12 Sound We hear sound from various sources, eg. from humans, birds, machines, vehicles, TV, radio, et. Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. Production of Sound A sound is produced by vibrating objects. Vibration means a kind of motion ofan object. The sound of human voice is produced due to vibr cords. We can produce sound by striking the tuning fork, by plucking, scratching, rubbing, blowing or shaking different objects. They all produce sound due to vibrations. Propagation of Sound When an object vibrates, it ets the particles ofthe medium (solid, liquid or gas) around it in vibrations, The particles do not travel all the way from the vibrating object o the car. ‘A particle of the medium in contact with the vibrating object is first displaced from its equilibrium position. Ie chen exerts a force on the adjacent particle. As a result of which, the adjacent particle gets displaced from its position of rst. After displacing the adjacent article, che fist particle comes back to its original position, This process continues in the ‘medium till the sound reaches our ear. The source of sound creates a disturbance in the medium which travels through the dium, The particles of the medium do not move forward but the disturbance i carried Forward. Ths fs propagation of sound in a medium, hence sound can be visualised as a we. Sound waves require a medium to travel, so they are called mechanical waves. ormation of Compression and Rarefaction in Air hen a vibrating object moves forward in air, it pushes and compresses the air in front of ft, creating a compression which starts to move avay from the vibrating object. When the ibrating object moves backwards, it creates rarefaction, 4 : ompreesion isthe part ofa longitudinal wave in which the particles ofthe medium are closer to one another than they normally are and it is the region of high pressure. It is denoted by C in the figure given here. Chapter: Checklist + Production and Propagation of Sound + Types of Waves ‘Terms to Describe Sound Waves * Characteristics of Sound * Reflection of Sound Wave + Range of Hearing * Ultrasound and its Applications » SONAR + Human Ear298 es Allfnane Science Class 9th Rarefaction is the part ofa longitudinal wave in which the particles of the medium are farther apart than they normally are and it is the region of low pressure, It is denoted by R in the figure given here. Tee iM | He || Sompntesons (Eland yartactons Gb in the maciom As the object moves back and forth rapidly, a series of ‘compressions and rarefactions is created in air. ‘Thus, propagation of sound can be visualised as propagation of density variations or pressure variations in the medium as pressure is related to the numberof particles ofa medium in a given volume. More density ofthe particles inthe medium gives more pressure and vice-versa. Sound Needs a Medium-to Travel ‘The substance through which sound travels is called a ‘medium. Itcan be solid, quid ora gas. Sound wave requires a material medium like air, water, steel, etc., for its propagation. Sound wave cannot travel in vacuum, Types of Waves ‘There are mainly two types of waves. Longitudinal Waves In longitudinal waves, the individual particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the disturbance. The particles do not move from one place to another but they simply oscillate back and forth about their positions of rest. This is exactly how a sound wave propagates, hence sound, waves are longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves can be produced in all the three media such as solids, liquids and : The waves which travel along a spring when it is pushed and pulled at one end, are the longitudinal waves, [poem Normal position of 8 spring [rorerenvosoomnemmerooTTCOo Push Cu Ae — Put Longitudinal wave in 2 stinky ‘When coils are closer together than normal, compr. (are observed in spring. When coils are farther: are dee notna, rarefaction (R) are observed. long fexibl ging ‘which can be compressed or extended easily called dinky Transverse Waves . In transverse waves, the individual particles of the medium, ‘move about its mean position in a direction perpendiculs, to the direction of wave propagation. eg. Light is transverse wave (but it is not a mechanical wave ic. it does not require a medium for its propagation). ‘Transverse waves can be produced only in solids and liquids but not in gases. ‘The waves produced by moving one end of a long spring or rope, up aad down au those other end ie Tele transverse waves (and downy Transverse wave on a long spring or rope s ‘Transverse wave with crest and trough is shown below. 6 Positive displacement " T Une of zero. - disturbance *| y Negativo c a ke displacement Trough “Tough P Crest and trough of @ transverse wave b Graphical Representation of a Sound wave | f ‘When a sound wave passes through at, che dens ft | 7 changes continuously. a Compression Relation Compression Rarlacton 0, % yy % i! Greater Less, ter 3 enety —enety Sonat -deiy i. Representation of sound waveAllene Sound 299 Asound wave in air has been represented by means of a density-distance graph as shown below. thanrormal ‘A sound wave in gir by density-distance graph eres FD 1. Can sound wave travel through vacuum? 2. Give one citference between longitudinal and transverse wave. 3 Whats the nature of sound waves? 4 Give an example for production o transverse wave, 5 How density of particles of compression and rarefaction of a wave diferent trom each other? Terms to Describe Sound Waves Sound waves can be described by its ( wavelength — (i) frequency ____ (iif) time period (io)amplitude (2) speed Wavelength ‘The distance between the two consecutive compressions (C) or two consecutive rarefactions (R) is called the wavelength. Wavelength is the minimum distance in which a sound Wave repeats itself In other words, itis the combined length of a compression andan adjacent rarefaction. It is represented by a Greek leter lambda. Its SI unit is metre (m). Frequency ‘Thenumber of complete waves (or oscillations) produced in one second is called frequency of the wave. It is the number of vibrations that occur per second. Orthe number of the compressions or rarefactions that cross ‘ei per unite. : iS The frequency of a wave is fixed and does not change even rhea ae cep iio ‘substances. It is denoted by V(Greek letter; nu). Its ST unit is hertz (symbol, Hz) named in honour of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who discovered Photoelectric effect. Time Period The time taken by two consecutive compressions ot rarefactions to cross a fixed point is called the time period of the wave, In other words, the time required to produce one complete wave (oF oscillations) is called time period of the wave. [cis denoted by symbol T. Its SI unit is second (s). ‘The time period of a wave isthe reciprocal ofits frequency, 1 ie. Time petiod O) =p Amplitude v ‘The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their original mean positions on passing a wave through the medium is called amplitude of the wave. Tt is used to describe the size of the wave. It is usually denoted by the letter A. Its SI unit is metre (m). The amplitude of a wave is same as the amplitude ofthe vibrating, body producing the wave. Speed : ‘The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called speed of the wave or velocity of the wave. Under the same physical conditions, the speed of sound remains same for all, frequencies. Ic is represented by letter v. Ies SI unit is metre per second (m/s or ms"), Relationship between speed, frequency and wavelength of Speed =Distance travelled Time taken| 3 Suppose distance travelled by a wave