[BR/ISH POUTICAL SYSTEM Besides these important stat ‘These measures have been the’ role of design in the evolution’ Conelusfon. The above Freman described the British wisdom.’Strachey also observes, chance” {BRITISH ROLIM comparative governments, ‘been alway present in ancient times sIts 1BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM ‘nominal and constitutional hea ethan ce state ; (iLthe Feal exoeutive powers are in the Fersaiet tin| Resa Cabins, ended Pca ona a a Beavers ot raParlaiseat (Ne rien cenacat ae of alljer of the Hooee af ostoar or toe Huse of Lore) Snavidually responce (she Beolemen he Bn of Comonattor he wom induc espe the Parade Hn of Cnn dog of Pedlanel (ae ste cient ATs ie! (hel eles aaa Sbtcecaly oo long an ono de eanco of fue salon in the Home aR Feaos las ne onfidenco of the majority in the House of Commons; ae p_remove the ministry by passing a vote of no confide for 2y Tejecting any of its policies, (uit) the Cabinet” oe eer se renee sy oe ce, ol eC eee hema sok 3 Th anal rm th pn adhe Pine Mn Baad i he jective center ef power in the British Constitution, All these toes combi te isin em af rumen wie as ha = pshamerery fr comma 1 ae koa Wein el ._Liberal Democratic Politieal System, Britain has a liberal democratic pela ar ete rere Al ne 8 a oie ive sight to vote and i more than 21 yenr, the right to contest elections, Pobiical atten direcly and Irely participate im the stragglo for power. The, polities power i= Shred the pee oh th elt, Setar a akpartien aol irene gongs remain acyl moked ne sug Pa ‘The night aeeserenest flocions, eticise the government, fre expression of public opinion: the a ne cal austoone, an ody tater a power fom one ty to Uh ater honever the peple mayo dei, ae ts Dallmarks 9, Sovereignty of the British Parliament. ‘another salient feature of the Bt ere una the British Pastament is abversign poniament, thas the Fo canary iw on any subject forall he people and places of Blais Lar Beer ant aramn cnn be weecid or st aie y Be Kengo he oe Basen By Ue Porarne sole and th courts have no par te dorm Cheah H's rela a estes The ins made by the Bribe Pails GEG gg of parliamentary ety bythe Paciament salt, Britsh Constictien on Bs Sa age orn eaament an that ao by anne males, Ts bola aise 2 ray ald in one Tense nol power ale se SO se cont emacston ot vol Toca, Hore os ot See gn’ law-making and constituent power a ae eal Parliament, Biamersm, had it og in Eo tains tcc Portiment ini Bro esses, te Moar of Ls aN - division ofthe Beth tho th, cntay, as 8 etl ie the Common of ho Nobis whch te ier nen J ands with the elerey presentation of tae andthe lowe nay and the sm combined to fort 1 Ca ego Sie that me, the Briss Parismer has ontinaed to be & ‘eameral legislate, be o Soar Lord story the fst house bas se, er aaa ae vend class character. It has # now membership of 669. It is permanent Perm which bas never been, and which om Rt ‘be dissolved. However, in rowers, it is almost a powerless hovee—* raves wich performs mostly revising and delaying fonctions —BATISH POLITICAL syste The leader of th bs ministry with some ofthe slate ee oe Position gets a constitutional reer uti ine ‘Shadow Cabinet consisting of soeegmy Cebinet runs the administrati he Shade Ah policies and actinties chan Crees Da ante mrs pay ete te oe i te ea ee prime minister mde of Che Opposition is always respected as an ctiakacter of the British Constitution has been sear eabie teen on ramtionany Geawentions fray the warp and wan of tay igaee are a, convention working alte ocs and eshte conte he, ee amber of ‘equality before law aud equal protection of rights and liberties of all under the common. law of the land. The Rule of Law makes it certain that people, whether ordinary citizens or civil servants, are free to do whatever they like so long as they do not breake Ce oT cart ie eee commas Law oor Seas Ton No one ebeys bezel ana a Ae a a casas eCornell ae i ora a ee rules male eee rales, fxd and at i oe ts contig power in Given ecumatanes ft , ‘The salient features ofthe British Constitution en be diesel ander Le Unwritten Constitution, The British Constittion is an umriten oleuion, Te has nower been matt al codified i the form of beak, No const Seems has made stand sthaa never been folly adopted by dhe British, Yet thas saeervave present in their minds nd has been successfully ny eperaion since very aeeteat Cer ols unvriten, character has boon the object of entiism by several tats, natidutarly by De Toequevile and Paine who deny its very eiatonce, Fea e ne arctarse augority af contemporary paliteal sient accent not 0B #3 see a clos Habs to perato vry succesfally- Infact the istry of fs ete da ale bon the tory af ate evolution, has been @ story of Suess Teas served well the interests ofthe British Fae eat ehuraeter of the Brit-\ Consittion however, doos not ean that eee eene cee eitns of its very important part, like the Magna Carta, the itis totals are il of Rights and many other statues of the Brits Parliament aot ie ee opatistional syete, are available in vets frm. J'Gict and Evolved Consttion, ‘The Brith Consittin i on ead cons ns Absent product of gradual and steady evolution) The pracess constitution. 