“preAM POWER CYCLES. Ez “she gles tll more difclttaperatein practice derheatd steam ds tothe necessity of supplying enc ae eet dad the S070 (as iis customary). 12 In a practical yee, limits of pressure and volume irre esi realised than imi of temperature 2 ae fat cent no practical engine operates on the Carnot th though all madern ees aspire fo achieve it oe oa RANKINE CYCLE ang egele isthe theoretical cyele on which the steam {or engine) works. anki Wile Wot) Fig. 162. Rankine cycle ) eee bth ata 163. (o) pv diagram ;(6) T- diagram ; (@) hes diagram for Rankine cyele. ‘The Rankine cycle is shown in Fig, 15.2. It comprises of the following processes : Process 1-2 : Reversible adiabatic expansion in the turbine (or steam engine). Process 2-3 : Constant-pressure transfer of heat in the condenser. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatie pumping process in the food pump. Process 4-1 : Constant-pressure transfer of heat in the boiler. Fig. 153 shows the Rankine eycle on p-v, T's and Js diagrams (when the saturated steam enters the turbine, the steam can be wet or superheated also). Considering 1 kg of fluid : ‘Applying steady flow energy equation (SF-EE,) to boiler, turbine, condenser and pump : (For boiler (as control volume), we get M+ Qahy a Gi For turbine (as control volume), we get hy = Wy+ hy, where Wy = turbine work 15.2) 1m hy 2 Wp=hy—hy 53) (Gi) For condenser, we get y= Qa + hy Qp= ha hy 154) (jv) For the feed pump, we get hig+ Wp hy, where Wp = Pump work Woe lg —Ma Now, efcone of Rankine yee given by mane = Wot = We=We, ate GG (y-t)=h,~ = Cathay =) 15.5) Ta -hy,)Ex ‘The feed pump handles liquid water which is incompressible which means with the increase in pressure its density or specific volume undergoes a littlo change, Using general property relation for reversible adiabatic ‘compression, we get Tas = dh - vdp w (Since change in specific volume is negligible) 15, -P) When p is in bar and v is in m¥kg, we have Im by, = 04 (0, — py) 108 Tg ‘The feed pump term (hy, ~ hy) being a small quantity in comparison with turbine work, Wy, is usually. neglected, especially when the boiler pressures are low, or, en, = nll55 (a) 6 Main = Fy 1155 (a) ‘Comparison between Rankine Cycle and Carnot Cycle ‘The following points are worth noting : ( Between the same temperature limits Rankine cycle provides a higher specific work output than a Carnot cycle, consequently Rankine cycle requires « smaller steam flow rate resulting in smaller size plant for a given power output. However, Rankine cycle cals for higher rates of heat transfer in Boiler and condenser. i) Since in Rankine cycle only part of the heat is supplied isothermally at constant higher temperature T,, therefore, its efficiency is lower than that of Carnot cycle. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle will approach that of the Carnot ‘eycle more nearly ifthe supereat temperature rise is reduced. (ii) The advantage of using pump to feed liquid to the boiler instead to compressing a wet vapour is obvious that the work for compression is very large compared to the pump. Fig. 15.4 shows the plots between efficiency and specific steam consumption against boiler pressure for Carnot and ideal Rankine cycles. Effect of Operating Conditions on Rankine Cycle Efficieney ‘The Rankine cycle efficieney ean be improved by : (@ Inereasing the average temperature at which heat is supplied. (i) Decreasinglreducing the temperature at which heat is rejected. THERMAL ENGINEERS O30 10 150205 25 Bote pressure (bat) ——m> @ _ Gan) Specife steam cconsumpt 030100150 200 205 Bolerressure Ca) —> © Fig. 164 ‘This can be achieved by making suitable changesin the conditions of steam generation or condensation, as discussed below : 1. Increasing boiter pressure. Ithas been observed that by increasing the boiler pressure (other factor remaining the same) the eyele tends to rise and reaches @ maximum value at a boiler pressure of about 166 bar (Fig. 15.5 (a) 2. Superheating. All other factors remaining tht same, if the steam is superheated before allowing it #2 expand the Rankine cycle efficiency may be increased {ig. 15.5 (b)). The use of superheated steam also ensur®® Ionger turbine blade life because of the absence of erosi°® from high velocity water particles that are suspended i wet vapour, 8, Reducing condenser pressure. The ther®!! efficiency of the cycle can be amply improved by reduiné the condenser pressure (Fig. 15.5 (¢)] (hence by reduste the temperature at whith heat is rejected), espeill ® high vacuums. But the increase in efficiency is obtai the increased cost of condensation apparatus. aEL rn Ato.09 bar: 'y,= 183.3 kiltg " _ A718 -3489 Heat transfer per hour in the condenser, et a 1 gan, ‘ = 0.259 or 25.9%. (Ans) y= 10000 2 ~y) ‘ care 0000 (2345.3 - 183.3) ee Aas cen heat drop 16 « 107 Kh. (Ans) (ii) Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser, mt ‘eat lot by steam = Heat gained by the cooling water Q,= My XE (Qh) 2.16 x 107 = m, x 418 (20-20) : F 2.16107 A" [18 60-20) = 1.116% 10" kg/h. (Ans) (jo) Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine uy 84% 0261 + x, x 6.6448 swith condenser, 4: 5 _ 84406-10281 _ 9 a15 ExComa @ # n= Gems 17.7 + 0816 x 28192 207.8 kik (From eqn. (7, 27699-20078 27899-3177 Here, d=Diameter ofthe pipe (m), C= Velocity of steam = 200 mis (given), ‘m= Mass of steam in kgs, x= Dryness fraction a, and si = 0.2254 or 23.54%. (Ans) ,,= Specific volume at pressure 0.1 bar = Soe wlume are O88 ase 1, dn. sm rie sa 020 bn 27 Pee an is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser, whereit Substituting the various values in eqn.(D, we Bet i condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back 10000 991467 the water into the boiler. Assume ideal processes, find pr S500 mopatean the net work and the eee efficieny. (cmmonannect)* Hence, hpaskine Fx 1600 x xx 200 1483 m or 483 mm. (Ans) Example 152, Ina steam power cycle, the steam supply is at 15 bar and dry and saturated. The condenser pressure is 04 bar. Calculate the Carnot and Rankine efficiencies of the cycle. Neglet pump work. Solution. Steam supply pressure, p= 15)bar,x,=1 Condenser pressure, p,=04 bar Carnot and Rankine efficiencies : From steam tables: AtISbar: — f,=198.3"C, hy = 27899 kileg, 5, = 6.4406 illkg K AtOAbar: {= 759°C, hy= S177 kSTkg, yg = 2319.2 kg, Fig. 16.7 = 10261 kg K, Solution. Boiler pressure, p= 20 bar (360°C) Condenser pressure, py = 0.08 bar From steam tables : 7, = 1983 + 273 =471. t = aoe fat a ae At 20 bar (py), 360°C: h, = 3159.3 kh 8, = 6.9917 kilkg K fq = 6.6448 lellkg K ceG6 STERN POWER CYCLES ‘At 0.08 bar (p,) + = 0.00108 (rake) hy Igy) = 17988 1g, (20 ~ 0.08) x 100 kN? 42 4p) = 08925 eg K pies h aA i fand —fy22.008 + hyiy) = 2.008 + 173.88 Vain) = 2408.1 keg, : i 176.89 kare Spin) = 8.2287 kilfeg K. 2 hy~ hy = 3159.3 ~ 2187.68 Xing) = 0.001008 mg 1.62 kde, Wag = 971.62 ~ 2.008 = Seen Now 5 6361 kMag K 2 6.9917 =5/(9,) +2 Sere) 5926 + x, x 7.6361 0.69917 - 0.5926 6361 y= Mrios) +22 Maton) = 173,88 + 0.838 x 2408.1 = 2187.68 kilkg. Net work, W, 0.838 Wa = Wetine ~ Wane Wasp = Fre ~ Prin) hy) 969.61 kékg. (Ans.) hy ~ hy, = 3169.3 - 175.89 = 2983.41 Kiag . Wax, _ 968-61, * Moe "Q,” * 298841 = 0326 or 82.5%. (Ans.) Example 154, A Rankine cyele operates between pressures of 80 bar and 0.1 bar. The maximum cycle temperature is 600°C. Ifthe steam turbine and condensate pump efficiencies cre 0.9 and 0.8 respectively, ealeulate the specific work and thermal efficiency. Relevant steam table extract is given below. | = "K(n1) P1—P2) “ploar)[A°C) | Specific volume (nTha)] Specific enthalpy (kdlhg) \ | Specific entropy (I kg K) % » [hy | fe A | % % a1 | 2584] oor0i08 | 1462 | 1019 | 23023 | 25842 | asses | 75006 | 81494 20 | 295.1] 001205 | ooxes | 1317 | ros | 27575 | s2073| 