is 2 (wavelengch), in time T, then the speed is given by » =A/T" We know that, frequency, V=1/T. Therefore, v=AXxVor v=vA or [Speed (velocity) = Frequency x Wavelength Example 1 Sound waves travel in air with speed of ‘about 330 ms”. Calculate the wavelength of sound. whose frequency is 550 Hz. Calculate time’ period of one oscillation. Sol. Given, frequency of sound, v=550 Hz Speed of sound wave, »=330 ms"! ‘Wavelength of sound wave, A=? Time petiod, T=300 a, ‘Weknow that, v=vA and 7 =1/v » 3803 v 550 Asvava = = =0.6m <1 =0001s ee wy 550 Characteristics of Sound ‘A sound has three characteristics. These are loudness, pitch and quality (or timbre). (i) Loudness Ii the measure of the sound energy reaching the car per second. Greater the sound energy reaching our ear pet second, louder the sound will appear to be. Wave digturbance smatt_| Time amplitude Soft sound Wave disturbance Lage amplitude Tie oud sotng Soft sound hes small amplitude and Touder sound has large amplitude If the sound waves have a small amplitude, then sound will be faint or soft but, if waves have a large amplitude then the sound will be loud. Figure given above shows the wave shapes ofa loud aud a soft sound of the same frequency. Since, the amplitude of a sound wave is equal to the amplitude of vibrations of the source producing the sound waves, hence the loudness of sound depends on the amplitude of vibrations of the source producing the sound waves. Loud sound can travel a larger distance as it is associated with higher energy. ‘A.sound wave spreads out from its source, as it moves ‘away from the source, its amplitude as well as its loudness decreases. The loudness of sound is measured in decibel (dB). Ie depends on the sensitivity oF the response of our eats. Intensity “The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is known as the intensity of sound. Loudness and _ jntensity are not the same terms. Loudness js a measure of the response ofthe ear to the sound. Even when two sounds dre of equal intensity, we may hear one as louder than the ‘ther, simply because our ear derects it in better way. ‘The SI unit of intensity is watt per square metre (W/m: =. Allnone Science Clss 9 (ii) Pitch or Shrillness Teis that characteristic of sound by which we can distinguish between different sounds of the same loudness. Due oth characteristic, we can distinguish between a man’s voice and woman's voice of the same loudness without seeing them, Pitch of a sound depends Weve, on the frequency of “Ube vibration. Greater the | ZN frequency of a sound, the Toe higher will be its pitch. ‘Wars shape fg In other words, the faster pleted lecund) the vibration of the source, yistubence the higher is the frequency and hence higher is the pitch, as shown in figure. ie ‘Wave shape for 2 igh pitched sound ‘Thus, a high pitch sound corresponds to more number _of compressions and rarefactions passing through fixed point per unictine. Low pitch sound has low frequency and high pitch sound hhas high frequency. ‘Objects of different sizes and conditions vibrates a diferest frequencies to produce sounds of different pitches. ii) Quality or Timbre ‘The quality or imbre of sound enables us to distinguish ot sound from another having the same pitch and loudnes: sound of single frequency is called a tone. The produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is alle!* note and is pleasant in listening too. Noise is unpleasst® ear. Music is pleasant to ear and is of rich quality Speed of Sound and Light The speed of sound in air is about 344 ms" at cand 331 ms"! at OFC and the speed of light in ait 300000000 ms“ or 3x 10" mat Thus, speed of Hah * very high as compared to the speed of sound. This is the reason why in the rainy season, the fash e lightning is seen first and the sound of thunder is heat litde later, though both are produced at the sume in clouds. 8 eats pended Speed of Sound in Different Med ‘The medium through which sound propagates ca” Dog fubsance, aliquid or a gas. The eel of sound depen the properties of medium through which i travels temperature of the medium, The speed of sound 4 when we go from solid to gaseous state. Iftemperst™"e™ ‘medium increases then speed of sound also incre a pe eea pilingne Sound oe c ‘ d 2 0 ee ik Ae (Sonic Boom | en the speed of any object exceeds te sped 6 eel gS | ahave supersonic speed. Many objects such as some aircralte, puts and rockets, et, travel at supersonic apecas Wherry nd [producing source moves with a speed higher than that of sound, it | Boaucs shock waves ina whieh cary a large aunt chet ‘he emendous ar pressure variations caused y the shock aoe rodce 2 loud burst of sound is Known as sone boone tpoducesuntolerable loud noise which causes pain in ou ears. The shock waves produced bya supersonic aircraft have nsogh ‘energy to shatter glass and can even damage buildings, CE 1 Wave of frequency 200 Hz is produced in a string as shown in the ‘igue. Find amplitude, wavelength and velocity ofthe wave, (ans, Amplitude = Sem, wavelerigth =10 cm and velocity =20.¥6) 2 sound wave has a frequency of 2 kHz and wavelength 35 om. How long wilt take to travel 1.5 km? (fns.2:158) 3 Deline decibel and on what factor does it depend? 4 Name the characteristic which helps us to distinguish between a ‘man's voice and woman's voice without seeing them. 5 What happens to the speed of sound when it goes from solid to (2s20us state? Reflection of Sound Wave The bouncing back of sound when it strikes a hard surface is ‘own as reflection of sound. It can be reflected from any surface whether it is smooth or rough. Sound is reflected in the ‘me way as light and follows the same laws of reflection, which eas fllows: 1. The incident sound wave (AO), the reflected sound wave (08) and the normal (ON) at the point of incidence, all liein the same plane. Reflection of sound 301 2, The angle of incidence (AON) of sound is equal to the angle of reflection (NOB) of sound. Echo ‘When a person shouts in a big empty hall, we first hear his original sound, afer that we hear the reflected sound of that shout. So, the repetition of sound caused by reflection of sound waves is called an echo. ‘The sensation of sound persists in our brain for about 0.1s. Thus, to hear a distinct echo, the time interval between the original sound and the reflected one must be atleast 0.1. The distance travelled by the sound in 0.1 s speed x time =344 x 0. So, echo will be heard, if the minimum distance between the source of sound and the obstacle This distance will change with the change in temperature. Echoes may be heard more than once due to successive multiple reflections. The rolling of thunder is due to successive reflections of sound from a number of reflecting surfaces, such as clouds and the land. Reverberation ‘The persistence of a sound in a big hall due to repeated reflections from the walls, ceiling and floor of the wall is known as reverberation. This occurs when original sound and reflected sound overlapps. For reverberation. to occur, reflection occurs at less than 17 metres distance. A shore reverberation is desirable in a concert hall, where music is being played, as it boosts the sound level. But excessive reverberation is highly undesirable because sound becomes blurred, distorted and confusing due to overlapping of different sounds. To reduce reverberation, the roof and walls of the auditorium are generally covered with sound absorbent materials like compressed fibre board, rough plaster or draperies. Uses of Multiple Reflection of Sound The reflection of sound is used in the working of devices such as megaphone, horns, stethoscope and sound board. These devices involve multiple