1 hs boon a il eomunues wo bo wr. In Be Wor of Oe ban a Pe lving gana, Ie i lvaye growing wih ew arr he recssities of the people.” ee ea ton has ben ke a stream ontinoely wing changing Coenen cera ating new szoams,aivaye alowng. ney, cate, gt 3 comavning the same, Tthas been always growing tn meet the necessities of the people. Nt arn eg with the times and yet remained the same seta of Accident and Design inte evllon ofthe rich Contain Teators : (i) Accidents and (ii) Design—have indeed played a very important role. two factors: (cr ieent of the Cabinet and Cabinet System was possine because of he origin and dewlonnes CADAL, the preblem of susceson tn 170 then a eories of aesidente Penman Ceorg Be sucossors Gone Te wa Ga ancora aoe meting depres of «man ke Walpole ne Cabinetthe failure of George III to check the development of Cabinet System... all secure the development of the Cabinet System in England. Likewise, the of bicameralism of the British Parliament and the emergence of two party both been largely the products of accidents. However, several other feature Constitution came into existence as a result of well thought out and enacted x like the Reforms Acts, the Parliament Acts, the Peoples Representation Analysing the role of accident and design in the evolution of the British Gon + many constitutional pundits deseribe it as “the child of wisdom and chance wi hhas sometimes been guided by acgident and sometimes by high design.” I Unitary Costitaton( Brain has. unary erie Al py in the hands of the single cenbeal government. The laws made by Parliament apply to all the people and placed There are several systematically organised local governments which.ekercise civic powers in areas, ‘These local governments derive their powers from the central go aroundor it. They enjoy a large measure of autonomy within the parameters by the central government. 5. Very Flexible Constitution, ‘The British Constitution is a very ‘constitution, Tt ean be amended, partially or wholly by an ordinary law passed British Parliament.) There is no distinction between constitutional laws and ord laws, both of whch can be passed by the British Parliament tn, peat law-making exercise involves a very major role on the part ofa single houge-the «£ Commons, as the House of Lords plays only a second fiddle to it, The B Parliament can, by pssing a law by a simple majority, bring forth any amendment in| British Constitution ( Flexibility has helped the British Constitution to keep pace with the ch secioconomie and politieal envieonment, a Hereditary and Constitutional Monarchy. Monarchy continues to sury Bngland. It has got transformed into a limited and eonstitational monarchy and this form has made itself a part of the liberal democratic political systom of England The King/Queen continues to be the head of the state in Britain, Succession to th throne passes ftom a father to the eldest son, and if he has no son, to his eldest daughter, Hereditary monarchy continues to be present in England, Since 1952 Queen Elizabeth I has been the Head of the Stato and after her, the throne is to €0 the Prince of Wales—Prince Charles. There is, however, a proposal to change succession law with a view to enable the first child male or female, of the ruli Queen/King, to be palced on the top of the line of succession. However, Monarchy has lost almost all its powers. ‘The present Monarch i a ceremonial head of the state, who reigns but does not rule. ‘The réal powere are hhands of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The monarch always acts upon the a of his ministers. He can do no wrong because all his acts are not his acts. Thes the acts of the ministers done in his name. ‘The ministers are responsible for all ofthe King, The Parliament is the sovereign law-making body, but it passes a ‘me of the King. Thus, England has a hereditary and constitutional Parliamentary Government. Parliamentary form of gove1 ‘and development first in Britain and then it spread to salient features of the British parliamentary system, are : (i Britishty of the people, re “the Government: of U form a constitutional lim seta ote ota an Bcc ms ee ans monarchy and in actual character a democratic republic’ i ‘onstitution in many ways. Its study involves the study of the working of ttt anecessfully working an unwritten, unitary, flexible and a convent iat cs democratic system working through a constitutional monarchy ® parliamentary CONVENTIONS OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION mall ant part of the British Polite Seaton Beh Contain e's comemtoeatien conten Alloa Conventions. Being an unvritten and evolutionary constitution, 0 large number of conventions continue to guide and govern its working) A real understanding of the: British Constitution can be achieved only by understangg the nature and scope of the: convention Oz ond” Zink have well ebeervod Englands the classic Land of Faving quits an much tintin fo customs and nage ant Tale of a Cnvontions have been such unwriten rule of haviour which have naturally town and developelm the Bets cotton, ‘These have boon described ky MU a [cc"umwritten mime of the consation’ Anson call them the customs of tho toowtlution? However, the set elevated sume uae ome from AV: Dicey hi thectbne thom as"ie Oat vardsta tite Gaunt > (B) NATURE OF CONVENTIONS For understanding the nature of conventions, we must anal sued ves ementin Pets at rai ik any ROT a