——BRIDGE Bridges:- They are the structures which allow passage to cross over openings such as streams, river, valleys...etc Super structures:- Deck slab, girder, parapet wall Sub structures:- Pier, abutment and wing wall, foundation Approach Deck pKerb Nandraits ar Sb Stdb—> / / ve Figure 1.1 Components of a Typical Bridge,Classification of bridges Ss < a). Based on materials used:- Timber bridges RCC bridges Steel bridges Pre-stressed bridges Masonry bridges . According to structural action Beam and slab bridges Truss or girder bridges Simply supported, continuous and cantilever bridges. Suspension bridges Arch bridges evr 0ee0eTe eee e“ ¢).Based on position of Deck slab 3. As per the location of bridge flooring 1.Deck Bridge: When the bridge flooring is provide at the top of the super structure, it | called deck bridge.“ ¢).Based on position of Deck slab 3. As per the location of bridge flooring 1.Deck Bridge: When the bridge flooring is provide at the top of the super structure, it | called deck bridge.~d). Based on Alignment 1. Straight Alignment: When the alignment of bridge is perpendicular to the centre line of a river, it is called straight bridge. 2. Skew Bridge: When the alignment of a bridge is not perpendicular to the centre fine of river, is called Skew Bridge.—— e).Based on HFL 1.Submersible bridge or causeway: A road causeway is a Pie dip which allows loods to pass over it. It may or may not have openings or vents for low water to flow. 2. Non-Submersible bridge: In this types of bridge formation level is kept above the HFL, so that maximum flood does not affect the traffic on the bridge. >.—Abutment The end supports of the super structure of a bridge are called abutments. They also retains the earth formation of approaches. They are built of masonry or R.C. iS weep holes are provided to drain of the—2. Piers The intermediate supports of a bridge are known as piers. a. Masonry pier b. RCC pier c. Dumb-bell pier J I mer SS = vas MASONRY PIER DUMB-BELLPIERa Cut waters and Ease waters ends A pier is usually provided with projections on upstream and downstream sides is known as cut waters and ease waters. The projection on upstream side is known as cut waters and that on the down stream side is known as ease waters end. They are shaped for easy passage of water. They also prevent the formation of eddies and their scouring effect.. id 3. Wing walls wing walls are provided at both ends of abutments to retain the earth filling of the approaches. They are constructed of the same material as that of the alignment. i. Straight wing wall they are used for small bridges or drainages or in culverts il. Splayed wing walls They are used for bridges across a river. They provides smooth entry and exit to the water iii. Return wing wall4.Approach road © Approaches are the lengths of roads at both ends of a bridge. IRC recommended a minimum straight lenth 15m for approaches e The top of approach road should be above the HFL with a freeboard of at least 600mm.-5:Foundations for bridges Well foundation which is generally provided below the water level for bridges. Cassions or well have been in use for foundations of bridges and other structures since Roman and Mughal periods. The term ‘cassion' is derived from the French word caisse which means box or chest. Hence caisson means a box like structure, round or rectangular, which sunk from the surface either land or water to some desired depth.-5:Foundations for bridges Well foundation which is generally provided below the water level for bridges. Cassions or well have been in use for foundations of bridges and other structures since Roman and Mughal periods. The term ‘cassion' is derived from the French word caisse which means box or chest. Hence caisson means a box like structure, round or rectangular, which sunk from the surface either land or water to some desired depth.-Pile foundation Pile foundation , a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long cylinder made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and transfer the load at desired depth. Column Pile Cap Pile Pile Foundation— Economic Span The cost of a bridge decreases with decreasing length of span, but after a certain value of the span the cost again increases. The span which the total cost in minimum is known as “Economic Span” \SSERY HNIC CAMPUSWater way The area through which water flows under a bridge is known as water way of the bridge or artificial water way. It should be sufficient to pass the water without causing excessive velocity and scour. Water way required = max discharge/permissible velocity Linear water way It is the measurement of waterway along length of bridge is known as linear water way.“The sudden rise of water level on the upstream of a bridge due to the obstruction caused by the bridge to the flow is known as Afflux”@ Minimum width: Site should be selected at a place where width of river is minimum Good foundation: availability of suitable foundation at reasonable depth is greatest consideration ® Straight reach: the bridge should be located on straight reac Confluence of tributaries: the bridge site should be away from confluence of tributaries eVelocity of water: velocity of water at bridge site should be proper © Availability of materials and labourEE Culverts elt is a small bridge to carry roadway or railway track over small streams/ canals eTypes: arch culvert, slab culvert, pipe culvert, box culvertThe cross draina: which is constructed for carrying road or railway across a natural drainage or compression Is called briage. All bridg itis constructed where a drain or depression of any width crosses the roadway or railway. it may consist of super structure Large bridges are generally made of R.C.C steel .pre- stressed concrete. ze structure The Bridg. having total span up to 6 m is called culvert All culverts are bridges. itis constructed where a small drain or depression crosses the roadway or railway It consists of minor structure. Culverts are generally made of brick or stone masonry, plain or reinforced concreti Hume pipe.e@2.1 Tunnels ©2.2 Typical section Ye:elt is an artificial underground passage to by pass obstacles safely without disturbing the overburden. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular traffic, for rail traffic or for a canal. Advantages: 1. Reduce distance and overall cost 2. Easier gradient can be provided 3. Reduction in maintenance cost 4. Convenient movement of traffic is possible 5. Freedom from snow fall hazardsDisadvantages of tunnel © The initial cost of tunnel construction is more. e Tunnel construction requires skilled labour and technical supervision of high order. © The construction duration of tunnels is more than bridges or open cuts. © The construction of tunnels requires advanced and specialized equipment.Necessity of tunnel © Easier and cheaper ways to sneak people around e@ To minimize land acquisition cost © To avoid steep grades and longer routes To avoid impact on environmentally sensitive areas © To avoid impact on cultural heritageie oe Tunnel lining elt is the wall of the tunnel elt is usually to make an even surface on tunnel to make aesthetic. elt usually consists of precast concrete segments which form rings ©Cast iron shield ee used in the London underground tunnels