reflections of sound waves.302 4 Alignone Science Class sp, (i) Megaphone and Horn ‘Megaphone is a large cone shaped device used to amplify and direct the voice of a person who speaks into it. When a person speaks into the narrow end of the megaphone tube, the sound waves produced are prevented from spreading by successive reflections from the wider end of the megaphone tube, hence sound of his voice can be heard over a longer distance. {ii) Stethoscope Ie is a medical instrument used by doctors to listen to the sound produced within the heart and the lungs in human ody. The sound of heart beats (or lungs) reaches the doctors ears by the multiple reflections of sound waves through the stethoscope tube. (iii) Sound Board Te is a concave boatd (curved board) placed behind the stage in big halls, so that sound after reflecting from sound board, spreads evenly across the width of the hall. (Curved sound board (acts as sound reflector). Reflected ‘sound waves: Persons} siting inthe To bia hal ‘Source of sound (ike @ speaker delvering speech) Curved sound board behind the speaker ‘or the stage in big hall (Curved celing of Reflected big hall (acts as sound reflector) siting inthe ral (ike a musician) Curved sound board behind the spesker or the ‘stage in big hall Generally, the ceilings of the concert halls, conference hall and cinema halls are curved, so that sound after reflection reaches all corners ofthe hall. GEIED 1. nan experiment on studying the laws of reflection of sound, the incident wave makes an angle of 35* with the rgd sutace (wal), what willbe the angle of reflection? ths 2. What should be the minimum distance ofthe obstacl rom te source of sound for hearing distant echoes? 3 An echo is rotumed in 6s. What is the cistance of retectng surface from source? [given that speed of sound is 342 ms) (hos tae 4 Wate the name of sound absorbant materials used in concer hall 5. Give wo uses of mutiple reflection of sound Range of Hearing “The average frequency range over which the human ea i sensitive is called audible range. The audible range of sound for human beings is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kilohert), Children under the age of 5 and some animals such as dog can hear up to 25000 Hz. As people grow older, thei exs become less sensitive to higher and lower frequencies. Infrasonic Sound ‘The sound of frequencies lower than 20 Hz. are known # infrasonic sounds or infrasound, which cannot be heard bY human beings. Earthquakes and some animals like whales elephants and rhinoceroses produce infrasonic sound frequency 5 Hz. Ivis observed that some animals get dis and start running here and there just before the exthauk® occur. This is because earthquakes produce low freque®! infrasound before the main shock waves begin which pos! alert the animals and they get disturbed. Ultrasonic Sound ‘The sounds of frequencies higher than 20000 Hz are oid ultrasonic sounds or ultrasounds which cannot be hes" human beings. Dogs can hear ultrasonic sound frequency up to 50,000 Hz. This is why dogs are U4 detective work by the police. Bats, dalphins, and po?™ can produce ultrasonic sounds,d d i f 7 - Allinome Sound 303. re re ge ee Hearing Aid | thisis a device used by peopie Who are hard of healing. ile |. gnelecronic, battery operated device It recelves sour | ough microphone which converts the sound waves to | clecticalsignats, > these eleceical signals are amplified by an amplifier. The | ampliied electrical signals are given to a speaker of the | fearing aid Te speaker converts the amplified electrical | signals to sound and then sends i tothe ear for cleat (Cheating Ultrasound and Its Applications Urasounds are high frequency waves. They’ travel. in seaight line without bending around the corners. They can penetrate into matter to a large extent. Due to these propertics, ultrasound is used in industry and in hospitals for medical purposes. Some of the important applications of ultrasound are given below. {In Cleaning Minute Parts of Machines Ubrasound is used to clean parts located in hard-to-reach-places, such as spiral tubes, odd-shaped machines and electronic components, etc. Objects to be leaned are placed in a cleaning solution and ultrasonic waves ate sent into the solution. Due to their high frequency, the ultrasound waves stit up the solution, ee ‘the particles of dust, grease and dirt vibrate too much, become loose, get detached from the object and fall into the solution. The objects, thus get thoroughly cleaned. {ilin Internal Investigation of Human Body Ultrasound is used to investigate the internal organs of human body such as liver gall bladder, pancreas, kidneys, Uterus and heart, etc. re - Ultrasound waves can penetrate the human body an Aifcen types of tissues ge reflected in different ways from region where there is a change of tissue density. In this way, Ultasound helps us to see inside the human body and co give Pictures of the inner organs by converting into electrics signals. These pictures or images are then displayed on @ Monitor or printed on a film. This technic e talled Ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is used for he Stamination of foetus during pregnancy 0 coe) frowth abnormalities, which helps in taking the ne ry ction to rectify the abnormalities. Ulerasonie scanner is an instrument that helps the doctor to detect abnormalities, such as stones in the gall bladder and kidney or tumours in different organs and many other ailments, Ultrasound is also used for diagnosing heart diseases by scanning the heart from inside. This technique is echocardiography. Ultrasound may be employed to break small stones formed in the kidneys into fine grains which later get flushed out with urine. This way, the patient gets relief from pain. (iii) In Industries Ulerasound is used in industry for detecting flaws (cracks, etc) in metal blocks without damaging them. Metal blocks are used in the construction of big structures like bridges, machines and scientific equipment, etc If there are some cracks and flaws in the metal blocks, which are invisible from outside reduces the strength of the structure. These can be detected by using ultrasound. This is based on the fact that an internal crack (or hole) does not allow ultrasound to pass through it. Ie reflects the ultrasound. Ultrasound waves are allowed t0 pass through one face of metal block (co be tested) and detectors are placed on the opposite face of the metal block to detect the transmitted ultrasound waves. If there is even a small defect, the ultrasound waves gets reflected back indicating the presence of the flaw or defect, as shown in figure. Defect or jaw Utvasound Utrasound “(evcack)” detectors C= Meta block Ultrasound reflected from a part of block, which shows that this metal block has a flaw or defect (lke 8 crack) it Ordinary sound waves cannot be used for detecting the flaws in metal blocks because they will bend around the corners of the defective location and therefore enter the detector. Use of Ultrasonic Waves by Bats Bats search out prey and fly in dark night by emitting and erecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The method used by some animals like bats, tortoises and dolphins to locate the objects by hearing the echoes oftheir ultrasonic squeaks is known as echolocation.304 Allinane Science Class 9 Fed Bats emit high frequency or high pitched ultrasonic squeaks while flying and listen to the echoes produced by reflection of their squeaks from the obstacles or prey in their path From the time taken by the echo to be heard, bats can determine the distance of the obstacle or prey and can avoid the obstacle by changing the direction