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RACK MOUNT RECEIVER (RFX-RMR)

OPERATORS MANUAL

Copyright 2005 RF Central

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CONTENTS

1 GENERAL SAFETY INFORMATION..............................................................................................4


1.1 Health & Safety .......................................................................................................................5
1.2 Maximum RF Power Density Limits ........................................................................................6
1.3 Issue Status ............................................................................................................................6
2 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................7
3 SPECIFICATIONS ..........................................................................................................................8
4 OVERVIEW OF RFX-RMR RECEIVER........................................................................................10
5 FRONT PANEL CONTROLS ........................................................................................................12
6 REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS....................................................................................................13
6.1 RF I/P ....................................................................................................................................13
6.2 Digital Receive Section - Video output (BNC connectors) ....................................................13
6.3 Analog Receive Section – Video output (BNC connector) ....................................................13
6.4 Digital Receive Section Analog - Audio outputs (XLR connectors) .......................................13
6.5 Analog Receive Section Analog - Audio outputs (XLR connectors)......................................14
6.6 Power Connector ..................................................................................................................14
6.7 User data (future option) .......................................................................................................14
6.8 Remote Monitoring and Control ............................................................................................15
6.9 IF monitor ..............................................................................................................................15
6.10 Auxiliary connector................................................................................................................15
7 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................................16
Module locations ...............................................................................................................................16
7.1 1st Down-converter ................................................................................................................17
7.2 “3 in 1” Multi Down-converter ................................................................................................18
7.3 COFDM demodulator/MPEG decoder Board ........................................................................19
7.4 ANALOG DEMODULATOR – TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. ...............................................20
8 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................21
8.1 R.F. input circuit operation. ...................................................................................................21
8.2 Base-band video processing.................................................................................................21
8.3 A1 and A2 audio demodulators .............................................................................................21
8.4 Analog demodulator Power supplies and monitoring ............................................................22
8.5 Front Panel Controller / Display Board..................................................................................22
8.6 Mother Board ........................................................................................................................23
8.7 RFX-RMR - Power supplies and monitoring .........................................................................25
9 CONFIGURING THE RECEIVER .................................................................................................26
9.1 “Switches” and Key pad” control modes ...............................................................................26
9.2 Status Monitoring ..................................................................................................................26
9.3 Top level Menu......................................................................................................................26
9.3.1 Initialization Menu .................................................................................................... 26
9.3.2 Top level and Current Operational State ................................................................. 27
9.4 Operational menu –Digital RX mode.....................................................................................27
9.4.1 Ch / Frequency Menu .............................................................................................. 27
9.4.2 Rx mode .................................................................................................................. 27
9.4.3 Audio 1 Menu........................................................................................................... 27
9.5 Engineering Menu – Digital receiving mode..........................................................................28
9.5.1 “Switches and Key-pad” Control Mode .................................................................... 28
9.5.2 SW Inventory ........................................................................................................... 28

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9.5.3 Channel Plan ........................................................................................................... 28
9.5.4 Video Format ........................................................................................................... 28
9.5.5 Video Output Configuration ..................................................................................... 28
9.5.6 SDI / ASI Output Configuration................................................................................ 29
9.5.7 ASI Output Format................................................................................................... 29
9.5.8 Aux. supply .............................................................................................................. 29
9.5.9 Relay 1 and Relay 2 ................................................................................................ 29
9.5.10 LCD Timeout............................................................................................................ 29
9.5.11 Audio offset.............................................................................................................. 30
9.5.12 Prog Channels ......................................................................................................... 30
9.6 Operations Menu – Analog mode .........................................................................................30
9.6.1 Ch / Frequency Menu .............................................................................................. 30
9.6.2 Rx mode .................................................................................................................. 30
9.7 Engineering Menu – Analog mode ........................................................................................30
9.7.1 “Switches and Key-pad” Control Mode .................................................................... 30
9.7.2 SW Inventory ........................................................................................................... 30
9.7.3 Channel Plan ........................................................................................................... 31
9.7.4 Audio frequency 1 and 2.......................................................................................... 31
9.7.5 Aux. supply .............................................................................................................. 31
9.7.6 Relay 1 and Relay 2 ................................................................................................ 31
9.7.7 LCD Timeout............................................................................................................ 31
9.7.8 Prog Channels ......................................................................................................... 31
10 PREPARING FOR OPERATION ..............................................................................................37
10.1 The RFX-RMR Receiver .......................................................................................................37
10.1.1 Antennas.................................................................................................................. 37
10.1.2 Checks..................................................................................................................... 37
10.2 The Transmitting Equipment .................................................................................................38
10.3 Transmitter / Receiver tests ..................................................................................................38
11 SYSTEM REMOTE MONITORING AND SETUP .....................................................................39
12 APPENDIX A - MPEG ENCODER PARAMETER SETS ..........................................................40
13 APPENDIX B - TABLE OF DVB-T NON-HIERARCHICAL BIT RATES....................................41

The information contained in this manual is the property of RF Central and may not be used, disclosed, or reproduced in any
other form without the prior written permission of RF Central.

RF Central reserves the right to alter the equipment and specification appertaining to the equipment described in this manual
without notification.

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1 GENERAL SAFETY INFORMATION
The information that follows, together with local site regulations, should be studied by
personnel involved with the operation or maintenance of this equipment, to ensure awareness
of potential hazards.

WARNING- RF Power Hazard: High levels of RF power are present in the unit. Exposure to RF or
microwave power can cause burns and may be harmful to health.

Switch off supplies before removing covers or disconnecting any RF cables, and before inspecting
damaged cables or antennas.

Avoid standing in front of high gain antennas (such as a dish) and never look into the open end of a
waveguide or cable where RF power may be present.

Users are strongly recommended to return any equipment that requires RF servicing to RF Central.

WARNING- GaAs / BeO Hazard: Certain components inside the equipment contain Gallium Arsenide
and Beryllium Oxide that are toxic substances. Whilst safe to handle under normal circumstances,
individual components must not be cut, broken apart, incinerated, or chemically processed. In the
case of Beryllium Oxide, a white ceramic material, the principal hazard is from the dust or fumes which
are carcinogenic if ingested, inhaled, or entering damaged skin.

