
usi
nacommon-int
ernal
-t
angentpr
oblem)
.

Youendupwi
thari
ghttr
iangleandar
ect
angl
e;oneoft
her
ect
angl
e’
ssi
desi
sthecommont
angent
.The
abov
efi
gur
eil
l
ust
rat
esthi
sst ep.
3.)
Younowhaveari
ghttr
iangl
eandarect
angleandcanfi
nishtheprobl
em wi
tht
hePy
thagor
eanTheor
em
andthesi
mpl
efactt
hatopposi
tesi
desofarect
angl
earecongruent
.

Thet r
iangl
e’shy pot
enusei smadeupoft heradi
usofcircl
eA,thesegmentbet
weentheci
rcl
es,andthe
radi
usofci rcl
eZ.Thei rlengthsaddupto4+8+14=26.Youcanseet hatt
hewidt
hoftherectangl
e
equalstheradiusofcircl
eA, whichi
s4;becauseopposi
tesi
desofarect
anglear
econgr
uent
,youcanthen
tel
lthatoneoft hetr
iangl
e’slegsist
her
adiusofcir
cleZminus4,or14–4=10.
Younow know t
wosi
desoft
het
ri
angl
e,andi
fyouf
indt
het
hir
dsi
de,t
hat
’l
lgi
vey
out
hel
engt
hoft
he
commontangent
.
Yougett
het
hir
dsi
dewi
tht
hePy
thagor
eanTheor
em:

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ls,
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(Ofcourse,
ifyourecogni
zethatther
ightt
riangl
eisinthe5:12:13f ami
l
y,y
oucanmult
ipl
y12by2toget
24insteadofusingthePythagor
eanTheorem.)Becauseopposi
tesi
desofarect
angl
ear
econgr
uent
,BYis
also24,andyou’
redone.

Now l
ookbackatthel
astf
igur
eandnotewher
etheri
ghtangl
esar
eandhow t
her
ightt
ri
angl
eandt
he
r
ect
anglear
esit
uat
ed;t
henmakesur
eyouheedt
hefol
l
owingti
pandwar
ning.

Not
ethelocat
ionoft
hehy potenuse.I
nacommon-
tangentpr
obl
em,t
hesegmentconnecti
ngt
hecent
ersof
t
hecir
clesisalwaysthehy potenuseofari
ghtt
riangl
e.Thecommontangenti
sal wayst
hesideofa
r
ect
angl
e,notahypotenuse.

I
nacommon- t
angentpr
oblem,t
hesegmentconnect
ingt
hecent
ersoft
heci
rcl
esi
snev
eronesi
deofa
r
ightangl
e.Don’
tmakethi
scommonmi st
ake.

HOW TOconst
ructacommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
es

Int
hisl
essonyouwil
ll
earnhowtoconst
ructacommonexteri
ortangentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
esi
napl
anesuch
t
hatnooneisl
ocat
edinsi
detheot
herusi
ngarulerandacompass.

Pr
obl
em 1
Fortwogiv
encir
clesi
napl
anesuchthatnooneisl
ocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her
,toconst
ructt
hecommon
ext
eri
ort
angentl
i
neusi
ngar
ulerandacompass.

Sol
uti
on

Wear
egi
vent
woci
rcl
esi
napl
anesucht
hatnoonei
slocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her(
Figur
e1a)
.
Weneedt
oconst
ructt
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otheci
rcl
esusi
ngar
ulerandacompass.

Fir
st,letus anal
yze thepr
oblem andmakeasket
ch (
Figur
es1a and 1b)
.LetAB bet
hecommon
t
angentli
netothecir
cleswearesear
chingf
or.
Letusconnectt
hetangentpoi
ntA ofthef
ir
stci
rcl
ewi
thi
tscent
erP andt
het
angentpoi
ntB oft
he
secondci
rcl
ewit
hit
scenterQ (Fi
gur
e1aand1b).

Thentheradi
iPA andQB ar
ebothper
pendicul
art
othetangentl
i
neAB (
lessonAtangentl
inetoaci
rcl
e
i
sperpendi
cul
art
ot her
adi
usdrawntothetangentpoi
ntunderthet
opi
c Circl
esandthei
rproper
ti
es ).

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Hence,
ther
adi
iPAandQBar
epar
all
el.

Fi
gur
e1a.Tot
hePr
obl
em 1

Fi
gur
e1b.Tot
hesol
uti
onoft
hePr
obl
em 1

Fi
gur
e1c.Tot
heconst
ruct
ionst
ep3

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Next,l etusdrawt hestr

aightli
nesegmentCQ par all
elto AB throughthepointQ t i
l
ltheintersecti
on
withther adi
us PA atthepointC ( Fi
gure1b).Thent hestr
aightl
ine CQ ispar allelt
o AB.Hence,t he
quadri
lateralCABQ isapar al
lel
ogram ( moreover
,itisarectangl
e)andhast heopposi tesi
des QB and
CA congr uent
.ThepointC di vi
dest heradi
usPA i ntwosegment softhelengthr 2
(CA)andr -r (
1 2
PC).
I
tisclearf r
om t
hisanal
ysisthatthestrai
ghtli
neQC ist het
angentli
net ot
hecircleoft heradi
usr -r wi
1 2
t
h
thecenteratthepointP (showni nredinFigure1b).

Iti
mpli
est
hatt
hepr
ocedur
eofconst
ruct
ingt
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
esshoul
dbeas
f
oll
ows:
1)dr
awt
heauxi
l
iar
yci
rcl
eoft
her
adi
usr-r att
1 2
hecent
eroft
hel
argerci
rcl
e(showni
nredi
n Fi
gur
e
1b)
;
2)const
ructt
het
angentl
i
net ot
hisauxi
li
aryci
rcl
efr
om thecenterofthesmall
ercir
cle(showni
nredi
n
Fi
gur
e1b).Inthi
swayyouwil
lgett
hetangentpoi
ntC ontheauxil
i
ar yci
rcl
eoftheradi
usr -r
1 2
;

3)drawt hest
rai
ghtli
nef r
om thepointP t othepointC andconti
nueiti
nthesamedir
ecti
ontil
lthe
i
nter
sect
ionwiththelar
gercircl
e( showninbluei n Fi
gure1b)
.Theinter
sect
ionpoi
ntA isthetangent
poi
ntofthecommont angentl
ineandt hel
argerci
rcl
e.Figure1cremi
ndsyouhowtoperf
ormthi
sstep.
4)dr
awthest
rai
ghtl
i
neQB par
all
elt
o PA t
il
lthei
nter
sect
ionwi
tht
hesmal
l
erci
rcl
e(showni
nbl
uei
n
Fi
gur
e1b).
Thei
nter
sect
ionpoi
ntB i
sthet
angentpoi
ntoft
hecommont
angentl
i
neandt
hesmal
l
erci
rcl
e;
5)t
her
equi
redcommont
angentl
i
nei
suni
quel
ydef
inedbyi
tst
wopoi
ntsA andB.

Not
ethatal
ltheseoper
ati
ons1)-4)canbedoneusi
ngar
ulerandacompass.Thepr
obl
em i
ssol
ved.

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Pr
obl
em 2
Findthelengthoft
hecommonext er
iort
angentsegmenttot
wogi
venci
rcl
esi
napl
ane,i
ftheyhav
ethe
radi
ir1
and r
2
andthedi
stancebet
w eenthei
rcent
ersisd.

Nooneoft
het
woci
rcl
esi
slocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her
.

Sol
uti
on
Letususet
heFi
gur
e1bf
rom t
hesol
uti
ont
othepr
evi
ousPr
obl
em 1.
Thi
sFi
gur
eisr
elev
antt
othePr
obl
em 2.I
tiscopi
edandr
epr
oduced
i
ntheFi
gur
e2ont
her
ightf
ory
ourconv
eni
ence.
f
igur
e2

I
tiscl
earf
rom t
hesol
uti
onoft
hePr
obl
em 1abov
ethatt
hecommon
ext
eri
ort
angentsegment|
AB|i
scongr
uentt
othesi
de|
CQ|oft
he
quadr
il
ater
al(
rect
angl
e)CABQ.

Fr
om t
heot
hersi
de,t
hesegmentCQ i
sthel
egoft
her
ight
-angl
ed
t
ri
angl
eDELTAPCQ.Thi
str
iangl
ehast
hehy
pot
enuse'
smeasur
edand
t
heot
herl
eg'
smeasur
er1
-r
2
.Ther
efor
e,t
hel
engt
hoft
hecommon

ext
eri
ort
angentsegment|
AB|i
sequal
to
2 2
|
AB|
= d-
(r -r)
1 2

Not
ethatt
hesol
vabi
l
itycondi
ti
onf
ort
hispr
obl
em i
sd>r
1
-r
2
.

I
tcoi
nci
deswi
tht
hecondi
ti
ont
hatnooneoft
het
woci
rcl
esl
i
esi
nsi
det
heot
her
.

Exampl
e1
Fi
ndthel
engt
hofthecommonext eri
ortangentsegmentt
otwogi
venci
rcl
esi
napl
ane,i
fthei
rradi
iar
e6
cm and3cm andthedi
stancebetweentheircent
ers
i
s5cm.

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Sol
uti
on
Usethefor
mul
a(1)der
ivedi
nthesol
uti
onoft
hePr
obl
em 2.
Accordi
ngt
othi
sfor
mul
a,t
hel
engt
hoft
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentsegmentt
othet
wogi
venci
rcl
esi
s
equal
to

2 2 2 2
5-
( 3 = 25-
3)= 5-
6- 9
=4cm

Answer
.
Thel
engt
hoft
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentsegmentt
othet
wogi
venci
rcl
esi
s4cm

Cont
actofci
rcl
es
Twoci
rcl
ear
esai
dtot
oucheachot
heratapoi
nti
ftheyhav
eacommont
angentatt
hatpoi
nt.
Poi
ntTi
sshownbyt
her
eddot
.

I
nter
nal
tangent ext
ernal
l
ytangent
Not
e;
 Thecent
ersoft
het
woci
rcl
esandt
hei
rpoi
ntofcont
actl
i
eonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
 Whent wocir
clestoucheachotheri
nter
nal
l
y,t
hedi
stancebet
weent
hecent
ersi
sequalt
othe
di
ff
erenceoft
heradiii
.e.PQ=TP-
TA
 Whent
wocircl
est
oucheachot
herext
ernal
l
y,t
hedi
stancebet
weent
hecent
ersi
sequalt
othesum
oft
her
adi
ii
.e.OR=TO+TR
.

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Al
ter
nat
eSegmentt
heor
em
Theanglewhicht
hechordmakeswi t
hthetangenti
sequalt
otheangl
esubtendedbyt
hesamechordint
he
al
ter
natesegmentofthecir
cle.
Novel
s,
Updat
edICT,CPA,
KASNEB,
Col
leg
e ,
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hoolNot
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Angl
ea=Angl
eb

Not
e;
Thebluel
i
nerepr
esentstheangl
ewhicht
hechordCDmakeswi t
hthetangentPQwhi
chi
sequalt
othe
angl
ebwhichi
ssubtendedbyt
hechor
dintheal
ter
nat
esegmentoft
heci
rcle.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

 Angl
es=Angl
et

 Angl
ea=Angeb weus
ethea
lte
rna
tes
egme
ntt
heor
m<

Tangent–secantsegmentl
engt
htheor
em
Ifatangentsegmentandsecantsegmentaredr
awntoacircl
efrom anext
ernalpoi
nt,thent
hesquareof
thelengt
hoft hetangentequal
stheproductofthel
engt
hoft hesecantwiththelengthofit
sexternal
segment.

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2
TV) =TW.
( TX
Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
eabov
e,TW=10cm andXW =4cm.f
indTV
Sol
uti
on
2
TV) =TW.
( TX
2
TV)=10×6(t
( x=t
w-x
w)

=16
TV=4c
m

Ci
rcl
esandt
ri
angl
es

I
nscr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Const
ructt
hebi
sect
orsoft
het
hreeangl
es

 Thebi
sect
orswi
l
lmeetatpoi
ntI

 Const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom Ot
omeetoneoft
hesi
desatM

 Wi
tht
hecent
reIandr
adi
usI
M dr
awaci
rcl
e

 Theci
rcl
ewi
l
ltoucht
het
hreesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
eABC

 Suchaci
rcl
eiscal
l
edani
nscr
ibedci
rcl
eori
nci
rcl
e.

 Thecent
reofani
nscr
ibedci
rcl
eiscal
l
edt
hei
ncent
re

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Ci
rcumscr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Const
ructper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsofAB,
BC,
andACt
omeetatpoi
ntO.

 Wi
thOast
hecent
reandusi
ngOBasr
adi
us,
draw aci
rcl
e

 Theci
rcl
ewi
l
lpasst
hrought
hev
ert
icesA,
B andCasshowni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow

Escr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Ext
endl
i
neBAandBC

 Const
ructt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsoft
het
woext
ernal
angl
espr
oduced

 Lett
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsmeetatO

 Wi
thOast
hecent
redr
awt
heci
rcl
ewhi
chwi
l
ltouchal
ltheext
ernal
sidesoft
het
ri
angl
e

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Not
e;
Cent
reOi
scal
l
edt
heex-
cent
re
AOandCOar
ecal
l
edext
ernal
bisect
ors.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Thefigur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
saci
rcl
eadi
amet
er28cm wi
thasect
orsubt
endi eof750 at
nganangl
thecentr
e.

Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedsegmentt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(
a)<PST
2. Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sar
ect
angl
ePQRSi
nscr
ibedi
naci
rcl
ecent
re0andr
adi
us17cm.PQ=
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16cm.

Cal
cul
ate
(a)ThelengthPSoftherectangl
e
(b)TheanglePOS
(c)Theareaoftheshadedregion
3. I
nthefi
gur
ebel ow,BTi
sat angenttotheci
rcl
eatB.AXCTandBXDar
e
st
rai
ghtl
i
nes.AX=6cm,
CT=8cm,
BX=4.
8cm andXD=5cm.

Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hof
(
a)XC
(
b)BT
4. Thefi
gurebel
owshowst
woci
rcl
eseachofr
adi
us7cm,
wit
hcent
ersatXandY.Theci
rcl
est
ouch
eachot
heratpoi
ntQ.

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Gi
v hat<AXD=<BYC=1200andl
ent i
nesAB,
XQYandDCar
epar
all
el,
cal
cul
atet
hear
eaof
:
a) Mi
norsect Takeπ22/
orXAQD( 7)

b) Thet
rapezi
um XABY
c) Theshadedr
egi
ons.
5. Thefi
gur
ebel
owshowsaci rcl
e,cent
re,Oofr
adi
us7cm.TPandTQar
etangent
stot
heci
rcl
eat
poi
ntsPandQrespect
ivel
y.OT=25cm.

Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hoft
hechor
dPQ

6. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsaci
rcl
ecent
reOandapoi
ntQwhi
chi
sout
sidet
heci
rcl
e

O
Q

Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompasses,
onl
ylocat
eapoi
ntont
heci
rcl
esucht eOPQ=90o
hatangl

7. I
nthefigur
ebel
ow,PQRisanequilat
eralt
ri
angl
eofsi
de6cm.Ar
csQR,PRandPQar
csofci
rcl
es
wi
thcenter
satP,QandRrespect
ivel
y.

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Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
ont
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es

8. Inthefigur
ebel
ow ABisadi amet
eroft
heci
rcl
e.Chor
dPQi
nter
sect
sABatN.At
angentt
othe
cir
cleatBmeetsPQproducedatR.

Gi
vent
hatPN=14cm,
NB=4cm andBR=7.
5cm,
cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hof
:
(
a) NR

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(
b) AN

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CHAPTERFOURTYEI
GHT

MATRI
CES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
ineamat
ri
x;
(
b)St
atet
heor
derofamat
ri
x;
(
c)Def
ineasquar
emat
ri
x;
(
d)Det
ermi
necompat
ibi
l
ityi
naddi
ti
onandmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofmat
ri
ces;
(
e)Addmat
ri
ces;
(
f)Mul
ti
plymat
ri
ces;
(
g)I
dent
if
ymat
ri
ces;
(
h)Fi
nddet
ermi
nantofa2x2mat
ri
x;
(
i)Fi
ndt
hei
nver
seofa2x2mat
ri
x;
(
j)Usemat
ri
cest
osol
vesi
mul
taneousequat
ions.

Content
(a)Matr
ix
(
b)Or
derofamat
ri
x
(
c)Squar
emat
ri
x
(
d)Compat
ibi
l
ityi
naddi
ti
onandmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofmat
ri
ces
(
e)Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofamat
ri
xbyascal
ar
(
f)Mat
ri
xmul
ti
pli
cat
ion

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(
g)I
dent
if
ymat
ri
x
(
h)Det
ermi
nantofa2x2mat
ri
x
(
i)I
nver
seofa2x2mat
ri
x
(
j)Si
ngul
armat
ri
x
(
k)Sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
ntwounknowns.

(
i)

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Amat r
ixisarectangulararrangementofnumber sinrowsandcolumns.Forinst
ance,matr
ixAbel
owhas
tworowsandt hreecol umns.Thedi mensionsoft hi
smatri
xare2x3( read“2by3”).Thenumber
sina
matr
ixareit
sentries.I
nmat rixA,theentr
yinthesecondrowandthir
dcolumnis5.
A= [ 6 2 -1]
-2 0 5
Somemat ri
ces(thepluralofmat r
ix)hav
especialnamesbecauseofthei
rdimensi
onsorentr
ies.

Or
derofmat
ri
x
Matri
xconsistofr
owsandcolumns.Rowsarethehor
izont
alar
rangementwhi
l
ecolumnsar
ethevert
ical
arr
angement.
Orderofmatri
xisbei
ngdeter
mi nedbyt
henumberofr
owsandcolumns.Theorderi
sgi
venbyst
ati
ngthe
numberofrowsfol
lowedbycolumns.

Not
e;
I
fthenumberofr
owsism andthenumberofcol
umnsn,themat
ri
xisoforderm×n.
E.g.I
famatr
ixhasm r
owsandncolumns,iti
ssai
dtobeordermn.

e.
g. i
samat
ri
xofor
der34.

e.
g. i
samat
ri
xofor
der3.

e.
g. i
sa23mat
ri
x.

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e.
g. i
sa31mat
ri
x.

El
ement
sofmat
ri
x
Theelementofamatr
ixiseachnumberorl
ett
eri
nthemat
ri
x.Eachel
ementi
slocat
ingbyst
ati
ngi
ts
posi
ti
oninther
owandthecol
umn.

Forexampl
e,gi
vent
he3x4mat
ri
x

 Theel
ement1isint
hethirdr
owandf ir
stcolumn.
 Theel
ement6isint
hefir
strowandf or
thcolumn.
Not
e;
Amatr
ixi
nwhi
chthenumberofrowsisequaltothenumberofcol
umnsi
scal
l
edasquar
emat
ri
x.

I edar
scal
l owmat
ri
xorr
owv
ect
or.

I edacol
scal
l umnmat
ri
xorcol
umnv
ect
or.

I
sacol
umnv
ect
orofor
der31.

i
sar
owv
ect
orofor
der13.

Twoormoremat
ri
cesr
eequali
ftheyar
eofthesameor
derandt
hei
rcor
respondi
ngel
ement
sar
eequal
.
Thus,
if[ ][ ]
a c 3 4
=
cd 1 5
t
hen,
a=3,b=4andd=5.

Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ionofmat
ri
ces
Mat
ri
cescanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edi
ftheyar
eoft
hesameor
der
.Thesum oft
woormor
emat
ri
cesi
s

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obt
ainedbyaddi
ngcor
respondi
ngel
ement
s.Subt
ract
ioni
sal
sodonei
nthesameway
.
Exampl
e

i [ ]
0 7 [ ]
ndB= 1 3 f
fA= 2 5 a
6 2
ind:

1.
)A+B 2.
)A–B
Sol
uti
on

1. [ ][ ][
0 7 6 2 0+6 7+2 ][ ]
)A+B=2 5 + 1 3 = 2+1 5+3 = 3 8
6 9

2. [ ][ ][
)A-B=2 5 + 1 3 = 2-
0 7 6 2 0- 6 7-
2 ][ ]
3= 1 2
1 5-
6 5
-

Exampl
e

[ ][ ][ ] [
3 2 1 2 4 1 8 0 2
- +
0 4 5 1 2 0 1 3 5
1 3 2 5 9 6 2 1 6
=
3-
2+8 2-
0-
1-
4+0 1-
1+2
2+3 5-
1+1 4-
5+2 3-
0+5
9+1 2-
6+6
]
[ 9 -
2 2
= 0 5 10
-2 -
5 2
]
Not
e;
Af
terar
rangi
ngt
hemat
ri
cesy
oumustuseBODMAS

[]
1
[24 79]+ 56
Thematr
ixabov
ecannotbeaddedbecauset
heyar
enotoft
hesameor[ ]
der2 7 i
4 9
sofor
der2x2whi
l
1
[]
e 5i
6
s

ofor
der3x1

Mat
ri
xmul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Tomul
ti
plyamat
ri
xbyanumber
,youmul
ti
plyeachel
ementi
nthemat
ri
xbyt
henumber
.
Exampl
e

[ ]
3-
2 0
4 -
7
sol
uti
on

[
=
-2(
4(
3) 0(
3) -
7(
3)
][
= -
6 0
3) 12 -21 ]

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Exampl
e

-
[ ][ ]
1 -
2 4 5
-
20 3 + 6 -
4 5
- -
8
2 6
Sol
uti
on

[ ][ ]
2 4
-
0 -
8 -
10
4 5
-
6 + 6 -
-
8
2 6

[ ]
-
6 9
=6 -
14
6 -4
Exampl
e
Awomanwant edt
obuyonesackofpot atoes,t
hreebunchesofbananasandt wobasketofoni
on.She
wenttokikuy
umar ketandfoundt hepri
cesassh280f orthesackofpot atoes,sh50f orabunchof
bananasandsh100f orabasketofoni
ons.Atkondeleemarkett
hecorrespondingpri
cesweresh300,sh
48andsh80.
a.
)Ex
presst
hewoman’
srequi
rement
sasar
owmat
ri
x
b.
)Ex
presst
hepr
icesi
neachmar
ketasacol
umnmat
ri
x
c.
)Uset
hemat
ri
cesi
n(a)and(
b)t
ofi
ndt
het
otal
costi
neachmar
ket

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Requi
rement
sinmat
ri
xfor
mis(
132)

b.
)Pr
icemat
ri
xforKi
kuy
umar
keti
280
s 50
100
[]

Pr
icemat
ri
xforkondel
eemar
[]
300
ket 48
80
c.
)Tot
alcosti
nshi
l
li
ngsatKi
kuy
uMar
keti
s;

(
[]
280
132)50 =(
100
1x280+3x50+2x100)=(
630)

Tot
alcosti
nshi
l
li
ngsatKondel
eeMar
keti
s;

(
[]
300
132)48 =(1x300+3x48+2x80)=(
80
604)

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Thet
wor
esul
tscanbecombi
nedi
ntooneasshownbel
ow

(
[
280 300
132)50 48 =(
100 80
]
630 604)

Not
e;
TheproductoftwomatrcesA andB i
i sdefi
nedpr
ovi
dedt henumberofcol
umnsinA i
sequalt
othe
numberofr nB.
owsi
fAi
I sanm xnmat rxandBi
i sannxpmat r
ix,t
hent
heproductABi
sanm apmatri
x.
AXB=AB
m Xn nXp=m X p
Eacht
imear owismul
ti
pli
edbyacol
umn
Exampl
e

Fi
ndABi
-
[ ]
2 3
fA= 1 -
4 andB=
6 0
-
- [ ]
1 3
2 4

Solut
ion
BecauseAi sa3x2mat rxandBi
i sa2x2mat ri
x,t
heproductABisdefinedandisa3x2mat rix.Towr
it
e
theelementsinthef
ir
strowandf i
r umnofAB,mul
stcol t
ipl
ycor
respondingelement
sinthefi
rstrowofA
andthefir
stcolumnofB.Thenadd.Useasimi
l
arproceduretowr
it
et heotherent
ri
esoft
heproduct.

-
[ ][
2 3
AB= 1 -
4
6 0
-
1 3
2 4
- ]

[ ]
(
-2)
(-1)+(
3)(
-2) (
-2)(3)+(
3)(4)
=(
1)(
-1)+(-
4)(
-2) (
1)(3)+(-
4)(4)
(
-6)
(-1)+(
0)(
-2) (6)
(3)+(0)(
4)

[ ]
-
4 6
=7 -
-
13
6 18

I
dent
it
ymat
ri
x
Formatri
ces,theident
itymatri
xoraunitmatrxi
i sthemat
ri
xthathas1’sonthemaindi
agonaland0’s
el
sewhere.Themai ndiagonalist
heonerunni
ngfrom t
opl
eftt
obottom r
ight.
Iti
sal
socal
ledl
eadingor
pri
nci
plediagonal
.Examplesare;

I[ ]
=1 0
0 1 [ ]
1 0 0
I= 0 1 0
0 0 1
2X2i
dent
it
ymat
ri
x 3x3i
dent
it
ymat
ri
x

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fAi
I sanynxnmat
rxandIi
i sthenxni
dent
it
ymat
ri
x,henI
t A=AandAI=A.

Det
ermi
nantmat
ri
x
Thedet
ermi
nantofamat
ri
xist
hedi
ff
erenceoft
hepr
oduct
soft
heel
ement
sont
hedi
agonal
s.
Exampl
es
Thedet
ermi
nantofA,
detAor|
A|i
sdef
inedasf
oll
ows:

(
a) I
fn=2,

Exampl
e

Fi
ndt
hedet
ermi [ ]
nant1 3
2 5
Sol
uti
on
Subt
ractt
hepr
oductoft
hedi
agonal
s
1x5–2x3=5–6=-
1
Det
ermi
nanti
s-1

I
nver
seofamat
ri
x
Twomatri
cesofordernxnareinv
erseofeachot
herift
hei
rpr
oduct(
inbot
hor
der
s)i
sthei
dent
it
ymat
ri
xof
-1
thesameordernxn.Thei
nver
seofAi swri
tt
enasA
Exampl
e

Showt
-[ ] [ ]
hatB= 3 -
1 A= 2 1
5 2 5 3
Sol
uti
on

[ ][ ]
AB= 3 -
-
12 1
5 2 5 3

=[
1+3x2]
2X3+1x-5 2x -1+1+2
5x3+3x-5 5x -

=[
0 1]
1 0 =I

BA=[3 -
5 2] [5 3]
12 1
-

=[
0 1]
1 0 =I AB=BA=I.Hence,
Aist
hei
nver
seofB

Not
e;
Togett
hei
nver
semat
ri
x

 Fi
ndt
hedet
ermi
nantoft
hemat
ri
x.I
fiti
szer
o,t
hent
her
eisnoi
nver
se

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 I
fiti
snonzer
o,t
hen;

 I
nter
changet
heel
ement
sint
hemai
ndi
agonal

 Rev
erset
hesi
gnsoft
heel
ementi
ntheot
herdi
agonal
s

 Di
vi
det
hemat
ri
xobt
ainedbyt
hedet
ermi
nantoft
hegi
venmat
ri
x

I
nsummar
y
Thei
nver
seoft
hemat
ri [ ]
xA= a b i
cd
s

-
1
A =
|A|-e[ ]
1 d -
a a
d-b -
c
[ ]
b= 1 = d -
b pr
e a
ovi
deda
d-c
b≠0

Exampl
e

Fi
ndt
hei
nver [ ]
seofA=3 1
4 2
Sol
uti
on

[]
1
1 -
-
1
A =
4-
6- [ ] [ ]
1 2 -
1 =1 2 -
4 3 2-
1=
4 3
2
3
-
2
2

Check
-
1
Youcancheckt
hei
nver
sebyshowi
ngt
hatAA

[] []
1 1
1 - 1 -
[ ]
3 1
4 2 3
= [ ]
2 1 0
0 1
And [ ][ ]
23 1 1 0
=
3 4 2 0 1
-
2 -
2
2 2

Sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsusi
ngmat
ri
x
Usi
ngmat
ri
xmet
hodsol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpai
rsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ion
x+2y=4
3x-5y=1
Sol
uti
on

(13 -25)(yx)=(41)

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(13 -25)isthecooeffientsmatrixofthesimulteneouequations
(4y)istheconstantsmatrix

Weneedt
ocal
cul
atet
hei
nver ( )
seofA= 1 2
3 -
5
-
A=
(1)(
-
1
5)
-(2)
( (
-
3)-
5 -
3 1) (
2 =-1 -
11-3 1)
5 -
2

HenceAB=- (
3 1)(1)
- 1-5 -24
11-
1 22
=- (- )
11 11

()
=2
1
Hencet
hev
alueofx=2andt
hev
alueofy=1i
sthesol
uti
onoft
hesi
mul
taneousequat
ion

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. AandBar
etwomat
ri
ces.I
fA= 1 2 f
indBgi
v hatA2=A+B
ent
4 3
2. Gi
vent
hatA=1 3,
B=3 1,
C=p 0 andAB=BC,
det
ermi
net
hev
alueofP
53 5-
1 0 q
3. Amat
ri
xAi
sgi
venbyA=x 0
5 y
2
a)Det
ermi
neA

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fA2=
b)I 10 ,
det
ermi
net
hepossi
blepai
rsofv
aluesofxandy
4. (
a) Fi
ndt
hei
nve0
r
se1
oft
hemat
ri
x98
7 6
(
b) I
nacertai
nweekabusi nessmanbought36bicycl
esand32radi
osf ort
otalofKshs227280.
I
nthefoll
owingweek,hebought28bicycl
esand24radi
osforatotalofKshs174960.Usi
ng
matr
ixmethod,f
indthepri
ceofeachbicycl
eandeachradi
othathebought

(
c) I
nthethir
dweek,t
hepriceofeachbicy
clewasreducedby10%whilet
hepr
iceofeachr
adi
o
wasrai
sedby10%.Thebusi nessmanboughtasmanybi cy
clesandasmanyradi
osashe
hadboughti
nthef
irstt
woweeks.
Fi
ndbymat ri
xmethod,thet
otalcostoft
hebi
cycl
esandr
adi
ost
hatt
hebusi
nessman
boughti
nthet
hir
dweek.

5. Det
ermi
net
hei
nv seT-1oft
er hemat
ri
x 1 2
1-
1
Hencef
indt
hecoor
dinat
est
othepoi
ntatwhi
cht
het
wol
i
nesx+2y
=7andx-
y=1

6. Gi
vent
hatA= 0 -
1 andB= -
1 0
3 2 2 -
4
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
f
(
i) A–2x=2B
(
ii
) 3x–2A=3B
(
ii
i) 2A–3B=2x
7. Fi
ndt
henon-zer
oval
ueofkf
orwhi
ch k+1 2 i
sani
nver
se.
4k 2k
8. Aclothesdealersol
d3shi
rt
sand2t rouser
sforKshs.840and4shi
rt
sand5t
rouser
sforKshs1680.
Form amat r
ixequati
ontorepr
esenttheaboveinf
ormati
on.Hencefi
ndt
hecostof1shir
tandthe
costof1trouser.

CHAPTERFOURTYNI
NE

FORMULAEANDVARI
ATI
ON

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendoft
hetopi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeablet
o:
a)Rewri
teagi
venfor
mulabychangingi
tssubj
ect
b)Def
inedi
rect
,inv
erse,
par
ti
alandj
ointv
ari
ati
ons
c)Det
ermi
neconst
ant
sofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty
d)For
m andsol
veequat
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngv
ari
ati
ons
e)Dr
awgr
aphst
oil
l
ust
rat
edi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
f
)Usev
ari
ati
onst
osol
ver
eal
li
fepr
obl
ems

Cont
ent
a.
)Changeoft
hesubj
ectofaf
ormul
a
b.
)Di
rect
,inv
erse,
par
ti
alandj
ointv
ari
ati
on
c.
)Const
ant
sofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty
d.
)Equat
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngv
ari
ati
ons
e.
)Gr
aphsofdi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
on
f
.)For
mat
ionofequat
ionsonv
ari
ati
onsbasedonr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

For
mul
ae
AFor
mul
aisanexpr
essi
onorequat
iont
hatexpr
essest
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencer
tai
nquant
it
ies.

2
ForExampl
eA=πri
sthef
ormul
atof
indt
hear
eaofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
usruni
ts.

Fr
om thi
sformula,
wecanknowther
elat
ionshipbetweentheradi
usandtheareaofaci
rcl
e.Thear
eaofa
ci
rcl
evar
iesdir
ectl
yast
hesquar
eofi
tsradius.Her
eπi stheconst
antofv
ari
ati
on.

Changi
ngt
hesubj
ectofaf
ormul
ae
Ter
mi nol
ogy
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I
nthef
ormul
a
C=πd
Subj
ect
:C Rul
e:mul
ti
plyπbydi
amet
er

Thevari
abl
eont heleft,
isknownasthesubject:Whatyouar et
ryi
ngtofind.
Thefor
mulaont heright,i
sther
ule,
thatt
ell
sy ouhowt ocalcul
atethesubject
.
So,i
fyouwanttohav eaf ormul
aorrul
ethatletsyoucalcul
ated,youneed
tomaked,thesubjectofthefor
mula.
Thi
sischangi
ngt hesubjectoft
heformulafrom Ctod.

Socl
ear
lyi
nthecaseabov
ewher
e
C=πd

WegetCbymulti
ply
ingπbyt
hedi
ameter
Tocal
cul
ated,
weneedt odi
vi
det
heCircumferenceCbyπ
C
So d= andnowwehav edasthesubjectofthef
ormul
a.
π

Method:
Aformulaissimplyanequat ion,thatyoucannotsolve,
unti
lyour
epl
acethelet
ter
switht
hei
r
val
ues(number s)
.Itisknownasal i
teralequat
ion.
Tochanget hesubject,appl
yt hesamer ulesaswehaveappl
iedt
onormalequati
ons.
1.Addthesamev ari
abletobot hsides.
2.Subtr
actthesamev ari
ablef r
om bot hsides.
3.Multi
plybothsidesbyt hesamev ari
able.
4.Div
idebothsidesbyt hesamev ariable.
5.Squarebothsides
6.Squarerootbothsides.

Examples:
Maket hel
ett
eri
nbracket
sthesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
x+p=q[x]
(subt
ractpfr
om bot
hsides)
x=q–p

y−r=s[y]
(
addrt
obothsi
des)
y=s+r

P=RS[R]
(
div
idebot
hsi
desbyS)

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P
S=
R

A
=L [A]
B
(
mult
ipl
ybot
hsi
desbyB)
A=LB

2w+3=y[w]
(subtr
act3fr
om bot
hsides)
2w=y−3
(div
idebot
hsidesby2)
y-3
W=
2

1
P= Q [Q]
3
(mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desby3−getr
idoff
ract
ion)
3P=Q

2
T= k[k]
5
(mult
ipl
ybot
hsidesby5−getri
doff
ract
ion)
5T=2k
(di
vi
debothsi
desby2)
5T 5T 5
=k Not ethat: i st
hesameas T
2 2 2
2
A=πrr[r]
(
divi
debothsidesbyp)
A 2 A
=r(squarerootbot
hsi
des) =r
π π

1
L= h−t[h]
2
(mult
ipl
ybot
hsi
desby2)
2L=h−t
(addttobot
hsi
des)
2L+t=h

Exampl
e
d-
x
Makedt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
aG=
d-
1
Sol
uti
on
Squar
ingbot
hsi
des
2 d-
x
G=
d-
1
Mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyd-
1
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2
G(
d-1)=d-x
Expandi
ngt
heL.
H.S
2 2
dG -G =d-x
Coll
ecti
ngtheter
mscont
aini
ngdont
heL.
H.S
2 2
dG -d=G -x
Factori
zi
ngtheL.H.
S
2 2
G -1)=G -x
d(
Divi
dingbot
hsidesby
2
G -1)
(
2
G- x
d= 2
G-1

Var
iat
ion
I
naf ormulasomeelementswhi
chdonotchange(f
ixed)underanycondit
ionar
ecal
l
edconst
ant
swhi
l
ethe
onesthatchangear
ecall
edvari
abl
es.Ther
earedi
ff
erenttypesofvar
iat
ions.

 Dir
ectVari
ation, wher
ebot hvari
ableseit
herincr
easeordecreaset ogether
 I
nverseorIndirectVari
ation,wher
ewhenoneoft hevar
iablesincreases,theotheronedecr
eases
 Joi
ntVari
ation, wheremor ethantwov ar
iabl
esarerel
ateddirectl
y
 CombinedVar i
at i
on,whichinvol
vesacombi nati
onofdirectorjoi
ntv ar
iati
on,andindi
rectv
ari
ati
on

Exampl
es

 Di
rect
:ThenumberofmoneyImakev
ari
esdi
rect
ly(
ory
oucansayv
ari
espr
opor
ti
onal
l
y)wi
thhow
muchIwor
k.
 Di
rect:Thelengt
hofthesi
deasquar
evar
iesdi
rect
lywit
htheperi
meterofthesquare.
 I
nverse: Thenumberofpeopl
eIinvi
tet
omybowl i
ngpart
yv ar
iesinv
ersel
ywi t
ht henumberof
gamest
heymi
ghtgett
opl
ay(
ory
oucansayi
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hei
nver
seof
).
 I
nver
se:Thet
emper
atur
einmyhousev
ari
esi
ndi
rect
ly(
sameasi
nver
sel
y)wi
tht
heamountoft
ime
t
heaircondi
ti
oni
ngi
srunni
ng.
 I
nver
se:Myschoolmarksmayvar
yinv
ersel
ywi
tht
henumberofhour
sIwat
chTV.

Di
rectorPr
opor
ti
onal
Var
iat
ion

Whent wovari
ablesar
erel
ateddi
rect
ly,
ther
ati
ooft heirval
uesisal
wayst hesame.Soasonegoesup, so
doestheother,andi
fonegoesdown,sodoestheot her.Thinkofl
i
neardi r
ectvari
ati
onasa“ y=mx”li
ne,
wheretherat
ioofytoxisthesl
ope(m).Withdi
rectv ari
ati
on,hey
t -
int
erceptisalways0(zer
o);t
hisi
show
i
t’
sdefined.

Di
rectv
ari
ati
onpr
obl
emsar
ety
pical
l
ywr
it
ten:

→ y
=kx wher
eki
sther
atoofyt
i ox(
whi
chi
sthesameast
hesl
opeorr
ate)
.

Some probl
emswi l
laskfort hatkval
ue (whi
ch i
scalled t
he const
antofvari
ati
on orconst
antof
propor
ti
onal
i
ty);
other
swil
ljustgiv
eyou3outofthe4val
uesforxandyandy oucansi
mplysetuparat
io
tofi
ndtheot
herval
ue.

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Remembert
heexampl
eofmaki
ngksh1000 perweek(y=10x)
? Thi
sisanexampleofdi
rectv
ari
ati
on,
si
ncet
herat
ioofhowmuchy
oumaket
ohowmanyhour syouwor
kisal
waysconst
ant
.

Di
rectVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

Theamountofmoneyrai
sedataschoolfundrai
serisdi
rectl
ypropor
ti
onalt
othenumberofpeopl
ewho
att
end.Lasty
ear,t
heamountofmoneyraisedfor100attendeeswas$2500. Howmuchmoneywi l
lbe
rai
sedi
f1000peopl
eat
tendthi
syear
?

Sol
uti
on:

Let
’sdot
hispr
obl
em usi
ngbot
htheFor
mul
aMet
hodandt
hePr
opor
ti
onMet
hod:

For
mul
amet
hod Expl
anat
ion

Pr
opor
ti
onal
met
hod Ex
planat
ion

Di
rectSquar
eVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em

Agai
n,aDi
rectSquar
eVar
iat
i swhenyi
oni spr
opor
ti
onal
tot eofx,
hesquar or .

Exampl
e

fy
I v
ari
esdi
rect
lywi
tht
hesquar x,
eof fy=4whenx=3,
andi sywhenx=2?
whati

Sol
uti
on:

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Let
’sdot
hiswi
tht
hef
ormul
amet
hodandt
hepr
opor
ti
onmet
hod:

For
mul
aemet
hod not
es

Pr
opor
ti
onal
met
hod Not
es

Exampl
e
0
Thelengt
h( l
)cm ofawi r
ev ar
iesdirect
lyast
hetemper
atur
eTc. Thelengt
hofthewi
rei
s5cm whent
he
0 0
temperat
ureis65c .
Cal
cul
atethelengthoft
hewir
ewhenthetemperat
ureis69c.

Sol
uti
on

l
αT

Ther
efor
el=Kt
0
Subst
it
uti
ngl
=5whenT=65c
.

5=kx65

5 1
K= =
65 13

1
Ther
efor
el= T
13

Whent=69

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1 4
L= x 69=5 c m
13 13

Di
rectv
ari
ati
ongr
aph

I
nver
seorI
ndi
rectVar
iat
ion
Inv
er seorIndir
ectVar
iat
ionisreferstorel
ati
onshipsoftwov ari
ablesthatgointheopposi t
edirect
ion.
Let’
ssupposedy ouar
ecompar inghow fastyouar edr
ivi
ng(averagespeed)tohow fastyougett oyour
wor k.
Thefasteryoudr
ivetheearli
eryougettoyourwork.Soasthespeedi ncr
easest
imer educesandv i
ce
versa.