or catch the prey. However, certain moths can hear the high frequency ultrasonic squeaks of a bat and can know where the bat is flying nearby and are able to escape from being captured. Echo (rellecton) 7 UUtrasonic Bat squeak Prey ‘Bats can search their prey in the darkness of night by the method of echolocation ‘ SONAR ‘The word SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging. Sonar is an apparatus used to find the depth of sea or to locate the underwater things like shoals of fish, shipwrecks and enemy submarines. It uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed of underwater objects. SONAR consists of three parts @ atransmitter (i a detector (iid) a receiver (for detecting ultrasonic waves): as shown in. figure. ‘To measure the depth of a sea by using SONAR, ‘The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves. These waves travel down the sea-water towards the bottom of the sea. When the ultrasonic sound pulse strikes the bottom of these, itis reflected back in the form of echo and are sensed by the detector. “The detector converts the ultrasonic waves into electicy signals which are appropriately interpreted. The distance of the object that reflected the sound wave can be calculated knowing the speed of sound wave in water and the ting interval between transmission and reception of ihe ultrasound. This will give us the depth of the sea. Let the time inten between transmission and reception of ultrasound signal be, and the speed of sound through sea-water be v. The tou distance, 2d travelled by the ultrasound is, then 2d =p x ‘This method is called echo-ranging. Sonar is used w determine the depth of the sea and to locate underwater hill, valleys, submarine, ice-bergs, sunken ship, etc. Example 2. A submarine produces the ultrasonic waves of velocity 1500 ms~ in water. The officer receives signal after 50 s of emission of ultrasonic waves. Find the distance of object which is present at the bottom of sea. Sol. Given, velocity of ultrasonic waves in water, v=1500 ms" Time taken, # =50s Distance between object and submarine, =? We know that, d=» #=1500%50 = 75000 m As, 25=75000m => 1 = 2000 37500 m=37.5 km Example 3. Using the SONAR, sound waves are emitted at the surface of water, which after being reflected from bottom of water, are detected. Ifthe tine interval from the emission to the detection of the sound waves is 4 s, Calculate the depth of the water (Speed of sound in water is 1450 ms~'.) Sol Time taken by sound waves to travel from surface to boos. 3 . = 3-25 and speed of sound waves, » =1450 ms" (given) eg Rh often et =1450. 25 2900m ‘xample 4. In a submarine, equipped wilh @ SONAR, the time interval from the emission to the detection of the sound pulse is found to be 77 s. Wha! Is the distance of enemy subi oe in water is 1450 ms") bartnet Spee Sol. Time interval transmission and detection is ¢= Speed of sound wave in water, » =1450 ms nce travelled by the ultrasound ue =2x Depth of the sea=2d 8% =1450%77=111650 m= d=55825" Therefore, the distance of submari water surface in 55805 sate Of submarine from waca » Allin0%e sound 305 ————— Human Ear Theeat ate the setise organs which helps usin hearing sound. Ieallows us to convert pressure variations in aig with audible frequencies into electric signals which travel to the brain via auditory nerve. structure of Human Ear Pinna Hammer nv Stirrup Ova widow E— Aistoy nerve Cocries ‘Tympanic membrane or eardrum ‘Auditory canal Eustachian tube Loy ‘Middle Taner ear car Auditory parts of human ear ‘Outerear The ear consists of three compartments: outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. (9 Outer Ear The part of ear which we see outside the head is outer ear. It consists of a broad part pinna and about 3 cm long passage called ear canal. At the end of ear canal, a thin, elastic and circular membrane, eardrum is present, which is also called tympanum or tympanic membrane. (i) Middle Ear contains three small bones-hammer, anvil and stirrup, which are connected with each other, One end of hammer is touching the cardrum and the free end of stirrup is touched to oval-window of inner ear ‘The lower part of middle ear has a narrow tube called eustachian tube going to the throat. It ensures that the air pressure inside the middle ear isthe same as that on the outside. (ii) Inner Bar has a coiled tube, cochlea. One side of cochlea is connected to middle car through clastic membrane. A liquid is filled in cochlea, which contains nerve cells that are sensitive to sound, The other side of cochlea is connected to auditory nerve going into the brain, Working of Human Ear Pinna collects the sound waves from the surroundings. These collected sound waves pass through the ear canal (auditory canal) and fall on the eardrum, Since, sound waves are longitudinal waves, these waves consist of compressions (high pressure regions) and rarefactions (low pressute regions). ‘When a compression of the medium reaches the eardrum, the pressure on the outside of the membrane (eardrum) increases and forces the eardrum inward. Similarly, when the rarefaction of sound wave falls on the cardrum, the pressure on the outside of the membrane (eardrum) decreases and it moves outward. In this way, when sound waves fall on the eardrum, it starts vibrating back and forth rapidly.” These vibrations are amplified several times by the three bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear and then passes to the liquid in the cochlea. Due to this, the liquid in the cochlea begins to vibrate and the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical signals are carried by auditory nerve to the brain, The brain interprets them as sound and we get the sensation of hearing. ies Te) 1 Name the sound waves of frequency which are too low to hear for human beings. 2 Give an application of utrasound for mecical purposes. Explain how Uilrasound is used to clean spiral tubes and electronic components? 3 Detine echo. . 4 State any one application of echo ranging technique. 5 Name the part o the ear () connects the pinna with earcrum (0) that sends the signal tothe brain(eis 2) FOLDER NCERT FOLDER | INTEXT QUESTIONS 1 How does the sound produced by a vibrating object ina medium reach yourear? Pg 162 Sol. vibrates it sets the particles ofthe medium around ic in vibration. There vibrations are passed or transmitted to neighbouring particles in all directions. When vibrations are transmitted by medium particles to our ‘ar, we get sensation of hearing, 2 Explain, how sound is produced by your school bell? Pg 163 Sol. The bell produces the sound when gong of the bell is struck by hammer. When the gongis struck by hammer, ie starts vibrating. Since, the vibrating objects produce sound, so the bell produces sound. 3 Why are sound waves called mechanical waves? Pg163 Sol. Sound waves are called mechanical waves because they are produced by the motion of particles of a medium and require material medium for their propagation. 4 Suppose you and your friend are on the Moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your friend? Pg 163 Sol. No, Lwill not be able ro hear any sound produced by my friend because the sound waves requite some material medium like air to wavel. There is no atmosphere or ‘on the Moon, so the sound produced by my frend will not reach me and I will not be able ro hear. 5 Which wave property determines () loudness and (i) pitch? Pg 166 Sol. (@ Loudness of sound wave is determined by its amplicude. (i Pitch of the sound wave is determined by its frequency. 