Please consult your local authority before disposing of these components.

CAUTION - Tantalum Capacitors: When subjected to reverse or excess forward voltage, ripple
current or temperature these components may rupture and could potentially cause personal injury.

CAUTION: This system contains MOS devices. Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) precautions should be
employed to prevent accidental damage.

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1.1 Health & Safety
Exposure to Non-Ionizing (RF) Radiation/Safe Working Distances

The safe working distance from a transmitting antenna may be calculated from the relationship:


PT. GR
D= 4π.w

In which D = safe working distance (meters)


PT = transmitter or combiner power output (watts)
GR = antenna gain ratio = anti log (gain dBi ÷10)
w = power density (watts/square meter)

The RF power density value is determined by reference to safety guidelines for exposure of the
human body to non-ionizing radiation. It is important to note that the guidelines adopted differ
throughout the world and are from time-to-time re-issued with revised guidelines. For RF Central use,
a maximum power density limit of 1w/m² is to be applied when calculating minimum safe working
distances.

Important Note: It must be remembered that any transmitting equipment radiating power at
frequencies of 100 kHz and higher, has the potential to produce thermal and athermal effects upon the
human body.

To be safe:

a) Operators should not stand or walk in front of any antenna, nor should they allow anyone else
to do so.

b) Operators should not operate any RF transmitter or power amplifier with any of its covers
removed, nor should they allow anyone else to do so.

Worked examples

Antenna Transmitter Power


Type Gain (dBi) Gain Ratio 2W 4W 10W 30W
OMNI 4 2.5 1 1 1.5 2.5
HELIX 20 100 4 5.6 9 15.5
PARABOLIC 35 3,162 22.5 32 50 87
DISH
MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCE (METERS)

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1.2 Maximum RF Power Density Limits

The RF Radiation Power Density limit figure recommended by RF Central is based upon guideline
levels published in:

a. IEEE standard C95.1 1999 - IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with respect to Human Exposure
to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.

b. Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-varying Electric, Magnetic & Electromagnetic Fields
(up to 300 GHz) published in 1998 by the Secretariat of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

Both documents define guideline RF power density limits for "Controlled" and "Uncontrolled"
environments. An uncontrolled environment is defined as one in which the person subjected to the RF
radiation may be unaware of and has no control over the radiation energy received. The uncontrolled
environment conditions can arise, even in the best-regulated operations and for this reason the limits
defined for the uncontrolled environment have been assumed for the RF Central recommended limit.

Documents a) and b) also show the RF power density guidelines to be frequency dependent. Different
power density / frequency characteristics are presented in the two documents. To avoid complexity
and to avoid areas of uncertainty, RF Central recommends the use of a single power density limit
across the frequency range 100 kHz to 300 GHz. The 1w/m² power density limit we recommend
satisfies the most stringent of the guidelines published to date.

Footnote: The IICNIRP document may be freely downloaded from the internet at
www.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf (PDF file).

1.3 Issue Status

Issue Date Changes


Issue 1.0 November 2006 First issue

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2 INTRODUCTION

This manual is to be used in conjunction with the RFX-RMR rack-mount switchable analog/digital
Receiver. When in digital mode the RFX-RMR offers significant features including ASI, SDI, composite
and component video outputs together with 4 audios (analog, AES digital). In analog mode the
receiver offers composite video and 2 audios.

The RF Central RFX-RMR is designed for permanent rack-mounted applications, such as ENG
truck/vehicle or fixed link applications. The Receiver comprises a 19” inch rack mount (2 ‘U’) unit that
contains both a digital and analog section, with common power supplies.

The digital section of the Receiver comprises a COFDM demodulator, video decoder, and audio
decoder. The analog section comprises an integral FM demodulator for one video channel with two
associated audio channels.

The RFX-RMR has a common RF input for both analog and digital receive modes, selection of mode
is via the front panel control push button selection and LCD display.

At the transmit site a range of RF Central analog/digital transmitters may be used. Examples include
the RFX-RMT switchable analog/digital rack mounted transmitter, the RFX-PHT 5 watt portable
transmitter or the RFX-CMT “Clip-On” camera mount transmitter. Please consult the separate manual
for information detailing the operation of transmitters.

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3 SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Band 1.97 – 2.50GHz band


Tuning Range As per US BAS allocation (current and future plans)
Receiver Noise Factor 4dB (nom.)
IF Frequencies 1st IF In the range 600-1500MHz
2nd IF 70MHz
Digital Receiver Specifications
Receiver Threshold -92dBm to BER 10-5 (nom., QPSK)
Receive Antenna Compatible with all RF Central antennas
Demodulation COFDM DVB-T 2k
Demodulation Modes QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
FEC: 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8
Guard interval: 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4
Data Rate 4.98 to 31.7 Mbit/s (automatic selection)
Bandwidth 8MHz (7 & 6MHz automatic selection)
Decoding Options MPEG 2 4:2:0/4:2:2 high quality video (DVB standard)
Latency Selectable to less than 2 frames minimum, Tx to Rx
Video Output Digital: SDI 270Mbit/s
Analog: Y/C component (qty 1) or composite (PAL/NTSC) (qty
2)
Genlock Optional (PAL/NTSC)
ASI Output ASI transport stream (selectable 188, 204, byte)
Audio Output Digital: 2 x AES3 outputs
Analog: 2 x stereo / 4 x mono outputs
Analog Receiver Specifications
Video Performance
Signal-to-Noise 55dB min. (LW)
LF Noise 50dB min.
Frequency Response 2.5dB to 5.8GHz
Differential Phase 2 degrees
Differential Gain 2%
Field tilt 3%K
Chrom/Lum Gain 2dB
Chrom/Lum Delay 25ns
Linearity 2.5%
Audio Performance

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No. of Channels 2
Sub-Carriers Audio1 4.5 to 5.1MHz, Audio2 5.5 to 6.2MHz
(selectable by front panel control)
De-emphasis 75 µS
Levels +9dBm balanced line level out, for 200kHz peak-to-peak deviation.
Audio Performance (analog receiver)
Frequency Response ±1.0dB 50Hz to 12kHz
Distortion 2% max.
Signal-to-Noise 50dB

Control and Monitoring Menu selectable via the front panel control
COFDM demodulator / MPEG 2 decoder parameters
RF Received signal level
CSI
BER
Summary front panel alarm / comprehensive internal lock alarms
Power Supply 11 to 18V DC. 30 Watts
Mechanical Interface Tripods, mast, scaffold and special mounts available.
Size 2 U rack mount, Depth 350mm
Weight 7.0kg
Environmental Safe use: -20° to +50°C
To spec: -10° to +45°C
Altitude: 4500m
Humidity: 95% long term
Specifications may alter at the discretion of RF Central or to meet customer specific requirements.