Sot
hef
ormul
afori
nver
seori
ndi
rectv
ari
ati
oni
s:

k
→ y= orK=xywher
eki
sal
way
sthesamenumberorconst
ant
.
x

(
Notet
hatyoucouldalsohaveanI
ndi
rectSquar
eVar
iat
ionorI
nverseSquar
eVar
iat
ion,
li
kewesawabov
e
k 2
f
oraDi
rectVar
iat
ion.Thiswoul
dbeofthefor
m→ y= 2 ork=xy . )
x

I
nver
seVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

Sowemi
ghthav
eapr
obl
em l
i
ket
his:

The v
alue of y
var
ies i
nver
sel
y wi
th x, and y = 4 when x = 3. Fi
nd x

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wheny=6.

Thepr
obl
em canal
sobewr
it
tenasf
oll
ows:

Let =3, =4,

and =6.Lety
var
yinv
er yasx.Fi
sel nd .

Sol
uti
on:

Wecansolv
et hi
sprobl
em i
noneoft
woway
s,asshown.Wedot
hesemet
hodswhenwear
egi
venany
t
hreeoft
hefourval orxandy
uesf .

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Pr
oductRul
eMet
hod:

I
nver
seVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

Fort
heclub,t
henumberoft i
cket
sMoy ocanbuyi
sinversel
ypropor
ti
onaltothepri
ceoft
het
icket
s.She
canaf
for
d15t i
cket
sthatcost$5each.Howmanyti
cketscanshebuyifeachcost$3?

Sol
uti
on:

Let
’suset
hepr
oductmet
hod:

Exampl
e

I
f16womenwor ki
ng7hour
sdaycanpai
ntamur
ali
n48day
s,how manyday
swi
l
litt
ake14women
wor
king12hour
sadaytopai
ntt
hesamemural
?

Sol
uti
on:

Thethreedif
ferentvaluesarei
nver
sel
ypr
oport
ional
;forexampl
e,t
hemor
ewomeny ouhav
e,t
helessday
s
i
ttakest opaintt hemur al
,andthemorehoursinadayt hewomenpaint
,thel
essdayst
heyneedto
completethemur al:

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Joi
ntVar
iat
ionandCombi
nedVar
iat
ion

Joi
ntvari
ati
onisjustli
kedir
ectvar
iat
ion,buti
nvol
vesmorethanoneotherv
ari
abl
e.Al
lthev
ari
abl
esar
e
di
rect
lypr
oport
ional
,takenoneatati
me.Let ’
sdoajoi
ntv
ariat
ionpr
obl
em:

Supposedxv
ari
esj
oint
lywi
thyandt
hesquar
erootofz.Whenx=¬–18andy=2,
thenz=9.Fi
ndywhen
x=10andz=4.

Combinedvari
ati
oninv
olvesacombi nat
ionofdirectorjoi
ntvari
ati
on,andindirectvari
ati
on.Sincethese
equat
ionsar
eal i
tt
lemorecomplicat
ed,youprobablywanttopluginallt
hev ar
iables,sol
vefork,andthen
sol
vebacktogetwhat’
smi ssi
ng.Hereisthet
ypeofpr obl
em y
oumayget :

a) y
( v
ari
esj
oint
lyasxandw andi
nver
sel
yast eofz.Fi
hesquar ndt
heequat
ionofv
ari
atonwheny=
i
100,x=2,w=4,
andz=20.

(
b) Thensol
v orywhenx=1,
ef w=5,
andz=4.

Sol
uti
on:

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Exampl
e

Thevol
umeofwoodi natr
ee(V)var
iesdi
rect
lyastheheight(h)andi
nver
sel
yasthesquar
eoft
hegir
th(g)
.
I
fthevolumeofatr
eeis144cubi
cmet er
swhent heheightis20metersandthegi
rt
his1.
5meter
s,whati
s
thehei
ghtofatr
eewit
hav ol
umeof1000andgi r
thof2met er
s?

Sol
uti
on:

Exampl
e

Theav eragenumberofphonecallsperdaybetweent wocit

ieshasfoundtobej oi
ntl
ypropor
ti
onaltothe
populati
onsofthecit
ies,andinv
ersel
ypropor
ti
onalt othesquareofthedi
stancebetweenthetwociti
es.
Thepopul at
ionofCharl
ottei
sabout1,500,
000andt hepopulat
ionofNashvi
ll
eisabout1,200,
000,andthe
di
stancebet weenthetwociti
esi sabout400miles.Theav eragenumberofcal l
sbetweentheciti
esis
about200,000.

(
a) Fi
ndt
hekandwr
it
etheequat
ionofv
ari
ati
on.

(b) Theaver
agenumberofdail
yphonecal
lsbetweenCharlot
teandIndi
anapol
is(
whi
chhasapopul
ati
on
ofabout1,
700,
000)i
sabout134,
000.Fi
ndthedistancebet
weenthetwociti
es.

Sol
uti
on:

I
tmaybeeasi
eri
fyout
akei
tonest
epatat
ime:
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Mat
h’s Expl
anat
ion

Exampl e
A v aries
dir
ectlyasB
andinver sely
as the
square r oot
of C. Fi nd
the
percentage
changei nA
when B i s
decreased
by10% and
Cincr
easedby21%.
Sol
uti
on
B
A=K ………………………( 1)
C
AchangeinBandCcausesachangei
nA
B
A1=K 1 ……………………….
(2)
C1
90
B1 = B
100
=0.
9B

121
C1 = C
100
=1.
21C
Subst
it
uti
ngB1 a
ndC1 i
nequa
tion(
2)

0.
9B
A1=K
1.
21C

=
0.
9 B
1.
K
1 C( )
9
= A
11
AA
Per
cent
agechangei
nA= 1- -100%
A
9
A
11
= -100%
A
2
=-18 %
11

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2
Ther
efor
eAdecr
eases18 %
11

Par
ti
alv
ari
ati
on
Thegener
all
i
nearequat
iony=mx+c, wherem andcareconst
ant
s,connect
stwov
ari
abl
esxandy
.i
nsuch
casewesayt
hatyispar
tlyconst
antandpart
lyvar
iesasx.
Exampl
e
Av ar
iabl
eyispar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesasi
fx=2wheny
=7andx=4wheny=11,
findt
heequat
ion
connecti
ngyandx.
Sol
uti
on
Ther
equi
redequat
ioni
sy=kx+cwher
ekandcar
econst
ant
s
Subst
it
uti
ngx=2,
y=7andx=4,
y=11i
ntheequat
iongi
ves;
7=2k+c………………….
.(
1)
11=4k+c…………………(
2)
Subt
ract
ingequat
ion1f
rom equat
ion2;
4=2k
Ther
efor
ek=2
Subst
it
uti
ngk=2i
ntheequat
ion1;
C=7–4
C=3
Ther
efor
etheequat
ionr
equi
redi
sy=2x+3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thev umeVcm3ofanobj
ol ecti
sgivenby
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3
V=2πr1–2
3 sc2

Expr
essi
nter
m ofπr
,sandV
2. MakeVt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
u2–v
2
T=1m ( )
2
2
3. Gi
vent
haty=b–bx makext
hesubj
ect
cx2–a
4. Gi
vent
hatl
ogy=l 10n)makent
og( hesubj
ect
5. Aquant
it
yTi
spar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesast
hesquar
erootofS.
i. Usingconstant
saandb,wri
tedownanequat
ionconnecti
ngTandS.
ii. IfS=16, whenT=24andS=36whenT=32,f i
ndthev al
uesoftheconst
ant
s
aandb,
6. Aquant
it
yPi
spartl
yconstantandpar
tl
yvar
iesi
nver
sel
yasaquantit
yq,giventhatp=10whenq=
1.
5andp=20,whenq=1.25,fi
ndtheval
ueofpwhenq=0.5
7. Makeyt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
ap=xy
x-
y
8. MakePt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
P2=(
P–q)(
P-r
)
9. Thedensi
tyofasol
i
dspher
ical
bal
lvar
iesdi
rect
lyasi
tsmassandi
nver
sel
yast
hecubeofi
tsr
adi
us
Whent
hemassoft
hebal
li
s500gandt
her
adi
usi
s5cm,
itsdensi
t s2gpercm3
yi
Cal
cul
atet
her
adi
usofasol
i
dspher
ical
bal
lofmass540densi
tyof10gpercm3
10. Makest
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a

√P=r 1–as2
11. Thequant
it
iest,xandyaresuchthattvar
iesdi
rect
lyasxandinv
ersel
y ast
he squar
erootofy
.
Fi
ndthepercent
ageinti
fxdecreasesby4%whenyi ncr
easesby44%
12. Gi
vent
hatyi
sinv
ersel
ypr
opor
ti
onal
toxnandkast
heconst
antofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty;
(
a) (
i) Wr
it
edownaf
ormul
aconnect
ingy
,x,
nandk
(
ii
) I
fx=2wheny=12andx=4wheny=3,
wri
tedownt
woexpr
essi
onsf
orki
nter
ms
ofn.
Hence,
findt
hev
alueofnandk.
(
b) Usi
ngt
hev
alueofnobt
ainedi
n(a)(
ii
)abov
e,f
indywhenx=51/
3

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13. Theel
ectr
icalr
esistance,Rohmsofawir
eofagi
venlengt
hisi
nversel
ypr
opor
ti
onalt
othesquar
e
oft
hediameterofthewi r
e,dmm.IfR=2.
0ohmswhend=3mm.Fi ndthev
aleRwhend=4mm.

14. Thev umeVcm3ofasol

ol i
ddependspar
tl
yonrandpar
tl
yonrwher
ercm i
soneoft
hedi
mensi
ons
oft
hesoli
d.
Whenr=1,
thev
olumei 6cm3andwhenr=2,
s54. thev
olumei 8cm3
s226.
(
a)Fi
ndanexpr
essi
onf
orVi
nter
msofr
(
b)Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeoft
hesol
i
dwhenr=4
(
c)Fi
ndt
hev
alueofrf
orwhi
cht
het
wopar
tsoft
hev
olumear
eequal

15. Themassofacer
tai
nmetalr
odvar
iesj
oint
lyasi
tsl
engt
handthesquar
eofi
tsradi
us.Ar
od40cm
l
ongandradi
us5cm hasamassof6kg.Fi
ndthemassofasi
milarr
odofl
engt
h25cm andradi
us
8cm.

16. Makext
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
P= xy
z+x
17. Thechar
gecshi
ll
ingsperper
sonforacer
tai
nser
vicei
spar
tl
yfi
xedandpar
tl
yinv
ersel
ypr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hetot
alnumberNofpeople.
(
a) Wr
it
eanexpr
essi
onf
orci
nter
msonN
(
b) When100peopl
eattendedthechar
gei
sKshs8700perper
sonwhi
l
efor35peopl
ethe
char
gei
sKshs10000perper
son.
(
c) I
faper sonhadpai
dt heful
lamountchar
geisref
unded.Agr
oupofpeopl
epai
dbutt
en
per
centofor
gani
zerr
emainedwit
hKshs574000.
Fi
ndt
henumberofpeopl
e.

18. Twovari
abl
esAandBaresucht
hatAvari
espar
tl
yasBandpar
tl
yast
hesquar
erootofBgi
vent
hat
A=30,
whenB=9andA=16whenB=14,
findAwhenB=36.

19. Makept
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
A= -
EP
√P2+N

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CHAPTERFI
FTY

S
EQUENCEANDS
ERI
ES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)I
dent
if
ysi
mpl
enumberpat
ter
ns;
(
b)Def
ineasequence;
(
c)I
dent
if
ythepat
ter
nforagi
vensetofnumber
sanddeducet
hegener
alr
ule;
(
d)Det
ermi
neat
ermi
nasequence;
(
e)Recogni
zear
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
csequences;
(
f)Def
ineaser
ies;
(
g)Recogni
zear
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
cser
ies(
Progr
essi
on)
;
(
h)Der
ivet
hef
ormul
aforpar
ti
alsum ofanar
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
cser
ies(
Progr
essi
on)
;
(
i)Appl
yA.
PandG.
Ptosol
vepr
obl
emsi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Content
(a)Si
mplenumberpat
ter
ns
(
b)Sequences
(
c)Ar
it
hmet
icsequence
(
d)Geomet
ri
csequence
(
e)Det
ermi
ningat
ermi
nasequence
(
f)Ar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
on(
A.P)
(
g)Geomet
ri
cpr
ogr
essi
on(
G.P)
(
h)Sum ofanA.
P
(
i)Sum ofaG.
P(excl
udesum t
oinf
ini
ty)
(
j)Appl
i
cat
ionofA.
PandG.
Ptor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
SequencesandSer
iesar
ebasi
cal
l
yjustnumber
sorexpr
essi
onsi
nar
owt
hatmakeupsomesor
tofa
pat
ter
n;f
orexample,Monday,
Tuesday,Wenesday
,…,Fr
iadayi
sasequencet
hatrepresent
stheday
soft
he
week.Eachofthesenumber
sorexpressi
onsarecal
l
edtermsorel
ementsofthesequence.
Sequencesar
ethel
i
stoft
hesei
tems,separ
atedbycommas,andser
iesar
ethesum oft
het
ermsofa
sequence.
Exampl
e

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Sequence Nextt
wot
erms
3 3
1,
8,27,
-,- Ev
eryt
ermi
scubed.
Thenextt
wot
ermsar
e4 =64,
5 =125
3,
7,11,
15-,
-, ev
eryt
ermi
s4mor
ethant
hepr
evi
ousone.Togett
henextt
erm add4
15+4=19,
19+4=23
1 2 3
, , ,-,
- Ont
henumer
ator
,thenextt
ermi
s1mor
ethant
hepr
evi
ousone,andt
he
2 48
4 5
denomi
nat
or,
thenextt
ermi
smul
ti
pli
edby2t
henextt
wot
ermsar
e ,
16 32
Exampl
e
t
h
Fort
hen t
erm ofasequencei
sgi
venby2n+3,
Findt
hef
ir
st,
fif
th,
twel
ft
hter
ms
Sol
uti
on
Fi
rstt
erm,
n=1subst
it
uti
ng(
2x1+3=5)
Fi
ft
hter
m,n=5subst
it
uti
ng(
2x5+3=13)
Twel
ft
hter
m,n=12subst
it
uti
ng(
2x12+3=27)

Ar
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
csequence
Ar
it
hmet
icsequence.
Anysequenceofanumberwi
thcommondi
ff
erencei
scal
l
edar
it
hmet
icsequence
Todeci
dewhetherasequenceisari
thmeti
c,f
indt
hedi
ff
erencesofconsecut
ivet
erms.I
feach di
ff
erences
ar
enotconst
ant,
thei
tisari
thmeti
csequence
Rul
eforanar
it
hmet
icsequence
Thentht
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icsequencewi
thf
ir
stt
erma
1
andcommondi
ff
erencedi
sgi
venby
:
a n-1)
=a +(
n 1
d

Exampl
e I
ll
ust
rat
ions

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Exampl
e
Wr
it
ear
ulef hent
ort hter
m oft
hesequence50,
44,
38,
32,
....Thenf
inda
20
.

Sol
uti
on
Thesequencei
sari
thmet
icwi
thf
ir
stter
ma 1
=50andcommondi
ff
erence
d=44-50=- 6.So,
arul
ef hent
ort ht
ermis:

an
=a
1
+(n-1)
d Wr i
tegeneralr
ule.
=50+(n-1)(
-6)Substi
tutefora1andd.
=56-6n Simpli
fy.
The20t
htermisa1
=56-6( 20)=- 64.

Example
The20t ht
erm ofar
it
hmet
icsequencei
s60andt
he16t
hter
mis20.
Findt
hef
ir
stt
erm andt
hecommon
di
ffer
ence.

Sol
uti
on
a+( 1)
20- d=60

a+19d=60…………..
(1)
a+( 1)
16- d=20

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a+(
15)
d=20………….
.
(2)
(
1)–(2)gi
ves
4d=40
d=10
buta+15d=20

Ther
efor
ea+15x10=20
a+150=20
a=-130
Hence,
thef
ir
sttermis–130andt
hecommondi
ff
erencei
s10.
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
henumberoft
ermsi
nthesequence–3,
0,3…54
Sol
uti
on
Thent
hter
misa+(n–1)
d
a=-30, d=3
nthterm =54
t
herefor
e-3+(n–1)=54
3(n–1)=57
n-1=19
n=20

Ar
it
hmet
icser
ies/Ar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
onA.
P
Thesum oft
hetermsofasequencei
scall
edaser
ies.I
fthet
ermsofsequencear
e1,2,3,4,5,when
wri
tt
enwit
haddi
ti
onsi
gnwegetari
thmet
icser
ies
1+2+3+4+5
Thegener
alf
ormul
aef
orf
indi
ngt
hesum oft
het
ermsi
s
n
s
n
= [
2a+(
n- d]
1)
2
Not
e;
I
fthf
ir
stt
erm(
a)andt
hel
astt
erml
aregi
ven,
then
n
s
n
= [
a ]
+l
2

Exampl
e
Thesum oft
hefi
rstei
ghtt
ermsofanar
it
hmet
icPr
ogr
essi
oni
s220.
Ift
het
hir
dter
mis17,
findt
hesum of
thef
ir
stsi
xter
ms
Sol
uti
on
8
s = [
2a+(
8- d]
1)
8
2
=4(2a+7d)

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So,
8a+28d=220…………………….
1
Thet
hir
dter
misa+(
3–1)
d=a+2d=17…………….
2
Sol
vi
ng1and2si
mul
taneousl
y;
8a+28d=220…………1
8a+16d=136…………2
12d=84
d=7
Subst
it
uti
ngd=7i
nequat
ion2gi
vesa=3
Ther
efor
e,
6
s = [
2a+(
6- 7]
1)
6
2
=3(
6x35)
=3x41
=123

Geomet
ri
csequence
I
tisasequencewi
thacommonr
ati
o.Ther
ati
oofanyt
ermt
othepr
evi
oust
erm mustbeconst
ant
.
Rul
eforGeomet
ri
csequencei
s;
Thent
hter
m ofageomet
ri
csequencewi
thf
ir
stt
erm a1andcommonr
atori
i sgi
venby
:
n-
1
an
=a1

Exampl
e
Gi
vent
hegeomet
ri
csequence4,
12,
36……f
i he4th,
ndt 5th andt
hent
hter
ms
Sol
uti
on
Thef
ir
stt
erm,
a=4
Thecommonr
ati
o,r=3
he4tht
4-
1
Ther
efor
et erm =4x3
3
=4x3
=108
The5tht
4-
1
erm =5x3
3
=5x3
=324

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t
h n-
1
Then t
erm =4x3

Exampl
e
The4tht
erm ofgeomet
ri
csequencei
s16.I
fthef
ir
stt
ermi
s2,
find;
 Thecommonr
ati
on
 Thesev
ent
hter
m
Sol
uti
on
Thecommonr
ati
o
Thef
ir
stt
erm,
a=2

The4tht
4-
1
ermi
s2xr =16
3
Thus,
2r=16
3
r=8 (
divi
dedbot
hsi
desby2)
r=2(
makert
hes
ubj
etbydi
vidi
ngbot
hsi
desby2)

Thecommonr
ati
ois2
6 6
Thesev
ent
hter
m =a
r=2x2 =128

Geomet
ri
cser
ies
Theseri
esobt
ainedbyt
headdi
ngt
het
ermsofgeomet
ri
csequencei
scal
l
edgeomet
ri
cser
iesorgeomet
ri
c
progr
essi
onG.
P
Thesum S
n
oft
hef
istnt
r ermsofageomet
ri
cser
ieswi
thcommonr
ator>1i
i s:
n
a(
r-1)
S
n
=
r-
1
Thesum S
n
oft
hef
istnt
r ermsofageomet
ri
cser
ieswi
thcommonr
ator<1i
i s:
n
a(
1-r)
S
n
=
1-r
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesum oft
hef
ir
st9t
ermsofG.
P.8+24+72+…
Sol
uti
on

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24
a=8,
r= =3
8
9
a(
3- 1)
S
n
=
3-1
8(
19683-
1)
=
2
=78728
Exampl
e
Thesum ofthef
ir
stt
hreet
ermsofageomet
ri
cser
iesi
s26.
Ift
hecommonr
ati
ois3,f
indt
hesum oft
he
fi
rstsi
xter
ms.
Sol
uti
on
s
3
=26,
r=3n=3
3
a(
3- 1)
26=
3-1

a(
27-1)
=
2
a 26x2
= =2
26

6
2(
3-1)
S =
6
2
(2x728)
= =728
2
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

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1. The fi
rst
,the t
hir
d and the sevent
ht ermsofan i ncreasi
ng ar
ithmet
icprogression ar
ethree
consecut
ivet
ermsofageomet ri
cprogressi
on.I
nt hefi
rstter
m oftheari
thmeti
cpr ogressi
oni
s10
fi
ndthecommondi ff
erenceoftheari
thmeticpr
ogressi
on?
2. Kubaisav
edKsh2,000duri
ngthefir
styearofempl
oyment
.Ineachsubsequenty
ear
,hesav
ed15%
morethanthepr
ecedi
ngyearunt
ilheret
ir
ed.
(
a)Howmuchdi
dhesav
eint
hesecondy
ear
?
(
b)Howmuchdi
dhesav
eint
het
hir
dyear
?
(
c)Fi
ndt
hecommonr
ati
obet
weent
hesav
ingsi
ntwoconsecut
ivey
ear
s
(
a)Howmanyyear
sdidhetaketosav
ethesavi
ngsasum ofKsh58,
000?
(
e)Howmuchhadhesavedaft
er20year
sofserv
ice?
3. I
ngeomet
ri
cprogressi
on,t
hefi
rstt
ermi
saandt
hecommonr
ati
oisr
.Thesum oft
hef
ir
stt
wo
t
ermsi
s12andthethir
dter
mis16.
2
(
a)Det
ermi
net
her
ati
oar
a+ar
(
b)I
fthef
ir
stt
ermi
slar
gert
hant
hesecondt
erm,
findt
hev
alueofr
.
4. (
a) Thef
ir
stt
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
oni
s4andt
hel
astt
ermi
s20.The
Sum oft
hetermi s252.Cal
cul
atet
henumberoft
ermsandt
hecommondi
ff
erencesoft
he
ari
thmet
icpr
ogressi
on
(
b) AnExperi
ment
alcul
tur
ehasani
nit
ialpopul
ati
onof50bact
eri
a.Thepopul
ati
oni
ncr
easedby
80% ev
ery20minut
es.Det
ermi
net heti
mei twi
llt
aketohaveapopulati
onof1.
2mi l
li
on
bact
eri
a.
5. Eachmonth,for40months,Ami
nadeposit
edsomemoneyi nasav i
ngscheme.Int
hefi
rstmont
h
shedeposi
tedKshs500.Ther
eaf
tershei
ncr
easedherdeposi
tsbyKshs.50ev
erymont
h.
Cal
cul
atet
he:
a) Lastamountdeposi
tedbyAmi
na
b) Tot
alamountAmi
nahadsav
edi
nthe40mont
hs.
6. A car
pent
erwishestomakeal adderwit
h15cross-pi
eces.Thecr
oss-pi
ecesar
etodi
mini
sh
uni
for
mlyinl
engthf
rom 67cm atthebot
tom t
o32cm att
hetop.
Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hincm,
oft
hesev
ent
hcr
oss-pi
ecef
rom t
hebot
tom

7. Thesecondandf i
ft
hter
msofageomet
ri
cpr
ogr
essi
onar
e16and2r
espect
ivel
y.Det
ermi
net
he
commonr at
ioandthef
ir
stt
erm.