6 Guess which sound has a higher pitch, guitar or carhom? Pg 166 Sol. Pitch of guitar sound is higher because the Frequency of sound produced by guitar is higher than that of car hor. 7: What are wavelength, frequency, time period and amplitude of a sound wave? Pg 166 Sol. Refer to text on Pg. 299. 8 How are the wavelength and frequency of sound wave related to speed? Peles Sol. The relation between wavelength (2), Fequency() and speed of wave (o) is v =v. 9 Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is 200Hz and speed is 440 ms~"in a given medium. Sol. Given, frequency, v= 200 Hz, velocity, ‘According to the relation, v =VA => n= 10 Aperson is listening to a tone of 500 Hz siting ata distance of 450 m from the source of the sound, what is the time interval between ‘successive compressions from the source? Ppl Sol, The ime. interval between evo sucesie compressions or rarefactions is equal tothe de petiod of the wave, ¢- Required time interval = Time period ae eee Frequency 500 =2x107 s=2ms 11 Distinguish between loudness: and infers of sound. gis 0.0025 Sol. Difference between loudness and intensity I. Difference between loudness and intensigg, “Touches Intensity —__— “Wis subjective quant, A objective nse Sound may be oud fox ne quantty which does ro Plreonbutmay befeeble change for person oF ‘cannot be measured as ean be measured =e ® itlsjusta sensation which —pysial quanti 0 -embotetony Loudness of sound is Intensity of sound is rossiedby the nt une ms roae reel Ntdepends on the | It does not depend on" sensi of eas sensitivity of eas, 12 In which of the three media air, water sao does sound travel the fastest at @ pate temperature? ne i Sol. Sound waves travel fastest in solid medium the given media, sound wave will eravel fastest!_pll/neorte ‘Sound 307 oa ere ee eee Le 13 Anecho retuned in 3s. Whatis the distance of EXERCISES flecting surfa: i tthe speed tsoundie amen" pga (09 PeDRE 74nd 75) 1 1 What is sound and how is it produced? ol. Given, speed of sound, » =342 ms~ Time taken,t =3 5 Sol.. Sound isa form of energy, which produces the sensation So, distance travelled by sound = 0x4 oF hearing in our ear. It is produced when an object is coeee set 10 vibrate oF we can say that vibrating, objects ane produce sound. Hence, distance between reflecting surface and source 2 Describe with the help of a diagram, how should be 1928 =513 m compressions and rarefactions are produced 2 in air near a source of sound? Sol. When a vibrating obect moves forward, ic pushes the air 14 Why are the ceilings of concert halls curved? Pg iso in frone of it creating a region of high pressure: This region is called compression. This compression starts to move away from the vibrating object. When the Sol. The curved ceiling of conference hall focuses vibrating object moves backward, ic creates a region of reflection of sound from the low pressure called rarefaction. As the object moves walls to audience, so that every corner of the hall gets sound equivalently. Ad 15 What is audible range of the average human ee ear? i Sol, Theaudible frequency range forthe average human ear is20 He to 20000 Hz. 16 What is the range of frequencies associated with ()infrasound and (i ultrasound? Sol. (9 Sound waves having feequencies ess than 20 Hzand reat than zero ate called infrasound. i) Sound waves having frequencies more than 20000 He are called ultrasound. 7 Asubmarine emits a SONAR pulse, which feturns from an underwater cliff in 1.02. Ifthe speed of sound in sea water is 1531ms~', then how far away is the oli? Pgi7z Pgi70 back and forth rapidly, a series of compressions and rarefactions is created. These make the sound wave that propagates through the medium. ‘A vibrating object creating 2 series of compressions (C) and rerefactions (A) in the medium, 3 Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a Sol. material medium for its propagation. Experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation is given below. Sol. Given, time between transmission and reception of Becton bet sonar pulse, 02s 531.ms Speed of sound in sea water,2 ; As, distance traveled by the sonar pulse = 2x distance between the submarine and the cliff (d) = 24 To vacuum pur ‘Take an electric bell and an airtight glass bell jar, The So, 2d =speed of sound x time ao A i i electric bell is suspended inside the airtight bell jar. Sissi! 1.024 Thebeljriconneced oa vacuum pun shows =1561.62 m in figure. If you press the switch, you will be able to 1561.62 = hear the bell. Now, star the vacuum pump. When the 4-5aon air inthe jar pumped out gradually the sound comes fainter although the same current is passing {[==J Sota nanan eee all though the bell, Afer some time when les alr is left [I 0, distance between the submarine inside the bel jar, you willheara very feeblesound. On [[™™] be¥80.81 m. removal ofcomplate ux, no sound fe heard (3) Zz308 Allinone Science Cas oh eae 4 Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. isfel3 ij FOLDER Why is sound wave called a longitudinal wave? ‘The sound wave is called longitudinal wave because on mand wave in a medium, the particles of the medium vibrate to and fro about their equilibrium positions and parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. Which characteristic of the sound helps you to identify your friend by his voice while sitting with others in a dark room? Timbre, a quality of sound isthe characteristic by which ‘we can identify the person by his voice. Flash and thunder are_—_ produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a few seconds afer the flash is seen, why? ‘Thunder is heard few seconds after the flash’ is seen because speed of ight in atmosphere (or at) is3x10°ms ~! which is very high as compared to the speed of sound ‘which is only 330 ms“! So, sound of thunder reaches us later than the flash. A person has hearing range from 20 Hz to 20kHz. What are the typical wavelengths of sound waves in air corresponding to these two frequencies? (Take, the speed of sound in air as 344 ms~') ‘The relation between speed (v), wavelength (2) and frequency (v) ofa wave isv = Vi. a ot (0 Here, y=344 ms, v=20 Ha + Cortesponding wavelength, Gi) Here, v =344 ms"!, v= 20 kHz = 20 10° He, 344 Corresponding wavelength, 2. 5172x107 m Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave in air and in aluminium to reach the second child. Let/ be length ofthe rod. Time taken by the sound to travel through the distance 1 speed % aluminium rod is given by Sol. 10 Sol, u Sol. Similarly, time taken by the sound to rave jee by r= Se | thro the air speed ty ”m 4 Required ratioy #2 ‘The frequency of a source of soundis 100 How many times does it vibrate in a minute Given, frequency, v =100 Hz From the definition of Frequency, we can say thr Number of oscillations in 1 s=100 .s. Number of oscillations in-1 min or 60 =100 x 60=6000 “Thus, the source of sound vibrates 6000 tines ins Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain. Yes, sound wave follows the same laws as in cse cf laws of reflection of light. Ffectng surface ‘The laws of reflection of sound area follows: ( The incident sound wave (AQ), the wee! sound wave (OB) and the normal (ON) « point of incidence, al lie in the same plane (i) The angle of incidence (ZAON) of sound equal to the angle of reflection (NOB sound. When a sound is reflected from a dst object, an echo is produced. Let the distant between the reflecting surface and the sou? ‘of sound production remains the same. you hear echo sound on a hotter day? The time taken by echo to be heard, ¢ a4, where d = distance berween the eflecsig suit source of sound and v =speed of sound in ai AAs we know that, speed of sound increas increase in temperature, so on a hotter day, 96, sound will be higher, so the time after which heard will