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4 OVERVIEW OF RFX-RMR RECEIVER

RF input 630MHz filter

COFDM
demodulator
and MPEG
1st down
decoder
converter

Multi down
converter
Motherboard

Analog
Receiver
Module

Front Panel 70MHz


Module IF amp.

The RFX-RMR comprises six main modules or assemblies:-

1. Motherboard. This board accommodates the COFDM demodulator and MPEG digital decoder
boards, as well as providing DC, signal, and I2C communications routing to/from all other
modules. The motherboard also has a 70MHz buffer amplifier on it. The DC PSU is mounted
on the under-side.

2. 1st Down-converter. This module accepts the receiver RF input, includes the PLL for receiver
tuning, and outputs an IF of 630MHz to the multi down-converter

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3. Multi down-converter. This module accepts the 630MHz IF from the 1st down-converter and
down-converts this to 70MHz, and then to the third IF of 4.57MHz for the COFDM
demodulator. The 630MHz filter is mounted on this module.

4. COFDM demodulator and MPEG decoder. The module provides multiple functions including:
- COFDM demodulator, MPEG decoder, PAL/NTSC encoding, ASI/SDI routing, Analog audio
D/A converter, AES audio encoder, Genlock, and user data extraction.

5. Analog receiver module. This module accepts a feed of 70MHz from the Multi down-
converter via a 70MHz amplifier/splitter mounted on the Motherboard. The module
demodulates the video and 2 audios when the RFX-RMR is in analog receive mode.

6. Front panel module. This module contains a microprocessor plus six push buttons and an
LCD display for overall monitoring and control of the RFX-RMR.

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5 FRONT PANEL CONTROLS

Front panel view of the RFX-RMR

The front panel of an RFX-RMR comprises two 2-way switches (On/Off and Analog/Digital), a 10-way
rotary switch (BAS channel number), six push button switches (used to navigate the various RFX-
RMR menus) and an LCD display.

Also fitted are three LEDs – ‘DC’ (Green), ‘Status’ (bi-color green/red), and ‘Local’ (bi-color green and
amber)

On/Off Switch Down for Off, up for On

Digital/Analog switch Down = Analog transmission, Up = Digital transmission. This function


can also be controlled via the push buttons and RFX-RMR menus.

Channel Rotary, 0-10. 1= BAS channel 1, 2 = BAS channel 2, etc to 0 = BAS


channel 10. Please note that the BAS channels can be switched between the ‘current’ plan and the
‘new’ plan via the push buttons and RFX-RMR menus. The exact frequency selected by either method
is shown on the top menu page on the LCD display.

‘DC’ LED Lit green whenever a correct DC voltage is presented to the RFX-RMR
Receiver. This LED will be lit irrespective of whether the unit is switched ‘on’ or ‘off’.

Status LED Stable Green indicates that the RFX-RMR is functioning correctly. A
flashing green light indicates that the RFX-RMR is functioning correctly but that no valid RF signal is
present at the input to the receiver. A stable red light indicates that the unit has an alarm condition.

Local LED Indicates whether the ‘channel’ and ‘analog/digital’ switching controls are
being accepted from the front panel rocker switches or from the push button menu. Green light =
rocker switch operation, amber light = push button menu operation.

Full details of the push button menu structure can be found in section 8.

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6 REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS

Rear Panel view of RFX-RMR showing all connections

6.1 RF I/P

Connector Type: 50Ω ‘N’ type (female)

6.2 Digital Receive Section - Video output (BNC connectors)

Connectors for SDI/ASI digital (2), these connectors may be independently configured from the
keypad to output either ASI or SDI.

Composite analog (2) or component analog (Y/C) video, selected via front panel keypad.

75Ω BNC connectors (female)

6.3 Analog Receive Section – Video output (BNC connector)

Connector for composite video output, 75Ω BNC connector (female)

6.4 Digital Receive Section Analog - Audio outputs (XLR connectors)

The four channels of analog audio are connected via four 3pin XLR male connectors. The connectors
are designated Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, and Ch4. These outputs can be independently selected for adjustable
gain, via the front panel keypad

Pin
1 Analog Ground
2 Ch1/ A / Left +
3 Ch1/ A / Left -

The two channels of AES EBU stereo digital audio are connected via two-3pin XLR male

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Connectors: The connectors are designated Ch1 and Ch2.
Pin
1 Ground
2 Hot/ +
3 Return/ -

6.5 Analog Receive Section Analog - Audio outputs (XLR connectors)

600Ω balanced Z

The two analog audio channels are connected via two 3pin XLR male connectors. The
connectors are designated Ch1 and Ch2.

Pin
1 Analog Ground
2 Ch1/ A / Left +
3 Ch1/ A / Left -

6.6 Power Connector

Connector Type: 4 pin XLR connector (male)


Input range: 11 to 18V DC nominal

Pin Function
1 +12VDC
2 Not Used
3 Not Used
4 0V

6.7 User data (future option)

Connector Type: 9-way ‘D’ type, female


Remote Control and Monitoring interface selectable as RS485 or RS232
(future option)

RS232 CONNECTIONS RS485 CONNECTIONS


Pin Direction Direction
1 Not Used Not Used
2 Data Tx Out from Unit Data Tx (-) Out from Unit
3 Data Rx Into Unit Data Rx (-) Into Unit
4 Not Used Not Used
5 Ground Ground
6 Not Used Data Tx (+) Out from Unit
7 Not Used Data Rx (+) Into Unit
8 Not Used Not Used
9 Not Used Not Used

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6.8 Remote Monitoring and Control