8. Theel
event
hter
m ofanar
it
hmeticpr
ogressi
oni
sfourt
imesi
tssecondt
erm.Thesum oft
hef
ir
st
sev
entermsoft
hesamepr
ogressi
onis175

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(
a) Fi
ndt
hef
ir
stt
erm andcommondi
ff
erenceoft
hepr
ogr
essi
on
(
b) Gi
v hatptht
ent erm oft
hepr
ogr
essi
oni
sgr
eat
ert
han124,
findt
hel
east
v
alueofP
t
h
9. Then t
erm ofsequencei
sgi
venby2n+3oft
hesequence
(
a) Wr
it
edownt
hef
ir
stf
ourt
ermsoft
hesequence
(
b) Fi
ndsnt
hesum oft
hef
if
tyt
erm oft
hesequence
(
c) Showt
hatt
hesum oft
hef
ir
stnt
ermsoft
hesequencei
sgi
venby
Sn=n2+4n
Henceorot
her
wisef
indt
hel
argesti
ntegr
alv
alueofnsucht
hatSn<725

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CHAPTERFI
FTYONE

BI
NOMI
ALEXPANS
ION
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Expandbi
nomi
alexpr
essi
onsupt
othepoweroff
ourbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion;
(
b)Bui
l
dingup-Pascal
'
sTr
iangl
eupt
otheel
event
hrow;
(c)UsePascal
'
str
iangl
etodet
ermi
net
hecoef
fi
cientoft
ermsi
nabi
nomi
alexpansi
onsupt
othe
powerof10;
(
d)Appl
ybi
nomi
alexpansi
oni
nnumer
ical
cases.
Content
(a)Bi
nomial
expansi
onupt
opowerf
our
(
b)Pascal
'
str
iangl
e
(
c)Coef
fi
cientoft
ermsi
nbi
nomi
alexpansi
on
(
d)Comput
ati
onusi
ngbi
nomi
alexpansi
on
(
e)Ev
aluat
ionofnumer
ical
casesusi
ngbi
nomi
alexpansi
on.

Abi
nomi
ali
sanexpr
essi
onoft
wot
erms
Exampl
es
(
a+y
),a+3,
2a+b

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I
teasytoexpandexpressi
onswit
hlowerpowerbutwhenthepowerbecomesl ar
ger
,theexpansi
onor
mul
ti
pli
cat
ion becomestedi
ous.Wetheref
oreusepascaltr
iangl
eto expand t
heexpressi
on wi
thout
mul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
n
WecanusePascal
tri
angl
etoobt
aincoef
fi
cient
sofexpansi
onsoft
hef
orm(a+b)

Pascal
tri
angl
e

0
1 (a+b)=1
1
1 1 (a+b)=1a+1b
2 2 2
1 2 1 (a+b)=1a +2a
b+b
3 3 2 2 3
1 3 3 1 (a+b)=1a +3ab+3ab +1b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
1 4 6 4 1 (a+b)=1a +4ab+6ab +4a b +1b
Not
e;
 Eachr
owst
art
swi
th1
 Eachofthenumber
sint
henextr
owi
sobt
ainedbyaddi
ngt
het
wonumber
sonei
thersi
deofi
tint
he
precedi
ngrow
 Thepoweroffi
rstt
erm(
a)decreasesasy
oumov
etor
ightwhi
l
ethepower
soft
hesecondt
erm(
b)
i
ncreasesasy
oumov et
other
ight
Exampl
e
5
Expand(
p+q)
Sol
uti
on
Thet
ermswi
thoutcoef
fi
cient
sar
e;
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
p,
pq,
pq,
pq pqq
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=5ar
e;1 5 10 10 5 1
5
Ther
efor
e(p+q)=
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
p+5pq+10pq +10qq +5pq + q

Exampl
e
7
x-
Expand( y)
Sol
uti
on
7 7
x-
( y)=( -
x-(y)
Thet
ermswi
thoutt
hecoef
fi
cientar
e;
7 6 5 24 33 42 5 67
-
x x(y)
x(-
y)x(
-y)x(
-y)x (-y) x
(-y)y
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=7ar
e;
172135352171
7
Ther
efor
e(x-
y)=

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7 6 52 43 34 25 6 7
x-7xy+21xy-35xy +35xy-21xy +7x
y- y

Not
e;
Whendeal
i
ngwi
thnegat
ivesi
gns,
thesi
gnsal
ter
nat
ewi
tht
heposi
ti
vesi
gnbutf
ir
stst
artwi
tht
henegat
ive
si
gn.

Appl
i
cat
ionst
oNumer
iccases
6
Usebi
nomi
alexpansi
ont
oev
aluat
e(1.
02)t
o4S
.F
Sol
uti
on
(
1.02)=(
1+0.
02)
6 6
Ther
efor
e(1.
02)=(
1+0.
02)
Thet
ermswi
thoutcoef
fi
cient
sar
e
6 5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 1 5 7
11(
0.02)1(
0.02)1(
0.02) 1(
0.02) 1(
0.02) (
0.02)
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=6ar
e;
16 15 20 156 1
Ther
efor
e;
6
(
1.02)=
2 3 4 5 6
1+6(
0.02)+ 15(
0.02) +20(
0.02) +15(
0.02) +6(
0.02) +(
0.02)
=1+0.
12+0.
0060+0.
00016+0.
0000024+0.
0000000192+0.
000000000064
=1.
1261624
=1.
126(
4S.
F)

Not
e;
Togettheanswerj
ustconsi
deraddi
ti
onofupt
othe4th t
erm oft
heexpansi
on.Theot
hert
ermsar
etoo
smal
ltoaff
ectt
heanswer.
Exampl
e
9 3 9
Expand(
1+x
)upt
othet
erm x.
Uset
heexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(0.
98)cor
rectt
o3deci
mal
places.
Sol
uti
on
9
(
1+x
)
Thet
ermswi
thoutt
hecoef
fi
cientar
e;
9 8 72 6 3 5 4
11(x)
1x1(
x)1(
x)
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=9ar
e;
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
9 2 3
Ther
efor
e(1+x
)=1+9x+36x +84x……………….
.
8 2 3
(
0.98)=1+9x(
- 02)+36+(-0.
0. 02)+84(-0.
02)

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=1–0.
18+0.
0144–0.
000672
=0.
833728
=0.
834(3D.
P)
Exampl
e
10
1 3 10
1+ ) upt
Expand( othet
ermi
nx inascendi
ngpower
sofhencef
indt
hev
alueof(
0.005) cor
rectt
ofour
2
deci
malpl
aces.
Sol
uti
on

() () ()
2 3
1 1 1
=1+10 x +45 x +120 x
2 2 2
1 12 13
=1+10× x+45× x +120× x
2 4 8
45 2 3
=1+5x+ x +15x
4
(
1.005)
10
=( 005)
1+0. 10

1
Her
e x=0.
005
2
x=0.
010
Subst
it
uti
ngf
orx=0.
01i
ntheexpansi
on

( )
10
1 45
1+ ( 01) =1+5×0.
0. 01+ ×( 01)
0. 2
+15(
0.01)
3
2 4
=1+0.
05+0.
001125+0.
000015
=1.
051140
=1.
0511(
4deci
mal
places)

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

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6
1. (
a) Wr
it
edownt
hesi
mpl
estexpansi
on(1+x)
6
(
b) Uset heexpansi
onupt
othef
our
tht
ermt
ofi
ndt
hev
alueof(
1.03) t
othenear
estone
thousandt
h.
5
2. Usebi
nomi
alexpr
essi
ont
oev
aluat
e(0.
96)cor
rectt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es.
4
3. Expandandsi
mplif
y(3x–y
) henceuset
hef
ir
stt
hreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
on t
opr
oxi
mat
ethe
4
val
ueof(6–0.
2)
4. Usebi
nomi
alexpr
essi
ont
oev
aluat
e
2+15+ 2-15
√2 √2
5
5. (
a) Expandt
heexpr
essi
on1+1x i
nascendi
ngpower
sofx,
leav
ing
2
t
hecoef
fi
cient
sasf
ract
ionsi
nthei
rsi
mpl
estf
orm.
6
6. (
a) Expand(
a-b)
(
b) Usethef
ir
stt
hreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
oni
n(a)abov
etof
indt
heappr
oxi
mat
eval
ueof
6
(1.
98)
5
7. Expand( 2+x) i
nascendi
ngpower
sofxup t
othet
er nx3 henceappr
mi oxi
mat
ethev
alueof
5
(2.
03) to4s.
f

5
8. (
a) Expand(
1+x)
5
Henceuset
heexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(1.
04)cor
rectt
o4deci
mal
places
6
(
b) Uset heexpansi
onupt
othef
our
tht
ermt
ofi
ndt
hev
alueof(
1.03) t
othenear
estone
thousandt
h.
5 3
9. ExpandandSi
mpl
i
fy(
1-3x)upt
othet
ermi
nx
5
Henceusey
ourexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(0.
97)cor
rectt
odeci
mal
places.
5
10. Expand(
1+a)
5
Usey
ourexpansi
ont
oev
aluat
e(0.
8) cor
rectt
ofourpl
acesofdeci
mal

5
11. (
a) Expand(
1+x)
(
b) Usethef
ir
stt
hreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
oni
n(a)abov
etof
indt
heappr
oxi
mat
eval
ueof
5
(0.
98)

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CHAPTERFI
FTYTWO

COMPOUNDPROPRTI
ONANDRATESOF
WORK

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngcompoundpr
opor
ti
onsusi
nguni
tar
yandr
ati
omet
hods;
(
b)Appl
yrat
iosandpr
opor
ti
onst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions;
(
c)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
atesofwor
k.
Content
(a)Propor
ti
onal
par
ts
(
b)Compoundpr
opor
ti
ons
(
c)Rat
iosandr
atesofwor
k
(
d)Pr
opor
ti
onsappl
i
edt
omi
xtur
es.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Compoundpropor
ti
ons
Thepr
opor
tioni
nvolv
ingtwoormorequanti
tiesiscall
edcompoundpropor
ti
on.Anyf
ourquant
it
iesa,b,
c
Novel
s,
Update
dI CT,
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e,HighSchoolNot
es&Revi
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anddar
einpr
opor
ti
oni
f;
a c
=
b d
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofat
hatmakes2,
5,aand25t
obei
npr
opor
ti
on;
Sol
uti
on
Si
nce2,
5,a,
and25ar
einpr
opor
ti
on

2 a
=
5 25
5a=2x25
2x25
a=
5
a=10

Cont
inuedpr
opor
ti
ons
I
nconti
nuedproport
ion,al
lther
ati
osbet
weendi
ff
erentquant
it
iesar
ethesame;
butal
way
sremembert
hat
t
herel
ati
onshi
pexistsbetweent
woquanti
ti
esf
orexample:

P :Q Q :R R :S

10: 5 16:
8 4:2

Notet
hati
ntheexampl
e,t
her
ati
obet
weendi
ff
erentquant
it
iesi
.e.P:
Q,Q:
RandR:
Sar
ethesamei
.e.2:
1
whensi
mpl
ifi
ed.

Cont
inuedpropor
ti
onisver
yimpor
tantwhendet
ermi
ningthenetwor
thofi
ndiv
idual
swhoownthesame
busi
nessorev encal
cul
ati
ngtheamountsofprofi
tthatdif
fer
enti
ndi
vi
dualownersofacompanyor
busi
nessshouldt
akehome.

Pr
opor
ti
onal
par
ts
a
I
ngeneral
,ifnistobedi
vi
dedinther
ati
oa:b:c,t
hent
hepar
tsofnpr
opor
ti
onalt
oa,b,car
e ×n,
a
+b+c
b c
×nand ×nrespe
cti
vel
y
a+b+c a
+b+c

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Exampl
e
Omondi
,Joel
,cher
ootshar
edsh27,
000i
nther
ati
o2:
3:4r
espect
ivel
y.Howmuchdi
deachget
?
Sol
uti
on
Thepar
tsofsh27,
000pr
opor
ti
onal
to2,
3,4ar
e
2
×27,
000=s
h6000→Omondi
9
3
×27,
000 =s
h6000→J
oel
9
4
×27,
000=s
h6000→Che
root
9

Exampl
e
Threepeople–John,DebbyandDav econt
ribut
edksh119,000tostar
tacompany
.Ift
herati
oofthe
contr
ibut
ionofJohntoDebbywas12: 6andt hecont
ri
but
ionofDebbytoDav
ewas8:4,det
erminet
he
amountindoll
arst
hatev
erypar
tnercont
ri
but
ed.

Sol
uti
on
Rat
ioofJohnt
oDebby
’scont
ri
but
ion=12:
6=2:
1

Rat
ioofDebbyt
oDav
e’scont
ri
but
ion=8:
4=2:
1

Asyoucansee,t
her
ati
ooft
hecont
ri
but
ionofJohnt
oDebbyandt
hatofDebbyt
oDav
eisi
ncont
inued
pr
opor
ti
on.
J
ohn Debby 2
Hence = =
Debby Dave 1
Todet
ermi
net
her
ati
ooft
hecont
ri
but
ionbet
weent
het
hreemember
s,wedot
hecal
cul
ati
onasf
oll
ows:

John:
Debby
:Dav
e
12 : 6
8: 4

Wemul
ti
plyt
heupperr
ati
oby8andt
hel
owerr
ati
oby6,
thust
her
esul
ti
ngr
ati
owi
l
lbe:

John:
Debby
:Dav
e
96: 48 : 24

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=4: 2 : 1
Thet
otal
rat
io=7

Thecont
ri
but
ionoft
hedi
ff
erentmember
scant
henbef
oundasf
oll
ows:
4
John xks
h119,
000=ks
h68,
000
7
2
Debby xks
h119,
000=ks
h34,
000
7
1
Dav
e xks
h119,
000=ks
h17,
000
7
Johncontr
ibut
edksh68,000t
othecompanywhi
l
eDebbycont
ri
but
edksh34,000andDav
econt
ri
but
ed
ksh17,000
Exampl
e2
Youar
epresent
edwiththr
eenumber swhichar
eincont
inuedpr
oporti
on.I
fthesum oft
hethr
eenumber
sis
38andthepr
oductofthef
irstnumberandthet
hir
dnumberis144,f
indthethr
eenumbers.
Sol
uti
on
2
Letusassumet hatt
hethr
eenumbersincont
inuedpr
opor
ti
onorGeomet
ri
cPr
opor
ti
onar
ea,arandar
whereai
st hef
ir
stnumberandri
stherat
e.

2
a+ar
+ar=38………………………….
.(1)
Thepr he1stand3rdi
oductoft s
2
a×ar=144
Or
(
ar)
2=144……………………………….
.(
2)
2
I
fwef
indt
hesquar
erootof(
ar),
thenwewi
l
lhav
efoundt
hesecondnumber
:
2
(
ar)= 144
a
r=12
Si
ncet
hev
alueoft
hesecondnumberi
s12,
itt
heni
mpl
i
est
hatt
hesum oft
hef
ir
standt
het
hir
dnumberi
s
26.
Wenowpr
oceedandl
ookf
ort
wonumber
swhosesum i
s26andpr
oducti
s144.
Cl
ear
ly,
thenumber
sar
e8and18.
Thus,
thet
hreenumber
sthatwewer
elooki
ngf
orar
e8,
12and18.
Letuswor
kbackwar
dsandt
ryt
opr
ovewhet
hert
hisi
sact
ual
l
ytr
ue:

8+12+18=18
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Whataboutt
hepr
oductoft
hef
ir
standt
het
hir
dnumber
?

8×18=144
Whataboutt
hecont
inuedpr
opor
ti
on
a a r 2
= 2=
a
r ar 3
Thenumber
sar
eincont
inuedpr
opor
ti
on
Exampl
e
Gi
vent
hatx:
y=2:
3,Fi
ndt
her
ati
o(5x–4y
):(
x+y
).
Sol
uti
on
Si
ncex:
y=2:
3
x y
= =k,
2 3
x=2k a
nd y=3k

(
5x–4y
):(
x+y
)=(
10k–12k):
(2k+3k)

=-
2k:
5k

=-2:
5

Exampl
e

a c a-3b c-
3d
I
f = ,showt
hat = .
b d b-3a d-
3c

Sol
uti
on

a c a b
= → =
b d c d

a b
= =k
b d

a=kc a
nd b=kd

a-
3b
Subst
it
uti
ngkcf
oraandkdf
orbi
ntheexpr
essi
on
b-
3a

kc-
3kd k(
c-3d)
=
kd-
3kd k(
d-3c)

c-
3d
d-
3c
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a-
3b c-
3d
Ther
efor
eexpr
essi
on =
b-
3a d-
3c

Rat
esofwor
kandmi
xtur
es
Exampl
es
195menwor ki
ng10houradaycanf
ini
shaj
obi
n20day
s.Howmanymenempl
oyedt
ofi
nisht
hej
obi
n15
daysi
ftheywork13hour
saday.
Sol
uti
on:
Letxbet
heno.ofmenr
equi
red
Day
s hour
s Men
20 10 195
15 13 x

20x10x195=15×13×x
20×10×195
x= 200me
n
15×13
Exampl
e
TapPcanf
il
lat
anki
n2hr
s,andt
apQcanf
il
lthesamet
anki
n4hr
s.TapRcanempt
ythet
anki
n3hr
s.
a)I
ftapRi
scl
osed,
howl
ongwoul
ditt
aket
apsPandQt
ofi
l
lthet
ank?
b)Cal
cul
atehowl
ongi
twoul
dtaket
ofi
l
lthet
ankwhent
het
hreet
apsP,
QandR.ar
elef
trunni
ng?
Sol
uti
on
1
a)TapPf
il
ls oft
het
anki
n1h.
2
1
TapQf
il
ls oft
het
anki
n1h.
4

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1
TapRempt
ies oft
het
anki
n1h.
3
1 1 3
I
nonehour
,PandQf
il
l + = oft
het
ank
2 4 4
3
Ther
efor
e oft
het
anki
sfi
ll
edi
n1h.
4

Ti
met
akent
ofi
l
lthet
ank () ( )
4
4
43
= ÷ h
44
4
= h
3
3 1
b)I
n1h,
PandQf
il
l oft
ankwhi
l
eRempt
ies oft
het
ank.
4 3

Whenal
ltapsar ( 1 11 5
)
eopen, + -= oft
2 43 12
het
anki
sfi
l
ledi
n1hour
.

