Jawapan (1) (7)

AWAPAN Bab 1
1.1 Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Kepentingan 2. Tujuan

PBD
FORMATIF dalam Kehidupan Aim
Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance
in Daily Life
Pernyataan masalah
Problem statement
1. strukur, sifat, komposisi, interaksi antara jirim Hipotesis
structures, properties, composition, interactions between Hypothesis
matters (a) dimanipulasikan
manipulated
2. • Sutera / Silk
(b) bergerak balas
• Garam biasa / Table salt responding
• Grafit / Graphite (c) dimalarkan
• Enzim / Enzyme fixed
• Getah asli / Natural rubber Bahan
Materials
3. • Baja kimia / Chemical fertilisers
Radas
• Ubat-ubatan moden / Modern medicines Apparatus
• Daging proses / Processed meats
Suhu (°C) Pemerhatian
4. (a) Doktor / Ahli farmasi / Doktor gigi Temperature (°C) Observation
Doctor / Pharmacist / Dentist
(b) Ahli sains pemakanan 10 Garam tidak larut
Food scientist Salt does not dissolve
(c) Ahli kimia / Jurutera kimia 30 Garam separa larut
Chemist / Chemical engineer Salt partially dissolves
(d) Guru / Pensyarah Garam larut sepenuhnya
Teacher / Lecturer 80 Salt disssolves completely
PBD 1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik dalam Kimia Garam larut sepenuhnya di dalam air pada suhu 80 °C.
FORMATIF Scientific Investigation in Chemistry Salt dissolves completely at the temperature of 80 °C.
1. Suhu air mempengaruhi keterlarutan garam di dalam
Membuat
pemerhatian
Mengumpul data
Collecting data
Menginterpretasi
data air. Hipotesis diterima.
Making an observation Interpreting data Water temperature affects the solubility of salt in water. Hypothesis
is accepted.
PBD 1. 3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan

Membuat inferens
Merancang Membuat FORMATIF Pengendalian Radas serta Bahan Kimia
Making an inference eksperimen kesimpulan Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and
Planning an experiment Making a conclusion
Materials
1. (a) Topeng muka

Face mask
Mengenal pasti
masalah
Mengawal
pemboleh ubah
Menulis laporan (b) Kaca mata keselamatan
Identifying the problem Controlling variables
Writing a report
Safety goggles
(c) Sarung tangan
Gloves
(d) Baju makmal
Membuat hipotesis
Mengenal pasti Laboratory coat
pemboleh ubah
Making a hypothesis
Identifying variables (e) Kasut makmal
Laboratory shoes
©
1 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan
2. 7. (a) guru, pembantu makmal

(a) teacher, laboratory assistant
Untuk membersihkan (b) kawasan larangan
badan apabila prohibited area
kemalangan berlaku (c) serbuk sulfur
pada badan dan sulphur powder
pakaian (d) Jabatan Bomba
To clean the body when an Fire Department
accident occurs on the body
(b)
and clothing
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 1
Untuk memadamkan KERTAS 1
kebakaran di makmal
To extinguish fire in the 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C
laboratory
6. C 7. D
Untuk menjalankan KERTAS 2
eksperimen yang
membebaskan wasap Bahagian A
(c) beracun, berbau 1. (a) • Membangunkan sumber tenaga yang
sengit atau mudah baharu dan memperbaiki yang sedia
terbakar ada.
To carry out experiments Developing new sources of energy and improving
that release toxic fumes or
existing ones
pungent smells or flammable
• Memperbaiki produktiviti pertanian
Untuk membersihkan melalui penghasilan baja, pestisid dan
mata jika berlaku herbisid untuk meningkatkan hasil
kemalangan pada pertanian serta melindungi tanaman
mata daripada haiwan perosak dan penyakit
(d) To clean eyes if an accident Improving agricultural productivity by developing
occurs to the eyes fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides to increase crop
yields and protect crops from pests and diseases
Digunakan untuk • Meningkatkan kelestarian alam sekitar
mencuci tangan dengan membangunkan kaedah
To wash hands untuk membersihkan bahan buangan
berbahaya dan mengurangkan
3. (a) Benar / True pencemaran udara dan air
Improving environmental sustainability by
(b) Palsu / False
developing methods for cleaning up hazardous
(c) Benar / True waste and reducing air and water pollution
(d) Palsu / False • Menghasilkan barangan kegunaan
(e) Benar / True harian seperti kosmetik, agen pencuci
4. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 (e) 1 dan bahan tambah makanan
Producing daily use items, such as cosmetics,
5. Simptom keracunan merkuri cleaning agents and food additives.
Symptoms of mercury poisoning (b) (i) Teknologi hijau / Green technology
• Muntah / Vomiting (ii) Boleh dibaharui / Renewable
• Kerengsaan mata / Eye irritation
• Sesak nafas / Breathing difficulty Bahagian B
• Sakit kepala / Headache 2. (a) Adakah jisim natrium klorida yang larut
• Batuk / Coughing di dalam air meningkat apabila suhu air
(Mana-mana jawapan yang sesuai / Any suitable meningkat?
Does the mass of sodium chloride dissolved in water
answers)
increase when temperature of water increases?
2 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(b) Semakin tinggi suhu air, semakin bertambah 6. Mengumpul data

jisim natrium klorida yang larut di dalamnya. Collecting data
The higher the temperature of water, the greater the mass
of sodium chloride dissolved in it. Bahagian C
(c) − Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Suhu 3. (a) (i) Kaedah saintifik ialah kaedah sistematik
air dalam menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan
Manipulated variable: Temperature of water sains.
− Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Jisim Scientific method is a systematic method used to
natrium klorida yang larut di dalam air solve problems related to science.
Responding variable: Mass of sodium chloride (ii) Deria penglihatan, pendengaran,
dissolved in water sentuhan atau bau digunakan untuk
− Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu air mengumpulkan maklumat tentang
Fixed variable: Volume of water
objek dan fenomena.
(d) Senses of sight, hearing, touch or smell are used
Jisim natrium klorida (g) to gather information about an object or a
Mass of sodium chloride (g)
phenomenon.
60.00 (iii) • Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan
Manipulated variable
50.00 • Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas
Responding variable
40.00 (b)
30.00 Alat
pelindung diri Fungsi
20.00 Personal Function
protective
10.00 equipment
Suhu air (°C)
0.00 Melindungi tangan daripada
Temperature Kaca mata
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 of water (°C) tercedera dan terkena bahan kimia.
keselamatan
Protect the eyes from chemical splash and
(e) (i) Semakin tinggi suhu air, semakin Safety goggles
dust.
bertambah jisim natrium klorida yang
larut di dalamnya. Melindungi organ pernafasan
The higher the temperature of water, the greater the daripada terkena bahan kimia
mass of sodium chloride dissolved in it. Topeng muka
Face mask seperti serbuk atau wasap.
(ii) 90.0 °C Protects the respiratory organs from
(iii) Jisim natrium klorida yang larut di dalam chemicals such as powders or fumes.
250 cm3 air :
Mass of sodium chloride that dissolves in 250 cm3 of Melindungi tangan daripada
water: Sarung tangan tercedera dan terkena bahan kimia.
250 cm3 × 25 g Gloves Protect the hands from injuries and
= 62.5 g chemicals.
100 cm3
(f ) 1. Mengenal pasti masalah Melindungi badan dan pakaian
Identifying the problem Baju makmal daripada tumpahan bahan kimia.
2. Membuat hipotesis Laboratory coat Protects the body and clothes from
Making a hypothesis chemical spills.
3. Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah
Identifying variables Melindungi kaki daripada
4. Mengawal pemboleh ubah tumpahan bahan kimia, bahan
Kasut makmal
Controlling variables Laboratory shoes toksik atau benda tajam.
5. Merancang eksperimen Protect the feet from chemical spills, toxic
Planning an experiment substances or sharp objects.
©
(c) Bahan: Larutan natrium klorida dan etanol Mentol menyala. Mentol tidak
Materials: Sodium chloride solution and ethanol Pemerhatian Light bulb lights up. menyala.
Radas: Dua bikar 100 ml, dua elektrod Observation Light bulb does not
karbon, mentol, dua sel kering dan wayar light up.
penyambung. Larutan natrium Etanol tidak boleh
Apparatus: Two 100 ml beakers, two carbon electrodes, klorida boleh mengkonduksi
light bulb, two dry cells and connecting wires.
mengkonduksi elektrik.
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Elektrolit Inferens elektrik. Ethanol cannot
Manipulated variable: Electrolyte Inferences Sodium chloride conduct electricity.
Pembolehubah bergerak balas: Mentol solution can conduct
menyala electricity.
Responding variable: Light bulb lights up
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Bilangan sel Kesimpulan / Conclusion
kering Larutan akueus garam boleh mengkonduksi
Fixed variable: Number of dry cells
elektrik, manakala pelarut organik tidak
Prosedur / Procedure
boleh mengkonduksi elektrik.
1. 50 cm3 larutan natrium klorida dituang An aqueous salt solution conducts electricity, whereas an
ke dalam beaker 100 ml. organic solvent does not conduct electricity.
50 cm3 of sodium chloride solution is pour into a 100
ml beaker.
2. Dua karbon elektrod direndam ke dalam
larutan. APLIKASI KBAT
Two carbon electrodes are immersed into the
solution.
1. (a) Luas permukaan zarah nano yang sangat
3. Elektrod disambungkan pada mentol
besar membantu menyelesaikan masalah
dan dua sel kering.
The electrodes are connected to a light bulb and two yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara fizikal,
dry cells. masalah racun perosak kimia dan kawalan
4. Mentol diperhatikan dan pemerhatian biologi.
direkodkan dalam jadual. The extremely large surface area of nanoparticles helps to
The light bulb is observed and the observations solve the problems that cannot be addressed physically,
obtained are recorded in a table. chemical pesticides and biological control problems.
5. Langkah 1 – 4 diulangi dengan (b) • Baja nano merangsang pertumbuhan
menggunakan etanol. tanaman.
Steps 1 – 4 are repeated using ethanol. Nanofertilisers stimulate plants growth.
• Racun perosak-bio nano mudah diserap
Bateri
Battery ke dalam badan haiwan perosak. Hal ini
Mentol dapat mengurangkan pengggunaan
Light bulb racun perosak kimia yang bersifat toksik.
Bio-nano pesticides are easily absorbed into the
body of pests. This can reduce the use of toxic
chemical pesticides.
• Bahan nano meningkatkan toleransi
tumbuhan terhadap tekanan dan
Elektrolit memperbaiki kualiti tanah.
Electrolyte
Nanomaterials promote plant stress tolerance and
Keputusan / Result improve soil quality.
• Nanosensor dapat mengesan
Larutan natrium Etanol kelembapan tanah, sisa racun perosak,
Bahan klorida Ethanol
keperluan nutrien dan perosak tanaman.
Substance Sodium chloride Nanosensors can detect the humidity of soil, pesticide
solution residue, nutrient requirement and crop pest.

AWAPAN Bab 2
2.1 Konsep Asas Jirim Cecair / Liquid

PBD
FORMATIF Basic Concepts of Matter
1. (a) mempunyai jisim, memenuhi ruang

has mass, occupies space
(b) pepejal, cecair, gas
solid, liquid, gas
(c) haba dibebaskan, haba diserap. (a) Zarah disusun secara padat tetapi tidak
heat is released, heat is absorbed teratur
Particles are closely packed but not in an orderly manner
(d) pemanasan, penyejukan
heating, cooling (b) Zarah boleh bergerak bebas.
Particles can move freely
(i) Peleburan
Melting (c) Tenaga kinetik adalah lebih tinggi daripada
(ii) Pemejalwapan pepejal
Sublimation Kinetic energy is higher than solid
(iii) Pendidihan / Penyejatan (d) Daya tarikan antara zarah kurang kuat
Boiling / Evaporation berbanding pepejal
(iv) Pembekuan Attraction forces between particles are less strong than
Freezing solid
(v) Pengendapan Gas / Gas
Deposition
(vi) Kondensasi
Condensation
2. (a) Unsur
Element
(i) Atom / Atom (a) Zarah berjauhan antara satu sama lain
Particles are far apart
(ii) Molekul / Molecule
(b) Sebatian (b) Zarah boleh bergerak bebas dan rawak
Particles can move freely and randomly
Compound
(i) Molekul / Molecule (c) Tenaga kinetik adalah sangat tinggi
Kinetic energy is very high
(ii) Ion / Ion
(d) Daya tarikan antara zarah lemah
3. Pepejal / Solid Low attraction forces between particles
4. (a) (i) Graf pemanasan naftalena

Graph for heating of naphthalene
Suhu (°C) / Temperature (°C)
Takat lebur
(a) Zarah disusun secara padat dan teratur = 80 °C
90.0 D
Particles are closely packed in an orderly manner Melting point

80.0
= 80°C B C
(b) Zarah hanya bergetar pada kedudukan yang
70.0
tetap. Masa
Particles only vibrate at fixed position. 60.0 A
(minit)
(c) Tenaga kinetik adalah rendah. 50.0
Time
(min)
Kinetic energy is low. 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
(d) Daya tarikan antara zarah kuat

Strong attraction forces between particles
©
Peringkat Penerangan • Suhu meningkat .

Stage Explanation increasing
The temperature is .
• Naftalena dalam bentuk pepejal. • Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah
A
Naphthalene is in the solid form.
menyebabkan zarah bergetar dengan
lebih cepat . Maka, tenaga kinetik
• Suhu meningkat . C ke D
The temperature is increasing .
C to D zarah dalam cecair menjadi lebih
tinggi .
• Tenaga haba yang diserap oleh absorbed
The heat energy by the particles
zarah menyebabkan zarah bergetar causing the particles to vibrate faster . Thus,
dengan lebih cepat . Maka, tenaga the kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid
A ke B higher
becomes .
A to B kinetik zarah dalam pepejal menjadi
lebih tinggi . • Pemanasan dihentikan.
D Heating is stopped.
The heat energy absorbed by the particles
causing the particles to vibrate faster . (ii) Graf penyejukan naftalena
Graph for cooling of naphthalene
Thus, the kinetic energy of the particles in the
solid becomes higher .
Takat beku
= 80 °C 90.0 E
• Naftalena mula melebur pada suhu

Freezing point
= 80°C 80.0
F G
80 °C. 70.0
Naphthalene begins to melt at 80 °C. Masa
H
60.0 (minit)
B lebur Time
• Maka, takat bagi naftalena 50.0 (min)
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
ialah 80 °C.
Therefore, melting point of naphthalene is Peringkat Penerangan
80 °C. Stage Explanation
• Suhu malar. Keadaan jirim ialah • Naftalena dalam bentuk cecair.

E Naphthalene is in the liquid form.
campuran pepejal dan cecair.
Constant temperature. The state of matter is a menurun
mixture of solid and liquid.
E ke F • Suhu .
E to E The temperature is decreasing .
• Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-
B ke C zarah dalam pepejal dan digunakan • Tenaga haba dibebas ke
B to C untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara
zarah. Maka pepejal naftalena berubah persekitaran oleh zarah menyebabkan
menjadi cecair. zarah bergerak dengan semakin
Heat energy absorbed by the particles perlahan . Maka, tenaga kinetik
in the solid and is used to overcome the
attraction forces between the particles. Thus, zarah dalam pepejal menjadi lebih
the naphthalene solid turns into a liquid. rendah .
The heat energy is released to the
• Naftalena telah selesai melebur .
C surroundings by the particles causing the
Naphthalene has completely melted . particles to move slower . Thus,
the kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid
becomes lower .

(b) (i) proses pemanasan lebih sekata, 100 °C

• Naftalena mula membeku pada suhu an even heating process, 100 °C
80 °C.
(ii) dikacau
Naphthalene begins to freeze at 80 °C. stirred
F • Maka, takat beku bagi naftalena
PBD 2. 2 Perkembangan Model Atom
The Development of the Atomic Model
ialah 80 °C. FORMATIF
Therefore, freezing point of naphthalene 1. (a) halus, diskrit

is 80 °C. tiny, discrete
• Suhu malar. Keadaan jirim ialah

(b)
campuran cecair dan pepejal. Proton / Proton
Constant temperature. The state of matter is a Simbol / Symbol: p
mixture of liquid and solid. Cas relatif/ Relative charge: +1
• Tenaga haba dibebas ke Jisim relatif / Relative mass: 1
persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam Nukleus
Neutron / Neutron Nucleus
cecair naftalena dan diimbangi oleh
Simbol / Symbol: n
tenaga haba yang terbebas. Zarah 0
F ke G Cas relatif / Relative charge:
F to G
cecair tertarik antara satu sama lain 1
Jisim relatif / Relative mass:
dan membentuk pepejal. Maka, cecair
naftalena berubah menjadi pepejal. Elektron / Electron
released
The heat energy is to the
Simbol / Symbol: e
surroundings by the particles in the liquid
Cas relatif / Relative charge: –1
naphthalene and is balanced by the heat. 1
The liquid particles are attracted to each other Jisim relatif / Relative mass: 1840
and form a solid. Thus, the liquid naphthalene
turns into a solid. 2. (a) Model Atom Dalton
Dalton's Atomic Model
• Naftalena telah selesai membeku . • atom
G atoms
Naphthalene has completely frozen . • sfera, dicipta, dimusnahkan, dibahagi
spheres, created, destroyed, divided
• Suhu menurun . (b) Model Atom Thomsom
The temperature is decreasing . Thomson's Atomic Model
• electron
• Tenaga haba yang dibebas oleh
electrons
zarah menyebabkan zarah bergerak • positif, elektron
dengan lebih perlahan dan positively, electrons
akhirnya bergetar pada kedudukan (c) Model Atom Rutherford
G ke H yang tetap. Maka, tenaga kinetik Rutherford's Atomic Model
G to H • nukleus
zarah dalam cecair menjadi lebih
rendah nucleus
.
released • Nukleus, positif, proton
The heat energy is by the Nucleus, positively, protons
particles causing the particles to move (d) Model Atom Bohr / Bohr's Atomic Model
slower and finally vibrate at a fixed
• petala / shells
position. Thus, the kinetic energy of the • Elektron, nukleus / Electrons, nucleus
particles in the liquid becomes lower . (e) Model Atom Chadwick / Chadwick's Atomic Model
• Penyejukan dihentikan. • neutron / neutrons
H Cooling is stopped.
©
PBD 2.3 Struktur atom

Atomic Structure
Jenis zarah Atom natrium, Na Ion natrium, Na+
FORMATIF
Type of particle Sodium atom, Na Sodium ion, Na+
1. (ii) Bilangan
neutron 12 12
Bilangan neutron di dalam Number of
nukleus sesuatu atom. neutrons
The number of neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom. (iii) Bilangan
(a) Nombor elektron 11 10
proton Number of
Proton Bilangan proton di dalam electrons
number nukleus sesuatu atom. (iv) Bilangan
The number of protons in the nukleon
nucleus of an atom. 23 23
Nucleon
number
Bilangan proton dan
neutron di dalam nukleus
(d) (i) Benar / True
sesuatu atom. (ii) Palsu / False
(b) Nombor The number of protons and (iii) Palsu / False
nukleon neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. (iv) Benar / True
Nucleon
number 3. (a)
Nombor proton dan Perwakilan
bilangan neutron di dalam Rajah Rajah susunan
piawai atom
nukleus sesuatu atom. struktur atom elektron
Standard
Proton number and number of Diagram of Diagram of electron
representation
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. atomic structure arrangement
of atom
2. (a) Nombor proton = bilangan proton = 8

Proton number = number of protons = 8
Nombor nukleon = bilangan neutron + (a) 39
19 K
19 p
20 n K
bilangan proton
Number of nucleons = number of neutrons + number of
protons
= 12 + 11
= 23
(b) Nombor elektron = bilangan proton = 9 24 12 p
Number of electrons = number of protons = 9 (b) 12 Mg 12 n Mg
Bilangan neutron = Nombor nukleon –

bilangan proton
Number of neutrons = Nucleon number – number of
protons
= 19 − 9
= 10 32 16 p
(c) 16 S 16 n
S
(c)
Jenis zarah Atom natrium, Na Ion natrium, Na+
Type of particle Sodium atom, Na Sodium ion, Na+
(i) Bilangan
proton 11 11
Number of 19
protons (d) 9F
9p
10 n F

Across Down
PBD 2.4 Isotop dan Penggunaannya
Isotopes and Their Uses 3. Cobalt 1. fossil
FORMATIF
5. Uranium 4. thyroid
1. (a) Sama / Same (d) Berbeza / Different 2. leaking
(b) Sama / Same (e) Berbeza / Different
1
(c) Sama / Same F
2. (a) 12, 12, 12 (e) 8, 9, 8 O
(b) 12, 13, 12 (f ) 8, 10, 8
S
(c) 12, 14, 12 (g) 15, 16, 15
(d) 8, 8, 8 (h) 15, 17, 15 S
3. peratusan isotop yang wujud dalam suatu sampel I
2 3
semula jadi unsur itu C O B A L T
percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of the
element H
4. Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass Y
4
Σ (% isotop × jisim isotop) U R A N I U M
= Σ (% isotope × isotope mass)
O
100 5
L E A K I N G
(79.0 × 24) + (10.0 × 25) + (11.0 × 26)
= D
100
(1896) + (250) + (286) PRAKTIS SUMATIF 2

=
100 KERTAS 1
= 24.32 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D
5. Melintang Menegak 6. D
3. Kobalt 1. fosil
5. Uranium 4. tiroid KERTAS 2
2. bocor
Bahagian A
1
F 1. (a) Takat lebur ialah suhu tetap apabila pepejal
2
B O C O R berubah kepada cecair.
Melting point is a constant temperature when a solid
S changes to a liquid.
(b) Suhu
I Temperature
3 4
K O B A L T
80 °C
I
5
U R A N I U M
Masa
O Time
I (c) (i) 80 oC
D (ii) Cecair / Liquid
©
Bahagian B • Atom berbentuk sfera yang bercas positif

dengan beberapa elektron di dalamnya.
2. (a) (i) W dan X An atom is a positively charged sphere with a few
W and X
electrons in it.
(ii) 2.8.1
3. Model Atom Rutherford
(iii) Isotop ialah atom-atom bagi unsur yang Rutherford's Atomic Model
sama yang mempunyai bilangan proton • Menemui nukleus. / Discovered nucleus.
yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang • Nucleus ialah zarah bercas positif yang
berbeza. dipanggil proton dalam nukleus.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have
Nucleus is a positively charged particle called proton
the same number of protons but different numbers
in the nucleus.
of neutrons.
• Jisim atom tertumpu di nukleus.
Isotop Fungsi Atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus.
Isotope Function • Elektron ialah zarah yang bergerak di
Digunakan dalam radioterapi untuk luar nukleus.
membunuh sel kanser tanpa pembedahan Electrons are particles that move outside the
// Mensterilkan alat perubatan atau alat nucleus.
Kobalt-60
pembedahan 4. Model Atom Bohr
Cobalt-60
Used in radiotherapy to kill cancer cells Bohr's Atomic Model
without surgery // Sterilises medical or • Menemui petala. / Discovered shell.
surgical instruments. • Elektron bergerak di dalam petala
mengelilingi nukleus.
Digunakan dalam rawatan penyakit tiroid Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus.
Iodin-131 seperti kanser tiroid dan hipertiroidisme 5. Model Atom Chadwick
Iodine-131 Used in the treatment of thyroid diseases Chadwick's Atomic Model
such as thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism • Menjumpai zarah neutron yang bercas
neutral dalam nukleus.
Fosforus-32 Mengkaji metabolisme tumbuhan Found neutrons which are neutral particles in the
Phosphorus-32 Study plant metabolism nucleus.
• Neutron menyumbang hampir separuh
(Mana-mana jawapan yang sesuai / Any suitable answers) daripada jisim sesuatu atom.
(b) 1. Model Atom Dalton Neutrons contribute almost half of the mass of an
Dalton's Atomic Model
atom.
• Jirim dibentuk oleh atom.
Matter is formed by atoms. Bahagian C
• Atom berbentuk sfera yang sangat kecil,
3. (a) (i)
tidak boleh dicipta, dimusnahkan atau
dibahagi. Ais / Ice Air / Water
Atoms are very small spheres, cannot be created,
destroyed or divided.
Rajah susunan
zarah
• Unsur yang sama mempunyai atom Diagram of particle
yang sama saiz dan jenis. arrangement
The same element has the same atomic size and
type. Zarah disusun Zarah disusun
2. Model Atom Thomson secara padat dan secara padat tetapi
Thomson's Atomic Model
Susunan zarah teratur. tidak teratur.
Particle
• Menemui zarah bercas negatif iaitu arrangement
Particles are Particles are closely
elektron. closely packed in packed but not in
Discovered negatively charged particles which are an orderly manner. an orderly manner.
electrons.