Connector Type: 9-way ‘D’ type, female

Remote Control and Monitoring interface selectable as RS485 or RS232


(Future option)

RS232 CONNECTIONS RS485 CONNECTIONS


Pin Direction Direction
1 Not Used Not Used
2 Data Tx Out from Unit Data Tx (-) Out from Unit
3 Data Rx Into Unit Data Rx (-) Into Unit
4 Not Used Not Used
5 Ground Ground
6 Not Used Data Tx (+) Out from Unit
7 Not Used Data Rx (+) Into Unit
8 Not Used Not Used
9 Not Used Not Used

6.9 IF monitor

Connector for 70 MHz IF monitoring receiver

BNC connector (female)

6.10 Auxiliary connector

Connector Type: 15-way ‘D’ type, female

Auxiliary functions, e.g. powering of a remote LNA and remote switching

Pin Pin
1 +12VDC 9 Ground
2 +12VDC 10 Ground
3 RL1 N.O 11 RL1 COMMON
4 RL1 N.C 12 Ground
5 RL2 N.O 13 RL2 COMMON
6 RL2 N.C 14 Ground
7 reserved 15 Ground
8 External AGC level
meter 0 to +5VDC

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7 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS

RFX-RMR Simplified block diagram

Composite
Analogue
70MHz receiver Analogue audio 1
Analogue audio 2

70MHz monitor
630MHz
COFDM
1st
RF input Multi Downconverter 4.57MHz Demodulator
Downconverter
MPEG decoder

I2C I2C

70MHz +12v

Mother board

SDI or ASI video (1)


+12v
I2C SDI or ASI video (2)
30v, +/-12v CVBS (1), or Y video
+/- 12v
CVBS (2), or C video
Genlock
AES audio 1, 2
11 to 18 VDC Power supply AES audio 3, 4
Analog audio 1
Front panel display
and push button control Analog audio 2
Analog audio 3
Analog audio 4
RMR RX
Simplified block diagram

Module locations

Refer to the photograph in section 4 for location of the main sub units of the receiver

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7.1 1st Down-converter

The first down-converter is mounted as shown in the photograph in section 4

The RF signal enters the receiver unit via a standard ‘N type’ connector on the rear of the unit. The
unit contains a local oscillator, which tunes according to an offset appropriate to the receiver operating
frequency and is controlled by the front panel push button display system. The output frequency of the
first down-converter is 630MHz.

Mixer

BP filter
LNA
630MHz to 2nd
RF input Down-conv input

LO

Front panel display


RF frequency control VCO/PLL

RMR RX
1st Down-converter

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7.2 “3 in 1” Multi Down-converter

This board is mounted onto the motherboard as shown in the picture in section 4

The first part of the “3 in 1” multi down-converter accepts 630MHz at its input and converts this to
70MHz. The second part amplifies the 70MHz, applies AGC (automatic gain control), and passes this
signal to the final part which down-converts the signal to 4.57MHz.

A balanced form of the 4.57MHz IF is then passed to the COFDM demodulator board as detailed in
section 7.3

The module contains a 20MHz reference oscillator to lock the two mixer local oscillators.

There are no user serviceable parts on this module. Please contact RF Central Service Department
for maintenance of this unit

BP filter Mixer 70MHz BP filter


630MHz from 70MHz
st
1 downconverter AGC To analog RX
detector and IF monitor

780MHz
PLL/LO

REF
OSC.

65.43MHz
PLL/LO

BP filter 4.57MHz balanced


baseband to
demodulator

RMR RX
3 in 1 Multi down-converter Down-converter

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7.3 COFDM demodulator/MPEG decoder Board

4.57MHz balanced baseband


from downconverter
SDI
COFDM seialiser
Demod

SDI or ASI (1)


switches
SDI or ASI (2)

ASI
Micro MPEG serialiser
controller decoder

CVBS (1), or Y video


FPGA PAL/NTSC
switches
encoder CVBS (2), or C video

RS232/485
User data
interface
I2C Sync
Genlock Genlock input
seperator

Analog audio 1
Audio Analog audio 2
D to A Analog audio 3
I2C to all units Analog audio 4
(details not shown)
Front panel display
and push button control
Audio AES audio 1, 2
AES
encoder AES audio 3, 4

RMR-D RX
Demodulator/Decoder
Simplified block diagram

This board is mounted onto the motherboard as shown in the picture in section 4

The module provides multiple functions including: - COFDM demodulator, MPEG decoder, PAL/NTSC
encoding, ASI/SDI routing, Analog audio D/A converter, AES audio encoder, Genlock, and user data
extraction.

The heart of the unit is an FPGA which deals with signal routing and control.

The video, audio, and data outputs are routed via the motherboard to the rear panel of the receiver.
The unit is controlled by the Front Panel display module.

There are no user serviceable parts on this module. Please contact RF Central Service Department
for maintenance of this unit

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7.4 ANALOG DEMODULATOR – TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.

Control lines

Analogue Module

Hi/lo video
70MHz Buffer Video Filter/ Black level
-17Bm deviation Composite video
demod Amp de-emphasis lamp
switching

Audio Subcarrier
Analog audio 1
Modulator 1
Buffer
Amp
Audio Subcarrier
Analog audio 2
Power +5 v Modulator 2
+12 v
supply
-5 v

RMR-D RX
Analog receicer
Simplified block diagram

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8 INTRODUCTION
The RFX-RMR X-0101 board provides the analog receiver function of the RMT digital / analog
receiver system rack assembly. The board provides one (NTSC) video output and two audio outputs.
Operation modes and audio sub carrier frequency selection is via front panel control. The R.F. input to
the board, at 70MHz, is taken from the system common digital / analog IF / AGC circuit via a passive
splitter network on the unit motherboard. A range of video processing options are available via front
panel selection or on-board switches. On-board LED’s are provided for audio 1 and 2 phase locked
loop and power supply monitor functions.

8.1 R.F. input circuit operation.


The 70MHz R.F. input at Skt.1 is set to –17dBm nominal.

8.2 Base-band video processing

Provides facilities for video de-emphasis, black level clamp, automatic deviation selection, video invert
and audio sub-carrier filtering.