5
oft
anki
sfi
ll
edi
n1hour
.
12

The
ref
oret
imer
equi
redt
ofi
llt
het
a ( )
12 12 5
nk = ÷ ×1h
12 12 12
2
=2 h
5
Exampl
e
I
nwhatpropor
ti
onshoul
dgradesofsugar
scost
ingsh.
45andsh.
50perki
l
ogr
am bemi
xedi
nor
dert
o
pr
oduceabl
endwor
thsh.
48perkil
ogr
am?

Sol
uti
on
Met
hod1
Letnki
l
ogr
amsoft
hegr
adecost
ingsh.
45perkgbemi
xedwi
th1ki
l
ogr
am ofgr
adecost
ingsh.
50perkg.
Tot
alcostoft
het
wobl
endsi (
ssh.45n+50)
Themassoft
hemi
xtur
eis(
n+1)kg
Ther
efor
etot
alcostoft
hemi
xtur
eis(
n+1)
48
45n+50=48(
n+1)
45n+50=48n+48
50=3n+48
2=3n

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2
n=
3
2
Thet
wogr
adesar
emi
xedi
nthepr
opor
ti
on :1=2:
3
3

Met
hod2
Letxkgofgr
adecost
ingsh45perkgbemi
xedwi
thykgofgr
adecost
ingsh.
50perkg.Thet
otalcostwi
l
l
besh.
(45x+50y)
45x
+50y
Costperkgoft
hemi
xtur
eissh.
x
+y
45x
+50y
=48
x
+y
45x+50y=48(
x+y)
45x+50y=48x+48y

2y=3x

x 2
=
y 3

Thepr
opor
ti
oni
sx:
y=2:
3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Aki
nyiboughtandbeansfr
om awholesal
er.Shet
henmixedthemaizeandbeanst
her
ati
o4:3she
br
oughtthemaizeasKshs.12perkgandt hebeans4perkg.Ifshewastomakeaprof
itof30%
whatshoul
dbet hesel
l
ingpr
iceof1kgofthemixt
ure?
2. Arectangul
art
ankofbase2.
4m by2.
8m andaheightof3m cont
ains3,
600l
i
ter
sofwat
eri
nit
ial
l
y.
Waterflowsi
ntot
hetankatt
her
ateof0.
5li
tr
espersecond

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Cal
cul
atet
het
imei
nhour
sandmi
nut
es,
requi
redt
ofi
l
lthet
ank
3. Acompanyistoconst
ructaparki
ngbaywhosear s135m2.I
eai ti
stobecov er
edwit
hconcret
eslab
ofunif
ormthi
cknessof0.15.Tomaketheslabcement
.Ball
astandsandar etobemixedsothat
thei
rmassesar
eintherat
io1:4:4.Themassofm3ofdr
yslabis2,500kg.
Cal
cul
ate
(
a) (
i) Thev
olumeoft
hesl
ab
(
ii
) Themassoft
hedr
ysl
ab
(
ii
i) Themassofcementt
obeused
(
b) I
fonebagoft
hecementi
s50kg,
findt
henumberofbagst
obepur
chased
(
a) I
fal
orr
ycarries7tonnesofsand,
cal
cul
atet
henumberofl
orr
iesofsand
t
obepurchased.
4. Themassofami
xtur
eAofbeansandmai
zei
s72kg.Ther
ati
oofbeanst
omai
ze
i
s3:
5respect
ivel
y
(
a) Fi
ndt
hemassofmai
zei
nthemi
xtur
e
(
b) Asecondmi
xtur
eofBofbeansandmaizeofmass98kginmi
xedwi
thA.Thef
inalr
ati
oof
beanst
omai
zeis8:
9respect
ivel
y.Fi
ndt
her
ati
oofbeanst
omai
zeinB
5. Aretai
l
erbought49kgofgr
ade1r i
ceatKshs.65perki
l
ogr
am and60kgofgr
adeI
Iri
ceatKshs
27.
50perki
logr
am.Hemixedthet
owt y
pesofri
ce.
(
a)Findthebuy ingpriceofoneki l
ogram oft
hemi xture
(
b)Hepackedt hemi xtureint
o2kgpacket s
(i
) I
fhei ntendst omakea20%pr ofi
tfi
ndt hesell
ingpriceperpacket
(i
i) Hesol d8packet sandthenreducedt hepr i
ceby10%i nor dertoattractcust
omer s.
Findthenewsel l
ingpr
iceperpacket.
(i
ii
) Af t
ersellng1/
i 3o ft
heremainderatreducedpr ice,
her aisedthepr i
cesoast oreal
ize
theor igi
nalgoalof20% pr ofitoverall
.Find thesel l
ing priceperpacketoft he
remainingr i
ce.
6. Atr
adersellsabagofbeansf orKshs1,200.Hemi xedbeansandmai zei ntherati
on3:2.Findhow
muchthetradershoul dhesel l
abagoft hemi xt
uretor eal
i
zet hesamepr ofi
t?
7. PipeAcanf il
lanemptywat
ertanki
n3hourswhi
l
e,pipeBcanf
il
lthesamet anki
n6hours,when
thetankisful
litcanbeempt
iedbypipeCi
n8hours.Pi
pesAandBar eopenedatthesameti
me
whent het
ankisempty.
I
fonehourl
ater
,pi
peCi
sal
soopened,
findt
het
otal
timet
akent
ofi
l
lthet
ank
8. Asol
uti
onwhosevol
umeis80li
tresi
smade40%ofwat
erand60%ofal
cohol
.Whenl
i
tresofwat
er
ar
eadded,
theper
cent
ageofal
coholdr
opst
o40%
(
a) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofx
(
b) Thi
rt
yli
tr
esofwat
eri
saddedt
othenewsol
uti
on.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
age
(
c) If5li
tr
esofthesol
uti
onin(b)isaddedto2lit
resoftheoriginalsol
uti
on,cal
cul
atei
nthe
simpl
estf
orm,t
herat
ioofwatert
othatofal
coholi
ntheresul
tingsolut
ion

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9. Atankhast
woinlett
apsPandQandanoutl
ett
apR.whenempty,t
hetankcanbefi
l
ledbyt
apP
al
onein4½hoursorbytapQal
onei
n3hour
s.Whenf
ull
,thet
ankcanbeempti
edin2hour
sbytap
R.
(
a) Thet
anki
sini
ti
all
yempt
y.Fi
ndhowl
ongi
twoul
dtaket
ofi
l
lupt
het
ank
(
i) I
ftapRisclosedandt apsPandQar eopenedatthesamet
ime
(
2mks)
(i
i
) I fall
thethreetapsareopenedatthesamet i
me
(
b) Thet
ankisi
nit
ial
lyempt yandthet
hreetapsareopenedasfol
l
ows
Pat8.
00a.
m
Qat8.
45a.
m
Rat9.
00a.
m
(
i) Fi
ndt
hef
ract
ionoft
het
ankt
hatwoul
dbef
il
ledby9.
00a.
m
(
ii
) Fi
ndt
het
imet
het
ankwoul
dbef
ull
yfi
l
ledup

10. Kipketercancul
ti
vat
eapieceoflandin7hrswhi
leWanji
rucandot
hesamewor
kin5hour
s.Fi
nd
thetimetheywouldt
aket
oculti
vatethepi
eceofl
andwhenworki
ngt
oget
her
.

11. MogakaandOndisoworki
ngt oget
hercandoapieceofworki
n6day s.Mogaka,worki
ngal
one,
t
akes5daysl
ongerthanOnduso.Howmanydaysdoesitt
akeOndusot
odotheworkalone.

12. Wainai
nahastwodai
ryf
armsAandB.Far
m Apr
oducesmi
l
kwi
th3¼ per
centf
atandf
armB
pr
oducesmil
kwit
h4¼percentf
at.
(
a) (
i) Thet
otal
massofmi
l
kfati
n50kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm Aand30kg
ofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm B.
(
ii
) Theper
cent
ageoff
ati
nami
xtur
eof50kgofmi
l
kAand30kgofmi
l
kfr
om B
(
b) Determinet
herangeofvaluesofmassofmilkfr
om farm Bt
hatmustbeusedi
na50kg
mixturesot
hatt
hemixtur
emayhav eatl
east4per
centfat
.

13. Aconstructi
onf i
rm hastwotract
orsT1 andT2.Bot
ht r
act
orsworkingtoget
hercancompl
etethe
wor
ki n6day swhileT1alonecancompletetheworkin15days.Af
terthetwotr
actor
shadworked
t
ogetherforfourdays,t
ract
orT1¬brokedown.
Fi
ndt
het
imet
akenbyt
ract
orT2compl
etet
her
emai
ningwor
k.

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CHAPTERFI
FTYTHREE

GRAPHI
CALMETHODS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Makesat
abl
eofv
aluesf
rom gi
venr
elat
ions;
(
b)Uset
het
abl
eofv
aluest
odr
awt
hegr
aphsoft
her
elat
ions;
(
c)Det
ermi
neandi
nter
preti
nst
ant
aneousr
atesofchangef
rom agr
aph;
(
d)I
nter
preti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom gr
aphs;
(
e)Dr
awandi
nter
pretgr
aphsf
rom empi
ri
cal
dat
a;
(
f)Sol
vecubi
cequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y;
(
g)Dr
awt
hel
i
neofbestf
it
;
(
h)I
dent
if
ytheequat
ionofaci
rcl
e;
(
i)Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofaci
rcl
egi
vent
hecent
reandt
her
adi
us;
(
j)Det
ermi
net
hecent
reandr
adi
usofaci
rcl
eanddr
awt
heci
rcl
eonacar
tesi
anpl
ane.
Content
(a)Tabl
esandgr
aphsofgi
venr
elat
ions
(
b)Gr
aphsofcubi
cequat
ions
(
c)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofcubi
cequat
ions
(
d)Av
erager
ateofchange
(
e)I
nst
ant
aneousr
ateofchange
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(
f)Empi
ri
cal
dat
aandt
hei
rgr
aphs
(
g)Thel
i
neofbestf
it
(
h)Equat
ionofaci
rcl
e
(
i)Fi
ndi
ngoft
heequat
ionofaci
rcl
e
(
j)Det
ermi
ningoft
hecent
reandr
adi
usofaci
rcl
e.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thesear
eway
sormet
hodsofsol
vi
ngmat
hemat
ical
funct
ionsusi
nggr
aphs.

Gr
aphi
ngsol
uti
onsofcubi
cEquat
ions
Acubi
cequat
ionhast
hef
orm
ax3+bx2+cx+d=0
wher
ea,
b,canddar
econst
ant
s
I
tmusthavet
het
er nx3ori
mi twoul
dnotbecubi
c(andsoa≠0)
,butanyoral
lofb,
canddcanbezer
o.For
i
nst
ance,
x3−6x2+11x−6=0, 4x3+57=0, x3+9x=0
ar
eal
lcubi
cequat
ions.
Thegr
aphsofcubi
cequat
ionsal
way
staket
hef
oll
owi
ngshapes.

3
2
1

-
1 1 2 3 x
-
1
-
2
-
3

Y=x3−6x2+11x−6=0.
Noti
cethatitst
artslowdownonthelef
t,becauseasxget sl
argeandnegatiesodoesx3andi
v tfi
nishes
3
hi
ghert
ot herghtbecauseasxget
i slar
geandposi t
ivesodoesx.Thecurvecr hex-
ossest axisthr
eetimes,
oncewherex=1, oncewherex=2andoncewher ex=3.Thisgi
v esusourt
hreesepar
atesoluti
ons.
Exampl
e

(
a)Fi
l
lint
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
i 6+x+4x2+x3f
ony=- 4x2
or-

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x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2

-
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6

x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2

4x2 16 4

x3

(
b)Usi
ngt
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awt
hegr
aphf 6+x+4x2+x3f
ory=- 4x2
or-
(
c) Uset
hegr
apht
osol
vet
heequat
ions:
-

6+x+4x2+x3=0
-
x3+4x2+x–4=0
.
2+4x2+x3=0
-

Sol
uti
on
Thet
abl
eshowscor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandyf
ory
=-6+x+4x2+x3

X -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2
-
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6
Fr
om t
hegr
apht
hesol
uti
onsf
orxar
ex=-
3
X -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2 ,x=-
2,x=1
4x2 64 36 16 4 0 4 16
X3 -
64 -
27 -
8 -
1 0 1 8 I
. Tosolveequati
ony
3 2
6+x+4x2+x3
Y=- -
10 0 0 -
4 -
6 0 20 =x +4x +x- 6wedr awa
st
rai
ght l i
ne from t he
di
ffr
ence of t he t wo
equati
onsandthenwereadthecoordi
natesatt
hepoi
ntoft
heint
erseti
onofthecurv
eand
thestr
aightl
i
ne
y=x3+4x2+x-
6
0=x3+4x2+x-
4
y=-
2 sol
uti
ons0.
8,-
1.5and-
3.2

x 1 0 -
2
y=x3+4x2+x–6 y -
3-4 -
8
0=x3+4x2+0–2

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y= x–4

y
=-6+4x2

=x-
y 4
Y=-
2

c (
i)sol
uti
on0.
8
-
1.5
And-
3.2
Av
erageRat
eofchange

Defi
ningtheAverageRateofChange
Thenotionofaveragerateofchangecanbeusedt odescr
ibethechangeinanyvari
ablewit
hrespectto
another
.Ifyouhaveagraphthatrepr
esentsapl
otofdat
apointsoft
hef or
m( x,
y),
thentheaver
agerateof
changebetweenanytwopointsisthechangei
ntheyval
uedivi
dedbythechangeinthexval
ue.

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P ny
changei
o3 00
p Theav
erager
ateofchangeofywi
thr ox
espectt
ul 0
25
at200
i
o
ni 0
15 nx
changei
n1 00
m 90
year
s
50
i
ll
i

Not
e;

 Ther
ateofchangeofast
rai
ght(t
hesl
op)
li
nei
sthesamebet
weenal
lpoi
ntsal
ongt
hel
i
ne

 Ther
ateofchangeofaquadr
ati
cfunct
ioni
snotconst
ant(
doesnotr
emai
nthesame)
Exampl
e
Thegraphbel
owshowstherat
eofgrowt
hofapl
ant
,f
rom t
hegr
aph,t
hechangei
nhei
ghtbet
weenday1
andday3isgi
venby7.
5cm –3.8cm =3.
7cm.
3.
7cm
Av
erager
ateofchangei
s =1.
85c
m/da
y
2days
1.
3cm
Theav
erager
ateofchangef
ort
henextt
woday
sis =0.
65cm/
day
2days
Not
e;

 Therat
eofgr owthint
hef i
rst2day
swas1.85cm/daywhi
let
hati
nthenextt
woday
sisonl y0.65
cm /
day.Theserat
esofchangearer
epr
esent
edbyt
hegradi
ent
soft
heli
nesPQandQRrespecti
vely
.

Numberofday
s
Thegr adientoft he
strai
ght l i
ne is 20
,which i
s
constant .
The
gradient r epr
esents
t
he rateofdi stancewith
ti
me ( speed)whi ch
i
s 20m/ s.

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Rat
eofchangeatani
nst
ant
Wehav
eseent
hatt
ofi
ndt
her
ateofchangeatani
nst
ant(par
ti
cul
arpoi
nt)
,we:

 Dr
awat
angentt
othecur
veatt
hatpoi
nt

 Det
ermi
net
hegr
adi
entoft
het
angent
Thegr
adi
entoft
het
angentt
othecur
veatt
hepoi
nti
sther
ateofchangeatt
hatpoi
nt.

Empi
ri
cal
graphs
AnEmpir
icalgr
aphisagrapht hatyoucanusetoeval
uat
ethef
itofadi
str
ibut
iont
oyourdat
abydr
awi
ng
thel
i
neofbestfi
t.Thi
sisbecauserawdatausual
lyhav
esomeerr
ors.
Exampl
e
0
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowshowl
engt
hlcm ofamet
alr
odv
ari
eswi
thi
ncr
easei
ntemper
atur
eT(c
().

Temper
atur
e O 1 2 3 5 6 7 8
Degr
eesC Sol
uti
on

Lengthcm 4.
0 4.
3 4.7 4.
9 5.
0 5.
9 6.
0 6.
4
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NOTE;

 Ther
eisal
i
nearr
elat
ionbet
weenl
engt
handt
emper
atur
e.

 Wet
her
efor
edr
awal
i
neofbestf
itt
hatpassest
hroughasmanypoi
ntsaspossi
ble.

 Ther
emai
ningpoi
ntsshoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edev
enl
ybel
owandabov
ethel
i
ne

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Theli
necut
st hey–axisat(0,
4)andpassest
hrought
hepoi
nt(
5,5.
5).
Ther
efor
e,t
hegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
ne
1.
5
i
s =0. 3.
Theequat
ionoft
heli
nei
sl=0.3T+4.
5

Reduct
ionofNon-
li
nearLawst
oLi
nearFor
m.
1
Whenwepl ott
hegraphofxy=k,wegetacur
ve.
Butwhenweplotyagai
nst ,wgetast rai
ghtl
i
newhose
x
gradi
enti
sk.Thesameapproachisusedtoobtai
nli
nearr
elat
ionsf
rom non-
li
nearr
elat
ionsofthef
orm
n
y=kx.

Exampl
e
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAandr

r 1 2 3 4 5

A 3.
1 12.
6 28.
3 50.
3 78.
5
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2
Iti
ssuspect
edthatt
herelati
onisoft
hef
orm A=Kr.
Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
egr
aph,
ver
if
ythel
awconnect
ingA
andranddeter
minethevalueofK.
Sol
uti
on
2
I
fwepl
otAagai
nstr,
weshoul
dgetast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

r 1 2 3 4 5

A 3.
1 12.
6 28.
3 50.
3 78.
5
2
r 1 4 9 16 25

2 2
SincethegraphofAagai
nstri
sast r
aightl
i
ne,t
hel
awA=krhol
ds.
Thegr
adi
entoft
hisl
i
nei
s3.
1toone
decimalpl
ace.Thi
sist
heval
ueofk.

Exampl
e
t
From 1960onwar ds,
thepopul
ati
onPofKisumui sbel
i
ev edt
oobeyalawoft
hefor
m P=kA, Wherekand
Aareconstantsandtistheti
meinyear
sreckonedf
rom 1960.
Thet
abl
ebelowshowsthepopul
ati
onofthe
townsince1960.

r 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

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p 5000 6080 7400 9010 10960 13330 16200

Byplot
ti
ngasui t
abl
egraph,checkwhet
hert
hepopul
ati
ongr
owt
hobey
sthegi
venl
aw.Uset
hegr
apht
o
est
imatethev
alueofA.
Sol
uti
on
t t
Thelaw tobetest
edi sP=kA.
Taki
nglogsofbot
hsi
deswegetl
ogP=log
⁡(kA)
.LogP=l ogK+tlogA,
whichi
sint hef
orm y=mx+Thuswepl otl
ogPagai
nstt
.(
Not
ethatl
ogAi
saconstant
).
Thebel
owshows
thecor
respondi
ngvaluesoftandl
ogp.

r 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

LogP 3.
699 3.
784 3.
869 3.
955 4.
040 4.
125 4.
210

t
Si
ncet
hegr
aphi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne,
thel
awP=kAhol
ds.
LogAi
sgi
venbyt
hegr
adi
entoft
hest
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Ther
efor
e,l
ogA=0.
017.
Hence,
A=1.
04
Logki
sthev
ert
ical
int
ercept
.
Hencel
ogk=3.
69
Ther
efor
ek=4898
t
Thus,
ther
elat
ionshi
pisP=4898(
1.04)

Not
e;
x
 Lawsofthefor
my=kA canbewr
it
teni
nthel
i
nearf
orm as:l
ogy=l
ogk+xl
ogA(
byt
aki
ngl
ogsof
bothsi
des)
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 Whenl
ogyi
spl
ott
edagai
nstx,ast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
sobt
ained.
It
sgr
adi
enti
slogA andt
hei
nter
cepti
s
l
ogk.
n
 Thel
awoft
hef
orm y=kX,
wher
ekandnar
econst
ant
scanbewr
it
teni
nli
nearf
orm as;

 Logy=l
ogk+nl
ogx.

 Wet
her
efor
epl
otl
ogyi
spl
ott
edagai
nstl
ogx
.

 Thegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
negi
vesnwhi
l
ethev
ert
ical
int
ercepti
slogk

Summar
y
2
Fort awy=d+cxt
hel obev
eri
fi
edi
tisnecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl
esi
namodi
fi
ed
2 2
For
m asf
oll
owsy=d+c
xiscompar
edwi
thy=mx+c t
hati
sy=c
x +d
i
.) Yi
spl
ott
edont
heyaxi
s
2
i
i
.) xi
spl
ott
edont
hexaxi
s
i
i
i.
) Thegr
adi
enti
sc
i
v.
) Thev
ert
ical
axi
sint
ercepti
sd

Fort
helawy–a=b xt obev
er i
fi
editi
snecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl nax
esi
Modif
iedf
orm asfol
l
ows
y–a=b x, i
.e.y=b x+awhichiscomparedwihy=mx+c
t

i
.) yshoul
dbepl
ott
edont
heyaxi
s

i
i
.) xshoul
dbepl
ott
edont
hexax
is

i
i
i.
) Thegr
adi
enti
sb

i
v.
) Thev
ert
ical
axi
sint
ercepti
sa

f
Fort
helawy–e= t obev erif
iediti
snecessarytoplotagr
aphoft
hevar
iabl
esi
na
x
Modif
iedf
orm asfoll
ows.Thel awy–e= i
f
x() 1
sf +ecompar
x
edwi
thy=mx+c.
i
.) yshouldbeplottedont hever
ti
calaxis
1
i
i
.) shouldbeplott
edont hehor
izont
al axi
s
x
i
i
i.
) Thegr adienti
sf
i
v.
) Thever ti
calaxi
si nt
ercepti
se
2
Fort
helawy–cx=bxt obev eri
fi
edi
tisnecessaryt
opl
otagr
aphoft
hev ar
iabl
esi
na
2 y
Modif
iedf
orm asf
oll
ows.Thelawy–cx=bx i s =bx+ccomparedwihy=mx+c,
t
x

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y
i
.) shouldbepl ott
edonyaxi s
x
i
i
.) Xshoul dbepl ott
edonxaxi s
i
i
i.
) Thegr adienti
sb
i
v.
) Thev ert
icalaxisint
ercepti
sc

a
Fort
helawy= +bxt obev er
ifi
edi
tisnecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl naax
esi
x
Modif
iedf
orm asf
oll
ows.Thel
y 1
()
aw =a 2 +bcompar
x x
edwi
thy=mx+c

y
i
.) shouldbepl ott
edonthevert
icalaxi
s
x
1
i
i
.) 2s houl
dbepl ot
tedonthehor
izontal
axi
s
x
i
i
i.
) Thegr adientisa
i
v.
) Thev ert
icalinter
cepti
sb

Equat
ionofaci
rcl
e
Acir
clei
sasetofal
lpoi
ntsthatar
eoft
hesamedi
stancerf
rom af
ixedpoi
nt.Thef
igur
ebel
owi
saci
rcl
e
cent
re(0,
0)andr
adi
us3unit
s

P(x,y)i
sapointontheci
rcl
e.Tri
angl
ePONi sr i
ght–angl
edatN.
ByPyt
hagor
as’
theorem;
2 2 2
ON + PN =OP
2 2 2
ButON=x,PN=yandOP=3. Ther
efor
e,x + y =3

Not
e;
2 2 2
Thegener
alequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(0,
0)andr
adi
usri
sx +y =r

Exampl
e
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Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(
0,0)passi
ngt
hrough (
3,4)

Soluti
on
Lettheradiusoft
hecir
cleber
From Pythagor
astheor
em;
2 2
r= 3 x4

r=5

Example
Consi
deraci
rcl
ecent
re(5,
4)andr
adi
us3uni
ts.

Sol
uti
on
I
nthefigur
ebel
owt
ri
angl
eCNPi
sri
ghtangl
edatN.Bypyt
hagor
ast
heor
em;
2 2 2
CN +NP =CP

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ButCN=(x–5) ,
NP=( y–4)andCP=3uni t
s.
2 2 2
Theref
ore,
(x5)+(
- y-4) =3 thi
sist
heequati
onofaci
rcl
e.
Note;
Theequati
onofaci r
clecent
re(a,
b)andradi
usrunit
sisgivenby;
x
(-a2+(
) y-b)
2
=(r)
2

Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(
-2,
3)andr
adi
us4uni
ts

Sol
uti
on
2+( 2
Gener
alequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
ei x
s(-a
) y-b)2
=r. Thereforea=- 2b=3andr=4
2
(
x-(- )2
(
2) + y- ( )2
3) =4
(x+2)2
+(y-3)2
=16

Example
Li
neABi st
hediameterofacir
clesuchthattheco-or
dinat
esofAandBar
e(-
1,1)and(
5,1)r
espect
ivel
y.
a.
)Determi
nethecentr
eandt heradi
usoft hecir
cle
b.
)Hence,f
indtheequat
ionofthecircl
e

Sol
uti
on
a.)(-
1+5 1+1
2 2
, ) =(2,
2
1)
2
Radi
us= (5-2)+(1-1)
2
= 3 =3
b.)Equat
ionofthecircl
eis;
2 2 2
(
x-2)+( 1)=3
y-
2 2
(x2)+(
- 1)=9
y-

Exampl
e
2 2
Theequat
ionofaci
rcl
eisgi
venbyx-6x+y +4y-3=0.
Det
ermi
net
hecent
reandr
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e.

Solut
ion
2 2
x-6x+y +4y=3
Compl et
ingt hesquareonthel
efthandside;
2 2
x-6x+9+y +4y+4=3+9+4
2 2
(x-3) +(y+2)=4- 3=0
Therefor
ecent reofthecir
clei
s(3,-
2)andr adi
usi
s4units.Notethatt
hesi
gnchangest
oopposi
teposi
ti
ve
si
gnbecomesnegat i
vewhil
enegati
vesignchangestoposit
ive.

Example
Writ
etheequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
ethathasA(
1,-6)andB(
5,2)asendpoi
ntsofadi
amet
er.
Met
hod1: Det
ermi
net
hecent
erusi
ngt
heMi
dpoi
ntFor
mul
a:

C( 1+5-
,
2 2 )
6+2
→C(
3,2)
-

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Det
ermi
net
her
adi
ususi
ngt
hedi
stancef
ormul
a(cent
erandendofdi
amet
er)
:
2 2
r= (
3-1)+(
-2+6) = 4+16= 20 =2 5

Equat
ionofci
rcl
eis: (
x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=20
Met
hod2: Det
ermi
necent
erusi
ngMi
dpoi
ntFor
mul
a(asbef
or :C(
e) 3,2)
- .
2
Thus,
theci
rcl
eequat
ionwi
l
lhav
ethef
orm(
x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=r
2
Fi
ndrbypl
uggi
ngt
hecoor
dinat
esofapoi
ntont
heci
rcl
einf
orxa
ndy.
2 2 2
Let
’suseB(
5,2)
:r=(
5-3)
2
+(
2+2)
2
=2 +4 =4+16=20
Agai
n,wegett
hisequat
ionf
ort
heci
r e: (
cl x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=20

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thetabl
eshowst
hehei
ghtmet
resofanobj
ectt
hrownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsv
ari
eswi
tht
het
imet
seconds
2
Therelat
ionshi
pbet
weensandti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heequat
ionss=at +bt+10wher
ebar
e
const
ants.

T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

S 45.
1 49.
9 -
80

(
a)(
i)Usi
ngt
heinfor
mati
oni
nthet
abl
e,det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
)Compl
etet
hetabl
e
(
b)(
i) Dr
awagr
apht
orepr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensandt
(
ii
) Usi
ngt
hegr
aphdet
ermi
net
hev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ectwhent=5seconds
2. Datacol
l
ectedf
orm anexper
imenti
nvol
vi
ngt
wov
ari
abl
esXandYwasr
ecor
dedasshowni
nthe
tabl
ebel
ow

x 1.
1 1.
2 1.
3 1.
4 1.
5 1.
6

y -
0.3 0.
5 1.
4 2.
5 3.
8 5.
2

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Thev
ari
abl
esar
eknownt
osat
isf
yar
elat
ionoft
hef
orm y=ax3+bwher
eaandbar
econst
ant
s
(
a)Foreachvalueofxint
het ableabove,wri
tedownt hev ueofx3
al
(
b) ( i
)Bydrawingasui
tabl
est rai
ghtl
inegr
aph,est
imatethev
aluesofaandb
(i
i
)Writedowntherel
ationshi
pconnecti
ngyandx
n
3. Twoquant
it
iesPandrar
econnect
edbyt
heequat
ionp=kr.Thet
abl
eofv
alues
ofPandri
sgi
venbel
ow.

P 1.
2 1.
5 2.
0 2.
5 3.
5 4.
5

R 1.
58 2.
25 3.
39 4.
74 7.
86 11.
5

a) St
ateal
i
nerequat
ionconnect
ingPandr
.
b) Usi
ngt
hescal
e2cm t
orepr
esent0.
1uni
tsonbot
haxes,
drawasui
tabl
e
l
i
negr
aphont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded.Henceest
imat
ethev
aluesofKandn.
4. Thepoi
ntswhi
chcoor
dinat
es(
5,5)and(
-3,
-
1)ar
etheendsofadi
amet
erofaci
rcl
ecent
reA
Det
ermi
ne:
(
a) Thecoor
dinat
esofA
m x2+y
2
Theequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
e,expr
essi
ngi
tinf
or +ax+by+c=0
wher
ea,
b,andcar
econst
ant
seachcomput
ersol
d
5. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sasket
choft
hegr
aphoft
hequadr
ati
cfunct
iony=k
(
x+1)(
x-2)

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofk
6. The tabl
e bel
ow shows t
he val
ues ofthe l
ength X (in metr
es )ofa pendul
um and the
cor
respondi
ngval
uesoftheper
iodT(inseconds)ofi
tsosci
ll
ati
onsobtai
nedi
nanexper
iment
.

X(met
res) 0.
4 1.
0 1.
2 1.
4 1.
6

T(seconds) 1.
25 2.
01 2.
19 2.
37 2.
53

(
a) Const
ructat
abl
eofv
aluesofl
ogXandcor
respondi
ngv
aluesofl
ogT,

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cor
rect
ingeachv
aluet
o2deci
mal
places
b) Gi
venthatt
herel
ati
onbet
weent
heval
uesofl
ogXandl
ogTappr
oxi
mat
etoal
i
nearl
aw of
t
hefor
mml ogX+logawher
eaandbareconst
ant
s
(
i) Usetheaxesont
hegr
idpr
ovi
dedt
odr
awt
hel
i
neofbestf
itf
ort
hegr
aphofl
ogT
agai
nstl
ogX.

(
ii
) Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
ethev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
i) Fi
nd,
todeci
mal
placest
hel
engt
hoft
hependul
um whoseper
iodi
s1second.

7. Datacol
l
ecti
onf
rom anexper
imenti
nvol
vi
ngt
wov
ari
abl
esxandywasr
ecor
dedasshowni
nthe
tabl
ebel
ow

X 1.
1 1.
2 1.
3 1.
4 1.
5 1.
6

Y -
0.3 0.
5 1.
4 2.
5 3.
8 5.
2

Thev
ari
abl
esar
eknownt
osat
isf
yar
elat
ionoft
hef
orm y=ax3+bwher
eaandb
ar
econst
ant
s
(
a) Foreachv
alueofxi
nthet
abl
eabov
e.Wr
it
edownt
hev
alueofx3
(
b) (
i)Bydr
awi
ngssui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aph,
est
imat
ethev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
)Wr
it
edownt
her
elat
ionshi
pconnect
ingyandx

8. Twovari
abl
esxandy,areli
nkedbytherelat
iony=axn.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowspar
toft
hest
rai
ght
l
inegr
aphobtai
nedwhenlogyispl
ottedagainstl
ogx.

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Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofaandn
9. Theluminousint
ensi
tyIofal
ampwasmeasur
edf
orv
ari
ousv
aluesofv
olt
agevacr
ossi
t.The
resul
tswereasshownbel
ow

V(
vol
ts) 30 36 40 44 48 50 54

L(
Lux) 708 1248 1726 2320 3038 3848 4380

I
tisbel
i
evedt
hatVandl
arer
elat
edbyanequat
ionoft
hef
or =aVnwher
ml eaandnar
econst
ant
.
(
a) Dr
awasui
tabl
eli
neargr
aphanddet
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandn
(
b) Fr
om t
hegr
aphf
ind
(
i) Thev
alueofIwhenV=52
(
ii
) Thev
alueofVwhenI=2800
10. Inacert
ainrel
ati
on,t
hev al
ueofA andBobser
vear
elat
ionB=CA +KA2 wher
eC andKar
e
const
ant
s.Bel
owisatabl
eofv al
uesofAandB

A 1 2 3 4 5 6

B 3.
2 6.
75 10.
8 15.
1 20 25.
2

(
a)Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aphs,
det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofCandK.
(
b)Hencewr
it
edownt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAandB
(
c)Det
ermi
net
hev
alueofBwhenA=7
11. Thevar
iabl
esPandQareconnect
edbyt
heequat
ionP=abqwher
eaandbar
econst
ant
s.Thev
alue
ofpandqaregi
venbel
ow

P 6.
56 17.
7 47.
8 129 349 941 2540 6860

Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(
a) St
atet
heequat
ioni
nter
msofpandqwhi
chgi
vesast
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aph
(
b) Bydrawingastrai
ghtl
i
negraph,est
imat
ethev
alueofconst
ant
saandbandgi
vey
our
answercor
rectt
o1deci
mal
place.
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CHAPTERFI
FTYFOUR

PROBABI
LITY
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
inepr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
b)Det
ermi
nepr
obabi
l
ityf
rom exper
iment
sandr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions;
(
c)Const
ructapr
obabi
l
ityspace;
(
d)Det
ermi
net
heor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
;
(
e)Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weendi
scr
eteandcont
inuouspr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
f)Di
ff
erent
iat
emut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veandi
ndependentev
ent
s;
(
g)St
ateandappl
ylawsofpr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
h)Useat
reedi
agr
am t
odet
ermi
nepr
obabi
l
iti
es.
Content
(a)Probabi
l
ity
(
b)Exper
iment
alpr
obabi
l
ity
(
c)Rangeofpr
obabi
l
itymeasur
e0^P(
x)^
1
(
d)Pr
obabi
l
ityspace
(
e)Theor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
(
f)Di
scr
eteandcont
inuouspr
obabi
l
ity(
simpl
ecasesonl
y)
(
g)Combi
nedev
ent
s(mut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veandi
ndependentev
ent
s)
(
h)Lawsofpr
obabi
l
ity
(
i)Thet
reedi
agr
ams.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thel
i
kel
i
hoodofanoccur
renceofanev
entort
henumer
ical
measur
eofchancei
scal
l
edpr
obabi
l
ity
.

Exper
iment
alpr
obabi
l
ity
Thisiswherepr obabi
l
ityi
sdeter
mi nedbyexper i
enceorexper
iment.Whatisdoneorobservedisthe
exper
iment.Eachtossiscal
ledat
rialandtheresul
tofatri
ali
stheoutcome.Theexper
iment
alprobabi
l
ity
ofaresul
tisgivenby(t
henumberoff av
orabl
eoutcomes)/(t
hetot
alnumberoftr
ial
s)
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Exampl
e
Aboyhadafai
rdi
ewithfacesmar ked1to6.Hethr
ewt hi
sdieup50ti
mesandeacht
imeher
ecor
dedt
he
numberont
het
opface.Theresul
tofhisexperi
mentisshownbel
ow.

f
ace 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of 11 6 7 9 9 8
ti
mes a
face has
shownup
What i
s t
he exper
iment
al
pr
ovabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng?
a.
)1 b.
)6
Sol
uti
on
t
henumberoff
avor
ableoutc
ome
s
a.
)P(
Event
)=
t
hetot
alnumberoftr
ial
s
P(
1)=11/
50
b.
)P(
4)=9/
50
Exampl
e
Fr
om thepastrecor
ds,outofthetenmatchesaschoolfoot
bal
lteam haspl
ayed,i
thaswonsev
en.
How
manypossi
blegamesmi ghtt
heschool
wininthi
rt
ymatches?.

Sol
uti
on
P(
winni
ngi
nonemat
h)=7/
10.
Ther
efor
ethenumberofpossi
blewi
nsi
nthi
rt
ymat
ches=7/
10x30=21mat
ches

Rangeofpr
obabi
l
ityMeasur
e
I
fP(A)i
sthepr
obabi
li
tyofaneventAhappeni
ngandP(
A')i
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofanev
entAnothappeni
ng,
ThenP(
A')
=1-P(A)andP(A'
)+P(A)=1
Pr
obabi
l
ityar
eexpr
essedasf
ract
ions,
deci
mal
sorper
cent
ages.

Pr
obabi
l
ityspace
Ali
stofal
lpossibl
eoutcomesisprobabi
li
tyspaceorsamplespace.
Thecoini
ssuchthattheheadort
ail
hav
eequalchancesofoccur
ri
ng.Theeventsheadortai
lar
esaidtobeequal
l
yli
kel
yoreqi
probabl
e.

Theor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
Thiscanbecal culat
edwi thoutnecessar
il
yusinganypastexperi
enceordoinganyexperi
ment
.The
probabi
l
ityofaneventhappening#numberoffav
orabl
eout
comes/total
numberofout
comes.
Exampl
e

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Abasketcont
ains5r
edbal
l
s,4gr
eenbal
l
sand3bl
uebal
l
s.I
fabal
lispi
ckedatr
andom f
rom t
hebasket
,
f
ind:
a.
)Thepr
obabi
l
ityofpi
cki
ngabl
uebal
l
b.
)Thepr
obabi
l
ityofnotpi
cki
ngar
edbal
l

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Tot
alnumberofbal
l
sis12
Thenumberofbl
uebal
l
sis3
Sol
uti
on
a.
)ther
efor
e,P(
abl
uebal
l
)=3/
12
b.
)Thenumberofbal
l
swhi
char
enotr
edi
s7.
Ther
efor
eP(notar
edbal
l
)=7/
12

Exampl
e
Abagcontai
ns6blackbal
l
sandsomebrownones.I
fabal
lispi
ckedatr
andom t
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
tis
bl
acki
s0.25.
Findt
henumberofbr
ownbal
l
s.
Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofbal
l
sbex
Thent
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatabl
ackbal
li
spi
ckedatr
andom i
s6/
x
Ther
efor
e6/
x=0.
25
x=24
Thet
otal
numberofbal
dis24
Thent
henumberofbr
ownbal
l
sis24-6=18

Not
e:
Whenal
lpossi
bleout
comesar
ecountabl
e,t
heyar
esai
dtobedi
scr
ete.

Ty
pesofpr
obabi
l
ity
Combi
nedEv
ent
s
Thesear
epr
obabi
l
ityoft
woormor
eev
ent
soccur
ri
ng

Mut
ual
l
yExcl
usi
veEv
ent
s
Occur
renceofoneexcl
udest heoccurrenceoft heotherortheoccurrenceofoneev
entdependonthe
occur
renceoft
heother
..IfAandBar etwomut uall
yexclusi
veevents,then(AorB)=P(A)+P( B)
.For
examplewhenacoi
nistossedtheresul
twi l
lei
therbeaheadoratail.
Exampl
e
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i
.) I
facoi
nist
ossed;

P(
head)+P(t
ail
)
1 1
= + =1
2 2

Not
e;
I
f[OR]i
susedt
henweadd

I
ndependentEv
ent
s
Twoev entsAandBar eindependentift
heoccurrenceofAdoesnotinf
luencetheoccurr
enceofBandvice
versa.IfAandBar etwoindependentev ent
s,t
hepr obabi
l
ityoft
hem occurr
ingtoget
heristhepr
oductof
theiri
ndiv
idual
probabi
l
iti
es.Thatis;
P(
AandB)=P(
A)xP(
B)
Not
e;
Whenweuse[
AND]wemul
ti
ply,
thi
sist
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionl
awofpr
obabi
l
ity
.

Exampl
e
Acoi
nist
ossest
wice.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngat
ail
inbot
htosses?
Sol
uti
on
Theout he2ndt
comeoft ossi
sindependoft
heout
comeoft
hef
ir
st.
Ther
efor
e;
P(
TandT)=P(T)XP(T)
1 1 1
= x =
2 24
Exampl
e
Aboythr
owsf ai
rcoi
nandar egul
art
etr
ahedr
onwit
hitsfourf
acesmar
ked1,
2,
3and4.
Findt
hepr
obabi
l
ity
t
hathegetsa3onthetet
rahedr
onandaheadonthecoi
n.
Sol
uti
on
Thesear
eindependentev
ent
s.
1 1
P(
H)= ,P(
3)=
2 4
Ther
efor
e;
P(
Hand3)=P(
H)xP(
3)
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=½x¼
=1/
8

Exampl
e
Abagcontai
ns8blackbal
lsand5whit
eones.
Iftwobal
l
sar
edr
awnf
rom t
hebag,oneatat
ime,
fi
ndt
he
pr
obabi
l
ityofdr
awi
ngablackbal
landawhi
tebal
l.
a.
)Wi
thoutr
epl
acement

b.
)Wi
thr
epl
acement

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Therear
eonl
ytwowayswecangetablackandawhi
tebal
l
:eit
herdr
awi
ngawhi
tet
henabl
ack,
or
dr
awi
ngabl
ackthenawhi
te.
Weneedt
of i
ndthet
wopr
obabi
li
ti
es;

P(W f
oll
owedbyB)=P(
W andB)
8 5 10
= x =
13 12 39
b.
)P(
Bfol
l
owedbyW)=P(
BandW)

5 8 10
X =
13 12 39
Not
e;
Thet
woev
ent
sar
emut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
ve,
ther
efor
e.
P(
Wfol
l
owedbyB)or(Bf
oll
owedbyW )
=P(W f
oll
owedbyB)+P(Bf
oll
owedbyW)
=P(
W andB)+P(BandW)
40 40 20
= + =
156 156 39
Si
ncewear
erepl
aci
ng,
thenumberofbal
l
sremai
ns13.
Ther
efor
e;
5 8 40
P(
W andB)= x =
13 13 169
8 5 40
P(BandW)= x =
13 13 169
Ther
efor
e;
P[
(W andB)or(
BandW)
]=P(
W andB)+P(
BandW)

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40 40 80
= x =
169 169 169

Exampl
e
Kamau,Njor
ogeandKari
ukiar
epr
acti
cingar
chery.
Theprobabi
li
tyofKamauhi
tt
ingthetargetis2/5,
thatof
Njor
ogehitt
ingt
hetar
getis¼andthatofKari
ukihi
tt
ingthetar
getis3/7,
Fi
ndt heprobabil
i
tythatinone
at
tempt;
a.
)Onl
yonehi
tst
het
arget

b.
)Al
lthr
eehi
tthet
arget

c.
)Noneoft
hem hi
tst
het
arget

d.
)Twohi
tthet
arget

e.
)Atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget

Sol
uti
on
a.
)P(
onl
yonehi
tst
het
arget
)

=P(
onl
yKamauhi
tsandot
hert
womi
ss)=2/
5x3/
5x4/
7
=6/
35
P(
onl
yNj
orogehi
tsandot
hert
womi
ss)=1/
4x3/
5x4/
7
=3/
35
P(
onl
yKar
iuki
hit
sandot
hert
womi
ss) =3/
7x3/
5x¾
=27/
140
P(
onl
yonehi
ts)=P(
Kamauhi
tsorNj
orogehi
tsorKar
iuki
hit
s)
=6/
35+3/
35+27/
140
=9/
20
b.
)P(al
lthr
eehi
t)=2/
5x1/
4x3/
7

=3/
70
c.
)P(nonehi
ts) =3/
5x3/
4x4/
7

=9/
35
d.
)P(t
wohi
tthet
arget)i
sthepr
obabi
l
ityof;

KamauandNj
orogehi
tthet
argetandKar
iuki
misses=2/
5x3/
7x4/
7

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Nj
orogeandKar
iuki
hitt
het
argetandKamaumi
sses=1/
4x3/
7x3/
5

Or

KamauandKar
iuki
hitt
het
argetandNj
orogemi
sses=2/
5x3/
7x3/
4
Ther
efor
eP(
twohi
ttar
get
)=(
2/5x1/
4x4/
7)+(
1/4x3/
7x3/
5)+(
2/5x3/
7x3/
4)
=8/
140+9/
140+18/
140
=¼
e.
)P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)=1–P(nonehi
tst
het
arget
)

=1–9/
35
=26/
35
Or

P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)=1–P(
nonehi
tst
het
arget
)
=26/
35

Not
e;
P(
onehi
tst
het
arget
)isdi
ff
erentf
rom P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)

Tr
eedi
agr
am
Treediagr
amsall
owsust oseeal lt
hepossi
bleout
comesofaneventandcal
cul
atethei
rpr
obal
i
ty.
Each
branchinatreedi
agram repr
esentsapossi
bleout
come.Atreedi
agram whi
chrepr
esentacoi
nbeing
tossedthr
eet
imeslookl
ikethi
s;

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From thetreedi
agr
am,wecanseethatthereareeightpossi
bleout
comes.Tof i
ndoutt
hepr
obabi
l
ityofa
part
icularout
come,weneedt
olookatal
ltheavail
ablepaths(
setofbranches)
.

Thesum oft
hepr
obabi
l
iti
esf
oranysetofbr
anchesi
sal
way
s1.

Alsonotet
hati
nat
reedi
agr
am t
ofi
ndapr
obabi
l
ityofanout
comewemul
ti
plyal
ongt
hebr
anchesandadd
vert
ical
l
y.

Thepr
obabi
l
ityoft
hreeheadsi
s:

P(
HHH)=1/
2×1/
2×1/
2=1/
8

P(
2HeadsandaTai
l
)=P(
HHT)+P(
HTH)+P(
THH)

=1/
2×1/
2×1/
2+1/
2×1/
2×1/
2+1/
2×1/
2×1/
2

=1/
8+1/
8+1/
8

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=3/
8
Exampl
e
BagAcontai
nsthr
eer edmarblesandfourbluemar
bles.
BagBcont
ains5r
edmar
blesandt
hreebl
ue
marbl
es.
Amarbl
eistakenf
rom eachbagi
nturn.

a.
)Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngabl
uebeadf
oll
owedbyar
ed
b.
)Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngabeadofeachcol
or
Sol
uti
on
a.
)Mul
ti
plyt
hepr
obabi
l
iti
est
oget
her
P(bl
ueandr
ed)=4/
7x5/
8=20/
56
=5/
14
b.
)P(
blueandr
edorr
edandbl
ue)=P(bl
ueandr
ed)+P(
redandbl
ue)
=4/
7x5/
8+3/
7x3/
8
=20/
56+9/
56
=29/
56
Exampl
e
Thepr obabi
li
tythatOmwer
igoest
oNakur
ui s¼ .
Ifhegoest oNakur
u,thepr
obabi
li
tyt
hathewil
lsee
fl
amingoi s½ .Ifhedoesnotgot
oNakuru,theprobabi
l
ityt
hathewillseef
lami
ngois1/3.Fi
ndthe
probabil
it
ythat
;
a.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lgot
oNakur
uandseeaf
lami
ngo.
b.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lnotgot
oNakur
uyethewi
l
lseeaf
lami
ngo
c.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lseeaf
lami
ngo
Sol
uti
on

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LetNstandforgoingt
oNakur
u,N’st
andf
ornotgoi
ngt
oNakur
u,Fst
andf
orseei
ngaf
lami
ngoandF’
standf
ornotseei
ngafl
ami
ngo.

a.
)P(
Hegoest
oNakur
uandseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(
NandF)
=P(
N)XP(
F)
=¼ X½
=1/
8
b.
)P(Hedoesnotgot
oNakur
uandy
etseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(N’
)XP(F)
=P(
N’andF)
=3/
4X1/
3
=¼
c.
)P(Heseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(
NandF)orP(N’
andF)
=P(
NandF)+P(
N’andF)
=1/
8+1/
4
=3/
8

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
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1. Thepr obabil
i
tiest
hata husband and wi
fewi
l
lbeal
i
ve25 y
ear
sfr
om now ar
e0.
7 and 0.
9
respect
ivel
y.
Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
n25y
ear
sti
me,
(a)Bothwi l
l beali
ve
(b)Neitherwi l
lbealive
(c)Onewi llbealive
(d)Atleastonewi llbeali
ve
2. Abagcont ainsblue,greenandredpensofthesametypei
nther
ati
o8:
2:5r
espect
ivel
y.Apeni
s
pickedatrandom wi thoutr
epl
acementandi
tscol
ournot
ed
(
a) Det
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hef
ir
stpenpi
ckedi
s
(
i) Bl
ue
(
ii
) Ei
thergr
eenorr
ed
(
b) Usi
ngat
reedi
agr
am,
det
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
i) Thef
ir
stt
wopenspi
ckedar
ebot
hgr
een
(
ii
) Onl
yoneoft
hef
ir
stt
wopenspi
ckedi
sred.
3. Asci
enceclubismadeupofboy sandgi
rl
s.Thecl
ubhas3of
fi
cial
s.Usi
ngat
reedi
agr
am or
ot
her
wisef
indthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
a)Thecl
ubof
fi
cial
sar
eal
lboy
s
(
b)Twooft
heof
fi
cial
sar
egi
rl
s
4. TwobasketsAandBeachcont ai
nami xtur
eoforangesandlimes,al
loft
hesamesi
ze.BasketA
contai
ns26orangesand13li
mes.BasketBcontai
ns18or angesand15li
mes.Achi
l
dselecteda
basketatr
andom andpi
ckedafr
uitatar
andom f
rom it
.
(
a) I
ll
ust
rat
ethi
sinf
ormat
ionbyapr
obabi
l
iti
est
reedi
agr
am
(
b) Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hef
rui
tpi
ckedwasanor
ange.
5. Inform 1classther
ear
e22gi rl
sandboys.Thepr
obabi
l
ityofagi
rlcompl
eti
ngt
hesecondar
y
2
educati
oncoursei
s3whereast
hatofaboyi
s/ 3

(
a) Ast
udenti
spi
ckedatr
andom f
rom cl
ass.Fi
ndt
hepossi
bil
i
tyt
hat
,
(
i) Thestudentpi
ckedisaboyandwi ll
complet
ethecourse
(
ii
) Thestudentpi
ckedwillcomplet
ethecour
se
(
b) Twost
udentsarepickedatrandom.Fi
ndthepossi
bil
i
tythatt
heyar
eaboy
andagi
rlandt
hatbot
hwi
l
lnotcompl
etet
hecour
se.
6. Thr
eer
epr
esent
ati
vesar
etobesel
ect
edr
andoml
yfr
om agr
oupof7gi
rl
sand8
boy
s.Cal
cul
atet
hepr
obabi
l
ityofsel
ect
ingt
wogi
rl
sandoneboy
.
7. Apoul
tr
yfar
merv
acci
nat
ed540ofhi
s720chi
ckensagai
nstadi
sease.Twomont
hsl
ater
,5%oft
he
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v
acci
natedand80%oft heunv acci
nat
edchi
cken,contr
act
edt
hedi
sease.Cal
cul
atet
hepr
obabi
l
ity
t
hatachickenchosenr
andom contact
edt
hedisease.
8. Theprobabi
li
tyoft
hreedar
tspl
ayer
sAki
nyi
,Kamau,
andJumahi
tt
ingt
hebul
l
sey
ear
e0.
2,0.
3and
1.
5respecti
vel
y.
(
a) Dr
awapr
obabi
l
ityt
reedi
agr
am t
oshowt
hepossi
bleout
comes
(
b) Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
i) Al
lhi
tthebul
l
’sey
e
(
ii
) Onl
yoneoft
hem hi
tthebul
l
’sey
e
(
ii
i) Atmostonemi
ssedt
hebul
l
’sey
e
9. (
a) Anunbi
asedcoi
nwi
tht
wof
aces,
head(
H)andt
ail
(T)
,ist
ossedt
hree
t
imes,
li
stal
lthepossi
bleout
comes.
Hencedet
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng:
(
i) Atl
eastt
woheads
(
ii
) Onl
yonet
ail
(
b)Dur i
ngacertai
nmot orrall
yitispredi
ctedthattheweatherwi l
lbeei therdry(D)orwet(W).The
7
probabil
it
ythattheweat herwillbedryisest imat
edtobe / 10.T hepr obabi
li
tyforadri
verto
compl et
e(C)theral
l
ydur ingthedryweatherisesti
matedt obe5/ 6.Thepr obabi
li
tyforadr
ivert
o
compl et
etheral
l
yduringwetweat heri
sesti
mat edtobe1/10.Compl etetheprobabil
i
tytr
eedi
agram
gi
v enbelow.

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Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
i) Thedr
ivercompl
etest
her
all
y?
(
ii
) Theweat
herwaswetandt
hedr
iverdi
dnotcompl
etet
her
all
y?
10. Ther
earethreecar
sA, BandCinar
ace.Ai
stwi
ceasl
i
kel
ytowi
nasBwhi
l
eBi
stwi
ceasl
i
kel
yto
winasc.Fi
ndtheprobabi
l
ityt
hat
.
a) Awi
nst
her
ace
b) Ei
therBorCwi
nst
her
ace.
11. I
ntheyear2003,t
hepopul
ati
onofacertai
ndist
rictwas1.
8mi l
li
on.Thi
rt
ypercentoft
hepopulat
ion
wasintheagegr oup15–40y ear
s.I
nt hesamey ear
,120,
000peopleinthedistr
ictv
isi
tedthe
Vol
unt
aryCounsel
ingandTest
ing(VCT)cent
reforanHIVtest
.
I
fapersonwassel
ect
edatr
andom f
rom t
hedist
ri
cti
nthisyear
.Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
heper
son
v
isi
tedaVCTcentr
eandwasint
heagegroup15–40y ears.
12. (
a) Twoi
nteger
sxandyar
esel
ect
edatr
andom f
rom t
hei
nteger
s1t
o8.I
fthe
samei
ntegermaybesel
ect
edt
wice,
findt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
i) |
x–y |
=2
(
ii
) |
x–y |
is5ormor
e
(
ii
i) x>y
(
b) Adi
eisbi
asedsot
hatwhentossed,
theprobabi
l
ityofanumberrshowi
ngup,i
sgi
venbyp®
=Krwher
eKisaconst
antandr=1,2,3,
4,
5and6( thenumberonthef
acesoft
hedi
e
(
i) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofK
(
ii
) I
fthedi
eist
ossedt
wice,
cal
cul
atet
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
het
otal
scor
eis11
13. TwobagsAandBcont ai
nident
icalbal
l
sexceptfort
hecol
our
s.BagAcont
ains4r
edbal
l
sand2
yel
l
owball
s.BagBcont
ains2redball
sand3yell
owball
s.
(
a) Ifaballisdr awnatrandom fr
om eachbag,findtheprobabi
l
itythatbothball
sareoft
he
samecolour .
(
b) Iftwoball
sar edrawnatrandom fr
om eachbag,oneatatimewithoutrepl
acement
,fi
ndt
he
probabi
li
tythat:
(i
) Thet woball
sdrawnfrom bagAorbagBar ered
(
ii
) Al
lthef
ourbal
l
sdr
awnar
ered

14. Dur
ingint
er–schoolcompetiti
ons,foot
ballandvolley
bal
lteamsf
rom Mokaguhi
ghschoolt ook
par
t.Theprobabi
l
ityt
hatt
hei
rfootbal
landvoll
eybal
lteamswouldwi
nwere3/
8and4/
7respect
ivel
y.
Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
a) Bot
hthei
rfoot
bal
landv
oll
eybal
lteams
(
b) Atl
eastoneoft
hei
rteamswon

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15. Asci
enceclubismadeupof5boysand7gi
rl
s.Thecl
ubhas3of
fi
cial
s.Usi
ngat
reedi
agr
am or
ot
her
wisef
indthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
a) Thecl
ubof
fi
cial
sar
eal
lboy
s
(
b) Twooft
heof
fi
cial
sar
egi
rl
s

16. ChicksonOnyango’sfarm werenotedtohaveei

therbrownf eather
sbrownorblackt
ailf
eathers.Of
thosewit
hblackfeather
s2/ 3weref emal
ewhie2/
l 5o ft
ho sewit
hb rownfeat
her
s wer
e male.Otieno
boughttwochicksf r
om Ony ango.Onehadblackt ai
lfeather
swhi l
et heot
herhadbrownf i
ndt he
probabi
li
tyt
hatOtieno’
schickswer enotoft
hesamegender
was
17. Threerepresent
ativ
esaret
obeselect
edrandoml
yfr
om agr
oupof7gi
rl
sand8boy
s.Cal
cul
atet
he
probabi
li
tyofselecti
ngt
wogir
lsandoneboy
18. Thepr obabi
li
tythatamanwi nsagamei s¾.Hepl
ayst
hegameunt
ilhewi
ns.Det
ermi
net
he
probabil
i
tythathewinsi
nthef
ift
hround.

19. Thepr obabi

li
tythatKamauwi l
lbeselectedforhi
sschool
’sbasket
ballteam i
s¼.Ifheissel
ect
ed
1
forthebasketballt
eam.Thent heprobabili
tyt
hathewil
lbeselect
edf orfoot
bal
lis/ 3i
fhei
snot
select
edf orbasketbal
lthentheprobabi l
i
tythatheisselect
edf orfootbal
lis4/
5.Wh ati
sthe
probabil
it
ythatKamauisselect
edforatleastoneoft
hetwogames?

20. TwobasketsA andBeachcont ai

nsami xt
ureofor angesandlemons.BasketsA cont
ains26
orangesand13lemons.Basket
sBcontai
ns18orangesand15l emons.Achil
dsel
ect
edabasketat
random andpickedatrandom afr
uitfr
om i
t.Determinetheprobabil
i
tythatt
hefrui
tpickedan
orange.

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CHAPTERFI
FTYFI
VE

VECTORS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Locat
eapoi
nti
ntwoandt
hreedi
mensi
onco-
ordi
nat
esy
stems;
(
b)Repr
esentv
ect
orsascol
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons;
(
c)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weencol
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
ors;
(
d)Repr
esentv
ect
orsi
nter
msofi
,j,
andk;
(
e)Cal
cul
atet
hemagni
tudeofav
ect
ori
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons;
(
f)Uset
hev
ect
ormet
hodi
ndi
vi
dingal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onat
ely
;
(
g)Usev
ect
ormet
hodt
oshowpar
all
eli
sm;
(
h)Usev
ect
ormet
hodt
oshowcol
l
inear
it
y;
(
i)St
ateanduset
her
ati
otheor
em,
(
j)Appl
yvect
ormet
hodsi
ngeomet
ry.
Content
(a)Coor
dinat
esi
ntwoandt
hreedi
mensi
ons
(
b)Col
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons
(
c)Col
umnv
ect
orsi
nter
msofuni
tvect
orsi
,j,
andk
(
d)Magni
tudeofav
ect
or
(
e)Par
all
elv
ect
ors
(
f)Col
l
inear
it
y
(
g)Pr
opor
ti
onal
div
isi
onofal
i
ne
(
h)Rat
iot
heor
em
(
i)Vect
ormet
hodsi
ngeomet
ry.

Vect
orsi
n3di
mensi
ons:
3dimensi
onalvector
scanber
epr
esent
edonasetof3axesatr
ightangl
est
oeachot
her(
ort
hogonal
),as
shownint
hediagram.
Not
ethatt
hezaxi
sist
hev
ert
ical
axi
s.
Togetf
rom At
oBy ouwouldmov e:
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s,
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4uni
tsi
nthex-
dir
ect
ion,
(x-
component
)
3uni
tsi
nthey
-di
rect
ion,
(y-
component
)
2uni
tsi
nthez-
dir
ect
ion.(
z-component
)

I
ncomponentf
orm: =

I
ngener
al: = ,

Col
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
ors

()
p
I
nthr
eedimensi
ons,adisplacementisr epresent
edbacol
umnv
ect
oroft
hef
orm q wher
ep,
qandrar
e
r
t
hechangesi
nx,
y,zdi
recti
onsr espect
ively
.
Exampl
e

Thedi
spl
acementf
rom A(3,
1,4)t
oB(7,
2,
6)i
srepr
esent
edbt
hecol
umnv
ect
or
7-
,2-
( ) ()
3 4
1=1
4 2
6-

Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orofAwr
it
tenasOAi
3
()
s 1 wher
4
eOi
stheor
igi
n

Addi
ti
onofv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
onsi
sdonei
nthesamewayast
hati
ntwodi
mensi
ons.
Exampl
e

I
() ( )
3
fa= -
2a
5
-
2
ndb= 8 t
10
hen

i
.)
() ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3a+2b=3-
-2 9
2 +2 8 = -
5
-4 5
6 + 16 = 10
10 15 20 35

i
i
.)
3
4a–½b=4-
() ( ) ( ) () ( )
1
-2 12
2- 8 = -
5
2
10
1
8 +-
20
13
4=-
-
5
12
15
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Col
umnVect
orsi
nter
msofuni
tVect
ors
I
nthr
eedimensi
ontheuni
tvect
ori
nthexaxi
sdi
rect
ioni
()0
s= 1,
0
t
hati
nthedi
rct
ionoft
heyaxi
si
()0
s 1 whi
0
l
e

t
hati
nthedi
rect
ionofz–axi
si
()0
s 0.
1

Di
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hev
ect
ors.