Zarah hanya Zarah boleh

3. Air diisi ke dalam bikar sehingga separuh
bergetar pada bergerak bebas. penuh.
Water is poured into a beaker until it is half filled.
Pergerakan kedudukan yang Particles can move
tetap. freely. 4. Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam
zarah
Particle movement Particles only bikar yang berisi air dan tabung didih
vibrate at a fixed diapitkan pada kaki retort. Paras air
position. perlu berada lebih tinggi daripada aras
naftalena di dalam tabung didih.
Tenaga kinetik Tenaga kinetik Boiling tube is immersed in the beaker filled with
Tenaga kinetik water and the boiling tube is clamped on a retort
adalah rendah. adalah tinggi.
Kinetic energy stand. The level of water must be higher than the
Kinetic energy is low. Kinetic energy is high.
level of naphthalene in the boiling tube.
(ii) Suhu (°C) / Temperature (°C) 5. Pemanasan dimulakan dan naftalena,
C10H8 perlu sentiasa dikacau secara
perlahan dengan menggunakan
termometer. Apabila suhu mencapai
60 °C, jam randik dimulakan.
Heating is started and naphthalene, C10H8 should
always be stirred slowly using a thermometer. When
the temperature reaches 60 °C, the stopwatch is
Masa (s) started.
Time (s)
6. Suhu dan keadaan jirim dicatatkan pada
(b) Bahan: Naftalena, C10H8 dan air sela masa 30 saat di dalam jadual yang
Material: Naphthalene, C10H8 and water disediakan sehingga suhu mencapai
Radas: Tabung didih, bikar 250 cm3, 90 °C.
The temperature and the state of matter are recorded
termometer, tungku kaki tiga, kaki retort
at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature reaches
dan pengapit, penunu Bunsen, jam randik, 90 °C.
kelalang kon, kasa dawai dan spatula 7. Tabung didih dikeluarkan dan daripada
Apparatus: Boiling tube, 250 cm3 beaker, thermometer,
tripod stand, retort stand with clamp, Bunsen burner,
bikar. Tabung didih dikeringkan
stopwatch, conical flask, wire gauze and spatula menggunakan kain yang kering dan
Termometer dengan cermat dimasukkan ke dalam
Thermometer
kelalang kon utk menjalani proses
Tabung didih
Boiling tube penyejukan.
Termometer The boiling tube is removed from the beaker. The
Thermometer
Air boiling tube is dried using a dry cloth and carefully
Water
Tabung didih
placed in a conical flask to undergo the cooling
Naftelena
Naphthalene Boiling tube process.
Kelalang kon
Conical flask 8. Naftalena sentiasa dikacau
Naftelena
Naphthalene
menggunakan termometer.
Panaskan
Heat Naphthalene is always stirred using a thermometer.
9. Suhu dan keadaan jirim semasa
penyejukan naftalena direkodkan pada
Prosedur / Procedure
sela 30 saat sehingga suhu mencapai
1. Satu per tiga tabung didih diisi dengan
60 °C.
naftalena. The temperature and the state of matter during
One third of a boiling tube is filled with naphthalene.
cooling of naphthalene are recorded at 30 seconds
2. Termometer diletakkan ke dalam tabung intervals until the temperature reaches 60 °C.
didih berisi naftalena. 10. Pemerhatian dan suhu direkodkan
Thermometer is put into boiling tube filled with
dalam jadual.
naphthalene.
Observations and temperatures are recorded in the
table.
©
Keputusan / Result:
Masa (s) Suhu (°C) Keadaan jirim

APLIKASI KBAT
Time (s) Temperature (°C) State of matter
1. (a) • Fosforus-32
10 Phosphorus-32
• Nitrogen-15
30 Nitrogen-15
2. (b) Setuju, kerana isotop membantu merawat

60 pesakit dengan lebih tepat dan cepat.
Agree, because isotopes help to treat patients more
accurately and quickly.
90
Atau / Or
Tidak setuju, kerana rawatan yang
120 menggunakan bahan radioaktif
membahayakan pesakit jika terlalu banyak
150 terdedah kepada bahan tersebut.
Disagree, because the treatments that use radioactive
180 materials are harmful to the patients if overexposed to
the materials.
210
240
Lengkung graf penyejukan naftalena:

Cooling curve of naphthalene:
80.0
Masa (s)
Time (s)
t1 t2
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Takat lebur naftalene ialah 80 °C.
Melting point of naphthalene is 80 °C.

AWAPAN Bab 3
3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif (b) Jisim molar / Molar mass
PBD
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
FORMATIF (c) Isi padu molar / Molar volume
1. (a) Jisim atom relatif (d) Nombor Avogadro / Avogadro’s number
Relative atomic mass 2. (a) (i) 0.4
(b) Jisim molekul relatif (ii) 1.5 × 6.02 × 1023
Relative molecular mass
(iii) 0.025 × 6.02 × 1023
2. Bilangan atom aluminium (iv) 2.5
Number of aluminium atoms (b) (i) 0.2
= 108 = 160 (ii) 0.5 × 6.02 × 1023
27 4 × 0.5 × 6.02 × 1023
3. (iii) 2.5
2.5 × 6.02 × 1023
(iv) 6 × 3.5 × 6.02 × 1023
Pepejal pada suhu (c) (i) 2 × 6.02 × 1023
bilik (ii) 1.6
Solid at room temperature
5 × 1.6 × 6.02 × 1023
(iii) 0.4
0.4 × 6.02 × 1023
Karbon-12 (iv) 5 × 6.02 × 1023
Mudah Jisim tepat 3 × 5 × 6.02 × 1023
dikendalikan sebagai piawai Accurate mass
Carbon-12 as a
Easily handled
standard
3. (a) 0.6 (b) 0.5 (c) 36.5 (d) 71
(e) 1.5 (f ) 135
4. (a) 6.72 dm3
Mudah dijumpai dalam (b) 0.005
semua sebatian organik (c) 36 dm3
Easily found in all organic (d) 0.025
compounds (e) 78.4 dm3
5. (a) Bilangan mol / Number of moles
= 1.806 × 10
24
4. Jisim molekul relatif X2O3 = 160
Relative molecular mass of X2O3 6.02 × 10 23
X2O3 = 160 = 3 mol

2X + 3(16) = 160 (b) Jisim / Mass
2X + 48 = 160 = 3 × [12 + 2(16)]
2X = 112 = 132 g
X = 56
(c) Bilangan mol / Number of moles
Jisim atom relatif bagi logam X ialah 56.
Relative atomic mass of metal X is 56.
=3×2
= 6 mol
3.2 Konsep Mol (d) Isi padu / Volume
PBD
Mole Concept
FORMATIF
= 3 × 22.4
1. (a) Mol = 67.2 dm3
Mole
©
3.3 Formula Kimia Kesimpulan / Conclusion

PBD
Chemical Formula
FORMATIF (e) MgO / MgO
1. (a) huruf, subskrip 4. Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:
letters, subscripts
(b) teringkas Unsur Kuprum, Cu Oksigen, O
simplest Element Copper, Cu Oxygen, O
(c) sebenar Jisim unsur (g) 5.54 – 4.90 5.70 – 5.54
actual Mass of element (g) = 0.64 = 0.16
2. 0.64 = 0.01 0.16 = 0.01
Bilangan mol
Formula Number of moles 64 16
Formula molekul empirik Nisbah mol
Molecular formula Empirical teringkas 1 1
formula Simplest moles ratio
(a) Glukosa, C6H12O6
C5H4 Perbincangan / Discussion
Glucose, C6H12O6
(a) hitam, hidrogen, perang
(b) Naftalena, C10H8 black, hydrogen, brown
C4H5N2O
Naphthalene, C10H8 (b) kuprum, oksigen, kuprum(II) dioksida
(c) Fosforus(V) oksida, copper, oxygen, copper(II) oxide
P4O10 CH2O (c) pemanasan, penyejukan, kuprum(II) dioksida,
Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10 kuprum
(d) Asid askorbik, C6H8O6 heating, cooling, copper(II) oxide, copper
NH3 Kesimpulan / Conclusion
Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6
(e) Kafein, C8H10N4O2 (d) CuO / CuO
P2O5
Caffeine, C8H10N4O2 5.
(f ) Gas ammonia, NH3 C3H4O3 Unsur Kalsium, Ca Karbon, C Oksigen, O
Ammonia gas, NH3
Element Calcium, Ca Carbon, C Oxygen, O
3. Mentafsir data / Interpreting data: Jisim (%)
40 12 48
Mass (%)
Unsur Magnesium, Mg Oksigen, O
Bilangan mol
Element Magnesium, Mg Oxygen, O
atom 40 = 1 12 = 1 48 = 3
Number of moles 40 12 16
Jisim unsur (g) 256.29 – 250.05 260.45 – 256.29 of atom
Mass of element (g) = 6.24 = 4.16 Nisbah mol
1 1 3
Mole ratio
Bilangan mol 6.24 = 0.26 4.16 = 0.26 Formula empirik
Number of moles 24 16 CaCO3
Empirical formula
Nisbah mol
teringkas 1 1 6.
Simplest moles ratio Oksigen, O
Unsur / Element M
Oxygen, O
Perbincangan / Discussion:
(a) reaktif, magnesium oksida Jisim (g) / Mass (g) 5.4 x
reactive, magnesium oxide
(b) kertas pasir, lapisan oksida Bilangan mol atom 5.4 = 0.2 x
sandpaper, oxide layer Number of moles
of atom
27 16
(c) oksigen, magnesium
oxygen, magnesium
Nisbah mol
(d) magnesium oksida 2 2
Mole ratio
magnesium oxide

x (j) Ion plumbum(II)

× 2 = 0.3 × 3 Pb2+
16 Lead(II) ion
2x = 0.6
(k) Ion kuprum(II)
16 Copper(II) ion
Cu2+
2x = 9.6 (l) Ion ferum(II)
x = 4.8 Fe2+
Iron(II) ion
7. (a) (m) Ion ferum(III)
Fe3+
Iron(III) ion
Unsur Karbon, C Hidrogen, H Oksigen, O
(n) Ion mangan(II)
Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Oxygen, O Mn2+
Manganese(II) ion
Jisim (%) (o) Ion aluminium
26.7 2.2 71.7 Al3+
Mass (%) Aluminium ion
Bilangan mol (p) Ion kromium(III)
26.7 = 2.23 2.2 = 2.2 71.7 = 4.481 Cr3+
atom Chromium(III) ion
Number of moles 12 1 16
of atom Anion / Anion Formula anion / Formula of anion
(a) Ion hidroksida
Nisbah mol 2.23 = 1 2.2 = 1 4.48 = 2 OH–
Hydroxide ion
Mole ratio 2.2 2.2 2.2 (b) Ion klorida
Cl–
Formula empirik Chloride ion
CHO2 (c) Ion bromida
Empirical formula Br–
Bromide ion
(b) Anggapkan formula molekul sebatian (d) Ion iodida
Assume that the molecular formula of compound I–
Iodide ion
W = (CHO2)n (e) Ion manganat(VII)
MnO4–
Manganate(VII) ion
(CHO2)n = 90
[12 + 1 + 2(16)]n = 90 (f ) Ion nitrat
NO3–
Nitrate ion
45n = 90
(g) Ion etanoat
n =2 CH3COO–
Ethanoate ion
Maka, formula molekul sebatian W (h) Ion sulfat
Hence, the molecular formula of compound W SO42–
Sulphate ion
(CHO2)2 = C2H2O4 (i) Ion karbonat
8. CO32–
Carbonate ion
Kation / Cation Formula kation / Formula of cation (j) Ion plumbum(II)
S2O32–
Lead(II) ion
(a) Ion hidrogen
H+ (k) Ion kromat(VI)
Hydrogen ion CrO42–
Chromate(VI) ion
(b) Ion litium
Li+ (l) Ion dikromat(VI)
Lithium ion Cr2O72–
Dichromate(VI) ion
(c) Ion natrium
Na+ (m) Ion nitride
Sodium ion N3–
Nitride ion
(d) Ion kalium
K+ (n) Ion fosfat
Potassium ion PO43–
Phosphate ion
(e) Ion argentum
Ag+ 9.
Silver ion
(f ) Ion ammonium
NH4+
Sebatian ion Formula kimia
Ammonium ion Ionic compound Chemical formula
(g) Ion magnesium (a) Magnesium sulfat
Mg2+ MgSO4
Magnesium ion Magnesium sulphate
(h) Ion zink (b) Zink nitrat
Zn2+ Zn(NO3)2
Zinc ion Zinc nitrate
(i) Ion kalsium (c) Kalium oksida
Ca2+ K2O
Calcium ion Potassium oxide
©
(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat Ammonium nitrat

CuSO4 (d) NH4NO3
Copper(II) sulphate Ammonium nitrate
(e) Kalsium karbonat Kalsium hidroksida
CaCO3 (e) Ca(OH)2
Calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide
(f ) Argentum nitrat Magnesium karbonat
AgNO3 (f ) MgCO3
Silver nitrate Magnesium carbonate
(g) Natrium hidroksida Zink sulfat
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide (g) ZnSO4
Zinc sulphate
(h) Kalium klorida
KCl Argentum iodida
Potassium chloride (h) AgI
Silver iodide
(i) Ferum(II) sulfat
FeSO4
Iron(II) sulphate
Sebatian molekul Nama
(j) Plumbum(II) iodida Molecular compound Name
PbI2
Lead(II) iodide
(k) Litium hidroksida Karbon monoksida
LiOH (a) CO
Lithium hydroxide Carbon monoxide
(l) Barium nitrat Sulfur trioksida
Ba(NO3)2 (b) SO3
Barium nitrate Sulphur trioxide
(m) Ammonium fosfat Disulfur diklorida
(NH4)3PO4 (c) S2Cl2
Ammonium phosphate Disulphur dichloride
(n) Aluminium nitrat Karbon tetraklorida
Al(NO3)3 (d) CCl4
Aluminium nitrate Carbon tetrachloride
10. Dihidrogen monoksida
(e) H2O
Dihydrogen monoxide
Sebatian molekul Formula kimia
Molecular compound Chemical formula
Nitrogen monoksida
(f ) NO
Nitrogen monoxide
(a) Air
H2O Boron triklorida
Water (g) BCl3
(b) Ammonia Boron trichloride
NH3 Dinitrogen trioksida
Ammonia (h) N2O3
(c) Karbon dioksida Dinitrogen trioxide
CO2
Carbon dioxide
(d) Hidrogen klorida
Hydrogen chloride
HCl PBD 3.4 Persamaan Kimia
Chemical Equation
FORMATIF
(e) Sulfur dioksida

Sulphur dioxide
SO2 1. (a) 2Mg(p) + O2(g) → 2MgO(p)
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
(f ) Nitrogen dioksida
NO2 (b) 2Na(p) + 2H2O(ce) → 2NaOH(ak) + H2(g)
Nitrogen dioxide
(g) Gas oksigen 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
O2
Oxygen gas (c) Zn(p) + 2HCl(ak) → ZnCl2(ak) + H2(g)
(h) Gas hidrogen Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
H2
Hydrogen gas (d) CuCO3(p) → CuO(p) + CO2(g)
11. CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
Sebatian ion Nama (e) AgNO3(ak) + NaCl(ak) → AgCl(p) + NaNO3(ak)

Ionic compound Name AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Natrium klorida 2. Bilangan mol zink karbonat

(a) NaCl Number of moles of zinc carbonate
Sodium chloride
Kalium bromida = 50
(b) KBr
Potassium bromide 65 + 12 + 3(16)
(c) AlCl3
Aluminium klorida = 50
Aluminium chloride 125
= 0.4 mol

ZnCO3 : CO2 Formula that shows the actual number of atoms of

each element in the compound.
1 mol : 1 mol
(ii) • Formula empirik bagi asid askorbik
0.4 mol : 0.4 mol
ialah C3H4O3.
Isi padu gas karbon dioksida Empirical formula of ascorbic acid is C3H4O3.
Volume of carbon dioxide gas • Satu molekul asid askorbik mengandungi
= 0.4 × 24 6 atom karbon, 8 atom hidrogen dan 6
= 9.6 dm3 atom oksigen.
molecule of ascorbic acid contains 6 carbon
A
atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 3 • Jisim molekul relatif bagi asid askorbik:
KERTAS 1 6(12) + 8(1) + 6(16) = 176
Relative molecular mass of ascorbic acid:
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6(12) + 8(1) + 6(16) = 176
6. B 7. B 8. B (b) (i)
Unsur Karbon, C Hidrogen, H
KERTAS 2 Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H
Bahagian A Jisim (%)
85.71 14.29
1. (a) Formula molekul / Molecular formula: C6H12O2 Mass (%)
Formula empirik / Empirical formula: C3H6O
Bilangan mol atom 85.71 = 7.1425 14.29 = 14.29
(b) Jisim molekul relatif / Relative molecular mass
Number of moles of atom 12 1
= 6(12) + 12(1) + 2(16) = 116
(c) C6H12O2 + 8O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O Nisbah mol teringkas 7.1425 = 1 14.29 = 2
(d) (i) Bilangan mol gas CO2 Simplest mole ratio 7.1425 7.1425
Number of moles of CO2 gas
10.8 Formula empirik
= = 0.45 mol CH2
Empirical formula
24
Nisbah mol / Mole ratio (ii) Anggapkan formula molekul sebatian Q
C6H12O2 : 6 CO2 = (CH2)n
1 mol : 6 mol Assume that the molecular formula of compound Q = (CH2)n
0.075 mol : 0.45 mol (CH2)n = 42
[12 + 2(1)]n = 42
Jisim sebatian / Mass of compound 14n = 42
= 0.075 × 116 n = 3
= 8.7 g (CH2)n = (CH2)3 = C3H6
(ii) Nisbah mol / Mole ratio Maka, formula molekul bagi sebatian Q
C6H12O2 : 8 O2 ialah C3H6.
1 mol : 8 mol Therefore, the molecular formula of compound Q is
0.075 mol : 0.6 mol C3H6.
Isi padu minimum gas oksigen (c) • Peratus nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam
Minimum volume of oxygen gas NH4NO3 / Percentage of nitrogen by mass in
= 0.6 × 24 NH4NO3
= 14.4 dm3 = 2(14) × 100% = 35%
80
Bahagian B • Peratus nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam
2. (a) (i) Formula yang menunjukkan bilangan CO(NH2)2 / Percentage of nitrogen by mass in
sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur di dalam CO(NH2)2
sebatian.
= 2(14) × 100% = 46.67%
60
©
• Urea, CO(NH2)2 ialah baja yang lebih baik Perbezaan • Logam bertindak • Oksida logam
untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. Differences balas dengan gas bertindak balas
• Kerana peratus nitrogen mengikut oksigen dengan gas
jisim dalam urea lebih tinggi daripada Metal reacts with hidrogen
ammonium nitrat. oxygen gas Metal oxide reacts
Urea, CO(NH2)2 is the better fertiliser for the growth • Oksida logam with hydrogen gas
of the plants. terbentuk • Logam terbentuk
Because the percentage of nitrogen by mass in urea Metal oxide is Metal is formed
is higher than ammonium nitrate. formed • Jisim bahan tindak
• Jisim bahan balas berkurang
(d) • Persamaan kimia / Chemical equation:
tindak balas Mass of reactant
CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 bertambah decreases
• Bilangan mol bagi 24.8 g CuCO3 // Number Mass of reactant
of moles of 24.8 g CuCO3 increases
= 24.8 = 0.2 mol Contoh • Kuprum(II) oksida
124 Example // Stanum(II) oksida
–
• Daripada persamaan kimia, 1 mol CuCO3 Copper(II) oxide //
menghasilkan 1 mol CO2, maka 0.2 mol Tin(II) oxide
CuCO3 menghasilkan 0.2 mol CO2. (ii)
From the chemical equation, 1 mole of CuCO3 Unsur Magnesium, Mg Oksigen, O
produces 1 mole of CO2, thus 0.2 mole of CuCO3 Element Magnesium, Mg Oxygen, O
produces 0.2 mole of CO2.
• Isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang Jisim (g)
x–z y–x
dihasilkan / Volume of carbon dioxide gas Mass (g)
produced
Bilangan mol atom (x − z) (y − x)
= 0.2 × 24
Number of moles of atom 24 16
= 4.8
• (x − z) mol magnesium bertindak
Bahagian C 24
3. (a) balas dengan (y − x) mol oksigen.
Formula molekul Formula empirik 16
Molecular formula Empirical formula (x − z) moles of magnesium react with (y − x)
24 16
• Menunjukkan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam moles of oxygen.
sebatian.
Show the elements present in a compound. • Maka, formula empirik ialah
• Menunjukkan nisbah atom bagi setiap unsur dalam (x − z) (y − x)
sebatian. Mg( 24
)
O( 16
)
.
(x − z) (y − x)
Show the ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Hence, the empirical formula is Mg( 24
) (
O 16
)
.
Menunjukkan bilangan Menunjukkan nisbah atom
atom sebenar setiap unsur paling ringkas bagi setiap
dalam sebatian unsur dalam sebatian.
Shows the actual number of atoms Shows the simplest ratio of
APLIKASI KBAT
of each element in a compound atoms of each element in a
compound.
1. Bilangan mol ammonia, NH3
(b) (i) Number of moles of ammonia, NH3
Eksperimen 1.5
I II = = 0.088 mol (berlebihan / in excess)
Experiment 14 + 3(1)
Persamaan • Melibatkan pemanasan Bilangan mol oksigen, O2
Similarities Involves heating Number of moles of oxygen, O2
• Tindak balas melibatkan gas dan pepejal 2.75
Reaction involves gas and solid
= = 0.086 mol (terhad / limited)
2(16)