8.3 A1 and A2 audio demodulators


The nominal sub carrier input frequency ranges are A1 = 4.5 – 5.1MHz, A2 = 5.5 – 6.2MHz. The audio
demodulators have a 75uS characteristic, to match the pre-emphasis characteristic of the RMT
Transmitter.

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8.4 Analog demodulator Power supplies and monitoring

The incoming nominal +12v DC supply to the analog demodulator module is filtered and protected by
re-settable fuses FS1, FS2.

LED1 and LED2 are provided as A1 and A2 PLL ‘out of lock’ alarms. The LED’s will be illuminated red
when the PLL circuit is out of lock. Alarms are also sent for front panel display.

8.5 Front Panel Controller / Display Board

LCD display

A function
B function
Cancel
Enter
CPLD

Micro Controller
I2C to all

Program
E2
memory

Remote control

The Front Panel / Display Controller is the main system controller for the unit. All configurations of the
unit hardware are from this board. An I2C two-wire interface is used to communicate with all other
intelligent devices within the unit. This carries the command data and reads back status data from all
boards within the unit.

All configuration parameters, video settings, audio settings, frequencies etc. are held on this board.
This allows the ability to remove and change other boards within the unit without the loss of set-up
parameters.

At power-up this board initializes all the other boards and during normal operation monitors all the
major functions and reports any problems as part of the unit status.

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8.6 Mother Board

The Mother board is the large PCB in the center of the receiver chassis as shown in the photograph in
section 4. The Mother board has mounted on it:-
ƒ Multi down-converter, COFDM demodulator/MPEG decoder, 70MHz buffer amplifier (upper
surface)
ƒ DC/DC PSU, micro-controller (under surface)

The motherboard provides signal routing between the other modules and provides routing between:-
ƒ Rear panel connectors
ƒ Front panel push buttons and controller
ƒ 1st down converter and VCO
ƒ Multi-down converter
ƒ Demodulator/decoder
ƒ DC PSU supplies to other units

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Under surface of Mother Board

70MHz IF mon
70MHz from multi downconverter
To analog demodulator

DC +30 VDC

11 to 18 VDC +12 VDC


1st down converter

DC -12 VDC
Multi down-converter

Aux. supply

Analogue RX

Digital RX
Micro-
I2C
controller RL 1

RL 2

1st down control

AGC volts

Analog RX control & Mon.

Mother board
Simplified block diagram

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8.7 RFX-RMR - Power supplies and monitoring

The RFX-RMR power supply is mounted on the under-side of the Mother Board. See photograph in
section 8.6

The +12v input supply is filtered and regulated by IC7, +5v linear regulator. This provides the +5 volt
supply to the Receiver board circuits and is also the reference voltage for the discrete ‘low drop out’
10.5-volt regulator circuit comprising TR3, TR6, TR7, and associated components.

The +10.5v supply provides the board circuits and the DC /DC converter IC16. The converter provides
the –4.3v supplies for the board.
The +5v supply is current limited by the inclusion of R56, R57 in the supply to IC7. The +10.5v supply
is current limited by TR4 and sense resistors R46, R47. Supply over voltage protection is controlled by
TR5. The +10.5v regulator circuit is turned off if the input supply exceeds ~15.5v.

The input supply monitor circuit (IC12) and ‘12v OK’ bi – color LED are designed to indicate supply OK
between 10.5 and 15.5v. Over this range the LED will be illuminated green. Above and below these
limits the LED will illuminate red.

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9 CONFIGURING THE RECEIVER
9.1 “Switches” and Key pad” control modes

The receiver may be controlled by two methods:-

ƒ Switches. Allows selection of RF channel and digital/analog receiving. In this configuration some
of the menu screens are omitted since control from the key pad is disabled.
ƒ Keypad Allows full selection of all parameters through the keypad. In this configuration the front
panel switches for RF channel and digital/analog mode are disabled.

Selection of “Switches” and Key pad” control modes is made via the Engineering menu as described
in section 9.5.1

9.2 Status Monitoring

The red/green ‘status’ LED on the front panel indicates the condition of the RFX-RMR, if a fault or
warning exists the LED will indicate Red and the Status menu will indicate the nature of the fault /
warning. During initialization of the unit the Status LED will be off.

9.3 Top level Menu

Four charts showing the menu trees of the RFX-RMR are included in this manual. These are for:

ƒ Operations menu – Digital receiving mode

ƒ Engineering menu – Digital receiving mode

ƒ Operations menu – Analog receiving mode

ƒ Engineering menu – Analog receiving mode

The RFX-RMR is configured using an LCD display and six push buttons. These are arranged as four
navigation buttons (A, B, ▲ and ▼), plus Enter and Cancel buttons.

The Enter button is used to store the modified parameter in non-volatile memory; this parameter will
then be used to configure the RFX-RMR and will also become the default value when next powered
on.

The Cancel button can be used to exit a menu without storing the parameter in memory.

Various menu levels are provided to allow the operator to access the different hardware and operating
parameters:

9.3.1 Initialization Menu


At switch on the status of the initialization is displayed. If any errors are found with the initialization of
the major functions an error message will be displayed. During initialization the Status LED will be off.

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9.3.2 Top level and Current Operational State

This is the display screen during normal operation of the RFX-RMR and indicates the Rx frequency
(Channel number or Manual frequency), the current operating mode (analog or digital), and the
receiver input level (dBm), (and CSI parameter - digital operation). The B button is used to scroll to
other screens showing other current parameters and alarms (digital = bit rate/FEC/guard interval,
audio output level gain settings, Decoder PIDs) and (analog mode audio sub-carrier frequencies and
alarms).

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the required sub-menus, Ch/Freq, TX mode (analog/digital) and
Status. The Enter button is then used to allow changes to be made.
During normal operation the Status LED will be green indicating ‘healthy’ state of the RFX-RMR

9.4 Operational menu –Digital RX mode

9.4.1 Ch / Frequency Menu

This menu is not available when the receiver is in “switches” control mode.

