17M.2.HL.1Z1.5 Oxygen is needed to complete aerobic cell respiration. a. Explain how chemical energy for use in the cell is generated by electron transport and chemiosmosis. (8] b. Outline four different functions of membrane proteins. [a] c. Distinguish between anabolism, catabolism and metabolism. [3] 18M.1.HL.TZ1.31 ATP is needed to change products of the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate into triose phosphate. What other substance is also needed? A. Rubisco B. NADP c.NAD D. Reduced NADP 16N.1.HL.TZ0.30 Which process requires oxygen in aerobic cell respiration? A. Oxidation of triose phosphate B. Reduction of hydrogen carriers C. Maintaining an oxygen concentration gradient in mitochondria D. Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 16N.1.HL.1ZO.31 The electron micrograph shows part of a plant cell. Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?[Source: adapted from http:Mhemicroscopicplant weebly com] 16N.2.HL.1Z0.3 a. Identify the following processes as either anabolism or catabolism by placing a tick (J) in the correct box. (2] Process Anabolism Catabolism Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis Glycolysis b. Outline the importance of enzymes to metabolic processes. lal 16N.2.HL.1Z0.8 In ecosystems, energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic matter. Energy enters ecosystems through producers. a. Explain the processes by which light energy is converted into chemical energy. [8] c. Describe how energy flows through and is used by organisms in ecosystems. (a) 17M.2.HL.1Z2.2 The enzyme ATP synthase has an essential role in aerobic cell respiration. The sketch shows the relationship between the reaction rate and substrate concentration in the presence and the absence of a competitive inhibitor. Reaction rate t No inhibitorWith inhibitor Substrate concentration Explain the effect of the competitive inhibitor on the reaction rate. [2] bi. Describe its location. Ql bil. Describe its function. (2) 17M.1,HL.TZ1.31 The graph shows the rate of an enzymatic reaction versus the substrate concentration, in the absence or presence of an enzyme inhibitor. Maximum rate Rate of reaction Substrate concentration Which condition is indicated by lines Y and Z? Y z A Non-competitive inhibitor present No inhibitor present B Non-comnetitive inhibitor present Comnetitive inhibitor presentc. Competitive inhibitor present Non-competitive inhibitor present D. Competitive inhibitor present No inhibitor present 17M.1.HL.1Z2.14 This reaction occurs in mitochondria. Six carbon (C,) compound NAD* NADH Five carbon (C,)]_ +H compound What explains that this reaction enables energy to be converted into a usable form? A. The oxidized NAD* will transfer the energy from the Cs compound to ATP. B. The chemical energy stored in the Cg compound is used to reduce NAD* allowing ATP production. C. Energy stored in the CO molecule will generate an electron gradient. D. The Cg compound is reduced and the energy resulting from the removal of one carbon is used to oxidize NAD". 17N.2.HL.1Z0.04 Describe the process of photolysis in photosynthesis. 18M.2.HL.1Z2.6 All living organisms depend on a continuous supply of energy. a. Explain the stages of aerobic respiration that occur in the mitochondria ofeunal yours. [8] b, Outline how ventilation in humans ensures a supply of oxygen. [4] c. Describe the reasons for the shape of a pyramid of energy. [3] 20N.3.HL.TZO.3 Sodium alginate beads were prepared containing a suspension of Chlorella algae. These beads were placed in nine small jars containing hydrogencarbonate indicator solution. Hydrogencarbonate indicator is commonly used to detect changes in pH. Increasing CO, Decreasing CO, indicator Atmospheric in indicator eae CO, level Pee Yellow Orange Red Magenta Purple PH 7.6 | pH_7.8 | pH 8.0| pH8.2 | pH 8.4 | pH 86 | pH88 | pH9.0 pH92 The jars were placed at different distances from a lamp, which was the only light source. The distances ranged from 40 to 130 centimetres. Jars were placed one ata time to avoid the jars from shading each other. Colour changes were observed. [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.] a. State the name of the process which occurs in the chloroplasts of Chlorella, that uses CO>. Ql) bi. The colours of the indicator in the jars ranged from yellow to purple after five hours.Predict the distribution of indicator colours in jars 1 to 9. al bili. Explain the scientific reasoning for your hypothesis. (sl c ‘Suggest one other factor that has to be kept constant in all the jars during the experiment. fi) 20N.2.HL.TZO.3 The electron micrograph shows part of a cell including a mitochondrion. [Source: Used with permission of McGraw-Hill Education, from Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, JL Jameson et al, 16th edition, 2004; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.] a. Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion. x oY: [2] b. Explain how ATP is generated in mitochondria by chemiosmosis. ll 19M.1.HL.TZ2.15, The diagram shows compounds in the Krebs cycle labelled as X, Y and Z. Acetyl CoA NReduced NAD NAD. NAD Reduced FAD Fi "AD ,. NAD Reduced NAD NAD Reduced NAD [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019] How many carbon atoms are there in Y and in the acetyl group of acetyl CoA? Number of carbon atoms Y Acetyl CoA A 5 2 B. 4 2 c 5 3 D 4 3 20N.1.HL.TZO.31 Two reactions of the Krebs cycle are shown. atom NAD* NADH +H* OP co, ooc,, ‘coc -coc—tin Sa buy, on, oy, by boo- boo- boo- Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate «-Kotoglutarate What type of reactions are isocitrate and oxalosuccinate undergoing? Isocitrate oO succinateA oxidation reduction B. reduction decarboxylation c reduction oxidation D oxidation decarboxylation 19N.1.HL.TZ0.30 The diagram shows the link reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. o NADH c=o NAD* Coenzyme A S—CoA C=O c=o CH CH, , co, Lh Pyruvate Acetyl CoA [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019] Which type of reaction is occurring? A. Pyruvate is carboxylated. B. CO2 is oxidized. C. NAD+ is reduced. D. Pyruvate is phosphorylated. 21M.2.HL.1Z2.6 a. Explain the role of hydrogen ions used in photosynthesis. 7] b. Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis. [4]c The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples of proteins that illustrate the wide range of functions of this group of biochemicals in living organisms. [4] 21N.1.HL.1Z1.32 A plant is allowed to photosynthesize in an atmosphere containing radioactive 4c. Where in the plant stem would radioactive sugars be found? [Source: sinhyu/123rf.com.]