25951 | s.raze bar, 600 Superheat 0.406 mT 3642 bi Tg toble 7.0206 kg K| (GATE) Solution. Refer to Fig, 15.8 600"C: i 2 1OWS= 57, + 45 Sie, = 0.6488 + x, x 7.5006 i _ 10206-0.6488 _ ae 75006 a Now, y= hy, 35 iy : | Fig. 158 = 191.9 + 0.85 x 2392.3 ‘Actual taal turbi Fl = 2226.36 kJikg a tie ¥ (hy ~hy) 9 (3642 ~ 2225.96) = 1275 keg/ Pump work = Ujtp,)(P1~ Pa) 0010103 (80 - 0.1) x ie Kin? O72 kSig 072 _ 8072 08 ‘Actual pump work = App = 10.09 kdTeg Specific work (Wye) = 1275 ~ 10.09 1264.91 kJfkg. (Ans.) W, ‘Thermal efficiency = “GS where, Qe A= hy Buty, = fy, + pump work = 191.9 + 10.09 = 202 kg 126491 Thermal efficiency, tn = 3549 — 202 = 0368 or 36.8% (Ans) Example 15.5. A simple Rankine cycle works between ‘pressures 28 bar and 0.06 bar, the inital condition of steart being dry saturated. Calculate the cycle efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption. Solution. Fig. 15.9 From steam tables, At28 bar: 802 lake, 2104 keg K Atoo6bar: hy, = hy, = 151.5 deg, ig, = 2415.9 ble, 1.521 k/kg K, Sigg = 7.809 Kile K 1001 m'skg THERMAL ENGINEERS Considering turbine process 1-2, we have : : = igs hy, +1 Mia 1515 + 0.728 x 2415.9 = 1910.27 kk ~hy 2802 ~ 1910.27 = 891.73 kilkg in, — Bf, =,(P,-P2) on (28-008) 10% 1000 = 2.79 klk Ly hy, = fig + 2.79 = 161.5 +2.79 = 154.29 keg] Net work, W, Wee = Marine ~ Wear “apts 270~ e803 ug Cycle efficiency = = jy, sxnst = 7802 -164.29 = 0.3357 or 33.57%. (Ans.) Work ratio = 0.997. (Ans) Specific steam consumption 3600 3600 Wg 7 38898 = 4.049 kg/kWh. (Ans.) «Example 156. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inet !0 turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the exhaust pressure is 0.2 bar. Determine : (i) The pump work, (i) The turbine work, iti) The Rankine efficiency, (Gv) The condenser heat flow, (v) The dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate of 9.5 kas. Solution, Preeure and condition of steam, at inlet to the py =35 bar, x=1 Exhaust pressure, py = 0.2 bar Flow rate, th = 95 kglsFig. 15.10 From steam tables : At35 bar: he, = 2802 kg, 1228 Keg K ,001017 mh, 8921 kg K, sg = 1OTTS KaTag K. (@ The pump work: Pump work — = (by~P.) 7-= (05~02) x 108 x 0001017 J « 3.54 kath ie hy, ~ hy, ~Pump work =3.54 ] y, = 2515+ 354 =255.04 ag [Now power required to drive the pump 795 x 3.54 ks « 38.63 kW. (Ans) (@) The turbine work: = 8 2% Sly 6.1228 = 0.8921 + x, x 7.0773 e p= 51228-08021 2° T0TTs m1 y= hy 0g, 251.5 + 0.747 x 2958.4 = 2013 kag 2 Turbine work = tv (hy =a) = 95 (2802 2018) = 74955 kW. (Ans) ‘At may be noted that pump work (33.63 kW) i ‘waa comarel tothe tf wore 05510). (iii) The Rankine efficiency + Iynhg _ 2802-2013 _ _789 Naahioe™ Fy —hy, ~ 2802-2515 25505 0.3099 or 30.93%, (Ans.) {iv) Tho condenser heat flow : ‘The condenser heat flow = 78 (h~ fy) = 9.6 (2013 - 251.5) 2 16734.25 kW. (Ans.) (0) The dryness at the end of expansion, x3 ‘The dryness at the end of expan xg= OAT or TA.1%, (Ans.) je 15.7. atic enthalpy drop across the prime arts et ‘Mean supplied is 2940 ilk. Ifthe back pressure is 0.1 bar, find the specifi steam consumption and thermal efficiency. Solution. Adiabatic enthalpy drop, hy ~ hy = 840 kikg Enthalpy of steam supplied, Back pressure, ‘From steam tables, corresponding to 0.1 bar : y= 191.8 Kalg 840 Now, 10.56%. (Ans.) Useful work done per kg of steam = 840 ki/kg 1 .. Specific steam consumption = —— kg/s Speci consumpt uo 1 Lx 3600 = 4.2 (Ans) Gap * 9800 = 4.286 ky/kWh. (Ans) "Example 158. A 35 kW (LP, system engines consumes 284 kglh at 15 bar and 250°C. If condenser pressure is, 0.14 bar, determine : (@ Final condition of steam ; (ii) Rankine efficiency ; (ii) Relative efficiency. Solution. Power developed by the engine = 35 kW (LP.) Steam consumption = 284 kg/h Condenser pressure = 0.14 bar Steam inlet pressure = 15 bar, 250°C, From steam tables : At 16 bar, 250°C ; At OM bar: My = 2376.6 kilkg, 57= 0.737 kilkg K, jy = 7.296 kg K