The menu used to select one of the ten preset-channels (CH1 – Ch10) or ‘manual’ frequency. The
‘Man’ setting allows the Receive frequency to be set in 0.5MHz steps anywhere within the Rx
operating band. The Enter button allows the A/B buttons to select the required digit (cursor left/right);
the ▲▼ buttons then select the required value. The Enter button then stores the value and returns to
the Main menu.

9.4.2 Rx mode

This menu is not available when the receiver is in “switches” control mode.

The menu used to select either digital or analog receiving mode. Use the ▲▼ buttons, this menu is
used to select the required mode; confirm the selection using the Enter button.

9.4.3 Audio 1 Menu

The ▲▼ buttons and Enter are used to select the required audio sub menu.

This menu allows the output level of the 4 audios to be independently adjusted +/- 20dB in 0.5dB
steps. Level adjustment is available for the analog audio outputs only, and not for the AES digital
outputs. This menu is not available when in Analog receiving mode.

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9.5 Engineering Menu – Digital receiving mode

The Engineering menu provides the method of system configuration; there are no user adjustments or
setups internal to the Rx.

The engineering menu is entered by pressing the ‘Cancel’ and ‘Enter’ buttons simultaneously for 2 to
10 seconds, and then selecting the ‘Enter’ button.

9.5.1 “Switches and Key-pad” Control Mode

The RFX-RMR may be configured such that the selection of channel frequency and operating mode
(analog or digital) is selected from the keypad menu or via the two front-panel rocker switches.

The ▲▼ buttons and Enter are used to select the required sub menu. Then choose “key-pad” or
“Switches”

9.5.2 SW Inventory

The versions for all software used in the receiver can be obtained from this menu. This may be useful
in communicating with RF Central factory regarding any future software upgrades which may become
available.

9.5.3 Channel Plan

The RFX-RMR Receiver can be switched between two different sets of 10 preset RF frequencies
known as the ‘Old’ BAS channel plan and the ‘New’ BAS channel plan.

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the channel plan menu. The Enter button then allows the ▲▼
buttons to select the required plan. The Enter button then stores the plan which is then used by either
the front panel channel select switches or the keypad operation selection menu mentioned in section
9.4.1

9.5.4 Video Format

The video format may be selected PAL or NTSC

The Enter button allows the ▲▼ buttons to select the required value. The Enter button then stores the
value and returns to the Main menu.

9.5.5 Video Output Configuration

The Receiver provides two analog video output BNC connectors that can be configured to provide two
CVBS (Composite) outputs or a single YC component output.

Title Note Output


CVBS Two composite outputs CVBS on both Bancs
YC Y on BNC ‘CVBS/Y’
C on BNC ‘CVBS/C’

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The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the required output format and the Enter switch used to select and
store the setting.

9.5.6 SDI / ASI Output Configuration

The Receiver provides two digital output BNC connectors that can be configured to provide two SDI or
two ASI outputs, or one of each.

Two identical menus are provided. One for each output connector: SDI / DVB-ASI 1 and SDI / DVB-
ASI 2.

Title Output
SDI Digital BNCs
ASI Digital BNCs

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the required output format and the Enter switch used to select and
store the setting.

9.5.7 ASI Output Format

The Receiver ASI outputs can be configured to provide one of three formats.

Title Output
204 204 byte output packet
188 188 byte output packet
Byte Single BYTE packets

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the required output format and the Enter switch used to select and
store the setting

9.5.8 Aux. supply

A switchable +12 VDC is provided on the Auxiliary D type connector on the receiver back panel (as
mentioned in clause 6.10). This may be used to feed external equipment e.g. an LNA. The +12 VDC
may be switched “on” or “off” through this menu.

9.5.9 Relay 1 and Relay 2

Two auxiliary switching relays are provided on the Auxiliary D type connector on the receiver back
panel (as mentioned in clause 6.10). These may be used to control external equipment. The operation
of the two relays is controlled through this menu.

9.5.10 LCD Timeout

This function Enables or Disables the automatic switching off of the LCD backlight function.

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9.5.11 Audio offset

The analog audio outputs from RFX-RMR Receiver are designed to feed into a 600Ω input
impedance.

If the receiver is connected to a higher impedance load, the output level will be ~6dB high. This can be
compensated for by using the ‘audio offset’ function.

Note: This does not change the output impedance from 600Ω.

9.5.12 Prog Channels

Each of the ten frequency channels can be independently allocated the required frequency in 0.5MHz
steps.

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the Channel to be assigned. The Enter button then allows the
▲▼ to edit the required frequency, The A and B buttons move cursor left/right. The Enter button then
stores the value and returns to the Main menu.

9.6 Operations Menu – Analog mode

9.6.1 Ch / Frequency Menu

This menu is not available when the receiver is in “switches” control mode.

The menu is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.4.1.

9.6.2 Rx mode

This menu is not available when the receiver is in “switches” control mode.

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.4.2.

9.7 Engineering Menu – Analog mode

The Engineering menu provides the method of system configuration; there are no user adjustments or
setups internal to the Rx.

The engineering menu is entered by pressing the “C” and ‘E’ buttons simultaneously for 2 to 10
seconds, then releasing the ‘C’ button.

9.7.1 “Switches and Key-pad” Control Mode

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.1

9.7.2 SW Inventory

The menu used is the same as the digital menu mentioned in clause 9.5.2, expect the values relate to

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the analog demodulator.

9.7.3 Channel Plan

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.3

9.7.4 Audio frequency 1 and 2

Each of the analog audio sub carrier frequencies can be adjusted from their factory settings
(4.83/5.8MHz) by +/- 200 kHz

The ▲▼ buttons are used to select the sub carrier to be adjusted. The Enter button then allows the
▲▼ to edit the required frequency; the A and B buttons are for cursor left/right. The Enter button then
stores the value and returns to the Main menu.