5 O2 : 4 NO 2. Bilangan mol kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2

5 mol : 4 mol Number of moles of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
0.086 mol : 0.069 mol 820
=
Jisim nitrogen monoksida, NO 40 + 2[14 + 3(16)]
Mass of nitrogen monoxide, NO = 5 mol
= 0.069 × (14 + 16)
Ca(NO3)2 : NH4NO3
= 2.07 g
1 mol : 2 mol
5 O2 : 6 H2O 5 mol : 10 mol
5 mol : 6 mol
Jisim maksimum ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3
0.086 mol : 0.103 mol Maximum mass of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
Jisim air, H2O / Mass of water, H2O = 10 × [14 + 4(1) + 14 + 3(16)]
= 0.103 × [2(1) + 16] = 800 g
= 1.85 g
©
AWAPAN Bab 4
4.1 Perkembangan Jadual Berkala Unsur (c) Nitrogen, N

PBD
The Development of the Periodic Table of Elements 10 + 5 = 15 2
FORMATIF
Nitrogen, N
1. (a) gas, logam, Antoine Lavoisier (d) Aluminium, Al
gases, metals, Antoine Lavoisier 10 + 3 = 13 3
Aluminium, Al
(b) triad
triad (e) Silikon, Si
10 + 4 = 14 3
(c) jisim atom, Hukum Oktaf, John Newlands Silicon, Si
atomic mass, Law of Octaves, John Newlands (f ) Klorin, Cl
10 + 7 = 17 3
(d) isi padu, jisim Chlorine, Cl
volume, mass
(g) Argon, Ar
(e) menegak 10 + 8 = 18 3
Argon, Ar
vertical
(f ) nombor proton, Henry Moseley (h) Kalium, K
1 4
proton number, Henry Moseley Potassium, K
2. (a) Palsu (i) Kalsium, Ca

2 4
False Calcium, Ca
(b) Benar
True
(c) Palsu PBD 4. 3 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 18
Specific Latent Heat
False FORMATIF
(d) Benar 1. (a) gas adi

True noble gases
(e) Benar (b) lengai, elektron
True inert, electrons
(c) duplet, oktet
PBD 4.2 Susunan Unsur dalam Jadual Berkala duplet, octet
FORMATIF
Unsur Moden (d) Helium
The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements
Helium
1. (a) proton (e) monoatom, menderma, menerima, berkongsi
monoatoms, donate, accept, share
proton
(b) Kumpulan 2. (a) Bertambah
Groups Increases
(c) Kala (b) Bertambah
Periods Increases
(d) elektron valens (c) Bertambah
valence electrons Increases
(e) petala (d) Bertambah
shells Increases
(e) Bertambah
2. Increases
Unsur / Element Kumpulan / Group Kala / Period 3. (a) • Digunakan di dalam tangki oksigen
penyelam
(a) Litium, Li Used in the oxygen tanks of divers
1 2
Lithium, Li
• Digunakan untuk mengisi belon kaji
(b) Berilium, Be
2 2 cuaca
Beryllium, Be Used to fill in weather balloons

(b) Digunakan di dalam lampu papan iklan B. Tindak balas unsur Kumpulan 1 dengan
Used in advertising board lights gas oksigen
(c) • Menyediakan atmosfera yang lengai Reaction of Group 1 with oxygen gas
semasa pengimpalan pada suhu tinggi (a) • merah / red
Provides an inert atmosphere during welding at • biru / blue
high temperature (b) • kuning terang / bright yellow
• Diisikan ke dalam mentol elektrik • biru / blue
Used to fill in electric bulbs (c) • ungu kemerahan / purple reddish
(d) • Digunakan di dalam laser untuk rawatan • biru / blue
retina mata
C. Tindak balas unsur Kumpulan 1 dengan
Used in lasers for eye retina treatment
• Digunakan di dalam lampu denyar kilat gas klorin
Reaction of Group 1 with chlorine gas
pada kamera
(a) merah
Used in flashlight of cameras red
(e) • Digunakan di dalam ubat bius (b) kuning terang
Used for anesthesia bright yellow
• Digunakan di dalam lampu rumah api (c) ungu kemerahan
Used in lighthouse lamps purple reddish
(f ) Digunakan untuk merawat kanser
Used to treat cancer Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i)
PBD 4.4 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 1
Elements in Group 1 Litium 2Li(p) + 2H2O(ce) ➞ 2LiOH(ak) + H2(g)
FORMATIF
Lithium 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) ➞ 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
1. (a) logam alkali, elektrik, haba
alkali metals, electricity, heat Natrium 2Na(p) + 2H2O(ce) ➞ 2NaOH(ak) + H2(g)
(b) satu Sodium 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ➞ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
one
(c) menderma, kation, +1 Kalium 2K(p) + 2H2O(ce) ➞ 2KOH(ak) + H2(g)
donate, cation, +1 Potassium 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ➞ 2KOH(ak) + H2(g)
(d) lembut, kelabu yang berkilat
soft, grey shiny (ii)
(d) rendah 4Li(p) + O2(g) ➞ 2Li2O(p)
low
Litium
Lithium 4Li(s) + O2(g) ➞ 2Li2O(s)
2. (a) Bertambah
Increases Natrium 4Na(p) + O2(g) ➞ 2Na2O(p)
(b) Berkurang Sodium 4Na(s) + O2(g) ➞ 2Na2O(s)
Decreases
(c) Berkurang Kalium 4K(p) + O2(g) ➞ 2K2O(p)
Decreases Potassium 4K(s) + O2(g) ➞ 2K2O(s)
(d) Bertambah
Increases (iii)
(e) Berkurang
Decreases Litium 2Li(p) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2LiCl(p)
Lithium 2Li(s) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2LiCl(s)
3. A. Tindak balas unsur Kumpulan 1 dengan air
Reaction of Group 1 with water Natrium 2Na(p) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2NaCl(p)
(a) Litium Sodium 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2NaCl(s)
Lithium
(b) Natrium Kalium 2K(p) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2KCl(p)
Sodium Potassium 2K(s) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2KCl(s)
(c) Kalium
Potassium
©
(b) Li → Na → K (c)
4. (a) bertambah Klorin Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(ak) ➞ NaCl(ak) + NaOCl(ak) + H2O(ce)
increases Chlorine Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ➞ NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) menderma Bromin Br2(g) + 2NaOH(ak) ➞ NaBr(ak) + NaOBr(ak) + H2O(ce)
donate Bromine Br2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ➞ NaBr(aq) + NaOBr(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) bertambah Iodin I2(g) + 2NaOH(ak) ➞ NaOI(ak) + NaI(ak) + H2O(ce)
increase Iodine I2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ➞ NaOI(aq) + NaI(aq) + H2O(l)
(d) bertambah
increase 4. (a) berkurang
(e) jauh decreases
further away (b) pertambahan
(f ) didermakan, lemah increase
donated, weaker (c) bertambah
increases
5. (b) ✓ (d) ✓ (f ) ✓
(d) jauh
further
PBD 4.5 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 17
Elements in Group 17 (e) lemah
FORMATIF
weaker
1. (a) halogen (f ) sukar
halogens more difficult
(b) tujuh elektron (g) berkurang
seven electrons decreases
(c) menerima, oktet
accept, octet
5. (a) ✓
(d) anion, −1 (c) ✓
anion, −1 (e) ✓
(e) kuning kehijauan, perang kemerahan, ungu
kehitaman PBD 4.6 Unsur dalam Kala 3
greenish yellow, reddish brown, purplish black FORMATIF Elements in Period 3
2. (a) Bertambah / Increases 1. (a) Berkurang / Decreases

(b) Bertambah / Increases (b) Bertambah / Increases
(c) Bertambah / Increases (c) Bertambah / Increases
(d) Bertambah / Increases (d) Bertambah / Increases
(e) Bertambah / Increases (e) Bertambah / Increases
3. (a) 2. (a) petala / shells
Cl2(g) + H2O(ce) L HCl(ak) + HOCl(ak) (b) pepejal kepada gas / solid to gas
Klorin
Chlorine Cl2(g) + H2O(l) L HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq) (c) gas / gases
Br2(g) + H2O(ce) L HBr(ak) + HOBr(ak) (d) pepejal / solids
Bromin
Bromine Br2(g) + H2O(l) L HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq)
(e) logam / metal
(f ) metaloid / metalloid
Iodin I2(g) + H2O(ce) L HI(ak) + HOI(ak)
Iodine
(g) bukan logam / non-metal
I2(g) + H2O(l) L HI(aq) + HOI(aq)
(h) proton / protons
(b) 3. (a) Oksida bes / Basic oxide
Klorin 2Fe(p) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2FeCl3(p) (b) Oksida amfoterik / Amphoteric oxide
Chlorine 2Fe(s) + Cl2(g) ➞ 2FeCl3(s) (c) Oksida asid / Acidic oxide
Bromin 2Fe(p) + Br2(g) ➞ 2FeBr3(p) (d) Oksida bes / Basic oxide
Bromine 2Fe(s) + Br2(g) ➞ 2FeBr3(s)
(e) Oksida asid / Acidic oxide
Iodin 2Fe(p) + I2(g) ➞ 2FeI3(p) (f ) Oksida asid / Acidic oxide
Iodine 2Fe(s) + I2(g) ➞ 2FeI3(s) (g) Oksida asid / Acidic oxide

4. A. Tindak balas oksida unsur Kala 3 dengan air

Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements with water
Natrium oksida, Magnesium oksida, Aluminium oksida, Sulfur dioksida,

Oksida
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SO2
Sodium oxide, Na2O Magnesium oxide, MgO Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Sulphur dioxide, SO2
(a) Keterlarutan di
Larut Larut sedikit Tak larut Larut
dalam air Dissolves Dissolves slightly Does not dissolve Dissolves
Solubility in water water
(b) Nilai pH
pH value
13 – 14 8–9 7 2–3
B. Tindak balas oksida unsur Kala 3 dengan (b) (i) MgO(p) + 2HNO3(ak) →
natrium hidroksida dan asid nitrik Mg(NO3)2(ak) + H2O(ce)
Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements with sodium MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3 )2(aq) + H2O(l)
hydroxide and nitric acid
(ii) Al2O3(p) + 2NaOH(ak) →
Keterlarutan
Solubility 2Al(NO3)3(ak) + H2O(ce)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2Al(NO3 )3(aq) + H2O(l)
Oksida Di dalam
Di dalam natrium Al2O3(p) + 6HNO3(ak) →
Oxide asid nitrik,
hidroksida, NaOH 2NaAlO2(ak) + 3H2O(ce)
In sodium hydroxide,
HNO3
Al2O3(s) + 6HNO3(aq) → 2NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
In nitric acid,
NaOH
HNO3
(iii) SiO2(p) + 2NaOH(ak) →
(a) Magnesium Na2SiO3(ak) + H2O(ce)
oksida, MgO Tak larut Larut SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Magnesium Does not dissolve Dissolves
5. • Silikon
oxide, MgO
Silicon
• Apabila suhu tinggi, silikon menjadi
(b) Aluminium konduktor elektrik yang baik.
oksida, Al2O3 Larut Larut When the temperature is high, silicon becomes a good
Aluminium Dissolves Dissolves electrical conductor.
oxide, Al2O3 • Ini membolehkannya digunakan sebagai
mikrocip elektronik yang beroperasi pada
(c) Silikon(IV) suhu tinggi.
Tak larut
oksida, SiO2 Larut This allows it to be used as an electronic microchip that
Does not
Silicon(IV) Dissolves operates at high temperatures.
dissolve
oxide, SiO2
Perbincangan / Discussion: PBD 4.7 Unsur Peralihan

Transition Elements
FORMATIF
(a) (i) Natrium oksida, Na2O, magnesium
oksida, MgO 1. (a) 3, 12
Sodium oxide, Na2O, magnesium oxide, MgO (b) logam
metals
(ii) Aluminium oksida, Al2O3
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
(c) berkilat
shiny
(iii) Silikon(IV) oksida, SiO2, fosforus (d) ketumpatan, takat lebur, takat didih
pentoksida, P4O10, sulfur dioksida, SO2, high densities, melting points, boiling points
diklorin heptoksida, Cl2O7
Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2 , phosphorus pentoxide, P4O10 ,
sulphur dioxide, SO2 , dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7
©
2. Ciri istimewa Contoh Jawapan

Ciri istimewa Contoh Jawapan Special characteristic Example Answer
Special characteristic Example Answer
Mangan, Mn
Ferum, Fe digunakan
mempunyai nombor
dalam Proses Ostwald
pengoksidaan +3 dan
untuk menghasilkan (c) Mempunyai +6.
asid nitrik. lebih daripada Mangan, Mn has +3 and +6
(a) Digunakan Iron, Fe is used in the satu nombor oxidation numbers.
sebagai Ostwald Process to produce pengoksidaan
nitric acid.
mangkin Have more than
Used as one oxidation Kuprum, Cu mempunyai
Ferum digunakan
catalysts numbers nombor pengoksidaan
dalam Proses Haber
+1 dan +2. ✓
untuk menghasilkan Copper, Cu has +1 and +2
✓
ammonia. oxidation numbers.
Iron is used in the Haber
Process to produce ammonia.
Ion heksasianoferat(III),
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+
[Fe(CN)6]3– ✓
berwarna hijau,
Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion,
manakala ion ferum(III), (d) Membentuk ion [Fe(CN) ]3–
6
Fe3+ berwarna perang. ✓ kompleks
(b) Membentuk ion Iron (II), Fe ions are green,
2+
Form complex ions
atau sebatian while iron (III), Fe3+ ions are Ion ferum(II) oksida,
berwarna. brown. FeO
Form coloured Iron(II) oxide ion, FeO
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+
ions or
berwarna perang,
compounds 3. (a) Platinum
manakala ion ferum(III),
Fe3+ berwarna hijau. (b) Haber
Iron (II), Fe2+ ions are brown, (c) Nikel
while iron (III), Fe3+ ions are (d) Sentuh
green.
P Y L E I S K P O U H Y N U N
M U I N I M U L A J A N A K I
Q V J X V X L L P C B S G T P
E L Q Z O J Z L F O E B N O H
C S D J P G A I Z U R P A M K
N E G O R T I N S N R P M U W
O B P T I T A N I U M Q O R M
B F O N I K E L J Z V H U P W
W S U X Y H U T N E S L M U T
A M X H I H C D W L C M W K Y

3. (a) Platinum
(b) Haber
(c) Nickel
(d) Contact
E R C X X C O P P E R Y A Y J
M U N I T A L P M X Z C Y H S
I R N E G O R T I N O S Q L Z
S P E S U L P H U R E H V U T
S U K B C H Q V J T V Q L W C
Y Y S S A L U M I N I U M X A
I Q D K M H Y M U I N A T I T
P L W C J L Q V M L E K C I N
W W P K B M A N G E N E S E O
V I P T C Z W X F A W P U I C
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 4 Bahagian B

KERTAS 1 2. (a) (i) X: Kumpulan 17, Kala 3
Group 17, Period 3
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B Y: Kumpulan 1, Kala 3
6. C Group 1, Period 3
(ii) •
X: Gas / Gas
KERTAS 2 Y: Pepejal / Solid
Bahagian A • X: 2.8.7
1. (a) Tertib menaik nombor proton Y: 2.8.1
Ascending order of proton number • Saiz jejari atom X lebih kecil berbanding
(b) Cl atom Y kerana bilangan proton atom X
(c) 2.8.8 lebih banyak berbanding atom Y.
(d) Apabila menuruni kumpulan, bilangan Atomic radius of atom X is smaller than atom Y
because the number of protons of atom X is more
petala yang berisi elektron semakin
than atom Y.
meningkat. Maka, kedudukan elektron
• Daya tarikan nukleus terhadap
valens semakin jauh daripada nukleus
elektron dalam atom X lebih kuat
atom. Hal ini menyebabkan daya tarikan
berbanding atom Y.
nukleus terhadap elektron valens semakin The attraction force of nucleus towards
lemah dan kecenderungan atom natrium theelectrons in atom X is stronger than atom Y.
melepaskan satu elektron valens lebih • Atom X lebih cenderung untuk
mudah berbanding dengan litium. menderma satu elektron valens,
When going down the group, the number of shells manakala atom Y lebih cenderung
containing electrons increases. Thus, the position of the
valence electron is further away from the atomic nucleus.
untuk menerima satu elektron ke
This causes the attraction of the nucleus towards the dalam petala valens supaya kedua-
valence electron is weaker and the tendency of sodium dua atom mencapai susunan elektron
atom to release one valence electron is easier than oktet yang stabil.
lithium.
©
Atom X has the tendency to donate one valence C: Sulfur dioksida // Fosforus(V) oksida
electron, whereas atom Y has the tendency // Diklorin heptoksida // Silikon(IV)
to receive one electron into its valence shell in
order for them to achieve stable octet electron oksida
S ulphur dioxide // Phosphorus(V) oxide //
arrangements.
Dichlorine heptoxide // Silicon(IV) oxide
(iii) Natrium klorida, NaCl / Sodium chloride, NaCl
(ii) • pH 8 hingga 14 // Lebih daripada pH 7
2X + Y2 → 2XY atau / or 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl pH 8 to 14 // More than pH 7
(b) (i) • M
asukkan kertas litmus merah ke
V W dalam larutan yang terhasil.
Insert red litmus paper into the solution.
Bergerak secara rawak Bergerak sangat pantas secara
• Kertas litmus merah menjadi biru.
di atas permukaan air rawak di atas permukaan air Red litmus paper turns blue.
dengan bunyi desiran dengan menghasilkan bunyi
• Gunakan penunjuk fenolftalein.
dan nyalaan kuning ‘pop’ dan nyalaan ungu yang Use phenolphthalein indicator.
terang. sangat terang.
Moves randomly on the Moves very rapidly at random
• L arutan tak berwarna menjadi merah
water surface with a fizzing on the water surface with a ‘pop’ jambu.
sound and a bright yellow sound and a bright purple flame. Colourless solution turns pink.
flame. Na2O + H2 O → 2NaOH atau / or
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
Menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru
Turns red litmus paper blue (b)
Natrium / Sodium Kalium / Potassium Litium Natrium

Lithium Sodium
• Saiz atom V lebih kecil berbanding atom W Air Air
disebabkan oleh bilangan elektron atom V kurang Water Water
daripada atom W.
The size of atom V is smaller than atom W because the Kalium
number of electrons in atom V is less than atom W. Potassium
• Elektron valens dalam atom V lebih dekat dengan Air
nukleus berbanding atom W. Water
The valence electron in atom V is closer to the nucleus than
atom W.
Prosedur / Procedure:
• Daya tarikan nukleus terhadap elektron valens 1. Litium dipotong kecil dengan
dalam atom V lebih kuat berbanding atom W. menggunakan pisau dan forsep dan
The attraction force of the nucleus towards the valence dikeringkan menggunakan kertas turas.
electron in atom V is stronger than atom W. Lithium is cut into a small size using a knife and
• Atom W lebih mudah mendermakan elektron forceps and dried using a filter paper.
valens berbanding atom V. Maka, atom W lebih 2. Potongan litium diletakkan secara
reaktif daripada atom V. perlahan-lahan ke dalam besen yang berisi
It is easier for atom W to donate the valence electron compared air seperti dalam rajah susunan radas.
to atom V. Thus, atom W is more reactive than atom V. A piece of lithium is slowly placed into a basin filled
with water as in the apparatus set-up diagram.
2Na + 2H2O → NaOH + H2 atau / or 2V + 2H2O → 2VOH + H2
3. Tindak balas diperhatikan sehingga
(ii) 4K + O2 → 2K2O atau / or 4W + O2 → 2W2O selesai. Larutan diuji menggunakan
kertas litmus merah.
Bahagian C The reaction is observed until completed. The
3. (a) (i) Sebatian yang boleh bertindak sebagai solution is tested with a red litmus paper.
asid dan bes. 4. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
Compound that can act as both acid and base. The observation is recorded.
A: Natrium oksida // Magnesium oksida 5. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulangi
Sodium oxide // Magnesium oxide menggunakan natrium dan kalium.
B: Aluminium oksida Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using sodium and
Aluminium oxide potassium.

