EDX S1 Lecture Note: 1 Basic Statistics
Uploaded by
lasnieyanEDX S1 Lecture Note: 1 Basic Statistics
Uploaded by
lasnieyanEDX S1 Lecture Note
Yan Jiaqi
Updated August 17, 2023
1 Basic Statistics
1. Type of Data.
Continuous Measured: Heights/Weights/…
Numerical
Type of data Discrete Counted: Number of pets…
Non-numerical Noun: Colors/Animals/…
2. Raw data v.s. Grouped data.
• Raw data is data that has not been processed for use.
• Grouped data is data that is organized into a number of groups.
3. Frequency table.
t (min) Frequency t (min) Frequency
300-349 3 300-350 3
350-399 6 350-400 6
400-449 10 400-450 10
450-499 7 450-500 7
500-549 5 500-550 5
Table 1: gapped Table 2: ungapped
For the table 1, gap = 350 − 349 = 1. For the table 2, gap = 0 (and hence is ungapped).
(a) Class. Each row of the frequency table is called a class.
(b) Class Boundary. Upper Boundary and Lower Boundary are extended outwards one half of the gap.
(c) Class Interval. LB ⩽ t < UB.
(d) Class Width = UB − LB.
(e) Class Mid-value = 12 (LB + UB).
4. Measure of central tendency.
A value describes the centre of a set of data.
1
raw data grouped data
Mode
the value occurs most often.
Modal class
n+1 the n2 -th value.
Median the 2 -th value
Interpolation.
∑ ∑
x x·f
Mean µ= µ= ∑ .
n f
• Interpolation.
To find some measures of locations for grouped data, Interpolation is used, it is assumed that within
each class, the data values are evenly distributed.
3 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 5
t (min) Frequency = 15.5
2
300-349 3 Position 9 15.5 19
350-399 6
400-449 10 Value 399.5 Median 449.5
450-499 7
500-549 5 15.5 − 9 19 − 9
=
Median − 399.5 449.5 − 399.5
5. Measure of other locations.
A value describes other positions of a set of data.
Min Q1 Q2 Q3 Max
25% 25% 25% 25%
raw data grouped data
n
Q1 : the 4 -th value.
n
Q2 : the 2 -th value.
Quartile Median-and-Median 3n
Q3 : the 4 -th value.
Interpolation.
Percentile Pt : the (t% · n)-th value. Interpolation.
6. Measures of Spread.
A value describes how spread out a set of data is.
raw data grouped data
Range Range = Max - Min
IQR IQR = Q3 − Q1
Interpercentile Range IPR=Pt − Ps
∑ ( ∑ )2 ∑ 2 ( ∑ )2
Variance (σ 2 )
σ2 = n
x2
− nx σ 2 = ∑x f·f − ∑x·f
f
Standard Deviation (σ)
2
∑
• Sxx symbols: Sxx = (x − x̄)2 .
the subscript xx means the product of (x − x̄) and (x − x̄).
∑ ∑
Similarly, we have Sxy = (x − x̄)(y − ȳ), Syy = (y − ȳ)2 .
7. Coded data.
8. Combined set of data.
2 Representation of data
1. Histogram.
2. Box plot.
3. Stem and leaf diagrams.
4. Scatter diagram.
3 Analysis of data
1. Outliers.
2. Skewness.
3. Comparing data.
4 probability
5 Discrete Random variables
6 Normal distributions