decrease, If time taken by the * sound is less than 0.1 5 after the producto" original sound, then echo is not heard.d - llfwone Sound 309 — 12. Give two practical applications of reflection of sound waves ‘Sol. The two practical applications of reflection of sound (@ Megaphone (i SONAR 13 Astone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond of water at the base of, the tower. When is the splash heard at the top? [Given, g = 10 ms and speed of sound = 340ms~!] Sol. Time after which the splash is heard = Time taken by the stone to reach the pond + Time taken by splash. sound to reach the top of tower. (9 For the time taken by the stone to reach the pond. Here, "=0 [/ stone is dropped from rest) From equation of motion, 500 =0% 14 5 <10 (0) 500=5:2=> 1? =100 => += 4/100 =10s (@ Time taken by splash sound to reach the top of the Dissance _ 500 1 475 ‘Speed 340 Time afer which splash is heard =10+1.47=11.475 14 Asound wave travels at a speed of 339 ms". If its wavelength is 1.5 cm, then what is the frequency of the wave? Will ite audible? Sol. Given, speed, » =339mS™* Wavelength, 2=1.5 em =1.5 x10 m 332__ = 22600 1H 15 «107 an 20000 Hy, so it will not iman ear is 20 Hz t0 tower # Frequency, v=": requency, V=>" This feequency is greater th be audible, Audible range for hut 20000 He. 15. Whatis reverberation? How can itbe reduced? Sol. The persistence of a sound in a big all due co repeated rhe ona the walls elingand loro the wali known as reverberation, Ic can be reduced by covering the roofs and walls of the hall by sound absorbing ‘materials. 16 Sol. wv Sol. 18 Sol. WW Sol. 20 Sol! 2 Sol. 22 Sol. What is loudness of sound? What factors does it depend on? Loudness of a sound is a subjective quantity, i is the measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per second. Loudness depends on : () the amplitude of the vibrating body and! (i) the sensitivity ofhuman ear. Explain how bats use ultrasound to catch a prey? Bats can produce ultrasonic waves by flapping their swings they ean also detect these waves. The ultrasonic ‘waves produced by a bat spread out. These waves after Feflecting from a prey like an insect reach the bat. So, the bat ean locate its prey. How is ultrasound used for cleaning? Refer to text on Pg, 303. Explain the working and applications of SONAR. Refer to text on Pg. 304. ‘A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5. s later. Calculate the speed of sound in water, if the distance of the object from the submarine is 3625 m, “Time taken by the signal to go from submarine to object, Distance between submarine and object, 5 =3625m - Speed of sound in water, Distance Explain, how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound? Refer co text on Pg. 303. Explain, how the human ear works? Refer to ext on Pg, 305. NCERT|Ex Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1 A tunning fork produces sound wave, because it creates (@) heat () light (©) vibration {(@) None of these ol. (©) Iftunning fork is vibrating, ic produces sound. 2 Which of the following does not produce sound wave? (@) Dram (b) Birds ov (@) Microwave oven Sol, (€) Microwave oven is used 10 produce cleesromagnetie wave. 3 Sound travels in air, if ic (a) particles of medium travel from one place to another (©) there is no moisture in the atmosphere {6) disturbance moves {q) both particles as well as disturbance travel _ from one place to another NCERT Exemplar Sol. (© When sound travels in ar then only disturbances created by the vibration of particle moves from one place to other. 4 A light string is suspended from a hook. Which is attached to a 1 kg weight at its lower end. If the string is pulled and then released. The disturbance produced in the spring is (@) pulse (b) longitudinal wave (© transverse wave (a) None of these Sol, (€) Transverse waves are produced in stretched string, 5 The frequency of a source of sound is 200 Hz. How many times does it vibrate in 2min? (@) 2400 (0) 24000 (c) 24500 (a) 2450 Sol. (b) Given, frequency = 200 Hz ‘Number of oscillation in 1s= 200 Number of oxcillation in 2 min oF 120 5 = 200 x 120 = 24000 cy 360 Hz makes ty of sound in ce is 6A guitar of frequent 120 vibrations. If the velocit air is 330 m/s, then how much distan travelled by the sound in air? (2) 90m (b) 100 m (110m (a) 140m [4 Mark each] Sol. (©) Given, v=360 Hz Velocity,» = 330 mis Ash 360 c+ Distance travelled by the sound wave in 120 vibrations =120 x 23 =110m 36 7 When we change feeble sound to loud sound we increase its (a) frequency (0) amplitude () velocity (@) wavelength NCERT Exemplar Sol, (6) The loudness or softness ofa sound is determined by its amplitude. So for a loud sound it must have higher amplitude, 8 Whatis the SI unit of loudness ? {) Dioptre (b) Metre {(c) Weber (a) Decibet Sol. (d) The SI unit of loudness is decibel (AB). 9 Aman's voice and a woman's voice is differ by its (e) loudness 1 piten (© intensity (@) amplitude Sol. (b) Pitch is the characteristic of sound by which we can distinguish between different sounds of the same loudness. 10 Echo is caused by the phenomenon of (a) reflection (b) rarefaction: (c) refraction (d) reverberation Sol. (a) An echo is the reflected sound waves. 11. What is the range of audio waves 7 (a) 20 kFiz to 200 kHz. (b) 20 Hz to 20 kHz (c) 20 Hz to 20 MHz (@) 20 Hz to. 20 MHz. Sol. (b) The range of sound wave is 20 Hz to 20 kHz. 12 Infrasound can be heard by (a) dog (b) bat (6) thinocerose (@) human beings NCERT Exemplar Sol. (6) Infrasound are the waves whose frequency is less than 20° He. Rhinocrse communica sng infrasound of frequency as low as 5 He. EXAM PRACTICE312 searing “EXAM PRACTICE 13 Whatis the use of SONAR? (a) To determine depth of sea (0) To locate sunken ship (c) To locate underwater hills (@) All of the above Sol. (d) SONARis used to determine the depth of the sea and to locate underwater hills, valleys, submarine, ice-bredges, sunken ship, etc. 14 A man beating a drum in front of a cliff hears the echo after 4s. What is the distance of man from the cliff, if velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s? (a) 660 m (b) 500m. {c) 1000 m (@) 0.3 kan Sol, (@) As we know that, Distance, s = Speed x Time =330 x 4 =1320m ‘As in 4s, sound has to travel twice distance between ‘man and the cliff. So, distance between man and cliff is Assertion-Reason Direction (QNos. 15-19) In each of the following questions, a statement of Asertion is given by the corresponding statement of Reason. Ofthe statements, mark the correct answer as (a) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (0) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. {c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is false. (d) If Assertion is false, but Reason is true. (e) If Assertion and Reason both are false. 15 Assertion Sound wave is a longitudinal wave. 1 Reason Sound wave can be produced in all the three media such as solids, liquids and gases. Sol. (b) Sound waveis longitudinal wave which requires a ‘medium (soli, liquid or gas) to travel through them, Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion, 16 Sol. Ww Sol. at) Sol. wv Sol. > . Allynone Science Class 9}, ip ‘ Assertion Velocity of sound wave of frequency 550 Hz and wavelength 0.6 m ig 330 m/s. Reason Velocity of sound wave is given by Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength (@) Velocity of sound wave = Frequency Waveengi, =550% 0.6 =330mis Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and Reasonis the correct explanation of Assertion, ‘Assertion Pitch of sound is helpful to distinguish between a man's voice and woman's voice of the same loudness without seeing them. Reason Greater frequency of sound, the higher will be its pitch. (@) Pitch of sound depends on the frequency of vibration. Greater the frequency of a sound, the higher will be its pitch which helps to distinguish between a man’s voice and woman's voice of the same loudness. Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Assertion Echo is caused by the phenomenon of refraction. Reason The persistance of a sound in abig hall is due to echo. (©) Echo is caused by the phenomenon of reflecion. The persistance of sound in a big hall is due © reverberation, Hence, Assertion and Reason both false. Assertion The audible range of sound fot human beings is from 20 Hz to 20000 Hz Reason For a human being, it is difficult” hear ultrasonic sound while easy to be infrasonic sound. (0 A human being can hear only audible range of frequency (20 Hz to 20000 Hz) but cannot het inffasonic and ultrasonic sound, Hence, Asetot* true, but Reason is false,Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Queslions 1 Why can't we hear the sound of an explosion on the surface of the Moon? Sol. There is no atmosphere on moon and we know that sound waves need a medium to travel. Thus, we do not hear the sound of an explosion on the surface of the Moon. If a freely suspended vertical spring is pulled in downward direction and then released, which type of waves are produced in the spring? Sol. in this situation, longitudinal waves will produce in spring. Give one example of transverse and longitudinal wave. Sol. Transverse wave — Light (12) Longitudinal wave — Sound (2) 4 On what factor does the quality of the sound depend? Sol. Quality of the sound depends on the shape of the sound wave. 5 Among air, water and steel, in which medium, the sound wave will travel faster? Sol. The sound wave will travel faster in steel because speed of sound isthe fastest in the solids. 6 Auman heart beats 72 times in a minute. Calculate its frequency. Number of beats otal time (in second) 2 © 60 Sol, Frequency = 1 min = 605] Short Answer (SA) Type Questions 1 (i) Suppose a person whistles standing on the Moon. Will the person standing nearby hear the sound’ Explain giving reason. i) What kind of wave needs a material medium to propagate? a Sol. (j) If a person whistles on Moon, nearby person Os pete, sound bese Moon dus not have atmosphere. And we know that, sound waves require material_medium for i @ propagation. i (i A mechanical wave needs a material medium 7 its propagation, e.g. sound wave. [1.Mark each] 7 Give the correct picture of reflection of sound marked with the angle of incidence, angle of reflection and the normal. Sol. o af ly NB Incident ay yl Relected ay Zi =angle of incidence, Zr angle of reflection 8 From which type of surfaces, the reflection of sound is better? Sol. Hard surface is better reflector of sound. 9 At20°C, what should be minimum distance of a person from a sound reflecting surface to hear an echo? Sol. Minimum distance from sound reflecting surface to hhear an echo should be atleast 17.2-m. 10 Why are roofs and walls of an auditorium/hall generally covered with sound absorbent materials? Sol. To reduée reverberation, the roofs and walls of an auditorium or hall ae generally covered with sound absorbent materials V1 what kind of waves are produced in an earthquake before the main shock wave begins? Sol. Infrasonic waves are produced in an earthquake before the main shock wave begins. [3 Marks each] 2 When the wire of a guitar is plucked, what types of wave are produced in (i) air ii) wire Give reasons in support of your answer. Sol. () When the wire of a guitar is plucked, a longitudinal wave is produced in air due tothe to and fro motion of sting of guitar. oy (i) In’ the wite of guitar, transverse wave is produced as the paticle vibrates perpendicular to the direction of motion. ry EXAM PRACTICE314 f Allfnane Science Class th 7 = EXAM PRACTICE 8 Through what type of medium, can (the transverse waves and (i) the longitudinal waves be transmitted? Explain in brief, Sol, (3 Since transverse waves travel in the form of crests and troughs, they involve changes inthe shape of medium. So, they can be transmitted through a tedium having elasticity of shape. As solids and liquids have eastcty of shape, hence transverse waves canbe transmitted through solids and liquids. rr) 1, longitudinal waves travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions, they involve changes in the volume and density of medium. As all media, i. solids, iquids and gases have clasticity of volume. Hence, these waves (ongicudinal waves) can’be transmitted through all the thee types of media. cr wa 4 Naine the types of waves and two examples associated with (0 compressions and rarefactions (Gi) crests and troughs. Sol. (#) ‘The waves which travel long a slink when itis pushed and pulled atone end, are the longitudinal waves. The following figure shows longitudinal waves. (Raretaction) Inpmiensetamrte oe — rn (Ceeessons” © Pu 4) (i The waves produced by moving one end of a long rope (or spring) up and down rapidly whose ‘other end is fixed ae transverse wave as shown in figure below. Crest y Tough aig 5 Waves of frequency 100 Hzare produced in a string as shown in the figure. Give its (0) amplitude (iit) velocity (i) wavelength (iv) nature Sol. (9, Amplitude = 5 em (ii) Wavelength = 20 em (ii) Velocity, = Vi =100 X 20x10? = 29 my! (is) Nature Iisa transverse wave, ° 6 What is wave motion? Write any fou characteristics of wave motion, Sol. Wave motion is nothing but a mode of tanser energy fom place t0 place periodically wits, material transport. in Four characteristics of wave motion are: (9 Ie is the disturbance which travels formad through the medium but not the particles of he ‘medium. (9) (Each particle receives vibrations alle ate thin its preceding particle. CJ Gi The wave velocity is diferent from the veocy of the particles with which they vibrate abou their mean positions. (13 (ia) The wave velocity remains constant in a medium, whereas particle velocy cs continuously during its vibrations about the ‘mean position. 0 7 Fig. (A) shows a trace of a sound wave which is produced by a particular tuning fork. Fig: ( Draw a trace of the sound wave which has a higher frequency than that shov® in Fig. A (i) Draw a trace of the sound wave whit has a larger amplitude than that sho" inFig. A Sol. () «a @ 8 What is meant by loudness of sound? St the factor on which it depends. DM figures to illustrate () soft sound and (i) toud sound, Sel. Loudnes It isthe measure of sound energy #2286 the ear per second. Greater the $0Alljnone Sound 315 reaching our ears per second, louder the sound will appear tbe. It depends on the amplitude of the sound wave, which depends upon the force with which an object is made to vibrate, « (@ Wave disturbance , Time ‘Soft sound, G Wave disturbance Time Loud sound ) 9 Anail was gently touched by the hammer and then was hit harder. (i) When will be the sound created louder? (i) Which characteristic of sound here is responsible for change in sound? (i) Give the SI unit of loudness. Sol, (A Sound will be produced when we beat hard on the nail “ (i Amplitude of vibrating body is responsible for change in sound. “ Gi) The SI unit of loudness is decibel (4B). (1) 10 Distinguish between the terms (@. music and noise (ii) tone and note. Sol, (@ Music The sound which is pleasant to the ears is called music. It is produced by regular periodic “Vibrations, There,.is no sudden change in loudness. e.g. Sound produced from atabla. (1) Noise The sound which is unpleasant to the ears, is called noise. It is produced at an irregular intervals. There is sudden change in its loudness eg. Sound préduced in a market