Pemerhatian / Observation:
Logam Pemerhatian APLIKASI KBAT
Metals Observation
Litium • Litium bergerak perlahan secara rawak di

Lithium atas permukaan air. 1. (a) Ferum
Iron
Litium moves randomly on the surface of water.
• Larutan tidak berwarna menukarkan Kumpulan 8, Kala 4
Group 8, Period 4
kertas litmus merah kepada biru.
The colourless solution turns red litmus paper blue. (b) Ferum bertindak sebagai mangkin. Mangkin
menyediakan laluan alternatif dalam tindak
Natrium • Natrium bergerak laju di atas permukaan balas. Mangkin merendahkan tenaga
Sodium air dengan bunyi desiran dan nyalaan pengaktifan dan seterusnya meningkatkan
kuning terang. kadar tindak balas. Lebih banyak ammonia
Sodium moves fast on the surface of water with a
fizzing sound and a bright yellow flame. dapat dihasilkan.
• Larutan tak berwarna menukarkan kertas Iron acts as catalyst. Catalyst provides an alternative
pathway in the reaction. Catalyst lowers the activation
litmus merah kepada biru.
The colourless solution turns red litmus paper blue. energy and then increases the rate of reaction. More
ammonia can be produced.
Kalium • Litium bergerak sangat laju di atas (c) • Vanadium(V) oksida digunakan dalam
Potassium permukaan air dengan bunyi 'pop' dan Proses Sentuh untuk menghasilkan asid
nyalaan ungu terang. sulfurik.
Litium move randomly on the surface of water with a Vanadium(V) oxide is used in the Contact Process to
'pop' sound and a bright purple flame. produce sulphuric acid.
• Larutan tidak berwarna menukarkan • Platinum digunakan dalam Proses
kertas litmus merah kepada biru.
The colourless solution turns red litmus paper blue.
Ostwald untuk menghasilkan asid nitrik.
Platinum is used in the Ostwald Process to produce
Persamaan kimia / Chemical equations: nitric acid.
• 2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2
• 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
• 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
©
AWAPAN Bab 5
5.1 Asas Pembentukan Sebatian 3. (a) 2.8.1

PBD
Basics of Compound Formation
FORMATIF (b) menderma satu elektron, Na+
donates one electron, Na+
1.
He (c) 2.8
(d) Na → Na+ + e−
Ar
(e) 2.6
(f ) menerima dua elektron, O2−
receives two electrons, O 2–
(g) 2.8
2. (a) ✓ (d) ✓ (e) ✓
(h) O + 2e− → O2−
(i) Dua, satu / Two, one
PBD 5.2 Ikatan Ion
Ionic Bond (j) Dua, daya tarikan elektrostatik
FORMATIF
two, electrostatic attraction force

1. (a) (i) menderma satu elektron (k)
donating one electron
(ii) Na → Na+ + e–
(b) (i) menerima satu elektron Na + O + Na
receiving one electron
(ii) Cl + e– → Cl–
(c) (i) neon / neon Na O Na
(ii) argon / argon (2.8.1) (2.6) (2.8.1)
(d) daya tarikan elektrostatik yang kuat
strong electrostatic attraction force
(e) ikatan ion / ionic bond
2. (a)
+ 2– +
Mg
O Na O Na
Atom magnesium Atom oksigen

Magnesium atom Oxygen atom
Na+ O2– Na+
(b) (i) menderma dua / donates two (2.8) (2.8) (2.8)
(ii) +2
(c) (i) menerima dua / receives two PBD 5. 3 Ikatan Kovalen
Covalent Bond
(ii) −2 FORMATIF
(d) (i) 2.8

1. (a) ✓ (b) ✓ (c) ✓
(ii) 2.8
(iii) lapan, terluar // valens 2. (a)
eight, outermost // valence
(e)
2+ 2–
H + H H H
Mg
+ O
Mg O 1 1 2 2
H H atau / or H H
2+ 2–
Mg O Mg O
(2.8.2) (2.6) (2.8) (2.8)

(b) (f ) Membentuk molekul

Forms molecules
(g) Atom mencapai susunan elektron duplet
H + CI H CI atau oktet yang stabil
Atoms achieve stable duplet or octet electron
arrangements
1 2.8.7 2 2.8.8 (h) Menggunakan elektron valens
Use valence electrons
H CI atau / or H CI
PBD 5.4 Ikatan Hidrogen
Hydrogen Bond
FORMATIF
(c)
1. Ikatan hidrogen ialah daya tarikan antara atom
hidrogen, H yang terikat dengan atom yang
mempunyai keelektronegatifan yang tinggi iaitu
O + C + O fluorin, F, oksigen, O atau nitrogen, N dengan
atom nitrogen, N, oksigen, O atau fluorin, F di
dalam molekul lain.
2.6 2.4 2.6 Hydrogen bond is the attraction force between a hydrogen
atom, H bonded to atoms of high electronegativity which are
fluorine, F, oxygen, O and nitrogen, N with nitrogen, N, oxygen,
O or fluorine, F in another molecule.
2. (a)
Ikatan hidrogen
Hydrogen bond
O C O
H F H F H F
Ikatan hidrogen
2.8 2.8 2.8 Hydrogen bond
(b)
O C O atau / or O C O Ikatan hidrogen
H Hydrogen bond H
(d)
H O H O H O H
N + N N N
Ikatan hidrogen
Hydrogen bond
2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8

(c)
Ikatan hidrogen
N N atau / or N N H Hydrogen bond
H
3. (a) Pemindahan elektron H N H N H N H

Transfer of electrons
(b) Antara atom logam dengan atom bukan H H Ikatan hidrogen
Hydrogen bond H
logam
Between a metal atom and a non-metal atom
3. (a)
(c) Membentuk ion positif dan ion negatif Ikatan hidrogen
Forms positive and negative ions H Hydrogen bond
(d) Perkongsian elektron
Sharing of electrons H N H O H
(e) Antara atom-atom bukan logam
Between non-metal atoms H
©
(b) 5. (a) Daya tarikan van der Waals

Ikatan hidrogen Van der Waals attraction force
Hydrogen bond
(b) Ikatan hidrogen / Hydrogen bond
O O (c) Daya tarikan van der Waals antara molekul-
C 2H 5 H H
molekul etana adalah lemah dan memerlukan
H sedikit tenaga untuk mengatasinya. Maka,
etana mempunyai takat didih yang rendah
dan wujud sebagai gas pada suhu bilik.
4. (a) The van der Waals attraction force between ethane
Rantai protein molecules is weak and requires less energy to overcome
Protein chain it. Hence, ethane has a low boiling point and exists as a
O gas at room temperature.
H
Ikatan hidrogen
O Molekul air PBD 5. 5 Ikatan Datif
Dative Bond
Hydrogen bond FORMATIF
Water molecule
H H H
1. Perkongsian, datif, stabil
O Sharing, dative, stable
Rantai protein
Protein chain 2. (a) Kongsi
Share
(b) +
Rantai selulosa H O + H+ H O H
Cellulose chain
O
H H
H
Ikatan hidrogen (b) Kongsi +
Hydrogen bond O Molekul air H Share H
Water molecule
H H H
H N + H+ H N H
O
Rantai selulosa
Cellulose chain H H
3.
Jenis ikatan Ikatan kovalen Ikatan datif
Type of bond Covalent bond Dative bond
Persamaan Kedua-dua ikatan melibatkan perkongsian elektron.

Similarity Both bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
Perbezaan Dua elektron disumbangkan oleh Dua elektron disumbangkan oleh

Difference dua atom. satu atom.
Two electrons are contributed by two atoms. Two electrons are contributed by one atom.
5.6 Ikatan logam 2. (a)

PBD
Metallic Bond
– +
FORMATIF
1. (a) daya tarikan elektrostatik, lautan elektron, e– e – e– e –

e–
ion logam bercas positif Terminal + e– + e–

+e + + – Terminal
electrostatic attraction forces, sea of electrons, positively- negatif e– e– e e –
positif
+ +
–
+ e + e + e
–
charged metal ions Negative

e– e– – –
Positive
terminal e– e– terminal
(b) (i) valens e– e–
Valence
+ e–
+ e–
+e –
+ e–
+ e–
e–
(ii) positif Logam
Positively Metal
(iii) dinyahsetempatkan, lautan (b) elektrik, cas, bebas

delocalised, sea electrical, charges, freely

5.7 Sebatian Ion dan Sebatian Kovalen (a) Perbincangan / Discussion:

PBD
FORMATIF Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds
Sifat Sebatian ion Sebatian kovalen
1. A. Kekonduksian elektrik Properties Ionic compounds Covalent compounds
Electrical conductivity Takat lebur dan • Tinggi • Rendah
Keputusan / Result: takat didih High Low
Melting point and
Sebatian Keadaan fizik Pemerhatian boiling point
Compound Physical state Observation
Keterlarutan di • Larut di • Tidak larut di
dalam air dan dalam air dalam air
Pepejal Mentol tidak menyala Soluble in water Insoluble in water
Plumbum(II) Solid Bulb does not light up pelarut organik
Solubility in water • Tak larut di • Larut di dalam
bromida and organic solvents dalam pelarut pelarut organik
Lead(II) bromide Leburan Mentol menyala
organik Soluble in organic
Molten Bulb lights up solvents
Insoluble in
organic solvents
Pepejal Mentol tidak menyala Kekonduksian • Tinggi • Tidak
Solid Bulb does not light up High
Naftalena elektrik mengkonduksikan
Naphthalene Electrical elektrik
Leburan Mentol tidak menyala conductivity Cannot conduct electricity
Molten Bulb does not light up
(b) (i) bergerak bebas / move freely
B. Keterlarutan sebatian dalam air dan (ii) daya tarikan elektrostatik
pelarut organik electrostatic attraction forces
Solubility of compound in water and organic solvent (iii) daya tarikan elektrostatik
Keputusan / Result: electrostatic attraction forces
(iv) banyak tenaga haba, daya tarikan elektrostatik
Pemerhatian more heat energy, electrostatic attraction forces
Sebatian Observation (c) (i) neutral, tidak bercas
Compound neutral, uncharged
Di dalam air suling Di dalam propanon
In distilled water In propanone (ii) sedikit tenaga haba, daya tarikan van der
Natrium Waals
Pepejal larut Pepejal tidak larut less heat energy, van der Waals attraction forces
klorida Solid dissolves Solid does not dissolve
Sodium chloride (iii) bersifat neutral, tidak bercas
neutral, uncharged
Naftalena Pepejal tidak larut Pepejal larut 2.
Naphthalene Solid does not dissolve Solid dissolves
Struktur molekul bagi sebatian kovalen
Ciri-ciri Molecular structure of covalent compounds
C. Takat lebur dan takat didih Characteristics Molekul ringkas Molekul gergasi
Melting point and boiling point Simple molecule Giant molecule
Keputusan / Result: Struktur Kecil dan ringkas Sangat besar
Structure Small and simple Very large
Sebatian Pemerhatian Inferens
Compound Observation Inference Keadaan Pepejal, cecair atau
Biasanya pepejal
fizik gas
− Takat lebur tinggi; Physical state Solid, liquid or gas
Usually solid
Natrium Pepejal tidak melebihi 100 °C
klorida High melting point; higher than Ikatan kovalen Ikatan kovalen
Sodium
melebur 100 °C yang kuat di dalam yang kuat di dalam
Solid does not melt
chloride − Takat didih lebih tinggi molekul dan daya molekul sahaja.
Boiling point is higher tarikan van der Tiada daya tarikan
− Takat lebur rendah; Ikatan kimia Waals yang lemah van der Waals antara
Chemical bond
Pepejal kurang daripada 100 °C antara molekul. molekul.
Naftalena Low melting point; lower than Covalent bonds are strong Strong covalent bonds in
Naphthalene melebur 100 °C in the molecules and van the molecules only. No van
Pepejal melebur der Waals attraction forces der Waals attraction forces
− Takat didih rendah
Boiling point is low between molecules are weak. between molecules.
©
Struktur molekul bagi sebatian kovalen KERTAS 2

Ciri-ciri Molecular structure of covalent compounds
Characteristics Molekul ringkas Molekul gergasi Bahagian A
Simple molecule Giant molecule
1. (a) (i) Ion positif dan ion negatif mempunyai
Takat lebur
nilai cas yang berbeza.
dan takat Rendah Tinggi The positive ion and negative ion have different
didih Low High charges.
Melting point
and boiling point (ii) • Takat lebur dan takat didih tinggi
High melting point and boiling point
• Oksigen / Oxygen • Berlian / Diamond
• Larut di dalam air tetapi tidak larut di
Contoh • Air / Water • Grafit / Graphite
Examples • Metana / Methane • Silikon dioksida /
dalam pelarut organik
Silicon dioxide Soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents
• Mengalirkan elektrik dalam keadaan
3. leburan dan larutan akueus
Kegunaan Sebatian ion Sebatian kovalen H Cstates
onduct electricity in molten
C Nand aqueous
Uses Ionic compound Covalent compound solutions atau/ or
(a) Rumah Natrium Asid etanoik dalam (b) (i) H C N atau / or H C N

Domestic hidrogen cuka (ii) Ikatan
atau/ kovalen
or
karbonat dalam Ethanoic acid in vinegars Covalent bond
H C N
serbuk penaik (c) • Persamaan / Similarity :
Sodium hydrogen Perkongsian elektron antara atom-atom
carbonate in unsur bukan logam.
baking powder
Electrons sharing between atoms of non-metal
elements.
(b) Perubatan Magnesium Asid asetilsalisilik • Perbezaan / Difference:
Medical hidroksida dalam dalam ubat aspirin Elektron dalam ikatan kovalen
ubat antasid Acetylsalicylic acid in
disumbangkan oleh kedua-dua atom,
Magnesium hydroxide aspirins
in antacids manakala dalam ikatan datif elektron
disumbangkan oleh satu atom sahaja.
(c) Pertanian Ammonium Dikloro-difenil- Electrons in a covalent bond are contributed by
Agriculture nitrat dalam trikloroetana dalam both atoms, whereas in a dative bond electrons are
contributed by only one atom.
baja kimia racun serangga
Ammonium nitrat in Dichloro-diphenyl- 2. (a)
chemical fertilisers trichloroethane in
insecticides
(d) Perindustrian Titanium Polivinil klorida Cl S S Cl
Industrial dioksida ialah dalam paip PVC

pigmen putih Polyvinyl chloride in
dalam cat PVC pipes
Titanium dioxide is (b) (i) Cecair / Liquid
the white pigment (iii) • Molekul ringkas / Simple molecule
in paints • Daya tarikan van der Waals antara
molekul lemah
Weak van der Waals attraction forces between
molecules
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 5 • Sedikit tenaga haba yang diperlukan
untuk mengatasi daya tarikan van der
KERTAS 1 Waals yang lemah
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D Less heat energy is needed to overcome the weak
6. D van der Waals attraction forces

ydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals

H
Bahagian B attraction forces.
3. (a) • Naftalena tidak larut di dalam air suling. − Banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk
Naphthalene does not dissolve in water.
memutuskan ikatan hidrogen.
• Naftalena melebur di dalam air mendidih. Kesannnya, takat didih air sangat tinggi.
Naphthalene melts in boiling water.
lot of energy is required to break the hydrogen
A
• Naftalena larut di dalam sikloheksana. bonds. As a result, the boiling point of water is
Naphthalene dissolves in cyclohexane. very high.
(b) • Naftalena mempunyai struktur molekul • Semua molekul hidrida selain H2O:
kovalen ringkas. All hydride molecules other than H2O:
Naphthalene has a simple covalent molecular − Tidak membentuk ikatan hidrogen
structure.
antara molekul.
• Keterlarutan di dalam air Do not form hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Solubility in water:
− Terikat oleh daya tarikan van der Waals
− Molekul naftalena yang bersifat neutral yang lemah.
dengan molekul air yang berkutub. Bonded by weak van der Waals attraction forces.
N
on-polar naphthalene molecules do not mix
with the polar water molecules.
− Kekuatan daya tarikan van der Waals
• Keterlarutan di dalam pelarut organik bertambah dengan peningkatan saiz
Solubility in organic solvent: molekul.
Strength of van der Waals attraction forces
− Molekul naftalena yang tak berkutub increases with the increasing of molecular size.
bercampur dengan molekul − Saiz molekul bertambah apabila
sikloheksana yang juga tak berkutub. menuruni kumpulan.
N
on-polar naphthalene molecules mix completely
Molecular size increases when going down the
with cyclohexane molecules which are also non-
group.
polar.
• Takat lebur / Melting point − Semakin banyak tenaga diperlukan
− Molekul naftalena terikat oleh daya untuk mengatasi daya tarikan van der
tarikan van der Waals yang lemah. Waals yang semakin kuat.
More energy is needed to overcome the stronger
N
aphthalene molecules are bonded by weak van
van der Waals attraction forces
der Waals attractive forces.
− Sedikit tenaga diperlukan untuk − Maka, takat didih semakin bertambah.
Thus, the boiling point is increasing.
mengatasi daya tarikan van der Waals
yang lemah.
L ess energy is required to overcome the weak van Bahagian C
der Waals forces.
4. (a) • Setiap atom Al (2.8.3) menderma tiga
− Takat lebur naftalena adalah rendah elektron.
dan tidak melebihi 100 °C. Each Al atom (2.8.3) donates three electrons.
T he melting point of naphthalene is low and does
• Al → Al3+ + 3e−
not exceed 100 °C.
• Ion positif, Al3+ (2.8), mencapai susunan
(c) • Takat didih bagi H2O adalah paling tinggi
elektron oktet yang stabil
diikuti oleh H2Te, H2Se dan H2S. A positive ion, Al3+ (2.8) is formed to achieve a stable
The boiling point of H2O is the highest followed by octet electron arrangement.
H2Te, H2Se and H2S .
• Setiap atom O (2.6) menerima dua
• Semua sebatian hidrida terdiri daripada elektron untuk mencapai susunan
molekul ringkas. elektron oktet yang stabil.
All the hydride compounds are made up of simple
Each O atom (2.6) gains two electrons to achieve a
molecules.
stable octet electron arrangement.
• Molekul air / Water molecule: • O + 2e− → O2−
− Terikat oleh ikatan hidrogen. • Ion negatif, O2− (2.8) mencapai susunan
B
onded by hydrogen bonds.
elektron oktet yang stabil.
− Ikatan hidrogen adalah lebih kuat A negative ion, O2−(2.8), is formed to achieve a stable
daripada daya tarikan van der Waals. octet electron arrangement.
©
• Dua atom Al menderma enam elektron Bateri

Batteries
kepada tiga atom O
Two Al atoms donate six electrons to three O atoms. Mentol Suis
Bulb Switch
• Ion Al3+ dan ion O2− terikat oleh daya Elektrod karbon
Mangkuk Carbon electrodes
tarikan elektrostatik untuk membentuk pijar
ikatan ion. Crucible Serbuk aluminium
Aluminium powder
Al3+ ion and O2− ion are bonded by the electrostatic
attraction force to form an ionic bond.
(b) • Atom Al mempunyai tiga elektron 3. Suis dihidupkan dan perhatikan sama
valens, manakala atom Mg mempunyai ada mentol menyala atau tidak.
dua elektron valens. The switch is on and the bulb lights up or not is
Al atom has three valence electrons, whereas Mg observed.
atom has two valence electrons. 4. Langkah 1 hingga 3 diulangi dengan
• Lautan elektron dalam aluminium menggunakan aluminium oksida.
mengandungi lebih banyak elektron Steps 1 to 3 are repeated with aluminium oxide.
yang dinyahsetempatkan. 5. Semua pemerhatian direkodkan dalam
The sea of electrons in aluminium contains more jadual.
delocalised electrons. All observations are recorded in a table.
• Lebih banyak elektron yang boleh Keputusan / Result :
bergerak bebas dan membawa cas
More electrons can move freely and carry charges Bahan Pemerhatian
Substance Observation
• Semakin tinggi ketumpatan elektron
dalam lautan elektron, semakin tinggi Aluminium Mentol menyala
Aluminium Bulb lights up
kekonduksian elektrik.
The higher the electron density in the sea of Aluminium oksida Mentol tidak menyala
electrons, the higher the electrical conductivity. Aluminium oxide Bulb does not light up
(c) Hipotesis:
Hypothesis
Logam mengkonduksi elektrik dalam
keadaan pepejal, manakala sebatian ion
APLIKASI KBAT
tidak mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan
pepejal. 1. Berlian mempunyai struktur gergasi dengan
Metals conduct electricity in the solid state, whereas ionic ikatan kovalen yang kuat antara atom karbon.
compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
Banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk memutuskan
Pemboleh ubah: beribu-ribu ikatan kovalen yang kuat. Maka,
Variables
berlian sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai
• dimanipulasikan: Jenis pepejal
manipulated: Types of solid alatan pemotong kerana kuat dan keras. Grafit
• bergerak balas: Kekonduksian elektrik mempunyai struktur gergasi yang berlapis.
responding: Electrical conductivity Sedikit tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi
• dimalarkan: Keadaan fizik bahan daya tarikan van der Waals yang lemah antara
fixed: Physical state of substances lapisan. Hal ini menyebabkan lapisan-lapisan
Prosedur : mudah menggelongsor di atas satu sama lain.
Procedure: Grafit adalah lembut dan sesuai untuk digunakan
1. Mangkuk pijar diisi dengan serbuk sebagai pelincir.
aluminium sehingga separuh penuh. Diamond has a giant structure with strong covalent bonds
A crucible is half-filled with aluminium powder. between carbon atoms. A lot of energy is required to break
2. Susunan radas disediakan seperti di bawah. thousands of strong covalent bonds. Hence, diamond is
The apparatus set-up is prepared as shown in the suitable to be used as cutting tools because it is strong and hard.
diagram below. Graphite has a giant layered structure. Less energy is required to
overcome weak van der Waals attraction forces between layers.
This allows the layers to slide over each other. Graphite is soft
and suitable to be used as a lubricant.