Thr
eeuni
tvect
orsar
ewr
it
tenas;
i
() () ()
1 0
= 0,j= 1 a
0 0
0
ndk0
1

Ex
pressv
ect
()
5
or-
2i
7
nt
ermsoft
heuni
tvect
orI,
jandk

Sol
uti
on

( ) () ( ) ()
5
-
7
5

0
0
2=0+-
0
2+0
0 7

() () ()
1 0 0
5 0 -21 +70
0 0 1
=5i
–2j
+7k

Not
e;

()
a
Thecol
umnv
ect
orbcanbeexpr
essedasai+bj
+ck
c

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Magni
tudeofa3di
mensi
onal
vect
or.
2 2 2
Gi
vent
hev
ect
orAB=xi
+yj
+2k,
thent
hemagni
tudeofABi
swr
it
tenas|
AB|
= x+y+z

Thi
sist
hel
engt
hoft
hev
ect
or.
UsePy
thagor
as’
Theor
em i
n3di
mensi
ons.
AB2=AR2+BR2
AP2+PR2)+BR2
=(

fu=
andi t
hent
hemagni
tudeofu,|
u|=l
engt
hofAB

Di
stancef
ormul
afor3di
mensi
ons

Recal
lthatsi
nce: = ,
theni
f t
hen

Si
ncex=x
B
-x
Aand
y=yB-yAandz-z
B A

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Exampl
e:
1.I
fAi
s(1,
3,2)andBi
s(5,
6,4)

Fi
nd

2.I
f Fi
nd

Sol
uti
on

a.
)

b.
)

Par
all
elv
ect
orsandcol
l
inear
it
y
Par
all
elv
ect
ors
Twov
ect
orsar
epar
all
eli
fonei
sscal
armul
ti
pleoft
heot
her
.i
.ev
ect
orai
sascal
armul
ti
pleofb,
i
.e.
a=kbt
hent
het
wov
ect
orsar
epar
all
el.

Not
e;
Scal
armul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
ssi
mpl
ymul
ti
pli
cat
ionofar
egul
arnumberbyanent
ryi
nthev
ect
or

Mul
ti
ply
ingbyascal
ar

Avect
orcanbemult
ipl
i
edbyanumber(
scal
ar)
.e.
g.mul
ti
ply a by3 is wr
it
ten as 3a.
Vector3a has
thr
eeti
mesthel
engt
hbutisi
nthesamedir
ect
ionasa.I
ncolumnf
orm,
eachcomponentwi
llbemult
ipli
ed
by3.
Wecanal sotakeacommonfactoroutofav ectori
ncomponentfor
m.I favect
orisascal
armul
tipl
eof
anotherv
ector
,thent
het
wovectorsarepar
all
el,anddif
feronl
yinmagni
tude.Thi
sisausef
ult
estt
oseeif
l
inesarepar
all
el.
Exampl
eif

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Col
l
inearPoi
nts
Poi
ntsarecol
l
inearifonest
rai
ghtl
i
nepassesthr
oughal
lthepoi
nts.Forthr
eepoi
ntsA,
B,C-i
fthel
i
neAB
i
sparal
lelt
oBC,sinceBiscommont obot
hli
nes,
A,BandCarecolli
near.

Testf
orcol
l
inear
it
y

Exampl
e
Ai
s(0,
1,2)
,Bi
s(1,
3,–1)andCi
s(3,
7,–7)Showt
hatA,
BandCar
ecol
l
inear
.

ar
escal
armul
ti
ples,soABi
spar
all
elt
oBC.
SinceBi
sacommonpoi
nt,t
henA,BandCar
e
col
l
inear
.
I
ngener
alt
het
estofcol
l
inear
it
yoft
hreepoi
ntsconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts
 Showi
ngt
hatt
hecol
umnv
ect
orsbet
weenanyt
wooft
hepoi
ntsar
epar
all
el
 Showi
ngt
hatt
heyhav
eapoi
nti
ncommon.
Exampl
e
A(
0,3)
,B(
1,5)andC(4,
11)ar
ethr
eegi
venpoi
nts.Showt
hatt
heyar
ecol
l
inear
.
Sol
uti
on
ABandBCar
epar
all
eli
fAB=kBC,
wher
eki
sascal
ar

()() ()
AB=1 -0 = 1
5 3 2 ( )() ()
BC= 4 -1 = 3
11 5 6
Ther
efor
eAB/
/BCandpoi
ntB(
1,5)i
scommon.Ther
efor
eA,
B,andCar
ecol
l
inear
.
Exampl
e
Showt
hatt
hepoi
ntsA(
1,3,
5),
B(4,
12,
20)andCar
ecol
l
inear
.
Sol
uti
on
Consi
derv
ect
orsABandAC

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( )( ) ( )
4 1 3
AB= 12 -13 = 9
20 5 15

( )() ( )
3 1 2
AC= 9 -3 = 6
15 5 10

() ()
2
6
10
=k
3
9
15

2
Hencek=
3
2
AC= AB
3
Ther
efor
eAB/
/ACandt
het
wov
ect
orsshar
eacommonpoi
ntA.
Thet
hreepoi
ntsar
ethuscol
l
inear
.
Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
eabov
eOA=aOB=bandOC=3OB

a.
)Expr
essABandACi
nter
msofaandb
1
b.
)Gi
vent
hatAM =¾ABandAN= AC,
Expr
essOM andOi
nter
msofaandb
2
c.
)Hence,
showt
hatOM andNar
ecol
l
inear
Sol
uti
on

a.
)AB=OA+OB

=-a+b

AC=-a+3b

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b.
)OM =OA+AM
3
=OA+ AB
4
3
=a+ (a+b)
-
4
3 3
=a- a+ b
4 4
1 3
= a+ b
4 4

ON=OA+AN
1
=OA+ AC
2
1
a+ (-a+3b)
2
1 3
a=a- a+ b
2 2
1 3
= a+ b
2 2
a

3 1 k 3k
c.
)OM =kON b+ a= a+ b
4 4 2 2
Compar
ingt
hecoef
fi
cient
sofa;
1 k
=
4 2
1
k=
2
1
Thus,
OM = ON.
2
Thust
wov
ect
orsal
soshar
eacommonpoi
nt,
O.Hence,
thepoi
ntsar
ecol
l
inear
.
Pr
opor
ti
onal
Div
isi
onofal
i
ne
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
thel
i
nei
sdi
vi
dedi
nto7equal
par
ts

ThepointRli
es4/7 oft
hewaysalongPQifwetakethedi
rect
ionfr
om PtoQt obeposi
ti
ve,wesayR
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di
vi
desPQi
nter
nal
l
yint
her
ati
o4:
3..

I
fQtoPist
akenasposi
ti
ve,
thenRdi
vi
desQPi
nter
nal
l
yint
her
ati
o3:4.
Hence,
QR:RP=3:4or,
4QR
=3RP.

Ext
ernal
Div
isi
on
I
ninternaldiv
isi
onwel ookatt
hepoi
ntwi
thi
nagi
veni
nter
valwhi
l
einext
ernaldi
vi
sionwel
ookatpoi
nts
out
sideagi v
eninter
val
,
I
nthef
igur
ebel
owpoi
ntPi
spr
oducedonAB

Theli
neABisdi
videdint
othr
eeequalpart
swi
thBPequalt
otwooft
hesepar
ts.I
fthedi
rect
ionf
rom At
oB
i
stakenasposi
ti
ve,t
henthedi
rect
ionfr
om Pt
oBisnegati
ve.
ThusAP:PB=5:-
2.I
nthi
scasewesayt
hatPdi
vi
desABext
ernal
l
yint
her
ati
o5:-
2orPdi
vi
desABi
nthe
rat
io5:
-2.

Poi
nts,
Rat
iosandLi
nes
Fi
ndt
her
ati
oinwhi
chapoi
ntdi
vi
desal
i
ne.

Exampl
e:
Thepoint
sA(
2,–3,4)
,B(
8,3,1)andC(
12,7,–1)f
orm ast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Fi
ndt
her
ati
oinwhi
chBdi
vi
desAC.
Sol
uti
on

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Bdi
vi
desACi
nrat
ioof3:
2

Poi
ntsdi
vi
dingl
i
nesi
ngi
venr
ati
os.

Exampl
e:
Pdi
vi
desABi
nther
ati
o4:
3.I
fAi
s(2,
1,–3)andBi
s(16,
15,
11)
,fi
ndt
heco-
ordi
nat
esofP.

Sol
uti
on:

p–a)=4(
 3( b–p)
3p–3a=4b–4p
7p=4b+3a

Poi
ntsdi
vi
dingl
i
nesi
ngi
venr
ati
osext
ernal
l
y.
Exampl
e:
Qdi
vi
desMNext
ernal
l
yint
her
ati
oof3:
2.M i
s(–3,
–2,
–1)andNi
s(0,
–5,
2).
Findt
heco-
ordi
nat
esofQ.
NotethatQNisshownas–2becauset
het
wol
i
nesegment
sar
eMQandQN,andQNi
sint
heopposi
te
di
rect
iontoMQ.

q–m)=3(
 –2( n–q)
–2q +2m =3n–3q
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q =3n–2m

Pi
sP(
10,
9,5)

TheRat
ionTheor
em

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsapoi
ntSwhi
chdi
vi
desal
i
neABi
nther
ati
om :
n

TakinganypointOasor
igi
n,wecanexpr
esssi
nter
msofaandbt
heposi
tonv
ect
orsofaandb
respect
ivel
y.
OS=OA+AS
m
ButAS= AB
m+n
m
Ther
efor
e,OS=OA+ AB
m+n
m
ThusS=a+ (-a+b)
m+n

m m
=a- a+ b
m+n m+n

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m m
=(
1- )a+ b
m+n m+n

m+n-m m
=( )
a+ b
m+n m+n

n m
= a+ b
m+n m+n

Thi
siscal
ledt
herati
ot heor
em.Thetheor
em statesthatt
heposi
ti
onv
ect
orssofapoi
ntwhi
ch
di
vi
desali
neABintherati
om: ni
sgi
venbytheformula;
n m
S= a+ b,
whereaandbar
eposi
tonv
ect
orsofAandBr
espect
ivel
y.Not
ethatt
hesum of
m+n m+n
n m
co-
ordi
nat
es and =1
m+n m+n
Thus,
i
ntheabov
eexampl
eift
her
ati
om :
n=5:
3
Thenm =5andn=3
3 3
OR= a+ b
5+3 5+3
3 3
Thus,
r= a+ b
8 8
Exampl
e
ApointRdivi
desalineQRexter
nal
lyi
ntherat
io7:3.I
fqandrar
eposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofpoi
ntQandR
r
especti
vel
y,f
indt
heposi
ti
onvect
orofpi
nter
msofqandr.
Sol
uti
on
Wet
akeanypoi
ntOast
heor
igi
nandj
oini
ttot
hepoi
ntsQ,
RandPasshownbel
ow

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QP:
PR=7:
-3
Subst
it
uti
ngm =7andn=-
3int
hegener
alf
ormul
ae;
-
3 7
OP= q+ r
7+(-
3) 7+(-
3)
-
3 7
P= q+ r
4 4
Vect
orscanbeusedt
odet
ermi
net
her
ati
oinwhi
chapoi
ntdi
vi
dest
wol
i
nesi
ftheyi
nter
sect

Exampl
e
I
nthebel
owOA=aandOB=B. Apoi
ntPdiv
idesOAi
nther
ati
o3:
1andanot
herpoi
ntOdi
vi
desABi
nthe
r
ati
o2:5.I
fOQmeet
sBPatM Det
ermi
ne:
a.
)OM :
MQ
b.
)BM :
MP

LetOM :MQ=k: (1–k)andBM –MP=n: (1–n)

Usingt
herati
otheorem
5 2
OQ= a+ b
7 7
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OM=kOQ
=k a(
5 2
+ b
7 7 )
Alsobyrat
iot
heorem;
OM =nOP+(1–n)OB
3
ButOP= a
4
3
Theref
ore,OM =n(a )+(1-
n)b
4

Equat
ingt
het
woexpr
essi
ons;

(
5 2
k a
7 7
3
4 ) ()
+ b =n a +(1-
n)b
Compar
ingt
heco-
eff
ici
ent
s
5 3
k= n……….
.
1
7 4
2
k=1-n…….
.
2
7

21 10
k= andn=
25 13
10 3
Ther
ati
oBM: MP= :
13 13

=10:
3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. Thef
igur
ebel
owisar
ightpy
rami
dwi
thar
ect
angul
arbaseABCDandVOast
hehei
ght
.Thev
ect
ors
AD=a,AB=bandDV=v

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a)Ex
press
(i
) AVi
nter
msofaandc

(
ii
) BVi
nter
msofa,
bandc

(
b)M i
spoi
ntonOVsucht
hatOM:
MV=3:
4,Expr
essBM i
nter
msofa,
bandc.

Si
mpl
i
fyy
ouranswerasf
araspossi
ble

2. I
ntr
iangl
eOAB,
OA=aOB=bandPl
i
esonABsucht
hatAP:
BP=3.
5

(
b)Fi
ndt het
ermsofaandbt
hevect
ors
(i
) AB
(i
i
) AP
(i
i
i) BP
(i
v) OP
(
c)PointQ i
sonOPsuchAQ=-5+9
8a40b

Fi
ndt
her
ati
oOQ:
QP

3. Thefi
gurebel
owshowstri
angleOABi
nwhi
chM di
vi
desOAi
nther
ati
o2:3andNdi
vi
desOB i
nthe
rat
io4:
1ANandBM int
ersectatX

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(
a)Gi
vent
hatOA=aandOB=b,
expr
essi
nter
msofaandb:

(
i) AN

(
ii
) BM

(
b)I
fAX=sANandBX=t
BM,
wher
esandtar
econst
ant
s,wr
it
etwoexpr
essi
ons

f
orOXi
nter
msofa,
bsandt

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofs

Hencewr
it
eOXi
nter
msofaandb

4. Theposi
ti
onvect
orsforpoi
ntsPandQar e4I+3j+6j+6kr especti
vel
y.Expr
essvectorPQin
ter
msofunitv
ector
sI,jandk.Hencef
indthel
engt
hofPQ,l
eav
ingy ouransweri
nsimpli
fiedsur
d
for
m.

5. I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
vect
orOP=PandOR=r orOS=2randOQ=3/
.Vect 2p.

a) Expr
essi
nter
msofpandr(
i)QRand(
ii
)PS

b) Theli
nesQRandPSint
ersectatKsuchthatQK=m QRandPK=nPS,wher em andnare
scal
ars.Fi
ndt
wodi
sti
nctexpressi
onsf
orOKi nt
ermsofp,
r,
m andn.Hencef
indt
heval
ues
ofm andn.

c) St
atet
her
ati
oPK:
KS

6. Poi
ntTi
st hemidpointofast
rai
ghtl
ineAB.Giv
entheposi
ti
onvect
orsofAandTar
ei-
j+kand2i
+
1½krespecti
vel
y,f
indtheposi
ti
onvectorofBi
nter
msofi,jandk
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7. ApointRdiv
idesalinePQinter
nal
l
yintherat
ion3:4.AnotherpointS,di
vi
desthel
inePRexternal
l
y
i
ntherat
ion5:2.Gi
venthatPQ=8cm, cal
cul
atethelengt
hofRS, corr
ectto2deci
malplaces.

8. Thepoi
ntsP,Q,RandShaveposi
ti
onv ect
ors2p,
3p,
rand3rr
espect
ivel
y,r
elat
ivet
oanor
igi
nO.A
poi
ntTdivi
desPSi
nter
nal
l
yinther
atio1:6

(
a) Fi
nd,
int
hesi
mpl
estf
orm,
thev
ect
orsOTandQTi
nter
mspandr

(
b) (
i) Showt
hatt
hepoi
ntsQ,
T,andRl
i
eonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne

(
ii
) Det
ermi
net
her
ati
oinwhi
chTdi
vi
desQR

9. Twopoint
sPandQhav
ecoor
dinat
es(
-2,3)and(
1,3)r
espect
ivel
y.At
ransl
ati
onmappoi
ntPt
oP’
(10,
10)

(
b)Fi
ndthecoor
dinat
esofQ’thei
mageofQundert
het
ranslat
ion
(
c)Theposi
ti
onvect
orofPandQ i
n(a)abov
ear
epandqr espect
ivel
ygi
vent
hatmp–nq=-
12
9

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofm andn

10. Gi
vent +1/
hatqi 3j+2/
3ki
sauni
tvect
or,
findq

11. I
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow,t
hecoor
dinat
esofpoi
ntsAandBare(1,6)and(
15,6)r
espect
ivel
y).Poi
ntN
i
sonOBsucht
hat3ON=2OB.Li neOAispr
oducedt
oLsuchthatOL=3OA

(
a)Fi
ndv
ect
orLN

(
b)Gi
vent
hatapoi
ntM i
sonLNsucht
hatLM:
MN=3:
4,f
indt
hecoor
dinat
esofM

(
c)I
fli
neOM i
spr
oducedt
oTsucht
hatOM:
MT=6:
1

(
i) Fi
ndt
heposi
ti
onv
ect
orofT

(
ii
) Showt
hatpoi
ntsL,
TandBar
ecol
l
inear

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12. I
nthef
igurebel
ow,OQ=qandOR=r .Poi
ntXdi
vi
desOQi
nther
ati
o1:2andYdi
vi
desORi
nthe
r
ati
o3:
4l i
nesXR andYQi
nter
sectatE.

(
a)Ex
pressi
nter
msofqandr
(
i) XR

(
ii
) YQ

(
b)I
fXE=m XRandYE=nYQ,
expr
essOEi
nter
msof
:

(
i) r
,qandm

(
ii
) r
,qandn

(
c)Usi
ngt
her
esul
tsi
n(b)abov
e,f
indt
hev
aluesofm andn.

13. Vect
orqhasamagni
tudeof7andi
spar
all
elt
ovect
orp.Gi
vent
hat

p=3i
–j+1½k,
expr
essv
ect
orqi
nter
msofi
,j
,andk.

14. I
nthefigur
ebelow,OA=3i+3jABDOB=8i–j
.Ci
sapoi
ntonABsucht
hatAC:
CB3:
2,andD i
sa
poi
ntsuchthatOB/
/CD and2OB=CD(
T17)

Det
ermi
net
hev
ect
orDAi
nter
msofIandj

15. I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
KLMNi
sat
rapezi
um i
nwhi
chKLi
spar
all
elt
oNM andKL=3NM

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Gi
vent
hatKN=w,
NM =uandML=v
.Showt
hat2u=v+w

16. Thepoi
ntsP,QandRlieonastraightli
ne.Theposi
ti
onvect
orsofPandRar
e2i+3j+13kand5i–
3j+4kr
espect
ivel
y;Qdi
videsSRinternal
lyi
ntherat
io2:
1.Fi
ndthe

(
a)Posi
ti
onv
ect
orofQ

(
b)Di
stanceofQf
rom t
heor
igi
n

17. Co-or
dinatesofpoi
ntsO,
P,QandRare(0,0)
,(3,
4),(
11,6)and(
8,2)r
espect
ivel
y.ApointTissuch
thatt
hev ect
orOT,QPandQRsat
isf
ythevect
orequat
ionOT=QP½QT.Fi ndthecoordi
natesofT.

18. I
nthef
igur
ebel
owOA=a,
OB=b,
AB=BCandOB:
BD=3:
1

(
a) Det
ermi
ne

(
i) ABi
nter
msofaandb

(
ii
) CD,
int
ermsofaandb

(
b) I
fCD:
DE=1kandOA:
AE=1m det
ermi
ne

(
i) DEi
nter
msofa,
bandk

(
ii
) Thev
aluesofkandm

19. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsagr
idofequal
l
yspacedpar
all
ell
i
nes

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AB=aandBC=b

(
a) Expr
ess

(
i) ACi
nter
msofaandb

(
ii
) ADi
nter
msofaandb

(
b) Usi
ngt
ri
angl
eBEP,
expr
essBPi
nter
msofaandb

oducedatXandPR=1/ 8
(
c) PRpr
oducedmeet
sBApr 9b– /3a

Bywr
it
ingPXaskPRandBXashBAandusi
ngt
het
ri
angl
eBPXdet
ermi
net
her
ati
oPR:
RX

20. Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofpoi
ntsxandyar
ex=2i
+j–3kandy=3i
+2j
–2kr
espect
ivel
y.Fi
ndXY

2.GiventhatX=2i+j-
2K,y=-3i+4j–kandz=5i+3j+2kandt
hatp=3x–y+2z,
findt
hemagni
tudeof
vectorpto3si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es.

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