9.7.5 Aux. supply

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.8

9.7.6 Relay 1 and Relay 2

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.9

9.7.7 LCD Timeout

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.10

9.7.8 Prog Channels

The menu used is the same as the digital menu as mentioned in clause 9.5.12

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Key: E = Enter
E/C = Enter or Clear

Current receiver state


CSI AV 5% CH1 0.0dB DECODER PIDS
PAL RF SYNTH STATUS DEMOD NOK
PCKT ERR 0 CH2 -1.0dB Prog Map 512
GL – I/P PRESENT First Down OK
16QAM 1/2 1/32 CH3 0.0dB PCR 180
CV CV SDI SDI Second Down OK STATUS 0010010
12.064171Mbit/s CH4 0.0dB VIDEO 256
Alternative Demod
B status screen when
B
demod is unlocked

DIGITAL RX
Select
CH1 2.49200GHz
A CONTRAST C/E
-61dBm
8% CSI

Select Select Select


CHANNEL/FREQ RX MODE AUDIO O/P LEVEL

E E E

Select Select Select


C/E
Ch 1 2492.00MHz DIGITAL RX CH2 -1.0dB

E E

Select Set Level Set Level


C/E
Ch 16 2300.00MHz ANALOG RX CH2 -1.5 dB

Select Select
Manual 2446.00MHz CH3 -1.0dB

E E
button “A” = cursor left
Select button “B” = cursor right
Set Level
C/E C/E
Manual 2345.00MHz CH4 -1.5 dB

RMR RX MENU
Only available in keypad mode
(Operations menu – digital RX mode) RMR MENU (1)

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Key: E = Enter
E/C = Enter or Clear ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU
PROG CHANNELS Audio offset LCD timeout Relay 2 Relay 1

E E E E
Enter Engineering mode by
ENGINEERING pressing C and E buttons together
PROG CHANNEL Audio offset Select Relay 2 Relay 1
(hold for 2 to 10 seconds)
Ch 1 2300MHz EDIT +6dB ENABLE Off Off

PROG CHANNEL Select Relay 2 Relay 1


Ch 16 2700.00MHz DISABLE On On

E
E
Program button “A” = cursor left
button “B” = cursor right
Ch3 234 5.00MHz

ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU
Control Mode SW INVENTORY CHANNEL PLAN VIDEO FORMAT CVBS/YC OUTPUT ASI FORMAT SDI/ASI O/P 1 SDI/ASI O/P 2 Aux supply

E E E E E E E E E

TDFP-0144-01
Control Mode
RRMB-0101-01
CHANNEL PLAN Select Select Select Select Select Aux supply
RDMI-0102-01
Key pad 3410AYY02-01 NEW PAL CVBS 204 SDI SDI Off

Select
Control Mode CHANNEL PLAN Select Select Select Select Aux supply
188
Switches OLD NTSC Y/C ASI ASI On

Select
BYTE

RMR RX MENU
(Engineering menu – digital RX mode) RMR MENU (2)

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Current receiver state

RF SYNTH STATUS Sub-carrier Synth Sub-carrier Freq


First Down OK Audio 1 OK Audio 1 4.830MHz
Second Down OK Audio 2 OK Audio 2 5.800MHz

B B

ANALOG RX
Select
CH1 2.49200GHz
A CONTRAST C/E
-61dBm

Select Select
CHANNEL/FREQ RX MODE

E E

Select Select
Ch 1 2492.00MHz DIGITAL RX

Select Set Level


C/E
Ch 16 2300.00MHz ANALOG RX

Select
Manual 2446.00MHz

E
button “A” = cursor left
Select button “B” = cursor right
C/E
Manual 2345.00MHz

Only available in keypad mode

RMR RX MENU
(Operations menu – Analog RX mode) RMR MENU (3)

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Key: E = Enter
E/C = Enter or Clear ENG MENU ENG MENU
PROG CHANNELS LCD timeout

PROG CHANNEL Select


Enter Engineering mode by Ch 1 2300.00MHz ENABLE
ENGINEERING pressing C and E buttons together
(hold for 2 to 10 seconds)

PROG CHANNEL Select


Ch 16 2700.00MHz DISABLE

E Program button “A” = cursor left


button “B” = cursor right
Ch3 2345.00MHz

ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU
Control Mode SW INVENTORY CHANNEL PLAN Audio 1 FREQ Audio 2 Freq Black lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2

E E E E E E E E E

TDFP-0144-01
Control Mode
RRMB-0101-01
CHANNEL PLAN Audio 1 FREQ Audio 2 FREQ Black Lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2
RDMI-0102-01
Key pad 3410AYY02-01 NEW 4830.00MHz 5800.00MHz Off Off Off Off

button “A” = cursor left


Control Mode CHANNEL PLAN Black lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2
button “B” = cursor right
Switches OLD On On On On

RMR RX MENU
(Engineering menu – Analog RX mode) RMR MENU (4)

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Key: E = Enter
E/C = Enter or Clear ENG MENU ENG MENU
PROG CHANNELS LCD timeout

PROG CHANNEL Select


Enter Engineering mode by Ch 1 2300MHz ENABLE
ENGINEERING pressing C and E buttons together
(hold for 2 to 10 seconds)

PROG CHANNEL Select


Ch 16 2700.00MHz DISABLE

E Program button “A” = cursor left


button “B” = cursor right
Ch3 2345.00MHz

ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU ENG MENU
Control Mode SW INVENTORY CHANNEL PLAN Audio 1 FREQ Audio 2 Freq Black lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2

E E E E E E E E E

TDFP-0144-01
Control Mode
RRMB-0101-01
CHANNEL PLAN Audio 1 FREQ Audio 2 FREQ Black Lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2
RDMI-0102-01
Key pad 3410AYY02-01
NEW 4.830MHz 5.800MHz Off Off Off Off

button “A” = cursor left


Control Mode CHANNEL PLAN Black lvl clamp Aux supply Relay 1 Relay 2
button “B” = cursor right
Switches OLD On On On On

RMR RX MENU
(Engineering menu – Analog RX mode) RMR MENU (4)

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10 PREPARING FOR OPERATION

EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

Before leaving the equipment base to undertake an operation it is recommended that the following
equipment checks be made.

10.1 The RFX-RMR Receiver

10.1.1 Antennas

The RFX-RMR can be used with a variety of RF Central antennas

RFX-OMNI antennas are typically used for ground based mobile operations, or helicopter air to
ground
GPS controlled antenna for helicopter air to ground
PA series Low profile antennas are used for up linking ground to air, or on-board linking
HX series antennas offer increased gain and directivity
RFX-BEAM fan-beam antennas offer increased gain and 90-degree sector coverage.
Parabolic antennas offer the highest gain, and longest operation range

Full details are given in the RF Central Antennas data sheets

10.1.2 Checks

The Receiver may be powered from an external DC PSU, or by batteries. Check that any batteries to
be used are fully charged and that an emergency spare battery is available and fully charged.