AWAPAN Bab 6
6.1 Peranan Air dalam Menunjukkan Keasidan

Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:
PBD
FORMATIF
dan Kealkalian (a) Warna kertas litmus biru bertukar kepada
The Role of Water in Showing Acidic and Alkaline merah dalam keadaan berasid.
Properties Colour of blue litmus paper changes to red in acidic
condition.
1. (a) Cecair tidak berwarna yang menceraikan (b) Asid menunjukkan sifat asid dalam kehadiran
asid atau alkali yang terlarut di dalamnya.
Colourless liquid that dissociates acids or alkalis that are
air.
Acid substances show acidic properties in the presence of
dissolved in it.
(b) Bahan yang menukarkan kertas litmus biru water.
lembap kepada merah. Perbincangan / Discussion:
Substance which turns moist blue litmus paper red. (a) mengion, hidrogen
(c) Bahan yang larut di dalam air untuk ionises, hydrogen
menghasilkan larutan dengan pH > 7. (b) molekul, mengion, hidrogen, hidrogen
Substance that dissolves in water to produce a solution with molecule, ionise, hydrogen, hydrogen
pH > 7.
(d) Bahan yang bertindak balas dengan asid 5. Keputusan / Result:
untuk membentuk garam dan air sahaja. (a) Pepejal natrium Warna merah kertas litmus kekal
A substance that reacts with acids to produce a salt and hidroksida
water only. Solid sodium
merah.
Colour of red litmus paper remains red.
hydroxide
2.
Formula Persamaan (b) Pepejal natrium Warna merah kertas litmus berubah
molekul Kebesan penceraian asid hidroksida + air kepada biru.
Solid sodium
Contoh asid asid asid di dalam air Colour of red litmus paper changes to blue.
hydroxide + water
Example of acid Molecular Basicity Equation of
formula of acid dissociation of Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:
of acid acid in water
(a) Untuk mengesan kehadiran bahan alkali
(a) Asid
Monoprotik HCl ➞ H+ + Cl–
apabila kertas litmus merah menjadi biru.
hidroklorik HCl To detect the presence of an alkali substance when the
Hydrochloric Monoprotic
acid red litmus paper turns blue.
H3PO4 ➞
(b) Natrium hidroksida, NaOH tidak menunjukkan
(b) Asid fosforik H3PO4 Triprotik
Phosphoric acid Triprotic 3H+ + PO43– sifat kealkaliannya tanpa air kerana ion
hidroksida, OH– di dalam pepejal natrium
(c) Asid nitrik HNO3 Monoprotik HNO3 ➞
Nitric acid Monoprotic H+ + NO3– hidroksida, NaOH tidak dapat bergerak bebas
dan kekal terikat dalam struktur kekisinya.
(d) Asid sulfurik Diprotik H2SO4 ➞ Sodium hydroxide, NaOH does not show its alkaline
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid Diprotic 2H+ + SO42– properties without water because hydroxide ions, OH– in
3. (a) Natrium bikarbonat / Sodium bicarbonate solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH cannot move freely and
are still bonded in its lattice structure.
(b) Magnesium hidroksida / Magnesium hydroxide
(c) Asid karbonik / Carbonic acid Perbincangan / Discussion:
(a) kealkalian
(d) Asid askorbik / Ascorbic acid alkaline
4. Keputusan / Result: (b) mengion, hidroksida
(a) Serbuk asid ionises, hydroxide
Warna biru kertas litmus kekal biru. (c) hidroksida
oksalik Colour of blue litmus paper remains blue.
Oxalic acid powder hydroxide
(b) Serbuk asid (d) kering
Warna biru kertas litmus berubah dry
oksalik + air kepada merah.
Oxalic acid powder (e) mengion
Colour of blue litmus paper changes to red.
+ water ionise
©
PBD 6.2 Nilai pH

pH Value
FORMATIF
1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Neutral
Nilai pH semakin berkurang, keasidan Neutral
Nilai pH semakin bertambah, kealkalian
bertambah . bertambah .
pH value decreases, acidity increases . pH value increases, alkalinity increases .
2. (d) 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 4. Keputusan / Result:

(e) 2, 3, 4 (a) Kepekatan larutan natrium
3. Keputusan / Result: hidroksida (mol dm–3) 0.10 0.010 0.0010
Concentration of sodium hydroxide
(a) Kepekatan asid hidroklorik solution (mol dm–3)
(mol dm–3) 0.10 0.010 0.0010
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
(b) Kepekatan ion hidroksida, OH–
(mol dm–3) (mol dm–3) 0.10 0.010 0.0010
Concentration of hydroxide ion, OH
–
(b) Kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ (mol dm–3)
(mol dm–3) 0.10 0.010 0.0010
Concentration of hydrogen ion, H+ (c) Nilai pH / pH value 13 12 11
(mol dm–3)
(c) Nilai pH / pH value 1 2 3
(a) berkurang / decreases
Mentafsir data / Interpreting data: (b) berkurang / decreases
(a) bertambah / increases (c) Semakin rendah kepekatan ion hidroksida,
(b) berkurang / decreases semakin rendah nilai pH.
(c) Semakin rendah kepekatan ion hidrogen, The lower the concentration of hydroxide ion, the lower
the pH value.
semakin tinggi nilai pH.
The lower the concentration of hydrogen ion, the higher
the pH value. Perbincangan / Discussion:
Perbincangan / Discussion: (a) bertambah / increases
(a) berkurang / decrease (b) berkurang / decreases
(b) berkurang / decrease (c) bertambah / increases
(c) bertambah / increase (d) bertambah / increases
(d) berkurang / decrease
5. Cuka / Vinegar Antasid / Antacid Pencuci longkang / Drain cleaner
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Bateri / Baterry Kopi / Coffee Serbuk penaik / Self-raising flour Sabun / Soap
Asid / Acid Alkali / Alkali

Bateri / Baterry Serbuk penaik / Self-raising flour
Cuka / Vinegar Antasid / Antacid
Kopi / Coffee Sabun / Soap
Pencuci longkang / Drain cleaner


6.3 Kekuatan Asid dan Alkali (d) Darjah penceraian di dalam air kurang
PBD
Strength of Acids and Alkalis
FORMATIF daripada 1%.
Degree of dissociation in water is less than 1%.
1. (a) Mengion separa di dalam air untuk
menghasilkan larutan berbau cuka. 2. (a) H+ + CH3COO–
Ionises partially in water to produce a solution with a vinegar (b) 2H+ + SO42–
smell. (c) K+ + OH–
(b) Asid kuat dengan nilai kebesan 2. (d) NH4+ + OH–
A strong acid with a basicity value of 2.
(c) Mengion lengkap di dalam air dan larutan 3. (a) ✓ (c) ✓
yang terhasil mempunyai nilai pH 14.
Ionises completely in water resulting the solution to have a
pH value of 14.
PBD 6.4 Sifat-sifat Kimia Asid dan Alkali

Chemical Properties of Acids and Alkalis
FORMATIF
1.
Sifat kimia Tindak balas
Chemical properties Reaction
Asid + bes ➞ garam + air / Acid + base ➞ salt

+
water
Contoh / Example:
CuSO4(ak) H2O(ce)
H2SO4(ak) + CuO(p) ➞ +
CuSO4(aq) H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) ➞ +
Asid + logam reaktif ➞ garam + gas hidrogen / Acid + reactive metal ➞ salt +
hydrogen gas
(a) Asid Contoh / Example:

ZnSO4(ak) H2(g)
Acid H2SO4(ak) + Zn(p) ➞ +
ZnSO4(aq) H2(g)
H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ➞ +
Asid + karbonat logam ➞ garam + air + gas karbon dioksida

salt water carbon dioxide gas
Acid + metal carbonate ➞ + +
Contoh / Example:
Ca(NO3)2(ak) H2O(ce) CO2(g)
2HNO3(ak) + CaCO3(p) ➞ + +
Ca(NO3 )2(aq) H2O(l) CO2(g)
2HNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s) ➞ + +
Alkali + asid ➞ garam + air / Alkali + acid ➞ salt

+
water
Contoh / Example:
C H COONa(ak) H2O(ce)
NaOH(ak) + C6H5COOH(p) ➞ 6 5 +
C6H5COONa(aq) H2O(l)
NaOH(aq)+ C6H5COOH(s) ➞ +
Alkali + garam ammonium ➞ garam + air + gas ammonia

salt water ammonia gas
Alkali + ammonium salt ➞ + +
(b) Alkali Contoh / Example:
Alkali NaCl(ak) H2O(ce) NH3(g)
NaOH(ak) + NH4Cl(ak) ➞ + +
NaCl(aq) H2O(l) NH3(g)
NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) ➞ + +
Alkali + ion logam ➞ hidroksida logam tak terlarutkan + kation daripada alkali
insoluble metal hydroxide cation from alkali
Alkali + metal ion ➞ +
Contoh / Example:
Fe(OH)2(p) 2Na+(ak)
2NaOH(ak) + Fe2+(ak) ➞ +
Fe(OH)2(s) 2Na+(aq)
2NaOH(aq) + Fe2+(aq) ➞ +
©
2. Melintang Menegak 6. 5 Kepekatan Larutan Akueus

PBD
Concentration of Aqueous Solution
3. Ammonium 1. Asid FORMATIF
5. Zink 2. Alkali 1. (a) kuantiti zat terlarut, seunit isi padu larutan
6. Aluminium 4. Magnesium quantity of solute, a unit volume of solution
9. Hidroksida 7. Neutral Jisim zat terlarut (g)
11. Air 8. Hidrogen (b)
Mass of solute (g)
12. Ammonia 10. Organik Isi padu larutan (dm3)
1
Volume of solution (dm3)
2 A
Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol)
A 4 S (c) Number of moles of solute (mol)
L
3
A M M O N I U M Isi padu larutan (dm3)
5 Volume of solution (dm3)
Z I N K A D 2. Bilangan mol HCl
A G 7 Number of moles of HCl
6
A L U M I N I U M N 36.5
=
1 + 35.5
8 I E E
= 1.0 mol
H 10 S U
9 Asid kuat mengion lengkap di dalam air.
H I D R O K S I D A T Strong acid ionises completely in water.
D R U R HCl → H+ + Cl–
11 12
A I R G A M M O N I A Nisbah mol
Mole ratio
O A L
HCl : H+ = 1 : 1
G N
Bilangan mol H+
E I Number of moles of H+
N K = 1.0 mol
Across Down Jisim ion H+
2. Organic 1. Acid Mass of H+ ion
7. Hydrogen 3. Ammonium = bilangan mol × jisim molar
8. Neutral 4. Water number of moles × molar mass
9. Zinc 5. Hydroxide = 1.0 × 1
10. Magnesium 6. Aluminium
= 1.0 g
12. Alkali 11. Ammonia 1
Kepekatan ion H+ (g dm–3)
A
Concentration of H+ ion (g dm–3)
C
2
3
Jisim zat terlarut (g)
O R G A N I C Mass of solute (g)
=
4 5 M D Isi padu larutan (dm3)
W H M Volume of solution (dm3)
7
A A H Y D R O G E N 1
8 =
N E U T R A L D N 1
9
E U R Z I N C = 1 g dm–3
R M O U Kepekatan ion H+ (mol dm–3)
11 I X M Concentration of H+ ion (mol dm–3)
10
M A G N E S I U M Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol)
M I D Number of moles of solute (mol)
=
M U E Isi padu larutan (dm3)
Volume of solution (dm3)
O M
1
N =
12 1
A L K A L I
= 1.0 mol dm–3
A

PBD 6.6 Larutan Piawai

Standard Solution PBD 6.7 Peneutralan
Neutralisation
FORMATIF FORMATIF
1. • Bilangan mol zat terlarut dan isi padu 1. asid, garam, air
larutan diketahui dengan tepat. acid, salt, water
Number of moles of solute and volume of solution is
accurately known.
2. (b) ✓ (d) ✓
• Jisim zat terlarut dan isi padu larutan 3. (a) 2.0
diketahui dengan tepat. (b) 8.33
Mass of solute and volume of solution is accurately (c) 100
known.
(d) 1.0
2. (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 3 (e) 5
(f ) 2 PBD 6.8 Garam, Hablur dan Kegunaan dalam
3. (a) 5 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2 (e) 4
FORMATIF
Kehidupan Harian
Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in Daily Life
(f ) 3 (g) 7
4. (a) 1. ion, hidrogen, ammonium
Kepekatan an ionic, hydrogen, ammonium
Concentration
2. (a) tajam
5.3 g natrium 100 cm3 53 g dm–3 Sharp
karbonat + air suling (b) Sudut
5.3 g of sodium 100 cm3 of angle
carbonate distilled water Kepekatan
Concentration (c) tertentu
specific
0.50 mol dm–3
(d) rata
(b) flat
1.0 g natrium (e) tajam
Kepekatan
hidroksida + 50 cm3 air suling Concentration
sharp
1.0 g of sodium 50 cm3 of distilled water (f ) berbeza
hydroxide 0.50 mol dm–3 different
(c) (g) Saiz hablur
Size of crystal
20 cm3 asid
6.67 cm 3
3.
hidroklorik Kepekatan
2.0 mol dm–3 + air suling Concentration
20 cm3 of 6.67 cm3 of (a) Ammonium nitrat Racun kulat
2.0 mol dm–3 1.50 mol dm–3 Ammonium nitrate Fungicide
distilled water
hydrochloric acid
Meningkatkan
(d) (b) Kalium manganat(VII)
rasa makanan
Potassium manganate(VII)
Enhance flavours of foods
25 cm3
100 cm air 3
Kepekatan
asid sulfurik (c) Kalsium sulfat Baja kimia
+ suling Concentration
5.0 mol dm–3 100 cm3 of distilled Calcium sulphate Chemical fertiliser
25 cm3 of 5.0 mol dm–3 water 1.0 mol dm–3
sulphuric acid Bahan pengawet
(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate makanan
(e) Food preservative
12 cm3 larutan (e) Natrium benzoat Plaster paris

ammonia 100 cm3 air Kepekatan Sodium benzoate Plaster of paris
1.0 mol dm–3 + suling Concentration
100 cm3 of
12 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 distilled water 0.091 mol dm–3
ammonia solution
(f ) Natrium klorida Bahan antiseptik
Sodium chloride Antiseptic substance
©
6.9 Penyediaan Garam 4. (a) Peneutralan / Neutralisation

PBD
Preparation of Salts
FORMATIF (b) Menentukan takat akhir pentitratan
To determine the end-point of the titration
1. (a) Sesetengah garam larut di dalam air dan
sesetengah garam tidak larut di dalam air. (c) bahan penunjuk / the indicator
Some salts are soluble in water and some salts are not (d) penguraian terma / thermal decomposition
soluble in water. (e) Garam ammonium dan garam natrium
(b) • Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Jenis Ammonium salts and sodium salts
garam nitrat, sulfat, klorida, karbonat (f ) 2KOH(ak) + H2SO4(ak) → K2SO4(ak) + 2H2O(ce)
dan ammonium 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Manipulated variables: Types of nitrate, sulphate,
chloride, carbonate and ammonium salts 5. (a) Garam / Salt
• Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: (b) Air / Water
Keterlarutan garam di dalam air (c) Garam / Salt
Responding variable: Solubility of salt in water (d) Hidrogen / Hydrogen
• Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Jisim (e) Garam / Salt
garam, isi padu air dan suhu air (f ) Air / Water
Fixed variables: Mass of salt, volume of water and (g) Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide
temperature of water
(c) (i) nitrat 6. (a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 4
nitrate (f ) 5
(ii) natrium 7. (a) Untuk mempercepat tindak balas asid
sodium
sulfurik dengan zink
(iii) kalium To increase the rate of reaction between sulphuric acid
potassium and zinc
(iv) ammonium (b) asid sulfurik ditindak balaskan dengan
ammonium
lengkap
(v) karbonat sulphuric acid is reacted completely
carbonate
(c) Zn(p) + H2SO4(ak) → ZnSO4(ak) + H2O(ce)
(vi) • A
rgentum klorida, AgCl
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Silver chloride, AgCl
•M
erkuri(I) klorida, Hg2Cl2 8. (a) Asid nitrik yang tidak bertindak balas tidak
Mercury(I) chloride, Hg2Cl2 dapat disingkirkan melalui penurasan.
(vii) • B
arium sulfat, BaSO4 The unreacted nitric acid cannot be removed by filtration.
Barium sulphate, BaSO4 (b) Ya. Magnesium oksida merupakan bes. Asid
•P
lumbum(II) sulfat, PbSO4 nitrik meneutralkan magnesium oksida
Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
untuk menghasilkan hanya garam dan air.
•K
alsium sulfat, CaSO4 Yes. Magnesium oxide is a base. Nitric acid neutralises
Calcium sulphate, CaSO4 magnesium oxide to produce only salt and water.
(d) Plumbum(II) klorida, PbCl2 dan plumbum(II) (c) MgO(p) + 2HNO3(ak) → Mg(NO3)2(ak) +
iodida, PbI2 H2O(ce)
Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 and lead(II) iodide, PbI2
MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq)→ Mg(NO3 )2(aq) + H2O(l)
2. peneutralan / neutralisation
9. (a) Karbon dioksida. Gas yang terhasil dialirkan
garam + air / salt + water
ke dalam air kapur. Air kapur menjadi keruh.
3. (a) Asid hidroklorik / Hydrochloric acid Carbon dioxide. The gas produced is flowed into
(b) Natrium hidroksida / Sodium hydroxide limewater. Limewater turns cloudy.
(c) Asid sulfurik / Sulphuric acid (b) CaCO3(p) + 2HCl(ak) → CaCl2(ak) + H2O(ce) +
(d) Kalium hidroksida / Kalium hidroksida CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(e) Asid nitrik / Nitric acid
(f ) Ammonia / Ammonia 10. (b) ✓ (c) ✓
11. (d) ✓ (e) ✓

12. (a) (i) 1 (iv) 3 Bilangan mol Pb(NO3)2 bertindak balas

(ii) 5 (iv) 4 Number of moles of Pb(NO3 )2 reacted:
(iii) 2 0.5 × 5
=
(b) Plumbum(II) nitrat dan kalium iodida 1000
Lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide = 0.0025 mol
(c) Plumbum(II) iodida ialah garam tak Bilangan mol KCl bertindak balas:
terlarutkan. Number of moles of KCl reacted:
Lead(II) iodide is an insoluble salt. 1.0 × 5
=
(d) Pb(NO3)2(ak) + 2KI(ak) → PbI2(p) + 2KNO3(ak) 1000
Pb(NO3 )2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) = 0.0050 mol
0.0025 : 0.0050 = 1 : 2
13. (a) K+, NO3–
(b) (iii) ✓ 1, 2
(c) Ag+(ak) + Cl–(ak) → AgCl(p) Pb2+(ak) + 2Cl−(ak) → PbCl2(p)
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) → PbCl2(s)
(g) Ketinggian mendakan dapat dihubung kait
14. (a) perubahan berterusan / continuous variation dengan kuantiti (bilangan mol) mendakan
(b) bertambah, malar / higher, fixed yang terhasil.
(c) (i) Isi padu larutan kalium klorida The height of the precipitate can be related to the quantity
Volume of potassium chloride solution (number of moles) of precipitate formed.
(ii) Ketinggian mendakan terbentuk (h) Semakin banyak plumbum(II) nitrat
Height of precipitate formed bertindak balas dengan kalium klorida,
(iii) Isi padu dan kepekatan larutan semakin tinggi mendakan yang terbentuk.
plumbum(II) nitrat dan kepekatan The more lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium chloride,
larutan kalium klorida the higher the height of the precipitate formed.
Volume and concentration of lead(II) nitrate solution (i) Semua plumbum(II) nitrat telah bertindak
and concentration of potassium chloride solution balas lengkap dengan kalium klorida.
(e) 5 cm3 All the lead(II) nitrate has reacted completely with
(f ) 5.0 cm3, 5.0 cm3 potassium chloride.
PBD 6.10 Tindakan Haba ke atas Garam

Effect of Heat on Salts
FORMATIF
1.
Ujian gas / Gas test Kaedah / Method Pemerhatian / Observation
(a) Gas oksigen, O2 Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam gas. Gas menyalakan semula kayu uji berbara.
Oxygen gas, O2 Insert a glowing wooden splinter into the gas. Gas rekindles the glowing wooden splinter.
(b) Gas hidrogen, H2 Masukkan kayu uji bernyala ke dalam gas. Gas terbakar dengan bunyi ‘pop’.
Hydrogen gas, H2 Insert a lighted wooden splinter into the gas. Gas burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
(c) Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 Salurkan gas ke dalam air kapur. Gas mengeruhkan air kapur.
Carbon dioxide gas, CO2 Flow the gas into limewater. Gas turns limewater cloudy.
(d) Gas ammonia, NH3 Dekatkan kertas litmus merah lembap ke • Gas berbau sengit terhasil.
Ammonia gas, NH3 dalam gas. Gas with a pungent smell is produced.
Bring a moist red litmus paper into the gas. • Gas menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada
biru.
Gas turns moist red litmus paper blue.
(e) Gas klorin, Cl2 Dekatkan kertas litmus biru lembap ke • Gas berwarna kuning kehijauan dan berbau
Chlorine gas, Cl2 dalam gas. sengit terhasil.
Bring a moist blue litmus paper into the gas. Greenish yellow gas with a pungent smell is produced.
• Gas menukarkan kertas litmus biru kepada
merah dan kemudian melunturkannya.
Gas turns moist blue litmus paper red and finally
decolourises it.
©
Ujian gas / Gas test Kaedah / Method Pemerhatian / Observation

(f ) Gas hidrogen klorida, HCl Dekatkan setitis larutan ammonia pekat Gas membentuk wasap putih.
Hydrogen chloride gas, HCl pada hujung rod kaca ke dalam gas. Gas forms white fumes.
Bring a drop of concentrated ammonia solution on the
end of a glass rod into the gas.
(g) Gas sulfur dioksida, SO2 Salurkan gas ke dalam larutan kalium Gas melunturkan warna ungu larutan kalium
Sulfur dioxide gas, SO2 manganat(VII) berasid. manganat(VII).
Flow the gas into acidified potassium manganate(VII) Gas decolourises purple potassium manganate(VII) solution.
solution.
(h) Nitrogen dioksida, NO2 Dekatkan kertas litmus biru lembap ke • Gas berwarna perang dan berbau sengit
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 dalam gas. terhasil.
Bring a moist blue litmus paper into the gas. Brown gas with a pungent smell is produced.
• Gas menukarkan kertas litmus biru lembap
kepada merah.
Gas turns moist blue litmus paper turns red.
2. Melintang Menegak Across Down

3. hidrogen 1. pop 3. pop 1. Litmus
6. Sulphur 2. combustion
5. karbon 2. pembakaran 7. Nitrogen 4. Hydrogen
7. litmus 4. sulfur 8. Carbon 5. Ammonia
8. nitrogen 6. ammonia
1
1 2 L
2
P P I C
3
3
H I D R O G E N T P O P
P M M M
4 5
B U B H A
4 5 6
S K A R B O N A S U L P H U R Y M
U M K S D M
7
L I T M U S A T R O
7
N I T R O G E N
F O R
O G I
U N A 8
8 C A R B O N E A
R N I T R O G E N
N
A
3. Keputusan / Result:
Warna garam karbonat Warna baki
Garam karbonat sebelum dipanaskan Colour of residue Air kapur
Carbonate salt Colour of carbonate Panas Sejuk Limewater
salt before heating Hot Cold
(a) Kalsium karbonat Putih Putih Putih Air kapur menjadi keruh
Calcium carbonate White White White Limewater turns cloudy
(b) Kuprum(II) karbonat Hijau Hitam Hitam Air kapur menjadi keruh
Copper(II) carbonate Green Black Black Limewater turns cloudy
(c) Magnesium karbonat Putih Putih Putih Air kapur menjadi keruh
Magnesium carbonate White White White Limewater turns cloudy

(d) Plumbum(II) karbonat Putih Perang Kuning Air kapur menjadi keruh
Lead(II) carbonate White Brown Yellow Limewater turns cloudy
(e) Zink karbonat Putih Kuning Putih Air kapur menjadi keruh
Zinc carbonate White Yellow White Limewater turns cloudy
(f ) Natrium karbonat Putih – – Tiada perubahan

Sodium carbonate White No change
(g) Kalium karbonat Putih – – Tiada perubahan

Potassium carbonate White No change

(a) terurai
decompose
(b) karbon dioksida, mengeruhkan
Carbon dioxide, cloudy
(a) logam oksida, karbon dioksida
metal oxide, carbon dioxide
(b) • Logam alkali ialah logam yang sangat reaktif yang membentuk sebatian karbonat yang sangat stabil.
A
lkali metals are very reactive which form very stable carbonate compounds.
• Penguraian karbonat berlaku pada suhu yang sangat tinggi.
D
ecomposition of these carbonates occurs at very high temperatures.
Warna nitrat Warna baki
Warna gas Kertas litmus Kayu uji berbara
Garam nitrat sebelum dipanas Colour of residue
Nitrate salt Colour of nitrate
Colour biru lembap Glowing wooden
Panas Sejuk of gas Moist blue litmus paper splinter
before heating Hot Cold
(a) Kalsium nitrat Putih Putih Putih Perang Biru bertukar kepada merah Menyala semula
Calcium nitrate White White White Brown Blue turns red Rekindles
(b) Kuprum(II)
Hijau Hitam Hitam Perang Biru bertukar kepada merah Menyala semula
nitrat Green Black Black Brown Blue turns red Rekindles
Copper(II) nitrate
(c) Magnesium
Putih Putih Putih Perang Biru bertukar kepada merah Menyala semula
nitrat White White White Brown Blue turns red Rekindles
Magnesium nitrate
(d) Plumbum(II)
Putih Perang Kuning Perang Biru bertukar kepada merah Menyala semula
nitrat White Brown Yellow Brown Blue turns red Rekindles
Lead(II) nitrate
(e) Zink nitrat Putih Kuning Putih Perang Biru bertukar kepada merah Menyala semula
Zinc carbonate White Yellow White Brown Blue turns red Rekindles
Tidak
(f ) Natrium nitrat Putih Putih Putih Kekal biru Menyala semula
Sodium nitrate White White White berwarna Remains blue Rekindles
Colourless
Tidak
(g) Kalium nitrat Putih Putih Putih Kekal biru Menyala semula
Potassium nitrate White White White berwarna Remains blue Rekindles
Colourless
©
Mentafsir data / Interpreting data: (b) 2NaNO3(p) → 2NaNO2(p) + O2(g)

