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Magnetism
Magnetism
A. Magnetic Properties B
1. magnetic Field, B
a. circular field around a straight current wire
into the page out of the page
B B
II
1.
magnitude, B = k'I/r (T—tesla)
a. k’ = o/2 = 4 x 10-7/2 = 2 x 10-7 T•m/A
b. r = distance from wire
2. direction (right hand rule—B)
point thumb in direction of current, I
point hand toward a side of the wire
bend fingers 90o, fingers point in the direction of field,
B
b. straight field in the center of a circular current
into the page out of the page
I I
BB
2. no monopoles
+q v
FB
1.magnitude
a. FB = qvB
(particle)
b. FB = ILB
(current)
2. direction (flat hand rule—magnetic force)
right hand for + charge (left hand for – charge)
point thumb in direction of v or I
point fingers in direction of B
palm points in the direction of force, FB
3. other direction rules
Wire Loop Parallel Wires
B FB-1 = I1L1B2 = k’I1I2L1/r
contrac expand attract
t
I
expand contrac repel
t
b. FB = Fc qvB = mv2/r
+ B. Induced emf, E
q
– 1. moving a current loop relative to a magnetic field
generates (induces) an emf, E = B/t
a. number of loops (N): E = N(B/t)
b. magnetic flux, B = A x B (Wb—Weber)
magnetic field Flux, B, is like rain (B)
falling through a loop with
area area, A
(maximum when AB)
c. change in magnetic flux, B
1. change A or B
a. increase A by rotating the loop from ||
relative to B (decrease A: ||)
b. increase B by moving a magnet toward the
loop or by increasing current in an electro-
magnetic (opposite = decrease)
2. induced current
a. I = E/R
b. Lenz's law: the magnetic field that induces
a current and the magnetic field produced
by the current are in the opposite direction
( FB-induced opposes FB-inducing).
c. direction (flip right hand hitch-hiker rule)
make a fist with thumb sticking out pointing in
direction of inducing B
flip your thumb over if Bincreases (Lenz's law)
(don't flip if B decreases)
fingers wrap around thumb in direction of induced
current, I (clockwise or counterclockwise)
summary chart
B Induced Current, I
+
–
+
–
2. moving a conducting rod through a magnetic field
induces an emf, E = vLB
Steps Algebra
start with E = B/t
substitute A x B for B E = (A x B)/t
substitute Lvt for A E = (Lvt x B)/t
regroup E = Lv(t/t) x B
simplify E = vLB
a. induced current (in rod only), I = E/R = vLB/R
b. direction: use directions above, where increasing
enclosed area = +B
(in the diagram: induced current is in rod)
3. conservation of energy and Lenz’s law
a. force needed to move conductor = FB = ILB
b. power needed to move conductor, P = FBvav
c. power generated in the circuit, P = IV
d. P = FBvav = IV (conservation of energy)
4. transformer, NS/NP = VS/VP = IP/IS
a. device to change voltage
b. examples
1. street to home voltage
2. battery recharger
Practice Problems
A. Magnetic Properties
1. Determine the direction of B for the moving charges.
Charge velocity side B
a. + east above
b. + down north
c. + south south
d. + north east
e. + west under
f. – south west
g. – north above
h. – down east
2. Determine the direction of B for the currents.
"Charge" current side B
a. + east above
b. + north below
c. + up north
d. + north east
e. + down west
f. + east below
g. + west south
h. + south above
3. What is the magnitude and direction of magnetic induction,
B, at a point 5 cm north from a long wire in
which the current is 15 A east?
b. kinetic energy.
b. the direction of the path when viewing from
above.
c. momentum.
16. Wire A carries a 5-A current east. Determine
12. The figure shows a cross section of a cathode ray tube. a. the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
An electron (m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, q = -1.6 x 10-19 C) initially 0.5 m north of wire A.
moves east at a speed of 2 x 107 m/s. The electron is
deflected northward by a 6 x l0-4-T magnetic field.
b. of the magnetic force
the magnitude and direction
on a 0.1 m segment of wire B, carrying a 2-
A current west that is 0.5 m to the north of
wire A.
I
b. What is the direction of current?
b. of the induced
the magnitude and direction
current as viewed from above.
(C) (D)
X Y Z
18. A downward magnetic field B is confined to the region of
The magnetic force on wire Y is
radius a. The induced emf in the wire loop of radius b is E.
(A) toward the right (B) into the page
(C) out of the page (D) toward the left
Which graph represents the emf E as a function of v? 24. A conducting loop of wire that is initially around
(A) (B) a magnet is pulled away from the magnet
toward the top of the page inducing a current
in the loop. What is the direction of the induced
current and the induced magnetic field?
Induced current Induced magnetic field
(C) (D) (A) clockwise toward the top
(B) clockwise toward the bottom
(C) counterclockwise toward the top
(D) counterclockwise toward the bottom
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x 0.20 m
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x