ITB-ENAC Double Degree Program: Master of Scence in International A Transport Operation Management -2021 INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE ENGINEERING TB-ENAC Double Deeree Program: io aoe sea CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Brief History of Flight, Flight Vehicles t bay a é 2. Flight Environments " TO AEROSPACE = a, a . Aerodynamics Day2 ENGINEERING 4. Lightweight Structure and Materials 5. Propulsion and Aircraft Systems f Day3 6. Flight Mechanics bey 7. Design and Certification 8. Air Transportation System Days 9 |. 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Lamane/inaea40 psu o230ITB-ENAC Double Degree Program: Master of Scence in International Al Transport Operation Management -2021, INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Flight Environment Earth Atmosphere > Is where aireraft and spacecraft fl ‘Typical airliner Z ( Performance of any flight vehicle esrb is dictated by the properties of C18 ke) the atmosphere - the temperature, density dan SR7ABlackbird pressure (<25km) > Each property depends on Sputnik (577km) altitude, longitude, and latitude, time of the day, seasons, etc Spaceshipone (100km) International Space Station (300km)ea Earth Atmosphere TrOposphere (0-11 w» - Most of the weather occurs here. Contains water vapo- and strong vertical currents. +The top layer is known as the tropopause. Stratosphere (11-50 km ~ Water vapor almost non-existent, rare air currents + Contains a layer of ozone (0,) > absorbs UV ray. ~The tp layer Is know as Une steatupause, Mesosphere (s0 - 204m) “The top layer is known as the Mesopause, Thermosphere (20 s00 im ‘There is an Ionosphere layer Free electron existed in great density. ~ Reflectlow and medium frequency radio-waves back to the earth, EROSBHEFE 00 — 1000 km) = Earth Atmosphere > Performance of flight vehicles are dictated by the atmosphere properties - the | temperature. density. pressure. ... Mesosphere » Each property depends on altitude, longitude and latitude, time of the day, seasons, humidity, ... a > Atmosphere properties data has been ey collected since the advent of ballooning (1783) > The compelling reason to use such data only emerged in the 20" century, with the rise of heavier-than-air flight TroposphereEarth Atmosphere Position of an aircraft in the atmosphere * Longitude - Latitude - Altitude (spherical) © Xe¥erZ, * East-North-Up or North-East-Down Definition of Altitudes, depend on the purpose * Absolute altitude = Geometric altitude ¥ * Geopotential altitude SPs * Pressure altitude Rented ae Atmosphere = Temperature altitude arauel Density altitude ¢ $ Prime Meridian North Pole cc G equator Altitude vs Atmospheric Properties 1h, absolute aitude hg: geometric aitude Tearty ‘dus of earth > Geometric altitude (h,) > Measurement of height from earth sea level (intuitive altitude) » Absolute altitude (h,) > Extended measurement to the center of the earth. > [fr Tadius of the earth: h= +r, > Absolute altitude (h,) is significant for space flight and gravitational acceleration (g) calculation. > Ifg, is the gravitational acceleration on se level, then local g ata given altitude is: P(e g «(%) & fart Fearn * IgAltitude vs Atmospheric Properties Based on the hydrostatic equation, it is possible to correlate the geometric altitude hg with the static pressure (p) at that point pA=(p+dpyA+mg AP dpA+ pAdh, & =— pgdh the gravity acceleration (g) also varies with the altitude. If itis assumed to be constant at the value of sea level, Jy then — » dp ——pg,dh with h is defined as the Geopotential Altitude > A fictitious but practical altitude definition to ease calculations and measurements: @ ee rere > Altitude vs Atmospheric Properties A quick calculation shows that there is a little difference between h and hg, which increases with the altitude Most aircraft, however, are flying at cruising altitude < 20,000 m, and hence it is reasonable for h = eT zA] International Standard Atmosphere > Multidimension-variation of the atmosphere global data is not practical for aerospace engineers and for performance measurements »® In 1920, A. Toussaint (France), suggested a formula for temperature [°C] that decreases with the height (geopotential altitude [m]) he International Standard Atmosphere h [km] A. Toussaint formula (in °C and m) But only for 7 P15 0.0065h cto Km + 151s the known standard temperature at sea level (h=0) + -0,0065 is the gradient/lapse of the T to T pc hiline, or aT/dh, or A the equation expanded to include higher altitudes > p= 4.3 (p—h taking account the different Temperature gradient a tA (hha) @) in segments of atmosphere or commonly written as: LO) 1, 4(4-2,) T, T, the subscript irefers tothe corresponding segmentsee Internasional Standard Atmosphere Hence, it is possible to model the atmosphere temperature by segmenting the altitude > approximating each gradients (A) up to 84 km (ISA). ae > farm] ‘Ae (am) ess g Approximation in Seven Segments in ISA = Internasional Standard Atmosphere 90 ba tumy ‘The segments data is used to derived the temperature at any given altitude: rm. “T Baa) 5 2 0 7-06.05 288.15 rAd! JS Seat 216.65 Satoyy __eamrw 21665 Berne eor7oN MESES 70 NTO Waa 51000-00028 270.465 71000 -0,0020 214.65 1, has rea ‘ Kelvin instead of Cals, for po On grr 38 Temperaturesee Internasional Standard Atmosphere Assuming ideal gas, the ratios of the temperature, pressure, and density at any given altitude is modeled in the ISA AO a+ A(i-h,) or ‘of 0 ifisothermal = Internasional Standard Atmosphere ‘The ISA reference values of pressure, temperature, density, and gravitational acceleration (taken at latitude 45° North, at sea level (h = 0 m) (Below latitude 45° is called ISA plus, and above latitude 45° is called ISA minus)) are: Static pressure p,= 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 1013.25 mb Static temperature 7, = 15 °C = 288.15 K Density p, =1.225 ke/m? Gravitational Acceleration g, = 9.80665 m/s? Specific gas constant R ,= 29.27 m/K v¥yyy And the reference values for every segment in the ISA model are: aie , : = shia 1 oshs 11000 0008s (28818 1228 101325 2 11000 sh < 20000, ° 21665 03639 22632 a ponoa With the ISAIHIGHAL an aircraft (pilot) can define a ‘convenient’ prediction of its altitude, simply by measuring either air pressure, temperature, or density > the result is called pressure, temperature, and density altitudes, respectively. > For example, in a flight < 11 km, ifthe pressure at that altitude fs measured as p(h), then the pressure altitude hy, is nee) aay | > Simirlarly,iftemperature is measured 7(h ori density is measured p(h), Is = Internasional Standard Atmosphere > Depending on the sensors, pressure, temperature. and density altitudes, can be different at one point of a flight. Aircraft performances will be more or less the same as expected. > Ifthe sensors are accurate, the results still be different if the atmosphere (1) does not follows the Ida model, (2) longttude/latitude are airrerent, or (3) does nor follows the perfect gas assumption! > the atmosphere is not standard measured static pressure Measured static pressure = 47170 [Pa], measured air temperature Measured air temperature = -22.5°C, measured air density = 0.660 kg/m’; Measured air density = 0.625 kg/m’; Therefore, the pressure altitude = temperature Therefore, the pressure altitude = 6000 m, altitude = density altitude = 6000 m > the temperature altitude = 5769 m the atmosphere is standard !!! the density altitude = 6483 m > the atmosphere s I > ‘These altitudes are defined as a convenient tools for pilots and engineers, and might differ with the actual geometricaltitudeInternasional Standard Atmosphere Static ar pressure es Flying at specific Temperature (OAT) altitude h, in ISA +10 Internasional Standard Atmosphere » The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is the most common used standard throughout the world > ISO 2533-1975 » The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standard Atmosphere is identical with ISA, until 80 km. > Other standard atmosphere existed, including: + US Standard Atmosphere, used by the US government + Air Research and Development Command (ARDC) Model Atmosphere, used by the US Airforce (USAF)he Additionals > TUGAS PTD2 hesps//youtu.be/3571Z01RERA braps://youtu be/SoyBCwiEE 2. Buation sepuan kaikutator ISA menggunakan Excell