(a) terurai 2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
decompose
5. X: Zn(NO3)2
(b) nitrogen dioksida, oksigen
nitrogen dioxide, oxygen
Y: ZnCO3
Perbincangan / Discussion: Z: ZnO
(a) oksida logam, nitrogen dioksida, oksigen P: O2 ; Q: NO2 atau / or P: NO2 ; Q: O2
metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen R: CO2
PBD 6.11 Analisis Kualitatif

Qualitative Analysis
FORMATIF
1. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

2.
Garam Warna pepejal garam Keterlarutan di dalam air Warna larutan garam
Salt Colour of solid salt Solubility in water Colour of salt solution
(a) Ammonium nitrat Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Ammonium nitrate White Soluble Colourless
(b) Natrium klorida Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Sodium chloride White Soluble Colourless
(c) Kalium nitrat Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Potassium nitrate White Soluble Colourless
(d) Kalsium karbonat Putih Tidak larut –

Calcium carbonate White Insoluble
(e) Magnesium sulfat Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Magnesium sulphate White Soluble Colourless
(f ) Kuprum(II) karbonat Hijau Tidak larut –

Copper(II) carbonate Green Insoluble
(g) Zink sulfat Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Zinc sulphate White Soluble Colourless
(h) Ferum(II) sulfat Hijau Larut Hijau

Iron(II) sulphate Green Soluble Green
(i) Ferum(II) nitrat Hijau Larut Hijau

Iron(II) nitrate Green Soluble Green
(j) Ferum(III) klorida Perang Larut Perang

Iron(III) chloride Brown Soluble Brown
(k) Ferum(III) sulfat Perang Larut Perang

Iron(III) sulphate Brown Soluble Brown
(l) Plumbum(II) nitrat Putih Larut Tidak berwarna

Lead(II) nitrate White Soluble Colourless
(m) Kuprum(II) sulfat Biru Larut Biru

Copper(II) sulphate Blue Soluble Blue
(n) Kuprum(II) klorida Hijau Larut Biru

Copper(II) chloride Green Soluble Blue

3.
• Kuprum(II) karbonat
Tidak larut di dalam air
Insoluble in water Copper(II) carbonate
• Ferum(II) sulfat
Pepejal garam berwarna hijau Iron(II) sulphate
+ air suling Larutan hijau
Green solution • Ferum(II) nitrat
Green solid salt + distilled water
Iron(II) nitrat
• Kuprum(II) klorida
Larutan biru
Blue solution Copper(II) chloride
4. Tidak benar. Warna sahaja tidak mengesahkan identiti sesuatu kation kerana warna bukan ciri unik bagi
kation. Terdapat beberapa kation mempunyai warna yang sama. Contoh: ion Fe2+, Cr3+ dan Ni2+ berwarna
hijau.
Not true. Colour alone cannot identify a particular cation because colour is not a unique property of a cation. There are a few cations that
have the same colour. Example: Fe2+, Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions are green.
5.
Ujian anion / Anion test Pemerhatian / Observation Inferens / Inference
(a) Ion karbonat, CO32– • Pembuakan berlaku

Carbonate ion, CO32– Effervescence occurs 2H+(ak) + CO32–(ak) ➞ CO2(g) + H2O(ce)
• Mengeruhkan air kapur 2H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) ➞ CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Turns limewater cloudy
(b) Ion klorida, Cl– • Mendakan putih terbentuk Ag+(ak) + Cl–(ak) ➞ AgCl(p)
Chloride ion, Cl– White precipitate is formed Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) ➞ AgCl(s)
(c) Ion sulfat, SO42– • Mendakan putih terbentuk Ba2+(ak) + SO42–(ak) ➞ BaSO4(p)
Sulphate ion, SO42– White precipitate is formed
Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) ➞ BaSO4(s)
(d) Ion nitrat, NO3– • Cincin perang terbentuk

Nitrate ion, NO3– Brown ring is formed
Mentafsir data / Interpreting data: Perbincangan / Discussion:

(a) mendakan putih (a) Ion klorida bergabung dengan ion argentum
white precipitate untuk membentuk mendakan putih
(b) karbon dioksida, air kapur argentum klorida yang tidak larut di dalam air.
carbon dioxide, limewater Chloride ion combines with silver ion to form a white
(c) mendakan putih, barium klorida, barium nitrat precipitate of silver chloride that is insoluble in water.
white precipitate, barium chloride, barium nitrate (b) bertindak balas dan menyingkirkan ion
(d) cincin perang karbonat yang mungkin hadir
brown ring react and remove carbonate ion that may be present
©
Pemerhatian
Observation
Kation
Cation
NaOH(ak) NaOH(ak) berlebihan NH3(ak) NH3(ak) berlebihan
NaOH(aq) Excess NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Excess NH3(aq)
(a) NH4+ • Tiada mendakan

No precipitate
• Gas terbebas apabila
dipanaskan
Gas is released when heated
– Tiada mendakan –
• Gas menukar kertas No precipitate
litmus merah lembap
kepada biru
Gas turns moist red litmus
paper to blue
(b) Mg2+ Mendakan tidak larut dalam

Mendakan putih Tiada mendakan –
White precipitate alkali berlebihan No precipitate
Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
(c) Ca2+ Mendakan tidak larut dalam Mendakan tidak larut dalam
Mendakan putih Mendakan putih
White precipitate alkali berlebihan White precipitate alkali berlebihan
Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
(d) Pb2+ Mendakan larut dalam alkali

Mendakan putih berlebihan membentuk larutan Mendakan putih Mendakan tidak larut dalam
White precipitate tidak berwarna White precipitate alkali berlebihan
Precipitate is soluble in excess alkali Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
forming colourless solution
(e) Al3+ Mendakan larut dalam alkali

Mendakan putih berlebihan membentuk larutan Mendakan putih Mendakan tidak larut dalam
White precipitate tidak berwarna White precipitate alkali berlebihan
Precipitate is soluble in excess alkali Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
forming colourless solution
(f ) Zn2+ Mendakan larut dalam alkali Mendakan larut dalam alkali

Mendakan putih berlebihan membentuk larutan Mendakan putih berlebihan membentuk
White precipitate tidak berwarna White precipitate larutan tidak berwarna
Precipitate is soluble in excess alkali Precipitate is soluble in excess alkali
forming colourless solution forming colourless solution
(g) Fe2+ Mendakan tidak larut dalam Mendakan tidak larut dalam
Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau
Green precipitate alkali berlebihan Green precipitate alkali berlebihan
Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
(h) Fe3+ Mendakan tidak larut dalam Mendakan Mendakan tidak larut dalam
Mendakan perang
Brown precipitate alkali berlebihan perang alkali berlebihan
Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali Brown precipitate Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali
(i) Cu2+ Mendakan larut dalam alkali

Mendakan tidak larut dalam berlebihan membentuk
Mendakan biru Mendakan biru
Blue precipitate alkali berlebihan Blue precipitate larutan biru tua
Precipitate is insoluble in excess alkali Precipitate is soluble in excess alkali
forming dark blue solution

Mentafsir data / Analysing data::

(a)
Fe2+ Fe3+ Mendakan Mendakan Mg2+ Ca2+
berwarna putih
Cu2+ Coloured
NaOH(ak) White Pb2+ AI3+ Zn2+
NaOH(aq)
precipitate precipitate
Tiada mendakan
No precipitate
NH4+
(b)
Mendakan Mendakan
Fe2+ Fe3+ NH3(ak) Ca2+
berwarna putih
Cu2+ Coloured NH3(aq) White Pb2+ AI3+ Zn2+
precipitate precipitate
Tiada mendakan
No precipitate
NH4+ Mg2+
(c) (i) Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+ Kation Pemerhatian

Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+ Cation Observation
(ii) Cu2+, Zn2+ (c) Fe 3+
Larutan kalium heksasianoferat(II):
Cu2+, Zn2+ Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution:
(iii) Zn2+ Mendakan biru tua
Dark blue precipitate
(d) (i) Fe2+
Larutan kalium tiosianat:
(ii) Fe3+ Potassium thiocyanate solution:
(iii) Cu2+ Larutan berwarna merah darah
Blood red solution
(d) Pb 2+
Mendakan kuning larut di dalam air
(a) air, ion hidroksida, hidroksida logam
water, hydroxide ions, metal hydroxides panas dan termendak semula apabila
disejukkan.
hidroksida logam Yellow precipitate dissolves in hot water and
metal hydroxides reprecipitated when cooled.
(b) berwarna
coloured Mentafsir data / Analysing data:
(c) berwarna putih (a) reagen Nessler / Nessler reagent
white (b) hijau, biru tua / green, dark blue
(c) perang, biru tua / brown, dark blue
7.
(d) tidak berwarna, kuning, kalium iodida
Kation Pemerhatian colourless, yellow, potassium iodide
Cation Observation
(a) NH4+ Mendakan perang (a) ion iodida, kalium iodida, kuning, PbI2
Brown precipitate
iodide, potassium iodide, yellow, PbI2
(b) Fe2+ Mendakan biru tua
Dark blue precipitate (b) tiada mendakan / no precipitate
(c) ammonia, merah, biru, hidrogen klorida
ammonia, red, blue, hydrogen chloride
©
8.
Ujian / Test Pemerhatian / Observation Inferens / Inference
Masukkan dua spatula pepejal U ke dalam Pepejal berwarna putih.
sebuah bikar. White solid.
Place two spatula of solid U into a beaker.
Tambah 10 cm3 air suling dan kacau untuk Pepejal melarut untuk menghasilkan larutan tidak Ion logam peralihan tidak hadir. Maka,
melarutkan pepejal U. berwarna. tiada ion Fe2+, Fe3+ dan Cu2+.
Add 10 cm3 of distilled water and stir to dissolve solid U. Solid dissolves to form a colourless solution. Transition metal ion is not present. Thus, absent
of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions.
(a) Kepada 1 cm3 larutan U, tambah larutan Mendakan putih yang terbentuk larut di dalam Ion amfoterik seperti Pb2+, Al3+ dan
natrium hidroksida sehingga berlebihan. alkali berlebihan untuk menghasilkan larutan Zn2+ mungkin hadir.
To 1 cm3 of the solution, add sodium hydroxide solution tidak berwarna. Amphoteric ions such as Pb2+, Al3+ and Zn2+ may
until excess. White precipitate formed dissolves in excess alkali to form a be present.
colourless solution.
(b) Kepada 1 cm3 larutan U, tambah larutan Mendakan putih yang terbentuk larut dalam alkali Zn2+ hadir.
berlebihan untuk menghasilkan larutan tidak Zn is present.
2+
ammonia sehingga berlebihan.
To 1 cm3 of solution U, add ammonia solution until berwarna.
excess. White precipitate formed dissolves in excess alkali to form a
colourless solution.
(c) Kepada 1 cm3 larutan U, tambah asid nitrik Mendakan putih yang terbentuk tidak larut di SO42− hadir.
cair diikuti dengan larutan barium nitrat. dalam asid. SO42− is present.
To 1 cm3 of solution U, add dilute nitric acid followed by White precipitate formed does not dissolve in acid.
barium nitrate solution.
zink zulfat, ZnSO4, ion zink, Zn2+, ion sulfat, SO42− / zinc sulphate, ZnSO4, zinc ion, Zn2+, sulphate ion, SO42−
9.
Ujian / Test Pemerhatian / Observation Inferens / Inference
(a) Masukkan dua spatula pepejal W ke dalam Pepejal berwarna putih. Ion logam peralihan tidak hadir. Maka,
sebuah tabung uji. White solid. tiada ion Fe2+, Fe3+ dan Cu2+.
Add two spatulas of solid W into a test tube. Transition metal ion is not present. Thus, absent of
Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions.
Panaskan dengan kuat. • Gas perang yang terbebas menukarkan Gas berasid – NO2
Uji gas yang terbebas. kertas litmus biru lembap kepada Acidic gas – NO2
Heat strongly. merah.
Test the gas released. Brown gas released turns moist blue litmus paper red.
• Gas menyalakan kayu uji berbara. Gas menyokong pembakaran – O2
Gas rekindles glowing wooden splinter. Gas supports combustion – O2
• Baki pepejal W berwarna perang PbO – Pb2+ hadir
semasa panas dan menjadi kuning PbO – Pb2+ is present
semasa sejuk.
Solid residue W is brown when hot and yellow when
cold.
(b) Larutkan baki pepejal W di dalam asid nitrik Baki pepejal W melarut untuk menghasilkan Ion logam peralihan tidak hadir
cair. larutan tidak berwarna. Transition metal ion is not present
Dissolve residue W in dilute nitric acid. Solid residue W dissolves to form a colourless solution.
(i) Kepada 1 cm larutan W, tambah larutan
3
Mendakan putih yang terbentuk larut Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+ mungkin hadir
natrium hidroksida sehingga berlebihan. di dalam NaOH(ak) berlebihan untuk Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+ may be present
To 1 cm3 of solution W, add sodium hydroxide solution menghasilkan larutan tidak berwarna.
until excess. White precipitate formed dissolves in excess NaOH(aq) to
form a colourless solution.
(ii) Kepada 1 cm3 larutan W, tambah larutan Mendakan putih yang terbentuk tidak larut Pb2+, Al3+, mungkin hadir
ammonia sehingga berlebihan. di dalam NH3(ak) berlebihan. Pb2+, Al3+ may be present
To 1 cm3 of solution W, add ammonia solution until White precipitate formed is insoluble in excess NH3(aq).
excess.

(iii) Kepada 1 cm3 larutan W, tambah larutan Mendakan kuning terbentuk. PbI2 – Pb2+ hadir
kalium iodida. Yellow precipitate is formed. PbI2 – Pb2+ is present
To 1 cm3 of solution W, add potassium iodide solution
plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2, ion plumbum(II),

Pb2+, Ion nitrat, NO3−
lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3 )2, lead(II) ion, Pb2+, nitrate ion, NO3−
Bahagian B
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 6
2. (a) − HX larut dalam air dan pelarut organik.
KERTAS 1 HX is soluble in water and organic solvent.
− HX ialah asid kerana HX mengion untuk
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D menghasilkan ion H+.
6. A 7. C HX is an acid because it ionises to produce H+ ions.
− HX ialah asid kuat kerana HX mengion
KERTAS 2 lengkap di dalam air.
Bahagian A HX is a strong acid because it ionises completely in
water.
1. (a) Untuk menunjukkan keasidan atau − HX mengion di dalam air tetapi tidak
kealkalian suatu larutan akueus mengion di dalam pelarut organik.
To show the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution
HX ionises in water but does not ionise in organic
(b) Bikar A: Hijau solvent.
Beaker A: Green
(b) − Bikar I: Serbuk zink melarut, pembuakan,
Bikar B: Tidak berwarna gas tak berwarna dibebaskan.
Beaker B: Colourless
Beaker I: Zinc powder dissolves, effervescence,
Bikar C: Kuning colourless gas liberated.
Beaker C: Yellow
− Ion H+ bertindak balas dengan logam
(c) (i) Asid ialah bahan yang mengion di dalam reaktif zink untuk membentuk garam
air untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen. dan gas hidrogen.
Acid is a substance that ionises in water to produce
H+ ions react with reactive metal zinc to produce a
hydrogen ions.
salt and hydrogen gas.
(ii) Alkali ialah bahan yang mengion di − Bikar II: Tiada perubahan diperhatikan
dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion kerana HX tidak mengion di dalam
hidroksida. pelarut organik.
Alkali is a substance that ionises in water to produce
Beaker II: No visible change observed because HX
hydroxide ions.
does not ionise in organic solvent.
(d) • Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat, manakala − Tiada ion H+ untuk bertindak balas
asid etanoik ialah asid lemah. dengan zink.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, whereas ethanoic
No H+ ions to react with zinc.
acid is a weak acid.
(c) • Bilangan mol HX / Number of moles of HX
• Asid HCl mengion lengkap kepada ion
0.480
hidrogen, H+ dan ion klorida, Cl−. =
HCl ionises completely to hydrogen ions, H+ and 24
chloride ions, Cl−. = 0.02 mol
• Asid etanoik mengion separa kepada ion • HX ialah asid monoprotik.
hidrogen, H+ dan ion etanoat, CH3COO−. HX is a monoprotic acid.
Ethanoic acid ionises partially to hydrogen ions, H+ Bilangan mol H+ / Number of moles of H+
and ethanoate ions, CH3COO−. = 0.02 mol
• Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion yang Kepekatan ion H+ / Concentration of H+ ion
bergerak bebas, semakin tinggi 0.02
kekonduksian elektrik. =
0.250
The higher the concentration of free moving ions, = 0.08 mol dm−3
the higher the electrical conductivity.
©
• pH = − log[H+] 5. Isi padu larutan natrium hidroksida yang

= − log[0.08] ditentukan ditambah secara pentitratan
= 1.09 kepada 25.0 cm3 asid nitrik.
≈ 1.1 The volume of sodium hydroxide solution
determined is added via titration into 25.0 cm3 nitric
Bahagian C acid.
3. (a) − Kation: Ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ 6. Kandungan kelalang kon dituang ke
Cation: Lead(II) ion, Pb2+ dalam mangkuk penyejat.
− Anion: Ion nitrat, NO3− The content of the conical flask is poured into an
Anion: Nitrate ion, NO3− evaporating dish.
− Plumbum(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 7. Larutan campuran dipanaskan sehingga
Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 larutan garam tepu.
(b) − P: Natrium oksida / Sodium oxide The mixture solution is heated until the salt solution
− 4Na(p) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(p) is saturated.
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s) 8. Campuran dibiarkan menyejuk perlahan-
− Q: Larutan natrium hidroksida lahan supaya penghabluran berlaku.
Sodium hydroxide solution The mixture is allowed to cool slowly for
− Na2O(p) + H2O(ce) → 2NaOH(ak) crystallisation to occur.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) 9. Hablur yang terbentuk dituras.
− R: Larutan natrium karbonat The crystals formed are filtered out.
Sodium carbonate solution 10. Hablur dikeringkan di antara kertas
− CO2(g) + 2NaOH(ak) → Na2CO3(ak) + turas.
H2O(ce) The crystals are dried between filter papers.
CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) Persamaan kimia / Chemical equation:
(c) Prosedur / Procedure : HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O
1. 25.0 cm3 asid nitrik dipipetkan ke dalam
sebuah kelalang kon yang bersih.
25.0 cm3 of nitric acid is pipetted into a clean conical APLIKASI KBAT
flask.
2. 2 – 3 titis penunjuk fenolftalein ditambah
ke dalam asid nitrik 1. Kilang membebaskan gas berasid seperti
2 – 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added sulfur dioksida. Asid sulfurik di dalam air hujan
into nitric acid. mengion menghasilkan ion hidrogen. Ion
3. Sebuah buret yang bersih diisi dengan hidrogen mengakis logam besi. Ion daripada asid
larutan natrium hidroksida. Bacaan awal meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik bagi air
buret direkodkan. yang diperlukan untuk pengaratan.
A clean burette is filled with sodium hydroxide. The Factories release acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide. The
initial burette reading is recorded. sulphuric acid in rainwater ionises to produce hydrogen ions.
4. Natrium hidroksida ditambah secara Hydrogen ions corrode iron metal. Ions from the acid increase
the electrical conductivity of water needed for rusting.
perlahan-lahan ke dalam kelalang kon
sehingga penunjuk fenolftalein bertukar 2. • Ammonia merupakan suatu bes.
Ammonia is a base.
daripada tak berwarna kepada merah
• Ammonia berlebihan boleh meningkatkan
jambu. Bacaan buret akhir direkodkan.
pH tanah. Tanah menjadi terlalu beralkali.
Kemudian, isi padu natrium hidroksida Excess ammonia will increase the pH of the soil. Soil
yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan becomes too alkaline.
25 cm3 asid nitrik ditentukan. • Ammonia sangat larut di dalam air.
Sodium hydroxide solution is added slowly into the Ammonia is very soluble in water.
flask until the phenolphthalein indicator changes • Air hujan yang membawa ammonia
colour from colourless to pale pink. The final burette
reading is recorded. Then, the volume of sodium
berlebihan ke dalam sungai boleh
hydroxide required to neutralise 25 cm3 of nitric acid menyebabkan pencemaran air.
is determined. Rain water that carries excess ammonia into rivers can
cause water pollution.