and the sound produced by an explosion. “ fone The sound of single frequency is called a Tone The sound of single freq i several (12) (i tone. Note The sound which is a mixture of s frequencies is called a note. 11. When a workman hammers to one end i laces of the long iron pipeline, an observer PI his ear on the other end of pipeline. How he can distinctly hear two sounds? Justify your answer. Due to propagatior iron, the sound of hammering t0 One 1m of sound through solids such as pol rend wil be hheatd by the observer in the other end of the pipeline. Also, the sound of hammering will be propagated through air to reach the observer. ‘As we know that, sound travels faster in on chan in ait. So, the observer hear two sounds. The first one, travelling through the iron pipeline and the second travelling ehrough ait, @ 12 (i) Define (a) intrasonic wave (b) ultrasonic wave. (i) Name. two species each of animals which can produce and detect (a) infrasonic waves (b) ultrasonic waves. Sol. (3 (@) Infrasonic wave The sound of frequency lower than 20 Hz are known as infrasonic sound (or wave). (& Ultrasonic wave The’ sound of frequency higher chan 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic wave. a 5 (i) (@) Animals ike “swhalés, ‘elephants — and thinoceroses produce: infasonic sound of frequency 5 Hz: (6) Dogs can hear and detec ultrasonic waves of frequency up to 50 Hi a Which » has "shorter wavelength 13° (i) on infrasonic or ultrasonic? (i) Can dolphin detect ultrasonic waves? (iii) Name any one living organism which can detect infrasonic waves. %5 Sol. (A) Ulwasonic wave has shorter wavelength. (1) (i Yes, dolphin can detect ultrasonic waves. (1) (ii) Rhinoceros can detéct infrasonic waves. (1) 14. What is hearing aid?-Briefly describe its working principle. Sol, Refer to text on Pg. 303. 15 How are ultrasonic waves different from ordinary sound waves? State two applications of ultrasound, Sol, Ultrasonic waves have greater frequency (more than 20,000 He). Ordinary sound has lower frequency than ultrasonic wave. a Due to their high frequencies, (9, they have high power. : (ii) they can penetrate anywhere to a large extent. (i) they are able to travel along well-defined straight paths, even in the presence of obstacles. (1) Applications of ultrasound are (To detect the flaw or defect in metal (i In the diagnosis of diseases. 0 EXAM PRACTICE318 é Allfnane Science Class 94, SE —————————————————e EXAM PRACTICE 29. 30 Sol. 31 Sol. Aditi clapped her hands near a cliff and | heard the echo after 4s. What is the distance of the cliff from her, if the speed of sound is taken as 346 ms“! Given, speed of sound, » =346 ms ‘Time taken for hearing the echo, # =4 Distance travelled by the sound @ In 4s, sound has to travel ewice the distance between the cliff and Aditi. Therefore, the distance between the cliff and Aditi is 284 co) 2 A ship sends out ultrasound that returns from the sea bed and is detected after 1.71 s. If the speed of ultrasound through sea water is 1531 ms“, what is the distance of the sea bed from the ship? Given, tse between transmission and detection, 17s Speed of ultrasound through sea water, =1531 nist Distance travelled by the ultrasound =2x Depth ofthe sea 2d @ or xe =1931x1.71 18.01m 261801 2 ; =1309 m Hence, the distance of the sea bed from the ship is 1309 m, “ A child hears an echo from a cliff, 4 s after the sound from a powerful cracker is produced. How far away is the cliff from the child? (Take, velocity of the sound in air as 330ms™,) 244s vt) (ln case of echo, sound covers twice the distance beeween sound source and reflector.) Velocity of sound in air =330 ms" 2d Pag or 2d=380%4 ‘The time taken by echo to be heard, 380% 4 | 660 m ‘Sol. ‘Time taken by echo to be heard, tate, Sol. Given, speed of sound in air, v=330 ms" 34 /A sonar device’ fitted in-a submesite Sol, Given that, 382 A person produced a sound with a sire, near a cliff and heard echoes after 6s, Fing the distance of the siren from the cliff velocity of sound waves produced ig 330ms"'? : 0 ‘Velocity of sound waves =330 ms“ 2d=vxt =330x6=198q 1980 > 950m ‘Therefore, the distance of the siren from th dif is990m. a 33 A boy is standing in the middle of a big square field. There is a tall building on one side ofthe field. He explodes a cracker and hears its echo 0.4 s later. What is the size of the square field? (Given, speed of sound in air is 330 ms“) ‘Time taken for hearing the echo,¢ =045 ‘As we know, distance travelled by the sound o As in 0.4 s, sound has to travel ewice the disune between the boy and the building Hence, the distance beeween the boy and building is= c) Side ofthe square field =Twice the distance bewe® the boy and the building. Side of the square field =2x66m=132m So, sizeof the square field =(side ofthe square fit) = (132 m)? $132 m 132m =17424 m0 Teceives an echo 45 later, the signal transmitted towards. another submati 3060 m away. Find the speed of sound # water. Distance of submarine from sonar, s =3060™ Time, = 4s, speed of sound,» ‘Using the formula, 25 Full form of SONAR is Sound Navigation and Ranging, ” ‘Two applications of ultrasound are [5 Marks each] (0 Ulteasound is used in industries for derecting flaws in metal blocks without damaging them. ‘oat ii) Uleasound is used to investigate internal organs et eens boxy such a5 iver, gall bladdes, pancreas, kidneys, etc. (2) 3 Establish the relationship between speed ¢ of sound, its wavelength and frequency. If velocity of sound in air is 340 ms Calculate (i) wavelength when frequency is 256 Hz. (ii) frequency when wavelength is 0.85 m. CERT Exemplar Sol. The speed of sound is defined as the distance which a Sol. point’ on a wave, such as a-compression or 2 farefaction, travels per unit time. distance |) time Here, Lis the wavelength ofthe sound wave, Ieis the distance travelled by the sound wave in one time period (7) ofthe wave. ‘We know that, speed,» T [wwhete, v= frequency] vakv i.e. Speed = Wavelength x °y Given, speed of sound in air, v=340 ms and frequency, v = 256 Hz Oy (9. Speed = Wavelength Frequency 0 3 MORDK256 = 2a =139m (Gd Again, given wavelength, 2=085 m. Speed avelength Speed =Wavelength Frequency] ‘340, _340%100 _ gous, 85S “Thus, frequency of sound is 400 Hz. ® ‘Then, frequency of sound in air, v= Draw a curve showing density or pressure variations . with respect to distance for a disturbance produced by sound, Mark the position of compression and rarefaction on this curve. Also, define wavelengths and time period using this curve. NCERT Exemplar ‘We havea curve showing density or pressure variations with respect to distance for a disturbance produced by sound. Saat 319 EXAM PRACTICE q320 EXAM PRACTICE Sol) 19 CROC AR CARCA “ OT Pressure variations Ce AAiCeeA ) Wavelength can be defined asthe distance berween two successive compressions or rarefsctions. Te is denoxed by A. Time taken by che waves vo complete one fl ele 0 that is particles in same phase i lenored by 7. ” Represent graphically by two separate diagrams in each case. ( Two sound waves having the same amplitude but different frequencies. (i) Two sound waves having the. same frequency but different amplitudes. (ii) Two sound waves having different amplitudes and ~ also different wavelengths: NCERT Exemplar called time period. lis. PLS Lower frequency AMlinONE science Class 9, : SAN OH 0 I: mm | In both cases (a) and (b), same amplitude ang different frequencies, ie. (4, = 43) for i. g| : 3 THN i : In_both cases (a) and (b), same frequency and different amplitudes, ue. (A, # Ay). (9 i) | 1A Nf @s me I g Y ' R : Li In both cases (a) and (b), different amplitudes 2nd different wavelengths. i.e. Ay #Ay, dy # hy V