Select the operating mode “switches” or “key-pad” 9.1

Confirm the correct frequency is selected. 9.4.1

Digital reception

Confirm the correct Video format type is selected NTSC or PAL. 9.5.4

Confirm the correct Video analog output is selected Composite (CVBS) or Component (YC). 9.5.5

Confirm the correct digital video format is selected SDI or ASI. 9.5.6

Analog reception

Confirm the correct audio sub carrier frequencies are selected. 9.7.4

Check that the Video, audio, DC and RF cables are in good condition.

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10.2 The Transmitting Equipment

The RFX-RMR may be used with a variety of RF Central analog and digital transmitters including:

ƒ RMT, digital/analog transmitter

ƒ CMT Clip-On transmitter

Full details of the operation of the transmitters is given in the associated manual

Check that audio, video, and DC cables of sufficient total length and are in good condition. If
extension cables are necessary ensure that the connectors are compatible and of good quality to
avoid problems at site.

Check that the receiving antenna / Receiver interfaces are clean and free from dust and other
unwanted materials.

If tripods are to be used to mount the equipment, make sure that some means of securing the tripod or
of weighting it down is provided. Gusty wind conditions may put installations at risk, particularly when
parabolic antenna dishes are to be used.

Make sure that all batteries to be used are fully charged and, whenever possible, provide a spare with
cable to connect it to the receiver.

Check that the receiver channel frequencies are compatible with those of the RFX-RMR transmitter
and set the channel selector switch to the channel number required. The receiver is labeled with
channel number and frequency information.

10.3 Transmitter / Receiver tests

Whenever practical, set up the system and trial it before leaving for site to ensure that all
components of the system are working. Checking at base, where adjustments and corrective
actions can be made, will pay off when setting up at site.

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11 SYSTEM REMOTE MONITORING AND SETUP
Using a PC running Hyper Terminal or other terminal emulator, the RFX-RMR can be configured
without the use of the operator controls and LCD display. The current configuration can also be
obtained via this RS232/RS485 interface. The RMR is also remote controllable via other commercially
available control systems. .

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12 APPENDIX A - MPEG ENCODER PARAMETER SETS
Set Part Number Rate COFDM MPEG Video Video Low Audio
(Mbit/s) Mode Rate LPF Delay Rate
(Mbit/) Mode (kbit/)
0 PBMP-4087- 18.096257 64-QAM, 422@ML, 15.05 No No 192
0008-10 1/2, 1/32 GOP4
1 PBMP-4087- 18.096257 64-QAM, MP@ML, 16.00 No Yes 192
0010-10 1/2, 1/32 GOP16
2 PBMP-4087- 18.096257 64-QAM, 422@ML, 16.00 No No 192
0006-10 1/2, 1/32 GOP4
3 PBMP-4087- 12.064171 64-QAM, SP@ML, Infinite 12.00 No Yes 192
0009-10 1/2, 1/32 GOP, Intra-slice
4 PBMP-4087- 12.064171 16-QAM, 422P@ML, 9.75 Yes No 192
0009-08 1/2, 1/32 GOP4
5 PBMP-4087- 12.064171 16-QAM, SP@ML, Infinite 8.50 Yes Yes 192
0011-08 1/2, 1/32 GOP, Intra-slice
6 PBMP-4087- 12.064171 16-QAM, 422P@ML, 10.00 Yes No 192
0010-08 1/2, 1/32 GOP4
7 PBMP-4087- 12.064171 16QAM, 422P@ML, 9.50 Yes No 192
0012-08 1/2, 1/32 GOP16
8 PBMP-4087- 9.048128 QPSK, 422P@ML, 7.25 Yes No 192
0012-02 3/4, 1/32 GOP16
9 PBMP-4087- 9.048128 QPSK, 422P@ML, 7.50 Yes No 192
0010-02 3/4, 1/32 GOP 4
10 PBMP-4087- 9.048128 QPSK, 422P@ML, 7.50 Yes No 192
0009-02 3/4, 1/32 GOP4
11 PBMP-4087- 9.048128 QPSK, 422P, 7.00 Yes No 192
0011-02 1/2, 1/32 GOP16
12 PBMP-4087- 6.032086 QPSK, 422P@ML, 4.50 Yes Yes 128
0009-00 1/2, 1/32 GOP16
13 PBMP-4087- 6.032086 QPSK, MP@ML, 4.50 Yes No 192
0012-00 1/2, 1/32 GOP4
14 PBMP-4087- 6.032086 QPSK, SP@ML, Infinite 3.00 Yes Yes 128
0011-00 1/2, 1/32 GOP, Intra-slice
15 PBMP-4087- 6.032086 QPSK, MP@ML, 4.75 Yes No 192
0010-00 1/2, 1/32 GOP4

Note: The above parameters are typical for the RFX-RMR and are issued for guidance only. Some
Receivers may have different configurations according to individual customer requirements.

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13 APPENDIX B - TABLE OF DVB-T NON-HIERARCHICAL BIT RATES

Modulation Code rate Bit rate (Mbit/s)


at each guard interval (symbol fraction)
QPSK 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4
1/2 6.03 5.85 5.53 4.98
2/3 8.04 7.81 7.37 6.64
3/4 9.05 8.78 8.29 7.46
5/6 10.1 9.76 9.22 8.29
7/8 10.6 10.2 9.68 8.71

16-QAM 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4


1/2 12.1 11.7 11.1 9.95
2/3 16.1 15.6 14.7 13.3
3/4 18.1 17.6 16.6 14.9
5/6 20.1 19.5 18.4 16.6
7/8 21.1 20.5 19.4 17.4

64-QAM 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4


1/2 18.1 17.6 16.6 14.9
2/3 24.1 23.4 22.1 19.9
3/4 27.1 26.3 24.9 22.4
5/6 30.2 29.3 27.6 24.9
7/8 31.7 30.7 29.0 26.1

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