AWAPAN Bab 7
7.1 Penentuan Kadar Tindak Balas 2. (a) Palsu / False

PBD
Determining Rate of Reaction
FORMATIF (b) Benar / True
1. (a) Tindak balas perlahan (c) Palsu / False
Slow reaction
3. (a) Pertambahan isi padu gas
(b) Tindak balas laju Increase in volume of gas
Fast reaction
(b) Pembentukan mendakan
(c) Tindak balas perlahan Formation of precipitate
Slow reaction
4.
Larutan kalium iodida, KI
Zink, Zn dengan Asid nitrik, HNO3 dengan dan larutan plumbum(II)
Tindak balas
Reaction
asid sulfurik, H2SO4 ketulan marmar, CaCO3 nitrat, Pb(NO3)2
Zinc, Zn and sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Nitric acid, HNO3 and marble chips, CaCO3 Potassium iodide solution, KI and
lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3 )2
(a) Perubahan
Isi padu gas hidrogen Jisim ketulan marmar Jisim plumbum iodida
yang diukur Volume of hydrogen gas Mass of marble chips Mass of lead(II) iodide
Measurable change
CaCO3(p) + 2HNO3(ak) ➞ Pb(NO3)2(ak) + 2KI(ak) ➞

(b) Persamaan Zn(p) + H2SO4(ak) ➞
Ca(NO3)2(ak) + H2O(ce) + CO2(g) PbI2(p) + 2KNO3(ak)
kimia ZnSO4(ak) + H2(g)
Chemical equation CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) ➞ Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) ➞
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ➞ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Ca(NO3 )2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(c) Bagaimanakah
• Pembuakan berhenti • Pembuakan berhenti
tindak balas Effervescence is stopped
lengkap Effervescence is stopped Tiada pembentukan
• Tiada lagi gelembung gas • Tiada lagi gelembung gas terbebas
ditentukan? No more gas bubbles is released mendakan lagi
How to determine terbebas • Jisim ketulan marmar tidak berubah
No more precipitate formation
a reaction is No more gas bubbles is released
Mass of marble chips does not change
complete?
5. (a) Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu 6. (a)

Instantaneous rate of reaction Isi padu gas (cm3) / Volume of gas (cm3)
(b) Kadar tindak balas purata

Average rate of reaction 30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
Masa (s)
0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 Time (s)
©
(b) (i) 15 = 0.25 cm3 s–1 (ii) Set I: 43 = 8.6 cm3 minit−1 / cm3 minute−1
60 5
(ii) 22 = 0.16 cm3 s–1 Set II: 43 = 17.2 cm3 minit−1 / cm3 minute−1
140 2.5
(c) [Lukis tangent pada 40 s, tentukan kecerunan] (iii) Set I: AB = 14
[Draw a tangent at 40 s, determine the gradient] BC 1.1
20 − 4 = 0.20 cm3 s–1 = 12.73 cm3 minit−1 / cm3 minute−1
80 − 0
7. (a) Set II: DF = 27
Isi padu gas (cm3) / Volume of gas (cm3) EF 1.6
50.0
= 16.88 cm3 minit−1 / cm3 minute−1
B
45.0 (b) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
40.0 (c) (i) tinggi / higher
35.0 (ii) besar, tinggi / bigger, higher
30.0 (d) (i) Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas,
25.0
semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan
20.0
bahan yang terdedah untuk tindak balas
15.0 A
kimia berlaku.
The smaller the size of reactant, the bigger the total
10.0
surface area exposed for the chemical reaction to
5.0 happen.
0
Masa (s) (ii) Semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan
Time (s)
30.0 60.0 90.0120.0150.0180.0210.0240.0270.0
bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi kadar
tindak balas.
(b) 45 − 15 = 0.2 cm3 s–1 The bigger the total surface area of the reactant, the
180 − 30 higher the rate of reaction.
(c) 48 = 0.2 cm3 s–1 Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
240 Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin
(d) 2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O tinggi kadar tindak balas.
The smaller the size of reactant, the higher the rate of reaction.
PBD 7.2 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar B. Kepekatan
FORMATIF Tindak Balas
Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions Concentration
1. A. Saiz bahan tindak balas / Size of reactants Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:
Mentafsir data / Interpreting data: (a) (i)
Kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat (mol dm–3)
(a) (i) Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution (mol dm–3)
Isi padu gas (cm3) / Volume of gas (cm3)
0.25
50.0
0.2
Set lI / Set II
D 0.15
40.0
Set l / Set I 0.1
0.05 1
30.0 (s–1)
masa
0 1
A 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 (s–1)
time
20.0
1
(ii) ialah kadar tindak balas.
10.0 E F masa
B
C 1
is the rate of reaction.
time
Masa (minit)
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Time (minute)

(iii) Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan Tabung uji Pemerhatian Inferens

natrium tiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar Test tube Observation Inference
tindak balas.
The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate Set I Membara malap Sedikit gas oksigen
Set I Glowing dimly Less oxygen gas
solution, the higher the rate of reaction.
(b) (i) Pepejal putih terhasil Set II Menyala terang Banyak gas oksigen
White solid is produced Set II Burning brightly Plenty of oxygen gas
(ii) Sulfur / Sulphur
Mentafsir data / Mentafsir data:
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(a) 2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O
Semakin tinggi kepekatan bahan tindak balas,
semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. (b) Kehadiran mangan(IV) oksida meningkatkan
The higher the concentration of reactant, the higher the rate of kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
reaction. Presence of manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of
C. Suhu decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Temperature Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Keputusan / Result: Kehadiran mangkin meningkatkan kadar tindak
0.030, 0.042, 0.053, 0.063, 0.071 balas.
Presence of catalyst increases the rate of reaction.
Mentafsir data / Mentafsir data:
(a) (i) PBD 7. 3 Aplikasi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar
Suhu (°C) / Temperature (°C) FORMATIF
Tindak Balas dalam Kehidupan
Application of Factors that Affect the Rate of
55.0 Reactionn Daily Life
50.0
45.0 1. (a) Kepekatan / Concentration
40.0 (b) Saiz / Size
35.0
(c) Suhu / Temperature
30.0
25.0 3. banyak, cepat / more, faster
20.0
15.0 PBD 7.4 Teori Perlanggaran
Collision Theory
10.0 1 FORMATIF
(s )
–1
masa
5.0
1 1. (a) halus / tiny
(s–1)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 time (b) (i) kimia, bergerak
chemical, moving
(ii) Semakin tinggi suhu larutan natrium (ii) berkesan / effective
tiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak 2. • Zarah bahan tindak balas mesti berlanggar
balas. pada orientasi yang betul.
The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate
The particles of reactants must collide in the correct
orientations.
(b) (i) S2O32– + 2H+ → H2O + SO2 + S • Zarah bahan tindak balas mesti mempunyai
(ii) Boleh, kerana ion hidrogen daripada tenaga yang sama atau melebihi tenaga
asid yang terlibat dalam tindak balas. pengaktifan.
Can, because hydrogen ion from the acid that
The particles of reactants must have the same energy or
involves in the reaction.
more than the activation energy.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: 3. Tenaga yang diperlukan oleh lelaki itu untuk
Semakin tinggi suhu bahan tindak balas, semakin melepasi halangan dan menggerakkan batu dari
tinggi kadar tindak balas. A ke B adalah sama seperti tenaga pengaktifan
The higher the temperature of reactant, the higher the rate of
reaction. yang diperlukan oleh zarah untuk memulakan
tindak balas.
C. Kehadiran mangkin Energy needed by the man to overcome the barrier and move
Presence of catalyst
the rock from A to B is equal to the activation energy required
Keputusan / Result: for the particles to initiate a reaction.
©
4. (a) Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
Bahan tindak Ea Hasil tindak

balas balas
Reactants Ea Products
Bahan tindak
balas
Reactants
Hasil tindak
balas
Products
Lintasan tindak balas Lintasan tindak balas

Reaction pathway Reaction pathway
(b) Untuk memutuskan ikatan dalam zarah bahan tindak balas dan membentuk ikatan baharu dalam hasil
tindak balas.
To break the bonds in the reactant particles and form new bonds in the product.
5.
Kesan Kepekatan Tekanan Saiz Suhu Mangkin
Effect Concentration Pressure Reactant size Temperature Catalyst
(a) Bilangan zarah per unit isi padu

bertambah 3 3
Number of particles per unit volume increases
(b) Jumlah luas permukaan terdedah

kepada perlanggaran bertambah 3
Total surface area exposed to collision increases
(c) Menyediakan lintasan alternatif dengan

merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan 3
Provides an alternative pathway by lowering the
activation energy
(d) Tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah

Kinetic energy of particles increases
3
(e) Lebih banyak zarah bertenaga untuk
mengatasi tenaga pengaktifan 3
More particles have energy to overcome the
activation energy
(f ) Lebih banyak zarah dapat mencapai

tenaga pengaktifan 3
More particles can achieve the activation energy
(g) Frekuensi perlanggaran bertambah

Frequency of collisions increases
3 3 3 3
(h) Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan
bertambah 3 3 3 3 3
Frequency of effective collisions
(i) Kadar tindak balas bertambah

Rate of reaction increases
3 3 3 3 3

6. Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
Bahan tindak Ea Hasil tindak

balas Ea balas
Reactants Products
Bahan tindak
ΔH (negatif/ balas ΔH (positif/
negative) Reactants positive)
Hasil tindak
balas
Products
Lintasan tindak balas Lintasan tindak balas

Reaction pathway Reaction pathway
(a) Eksotermik / Exothermic Bahagian B

(b) Haba tindak balas / Heat of reaction
2. (a) Faktor : Saiz / Jumlah luas permukaan
(c) Endotermik / Endothermic Factor: Size / Total surface area
Saiz kentang yang lebih kecil mempunyai
PRAKTIS SUMATIF 7 jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar.
KERTAS 1 Lebih banyak haba dapat diserap. Maka,
kentang cepat masak.
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D Potatoes with smaller has larger total surface area. More
6. C 7. C heat can be absorbed. Thus, the potatoes are cooked
faster.
KERTAS 1 (b) (i) CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
2 HNO3 : 1CO2
Bahagian A
2 mol : 1 mol
1. (a) (i) Tindak balas cepat: Letupan
Fast reaction: Explosion Bilangan mol HNO3 / Number of moles of HNO3
(ii) Tindak balas perlahan: Fotosintesis //
= 50 × 1.0 = 0.05 mol
Pengaratan 1000
Slow reaction: Photosynthesis // Rusting
Bilangan mol CO2 / Number of moles of CO2
(b) (i) Perubahan kuantiti bahan tindak balas
atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa = 0.05 = 0.025 mol
Change of quantity of reactants or products per unit 2
time Isi padu CO2 / Volume of CO2
(ii) Set I / Set I: 50 = 0.238 cm3 s–1 = 0.025 × 24 = 0.6 dm3 // 600 cm3
210
(ii)
Set II / Set II: 50 = 0.333 cm3 s–1
150 Isi padu gas (cm3)
(iii) II Volume of gas (cm3)
Jumlah luas permukaaan / Total surface area III
(c) I
Saiz daging yang kecil // Jumlah luas
permukaan daging lebih besar.
I
Maka, lebih banyak haba diserap.
Small size of beef // Larger total surface area of beef. II
Thus, more heat is absorbed.
Masa (s)
Time (s)
©
(iii) II, I, III Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran

Set I dan Set II / Set I and Set II: mangkin / Manipulated variable: Presence of catalyst
• Kadar tindak balas Set I lebih tinggi. Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Kadar tindak
Rate of reaction of Set I is higher. balas / Responding variable: Rate of reaction
• F aktor ialah saiz // jumlah luas Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Jisim serbuk
permukaan . mangan(IV) oksida // Suhu // Isi padu
Factor is size // total surface area.
hidrogen peroksida
• S aiz lebih kecil // jumlah luas Fixed variable: Mass of manganese(IV) oxide powder //
permukaan kalsium karbonat lebih Temperature // Volume of hydrogen peroxide
besar. Prosedur / Procedure:
Smaller size // total surface area of calcium

1. 5 cm3 hidrogen peroksida dituang ke
carbonate is larger.
dalam dua tabung uji yang dilabel
• F rekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah-
sebagai A dan B. Kedua-dua tabung uji
zarah lebih tinggi.
Frequency of collisions between particles is higher. diletakkan pada rak tabung uji.
5 cm3 hydrogen peroxide is poured into two test-
• F rekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tubes labelled as A and B. Both test tubes are placed
tinggi. in a test tube rack.
Frequency of effective collisions is higher.
2. 0.5 g serbuk mangan(IV) oksida
Bahagian C dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji A.
3. (a) Botol A / Bottle A 0.5 g manganese(IV) oxide powder is put into test
tube A.
− Suhu di dalam peti sejuk lebih rendah
3. Kayu uji berbara didekatkan ke mulut
daripada suhu bilik.
Temperature in the refrigerator is lower than room tabung uji dengan segera.
temperature. A glowing splinter is placed into the mouth of both
test tubes quickly.
− Aktiviti bakteria lebih rendah.
Bacterial activity is lower. 4. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
Observation is recorded.
− Kurang toksin yang dikeluarkan oleh
Persamaan kimia / Chemical equation:
bakteria. // Kadar susu menjadi rosak
2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O
lebih rendah.
Less toxin is produced by bacteria. // The rate of milk
spoilage is lower.
(b) (i) Set I: 50 // 2.5 cm3 s−1 APLIKASI KBAT
20
50
Set II: // 3.33 cm3 s−1 (a) Tindak balas cuka dengan serbuk penaik
15
(ii) − Kadar tindak balas Set II lebih tinggi. menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida yang
Rate of reaction of Set II is higher. menolak roket itu ke atas.
− K
uprum(II) sulfat ialah mangkin. Reaction between vinegar and baking soda produces
Copper(II) sulphate is a catalyst. carbon dioxide gas that push the rocket upwards.
− M
angkin merendahkan tenaga (b) • Asid hidroklorik / Hydrochloric acid
pengaktifan. • Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat //
Catalyst lowers the activation energy. mengion lengkap di dalam air.
− F rekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid // ionises
completely in water.
tinggi. / Frequency of effective collisions is higher.
(c) Bahan: Serbuk mangan(IV) oksida, 20-isi • Menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen
padu hidrogen peroksida yang lebih tinggi.
Produces higher concentration of H+.
Materials: Manganese(IV) oxide powder, 20-volume
hydrogen peroxide • Bertindak balas lebih cepat dengan
Radas: Silinder penyukat 10 cm3, tabung uji, serbuk penaik untuk menghasilkan lebih
rak tabung uji, kayu uji banyak gas karbon dioksida.
Apparatus: 10 cm3 measuring cylinder, test tube, test tube Reacts faster with baking soda to produce more
rack, wooden splinter carbon dioxide gas.

AWAPAN Bab 8
8.1 Aloi dan Kepentingannya Keputusan / Result:

PBD
Alloy and Its Importance
Diameter lekuk pada blok
FORMATIF
1. dua atau lebih unsur, logam Jenis blok

Diameter of dent on the block
two or more elements, metal Type of block
1 2 3 4 Purata (cm)
2. (a) Keluli nirkarat Average (cm)
Stainless steel
Kuprum
(b) Duralumin Copper
4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Duralumin
Gangsa
(c) Piuter Bronze
3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1
Pewter
(d) Loyang Perbincangan / Discussion:
Brass (a) kecil
(e) Keluli smaller
Steel (b) kecil
(f ) Gangsa smaller
Bronze 4.
3. A. Sifat tahan kakisan bahan
Aloi Sifat Logam tulen
Resistance to corrosion Alloy Properties Pure metal
Keputusan / Result:
Pudar // kurang
Berkilat Permukaan
Shiny Surface berkilat
Perubahan pada permukaan kepingan Dull // less shiny
Changes on the surface of the plate
Lebih keras Kekerasan Kurang keras
Kepingan Harder Hardness Less harder
Plate Sebelum direndam Selepas direndam
di dalam air suling di dalam air suling Tahan kakisan Tahan kakisan Mudah terkakis
Resistant to corrosion Resistant to corrosion Easy to corrode
Before immersing in After immersing in
the distilled water the distilled water
5. (a) sama, padat dan teratur, mudah, mulur
same, closely and orderly, easily, ductile
Pudar // kurang (b) boleh ditempa
berkilat dan tiada Tompok perang malleable
Besi
Iron tompok perang terbentuk (karat) (c) Pengaloian, berbeza, tidak teratur, sukar,
Dull // less shiny and no Brown spot is formed (rust)
brown spot
keras dan kuat
Alloying, different, disorderly, hardly, harder and stronger
6. (a) Gangsa
Keluli Berkilat dan tiada Bronze
Tiada perubahan
nirkarat tompok perang No changes (b) Loyang
Stainless steel Shiny and no brown spot Brass
(c) Keluli
Steel
(d) Keluli nirkarat
(a) lapisan oksida Stainless steel
oxide layer
(e) Duralumin
(b) besi, keluli nirkarat Duralumin
iron, stainless steel
(f ) Piuter
B. Sifat tahan kakisan bahan Pewter
Resistance to corrosion
©
8.2 Komposisi Kaca dan Kegunaannya • Mudah pecah

PBD
FORMATIF Composition of Glass and Its Uses Easily crack
1. • Lut sinar • Penebat elektrik
Electrical insulator
Transparent
• Lengai secara kimia • Penebat haba
Heat insulator
Chemically inert
• Keras tetapi rapuh • Rintangan haba tinggi
High heat resistance
Hard but brittle
• Penebat elektrik 5. (a) 3 Seramik tradisional
Electrical insulator Traditional ceramics
• Penebat haba (b) 3 Seramik termaju
Heat insulator Advanced ceramics
• Kalis air (c) 3 Seramik termaju
Water resistant Advanced ceramics
2. (a) Kaca plumbum / Lead crystal glass (d) 3 Seramik tradisional
(b) Kaca borosilikat / Borosilicate glass Traditional ceramics
(c) Kaca soda kapur / Soda-lime glass 6. (a) Benar / True
(d) Kaca silika terlakur / Fused silica glass (b) Palsu / False
(c) Benar / True
PBD 8.3 Komposisi Seramik dan Kegunaannya
Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses (d) Palsu / False
FORMATIF
1. (a) bukan organik, bukan logam

inorganic, non-metal PBD 8.4 Bahan Komposit dan Kepentingannya
Composite Materials and Its Importance
FORMATIF
(b) pembentukan, pengerasan

formation, hardening 1. gabungan dua atau lebih, bahan matriks, bahan
pengukuhan
2. (a) Aluminium oksida, Al2O3 combination of two or more, matrix substance, strengthening
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 substance
(b) Titanium karbida, TiC 2.
Titanium carbide, TiC
(c) Silikon karbida, SiC
Silicon carbide, SiC
Bahan komposit
3. (a) Ikatan kovalen dan ikatan ion yang kuat Bahan komposit
Composite material
Composite material
antara zarah-zarahnya.
Strong covalent bond and strong ionic bond between 3.
particles.
Bahan
(b) Atom di dalam seramik tidak dapat Bahan komposit Bahan matriks pengukuhan
menggelongsor di atas satu sama lain apabila Composite material Matrix substance Strengthening
daya dikenakan kerana atom diikat dengan substance
kuat dalam susunan yang tidak teratur.
Atoms in ceramics cannot slide onto each other when (a) Konkrit Konkrit Tetulang keluli
diperkukuhkan Concrete
forced is applied due to the strong bond between atoms atau jejaring
in irregular arrangement. Reinforced concrete
dawai
(c) Elektron di dalam seramik tidak bebas Steel bars or wire
bergerak untuk mengkonduksikan elektrik mesh
atau haba.
Electrons in ceramics cannot move freely to conduct (b) Kaca gentian Plastik Gentian kaca
electricity or heat. Fibre glass Plastic Glass fibres
4. • Keras dan kuat

Hard and strong
• Lengai secara kimia
Chemically inert

Bahan
(e) (i) Rintangan elektrik yang tinggi pada
Bahan komposit Bahan matriks pengukuhan suhu bilik
Composite material Matrix substance Strengthening High resistant to electrical at room temperature
substance (ii) Tiada rintangan elektrik pada suhu yang
sangat rendah
(c) Gentian optik • Salutan kaca Gentian kaca silika No electrical resistant at very low temperature
Optical fibre
atau plastik Silica glass fibres
Glass or plastic
coating PRAKTIS SUMATIF 8
• Jaket
pelindung
KERTAS 1
plastik 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B
Plastic protective 6. B
jacket
KERTAS 2
(d) Kaca Kaca Argentum klorida, Bahagian A
fotokromik Glass AgCl dan kuprum(I)
Photochromic glass klorida, CuCl 1. (a) Jenis: Kaca plumbum
Silver chloride, AgCl and Type: Lead crystal glass
copper(I) chloride, CuCl Kegunaan: Prisma
Use: Prisms
4. (a) Kaca fotokromik (b) Sangat tahan haba / suhu tinggi // Legap
Photochromic glass atau tidak lut sinar
(b) Superkonduktor Resistant to very high heat / temperature // Opaque and
Superconductor not transparent
(c) Superkonduktor (c) (i) Argentum klorida / kuprum(I) klorida
Superconductor Silver chloride / copper(I) chloride
(d) Konkrit diperkukuhkan (ii) Cermin mata gelap / tingkap kereta
Reinforced concrete gelap / tingkap bangunan gelap
(e) Kaca gentian Tinted glasses / tinted car window / tinted building
Fibre glass window
(f ) Gentian optik (iii) • P
embentukan atom argentum, Ag
Optical fibre menghalang laluan cahaya.
The formation of silver atoms, Ag prevents the

5. (a) (i) Konkrit / Concrete passage of light.
(ii) • K ekuatan regangan yang tinggi • Apabila keadaan malap, kuprum(I)
High stretching strength
klorida, CuCl di dalam kaca fotokromik
• M udah karat / Easily corrodes
memangkinkan pembalikan proses
(b) (ii) Gentian kaca / Glass fibre
supaya kaca menjadi lut sinar semula.
(iii) • K
ekuatan regangan tinggi In dim
light, copper(I) chloride, CuCl in
High stretching strength photochromic glass catalyses the reverse process
• P
enebat haba dan elektrik so that the glass becomes transparent again.
Electrical and heat insulator
• Tahan lasak / Durable
• Tahan hakisan / Resistant to corrosion Bahagian B
(c) (i) • K
ekuatan mampatan yang tinggi 2. (a) (i) P: Kaca plumbum
High compression strength Lead crystal glass
• F leksibel / Flexible Kegunaan P: Sebagai barang hiasan //
(iii) Gentian optik / Optical fibre lampu kristal // prisma
(d) (i) Kaca / Glass Use of P: As decorative items // crystal chandeliers //
prisms
(ii) Argentum klorida
Silver chloride Q: Kaca borosilikat
Borosilicate glass
(iii) Kaca fotokromik
Photochromic glass
©
Kegunaan Q: Alatan dapur // alat radas (ii) Teknologi hijau dan kitar semula
makmal Green technology and recycling
Use of Q: Kitchen utensils // laboratory apparatus (Sebarang jawapan yang sesuai)
( Any suitable answer)
(ii) P: Mempunyai indeks pembiasan yang
tinggi
P: Has a high refractive index Bahagian C
Q: Pekali pengembangan yang rendah // 3. (a)
tahan haba
Q: Low expansion coefficient // resistant to heat Bahan Jenis bahan
komposit komposit Sifat
(b) • Keluli diperbuat daripada gabungan dua Composite Type of composite Properties
jenis unsur iaitu atom karbon dan atom material material
besi.
Steel is made from the combination between carbon Kekuatan mampatan yang
atom and iron atom. Konkrit yang tinggi // Kekuatan regangan
R diperkukuhkan yang tinggi // Tahan kakisan
• Besi ialah logam tulen yang hanya Reinforced concrete High compressive strength / High
mempunyai satu jenis atom yang bersaiz tensile strength // Corrosion resistance
atom sama.
Iron is a pure metal that has only one type of atom of Menyerap sinar UV // Sensitif
the same size.
Kaca
S fotokromik terhadap keamatan cahaya
• Kehadiran atom asing (atom karbon) Photochromic glass
Absorbs UV rays // Sensitive to light
intensity
yang berlainan saiz akan mengganggu
susunan teratur logam tulen (logam (b)
besi).
The presence of foreign atoms (carbon atoms) of Aloi X Aloi Y
different size disrupts the orderly arrangement of Alloy X Alloy Y
the pure metal. Jenis aloi Loyang Gangsa
• Apabila daya dikenakan, atom- Type of alloy Brass Bronze
atom di dalam keluli tidak mudah Peratus 70% kuprum 90% kuprum
menggelongsor antara satu sama lain. komposisi 70% copper 90% copper
When force is applied, it is hard for the atoms in the Percentage of 30% zink 10% stanum
steel to slide over on one another. composition 30% zinc 10% tin
(c) (i)
Alatan muzik // Pingat // Tugu //
Bahan Nama Ciri istimewa Kegunaan Tombol pintu // Kunci Piala
Use Musical instruments // Door Medals // Monuments //
Substances Name Special characteristic
knobs // Locks Trophies
Tahan haba yang tinggi // Lengai

W Seramik (c) Prosedur / Procedure:
Ceramics terhadap bahan kimia
Withstand high heat // Inert to chemicals 1. Susunan radas seperti di bawah
disediakan.
Kaca Sensitif terhadap keamatan The apparatus set-up below is prepared.
X fotokromik cahaya
Kaki retort
Photochromic
Sensitive to light intensity Retort stand
glass
0
Ringan tetapi kuat // Kekuatan

cm
1
Pembaris meter
Kaca
2
regangan yang tinggi // Tahan Metre rule

3
Y gentian lasak
4
Pemberat 1 kg
5
Fibre glass Lightweight but strong // High tensile 1 kg weight

6
strength // Durable
7
8
Gentian Kekuatan mampatan yang tinggi

9
Pita selofan
10
Cellophane tape
Z optik // Fleksibel
11
Bebola keluli
12
Optical fibre High compressive strength // Flexible Steel ball bearing

13
14
Blok kuprum atau blok gangsa

15
Copper block or bronze blok

2. Gantung pemberat 1 kg setinggi 80 cm Kesimpulan / Conclusion :

di atas permukaan blok kuprum. Gangsa adalah lebih keras berbanding
Hang 1 kg weight at 80 cm above the surface of the kuprum. // Aloi lebih keras daripada logam
copper block.
tulennya.
3. Jatuhkan pemberat itu ke atas bebola Bronze is harder than copper. // Alloy is harder than its
keluli pure metal.
Release the weight onto the steel ball bearing.
4. Ukur diameter lekuk yang terbentuk
pada permukaan blok kuprum itu. APLIKASI KBAT
Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the
surface of the copper block.
5. Ulang langkah 2 hingga 4 sebanyak (a) Superkonduktor
tiga kali pada permukaan blok kuprum Superconductor
berbeza untuk memperoleh diameter (b) Tiada rintangan elektrik pada suhu yang
purata lekuk. sangat rendah menyebabkan kereta api
Repeat steps 2 to 4 three times on different surfaces bergerak tanpa geseran dan meningkatkan
of the copper block to obtain the average diameter kelajuan kereta api.
of the dent. No electrical resistance at very low temperature causes
6. Ulang langkah 1 hingga 6 dengan the train to move without friction and increases the
menggantikan blok kuprum dengan speed of train.
blok loyang. (c) Mesin MRI // Resonans magnet nukleus
Repeat steps 1 to 6 by replacing the copper block (NMR) // Pemecut zarah
with the bronze block. MRI machine // Nucleus magnet resonance (NMR) //
Keputusan / Result : Particle accelerator
Jenis Diameter lekuk (cm)

Diameter of dent (cm)
blok Purata diameter (cm)
Type of Average diameter (cm)
block
1 2 3 4
Kuprum
Copper
Gangsa
Bronze
©
AWAPAN Pentaksiran Akhir Tahun
Kertas 1 3. (a) (i) Campuran dua atau lebih unsur yang

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. C mana unsur utamanya ialah logam.
A mixture of two or more elements where its main
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. C element is a metal.
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A (ii) • Kromium / Chromium
16. B 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. A • Nikel / Nickel
• Karbon / Carbon
21. D 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. B [Mana-mana dua jawapan / Any two answers]
26. C 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. A (iii) Jisim besi / Mass of iron
31. C 32. B 33. D 34. B 35. D 71.5
= ×2
36. C 37. B 38. D 39. D 40. B 100
= 1.43 kg
(b) • Kaca borosilikat / Borosilicate glass
Kertas 2 • Tahan haba / Resistant to heat
Bahagian A
4. (a) Molekul / Molecule
1. (a) Bilangan proton dalam nukleus suatu atom 18
(b) Bilangan mol CH4 =
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Number of moles of CH 24
4
(b) Y // 23
23
11 11 Na = 0.75 mol
(c) 8 Bilangan molekul metana
(d) (i) Pepejal kepada cecair Number of methane molecules
Solid to liquid = 0.75 × 6.02 × 1023
(ii) Berputar dan bergetar pada kedudukan = 4.515 × 1023
yang tetap (c) (i) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Rotate and vibrate at a fixed position (ii) • Bahan tindak balas ialah CH4 dan O2.
2. (a) Bertindak sebagai mangkin untuk Hasil tindak balas ialah CO2 dan H2O.
The reactants are CH4 and O2. The products are
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas CO2 and H2O.
Acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction
• 1 mol CH4 bertindak balas dengan
(b) • Zarah bahan tindak balas berlanggar
2 mol O2 untuk menghasilkan 2 mol
pada orientasi yang betul
Reactant particles collide in the correct orientations
CO2 dan 2 mol H2O.
1 mole of CH4 reacts with 2 moles of O2 to
• Zarah bahan tindak balas mencapai produce 2 moles of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O.
tenaga pengaktifan
Reactant particles achieve the activation energy 5. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah
paling ringkas atom setiap jenis unsur dalam
(c) Tenaga
Energy sesuatu sebatian.
Chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the
atoms of each type of element in a compound.
(b) (i) Magnesium oksida // Aluminium oksida
2H2O2
// Zink oksida
2H2O + O2
Magnesium oxide // Aluminium oxide // Zinc oxide
(ii) Plumbum(II) oksida // Kuprum(II) oksida
Lintasan tindak balas Lead(II) oxide // Copper(II) oxide
Reaction pathway
(d) 43.00 cm3

(c) (i) 7. (a) Mengikut tertib menaik nombor proton

Unsur Ascending / Increasing order of proton numbers
Element
X O (b) Q, P, R, U, T, S
Bilangan mol 2.60 0.64 (c) (i) Bersifat bes
Basic
Number of moles 65 = 0.04 16 = 0.04
(ii) Bersifat amfoterik
Nisbah teringkas 1 1 Amphoteric
Simplest ratio
(d) (i) 2ROH + CO2 → R2CO3 + H2O
Formula empirik XO 480
Emprical formula (ii) Bilangan mol CO2 =
Number of moles of CO 24
(ii) 2X + O2 → 2XO 2
(d) (i) Untuk mengelakkan plumbum // = 20 mol

kuprum yang panas teroksida kepada Nisbah mol / Mole ratio
plumbum(II) oksida // kuprum(II) oksida 2 mol ROH : 1 mol CO2
semula 40 mol ROH : 20 mol CO2
To prevent hot lead // copper from being oxidised to Jisim ROH / Mass of ROH = 40 × 24
lead(II) oxide // copper(II) oxide again = 960 g
(ii) Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan (e) • Unsur Q / Element Q
penimbangan diulangi sehingga jisim • Lengai secara kimia
yang tetap diperoleh. Inert chemically
Process of heating, cooling and weighing are 8. (a) (i) Larutan yang kepekatannya diketahui
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. dengan tepat.
6. (a) (i) Ikatan ion / Ionic bond Solution which its concentration is accurately
(ii) Daya tarikan elektrostatik antara ion- known.
ion adalah kuat. // Lebih banyak haba (ii) MV1 = M2V2
diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya 1.0 × V1 = 0.1 × 250
tarikan yang kuat antara ion-ion. V1 = 25 cm3
The electrostatic attraction forces between the ions
is strong. // More heat is needed to overcome the
(iii) 1. Keluarkan 25 cm3 larutan natrium
strong attraction forces between ions. hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3 dengan pipet.
Take out 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sodium
(b) (i) H dan O / H and O
hydroxide solution with a pipette.
(ii) 2. Pindahkan larutan ke dalam kelalang
kon 250 cm3.
H O H Transfer the solution into 250 cm3 volumetric
flask.
3. Tambahkan air suling sehingga paras
meniskus tanda senggatan.
(iii) • E thanol larut di dalam sebatian Add distilled water until the meniscus level of the
kovalen X / air. calibration mark.
Ethanol dissolves in covalent compound X /
0.1 × 25
water. (b) Bilangan mol NaOH =
Number of moles of NaOH 1000
• M
olekul etanol mengandungi atom
hidrogen yang terikat kepada atom = 0.0025 mol
oksigen. Nisbah mol / Mole ratio
Ethanol molecule contains hydrogen atom that is
1 mol HCl : 1 mol NaOH
bonded to oxygen atom. 0.0025 mol HCl : 0.0025 mol NaOH
• M
olekul etanol membentuk ikatan
hidrogen dengan molekul sebatian 0.0025 × 1000
Isi padu HCl =
kovalen X / air. Volume of HCl 0.1
Ethanol molecules form hydrogen bond with
= 25.00 cm3
covalent compound X / water molecules.
Atau / Or
(c) MgO
©
MaVa a (b) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

= 1.2
MbVb b Bilangan mol CO2 =
0.1 × Va 1 Number of moles of CO
24
2
= = 0.05 mol
0.1 × 25 1
Nisbah mol / Mole ratio
Va = 25 cm3
CaCO3 : CO2
(c)
1 mol : 1 mol
Kawasan A Kawasan B 0.05 mol : 0.05 mol
Area A Area B
Jisim CaCO3 / Mass of CaCO3 = 0.05 × 100
Sebab / Reason: Sebab / Reason: =5g
Kualiti udara bersih Banyak peluang (c) (i) • Q: Plumbum(II) iodida /
Clean air quality pekerjaan Lead(II) iodide // PbI2
Many job opportunities • V: Karbon dioksida /
Hujan asid tidak Good infrastructures Carbon dioxide // CO2
berlaku Infrastruktur yang baik • W: Plumbum(II) karbonat /
Acid rain does not occur Lead(II) carbonate // PbCO3
• X: Asid nitrik / Nitric acid // HNO3
Bahagian B • Y: Plumbum(II) nitrat /
9. (a) • Pelarut X: Air Lead(II) nitrate // Pb(NO3)2
Solvent X: Water • Z: Plumbum(II) oksida /
• Pelarut Y: Metilbenzena // Propanon Lead(II) oxide // PbO
Solvent Y: Methylbenzene // Propanone (ii) 1. Alirkan gas V ke dalam air kapur.
Pass gas V into limewater.
Kawasan A Kawasan B
Area A Area B
2. Air kapur menjadi keruh.
Limewater turns cloudy.
Gelembung gas Tiada gelembung 10. (a) • Situasi I: Saiz garam batu
terbebas gas terbebas // Tiada Situation I: Size of rock salt
Gas bubbles released perubahan • Situasi II: Suhu air
No bubbles released // No Situation II: Temperature of water
change Situasi I / Situation I
• Jumlah luas permukaan serbuk garam
HCl mengion HCl tidak mengion batu lebih besar berbanding dengan
HCl ionised // wujud sebagai kepingan garam batu. // Saiz serbuk
molekul garam batu lebih kecil berbanding
HCl did not ionise //
existed as molecules
dengan kepingan garam batu.
The total surface area of rock salt powder is larger
than rock salt flakes. // The size of rock salt powder is
Menghasilkan ion Tiada ion H+ smaller than rock salt flakes.
H+ // dihasilkan // • Luas permukaan serbuk garam batu yang
Menunjukkan sifat Tidak menunjukkan terdedah kepada air lebih besar.
asid // sifat asid // The surface area of rock salt exposed to water is larger.
Tindak balas berlaku Tiada tindak balas Atau / Or
Produced H+ // berlaku Situasi II / Situation II
Showed acidic properties No H+ ion produced // • Suhu air panas lebih tinggi daripada air
// Did not show acidic
Reaction occurred sejuk.
properties // No reaction Temperature of hot water is higher than cold water.
occurred
• Tenaga kinetik molekul / zarah air lebih
tinggi.
• Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2 Kinetic energy of water molecules / particles is higher.

(b) (i) • Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 • Kepekatan asid sulfurik / ion hidrogen

• Bilangan mol H2O4 dalam Set III lebih tinggi daripada Set
Number of moles of H2SO4 I.
The concentration of sulphuric acid // hydrogen
0.1 × 50
= ions in Set III is higher than Set I.
1000 • Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isi padu
= 0.005 mol dalam Set III lebih tinggi daripada Set
• Isi padu gas H2 I.
Volume of H2 gas The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume in
= 0.005 × 24 Set III is higher than Set I.
= 0.12 dm3 • Frekuensi perlanggaran antara atom
(ii) zink dan ion hidrogen dalam Set III
Isi padu gas (cm3)
lebih tinggi berbanding dengan Set I.
Volume of gas (cm3) The frequency of collisions between zinc atoms
and hydrogen ions in Set III is higher than Set I.
50 • Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan
II III I dalam Set III lebih tinggi berbanding
dengan Set I.
The frequency of effective collisions in Set III is
higher than Set I.
Masa (s)
Time (s)
Bahagian C
70 90 110
11. (a) (i) • W: Kaca soda kapur / Soda-lime glass
(iii) Set I dan Set II / Set I and Set II • X: Kaca fotokromik / Photochromic glass
• Kadar tindak balas Set II lebih tinggi Persamaan sifat kaca W dan kaca X
daripada Set I. Similar properties of glass W and glass X
The rate of reaction in Set II is higher than Set I.
• Lut sinar / Transparent
• Mangkin hadir di Set II. • Lengai secara kimia / Inert chemically
Catalyst is present in Set II.
• Penebat haba dan elektrik
• Mangkin // CuSO4 menyediakan Heat and electrical insulator
lintasan alternatif dengan • Kalis air / Waterproof
merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan. [Mana-mana dua jawapan / Any two answers]
Catalyst // CuSO4 provides an alternative
pathway by lowering the activation energy. (ii) • X // Kaca fotokromik / Photochromic glass
• Lebih banyak zarah-zarah bahan • Sensitif terhadap keamatan cahaya /
Sensitive to light intensity
tindak balas // atom zink dan ion
• Menyerap sinar ultraungu
hidrogen mencapai / mengatasi Absorbs ultraviolet rays
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah. (b) • Bahan A / Material A: Gangsa / Bronze
More reacting particles // zinc atoms and
hydrogen ions can achieve / overcome the lower Bahan B / Material B: Kuprum / Copper
activation energy. • Kedalaman lekuk bahan A / gangsa
• Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan
antara atom zink dan ion hidrogen bahan B / kuprum tulen.
dalam Set II lebih tinggi berbanding The depth of dent of material A / bronze is smaller
than material B / pure copper.
dengan Set I.
The frequency of effective collisions between zinc • Dalam bahan A / gangsa, kehadiran atom
atoms and hydrogen ions in Set II is higher than stanum dengan saiz yang berlainan
Set I. mengganggu susunan teratur atom
Set I dan Set III / Set I and Set III kuprum tulen.
• Kadar tindak balas dalam Set III lebih Dalam bahan B / kuprum tulen, atom
tinggi daripada Set I. yang bersaiz sama disusun secara teratur.
The rate of reaction in Set III is higher than Set I.
©
In material A / bronze, the presence of tin atoms with (ii) 1. Kepingan ferum dan kepingan keluli
different sizes disrupt the orderly arrangement of dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
pure copper atoms. Iron plate and steel plate are cleaned with
In material B / pure copper, the atoms of the same sandpaper.
size are arranged orderly.
2. Dua bikar diisi dengan (20 – 100) cm3
• Apabila dikenakan daya, atom dalam
air suling.
bahan A / gangsa sukar menggelongsor, Two beakers are filled with (20 – 100) cm3 of
manakala atom dalam bahan B / kuprum distilled water.
tulen mudah menggelongsor. 3. Kedua-dua kepingan diletakkan ke
When force is applied, the atoms in material A dalam setiap bikar.
/ bronze cannot slide easily, while the atoms in Both plates are placed into each beaker.
material B / pure copper can slide easily.
4. Kedua-dua bikar dibiarkan selama
• Bahan A / Gangsa lebih keras / kuat
satu minggu.
berbanding dengan bahan B / kuprum Both beakers are left aside for one week.
tulen. 5. Pemerhatian dicatatkan.
Material A / Bronze is harder / stronger than material The observation is recorded.
B / pure copper.
6. Kepingan ferum diselaputi dengan
(c) (i) • Keluli / Steel
banyak pepejal perang, manakala
• Lebih kuat // Lebih keras // Lebih
kepingan keluli diselaputi dengan
tahan kakisan / pengaratan
Stronger // Harder // More resistant to corrosion
sedikit pepejal perang.
Ion plate is covered with a lot of brown solid,
/ rusting
while steel plate is covered with a little of brown
solid.
Kertas 3
(a) Eksperimen
Experiment
I II III IV V
Isi padu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 (cm3)

45 40 30 20 10
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 (cm3)
Isi padu air suling (cm3) 0 5 15 25 35

Volume of distilled water (cm3)
Isi padu asid sulfurik, H2SO4 (cm3)

5 5 5 5 5
Volume of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 (cm3)
Jumlah isi padu campuran (cm3) 50 50 50 50 50
Total volume of mixture (cm3)
Masa diambil bagi tanda ‘X’ tidak kelihatan (s)

Time taken for the ‘X’ mark to disappear from view (s)
(b) Eksperimen
Experiment
I II III IV V
Kepekatan natrium tiosulfat yang bertindak balas,
M2 (mol dm–3) 0.2 × 45 0.2 × 40
Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution that reacts, M2
(mol dm–3) 50 50 0.12 0.08 0.04
M1V1 = 0.18 = 0.16
M2 =
V2
Kadar tindak balas, 1 (s–1)

masa
Rate of reaction, 1 (s–1)
time

(c) Graf / Graph (ii) Sulfur terbentuk / Sulphur is formed

• Kedua-dua paksi dilabel dengan unit. (f ) (i) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan:
Both axes are labelled with units. Kepekatan natrium tiosulfat
– Paksi-y: Kepekatan larutan natrium Manipulated variable: Concentration of sodium
tiosulfat (mol dm–3) thiosulphate
y-axis: Concentration of sodium thiosulphate (ii) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Masa
solution (mol dm–3) yang diambil untuk tanda ‘X’ tidak
1 1 kelihatan // Kadar tindak balas
– Paksi-x: (s–1) / x-axis: time (s–1) Responding variable: Time taken for ‘X’ mark to
masa
disappear from view // Rate of reaction
• Skala seragam / Uniform scale
(iii) Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu
• Semua titik diplot dengan betul (melalui
natrium tiosulfat // Saiz kelalang kon //
sekurang-kurangnya tiga titik).
All points are plotted correctly (pass through at least
Suhu
Fixed variable: Volume of sodium thiosulphate // Size of
three points).
conical flask // Temperature
Saiz graf mesti melebihi 30% daripada (g) Masa yang diambil untuk tanda ‘X’ tidak
kertas graf. kelihatan
The size of the graph must be more than 30% of the Time taken for ‘X’ mark to disappear
graph paper.
(h) • Masa yang diambil untuk tanda ‘X’ tidak
Kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 (mol dm–3)
Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 (mol dm )
–3 kelihatan menjadi lebih lama
Time taken for ‘X’ mark to disappear from view is longer
• Keluasan dasar kelalang kon 250 cm3
lebih besar // Kurang mendakan untuk
menutupi tanda ‘X’
Base area of 250 cm3 conical flask is bigger // Less
1 1
0 (s–1) /
time
(s–1) precipitate to cover ‘X’ mark
masa
(d) Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium

tiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.
The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate
(e) (i) Tanda ‘X’ tidak kelihatan // Mendakan
kuning terbentuk
‘X’ mark disappears from view // Yellow precipitate is
formed
©

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AWAPAN Bab 1

1.1 Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Kepentingan 2. Tujuan

PBD 1. 3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan

1. (a) Topeng muka

2. 7. (a) guru, pembantu makmal

2 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(b) Semakin tinggi suhu air, semakin bertambah 6. Mengumpul data

4 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

2.1 Konsep Asas Jirim Cecair / Liquid

1. (a) mempunyai jisim, memenuhi ruang

4. (a) (i) Graf pemanasan naftalena

Suhu (°C) / Temperature (°C)

Particles are closely packed in an orderly manner Melting point

(d) Daya tarikan antara zarah kuat

Peringkat Penerangan • Suhu meningkat .

• Naftalena mula melebur pada suhu

• Suhu malar. Keadaan jirim ialah • Naftalena dalam bentuk cecair.

6 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(b) (i) proses pemanasan lebih sekata, 100 °C

Therefore, freezing point of naphthalene 1. (a) halus, diskrit

• Suhu malar. Keadaan jirim ialah

PBD 2.3 Struktur atom

2. (a) Nombor proton = bilangan proton = 8

Bilangan neutron = Nombor nukleon –

8 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(1896) + (250) + (286) PRAKTIS SUMATIF 2

Bahagian B • Atom berbentuk sfera yang bercas positif

10 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Zarah hanya Zarah boleh

Masa (s) Suhu (°C) Keadaan jirim

2. (b) Setuju, kerana isotop membantu merawat

Lengkung graf penyejukan naftalena:

12 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

X2O3 = 160 = 3 mol

3.3 Formula Kimia Kesimpulan / Conclusion

14 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

x (j) Ion plumbum(II)

(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat Ammonium nitrat

(e) Sulfur dioksida

Sebatian ion Nama (e) AgNO3(ak) + NaCl(ak) → AgCl(p) + NaNO3(ak)

Natrium klorida 2. Bilangan mol zink karbonat

16 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

ZnCO3 : CO2 Formula that shows the actual number of atoms of

18 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

5 O2 : 4 NO 2. Bilangan mol kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2

4.1 Perkembangan Jadual Berkala Unsur (c) Nitrogen, N

2. (a) Palsu (i) Kalsium, Ca

(d) Benar 1. (a) gas adi

20 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

2. (a) Bertambah / Increases 1. (a) Berkurang / Decreases

22 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

4. A. Tindak balas oksida unsur Kala 3 dengan air

Natrium oksida, Magnesium oksida, Aluminium oksida, Sulfur dioksida,

Perbincangan / Discussion: PBD 4.7 Unsur Peralihan

2. Ciri istimewa Contoh Jawapan

24 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

PRAKTIS SUMATIF 4 Bahagian B

Natrium / Sodium Kalium / Potassium Litium Natrium

26 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Litium • Litium bergerak perlahan secara rawak di

5.1 Asas Pembentukan Sebatian 3. (a) 2.8.1

two, electrostatic attraction force

Atom magnesium Atom oksigen

(d) (i) 2.8

ydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals