1he arts of speech Cne of a group of trad|t|ona| c|ass|f|cat|ons of words accord|ng to the|r

funct|ons |n context |nc|ud|ng the noun pronoun verb ad[ect|ve adverb prepos|t|on
con[unct|on and |nter[ect|on and somet|mes the art|c|e

1) Noun|s a word used to name a person p|ace th|ng or |dea A noun can be a proper noun
or a common noun
Lx rof Arch Vener I u|zon |s one of the best arch|tects |n Iar Lastern Un|vers|ty
ln Lhls senLence rof Arch vener ! Culzon ls a noun Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe senLence
2) ronoun|s a word that rep|aces a person p|ace th|ng or |dea ronouns can act as
sub[ects or ob[ects and some can show possess|on
Lx n|s arch|tectura| works become popu|ar a|| over the country
ln Lhls senLence hls" ls a pronoun
3.) Adjective-is a word used to describe, or modify, a noun or a pronoun. An adjective
describes ~what kind, ~which one, ~how many, or ~how much.
Lx. He is a successful Architect, he designed so many structures.
ln Lhls senLence successful ArchlLecL" ls a ad[ecLlve
.) Verb-is a word that shows action or that indicates a condition or a state of being.
Lx a|nt|ng |s another med|um to h|m he uses waterco|or to render h|s arch|tectura|
draw|ngs
ln Lhls senLence alnLlng" ls a verb
.) Adverb-is a word used to describe, or modify, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
An adverb describes how, when, where, or to what extent the verb performs.
Lx Arch u|zon draw fast he can f|n|sh a sketch for |ess than 10 m|nutes
ln Lhls senLence draw fasL" ls an adverb
.) Preposition-is a word used to show a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and
some other word in the sentence. Prepositions often show direction, location, or time.
Lx In the morn|ng Arch u|zon |s very ||ve|y when teach|ng perspect|ve |n h|s c|ass
ln Lhls senLence ln Lhe mornlng" ls a preposlLlon
) onjunction-is a word that connects other words or groups of words to each other.
There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.
Lx Arch u|zon ||kes to des|gn w|th the nature whether the others don't ||ke |t
8) Interjection-is a word used to express emotion that has no grammatical relationship to
other words in the sentence. Interjections should be used sparingly and usually only belong
in narrative dialogue.
Lx Uh oh! I forgot to subm|t my p|ate |n v|sua| commun|cat|on 412!

1LNSLS
Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time,
which is reIlected in the Iorm oI the verb. There are two basic tenses in English; the present tense
and the past tense. The present is like the base Iorm, although the third person singular adds
s.Regular verbs add ed or d to show the past tense, while irregular verbs change in many
diIIerent ways, or not at all in some cases.

SIMLL 1LNSLS

@he kLSLN1 1LNSL uses Lhe verbs base form (wrlLe work) or for Lhlrdperson
slngular sub[ecLs Lhe base form plus an endlng (he wrlLes she works)
Lx I draw a house to my c|assmate
@he AS1 1LNSL lndlcaLes LhaL an acLlon ls ln Lhe pasL relaLlve Lo Lhe speaker or
wrlLer
Lx When I was a g|r| I dreamed abouL belng archlLecL and l Lravelled f|ve m||es to
schoo| every day
@he IU1UkL 1LNSL lndlcaLes LhaL an acLlon ls ln Lhe fuLure relaLlve Lo Lhe speaker or wrlLer
@here are no lnflecLed forms for Lhe fuLure ln Lngllsh (noLhlng llke Lhose or endlngs ln Lhe
oLher Lenses)
Lx Je sha|| overcome all obsLacles and clrcumsLances Lo be successful archlLecLs
someday

LkILC1 1LNSLS
@he kLSLN1 LkILC1 1LNSL ls formed wlLh a presenL Lense form of Lo have plus Lhe pasL
parLlclple of Lhe verb (whlch can be elLher regular or lrregular ln form)
Lx or five years, batch 20112011 have been architects.
@he AS1 LkILC1 1LNSL lndlcaLes LhaL an acLlon was compleLed (flnlshed or perfecLed) aL
some polnL ln Lhe pasL before someLhlng else happened
Lx How long had it been since you finished architecture?
@he IU1UkL LkILC1 1LNSL lndlcaLes LhaL an acLlon wlll have been compleLed (flnlshed or
perfecLed) aL some polnL ln Lhe fuLure @hls Lense ls formed wlLh wlll plus have plus Lhe
pasL parLlclple of Lhe verb (whlch can be elLher regular or lrregular ln form)
Lx y this time next week, I will have worked on this floor plan for five days.

kCGkLSSIVL 1LNSLS
@he kLSLN1 kCGkLSSIVL 1LNSL lndlcaLes conLlnulng acLlon someLhlng golng on now @hls
Lense ls formed wlLh Lhe helplng Lo be verb ln Lhe presenL Lense plus Lhe presenL parLlclple
of Lhe verb (wlLh an endlng)
Lx s his architectural draIt being good to you?
@he AS1 kCGkLSSIVL 1LNSL lndlcaLes conLlnulng acLlon someLhlng LhaL was happenlng
golng on aL some polnL ln Lhe pasL @hls Lense ls formed wlLh Lhe helplng Lo be verb ln Lhe
pasL Lense plus Lhe presenL parLlclple of Lhe verb (wlLh an endlng)
Lx ad was working in his drawing board all morning.
@he IU1UkL kCGkLSSIVL 1LNSL lndlcaLes conLlnulng acLlon someLhlng LhaL wlll be
happenlng golng on aL some polnL ln Lhe fuLure @hls Lense ls formed wlLh Lhe modal wlll
plus be plus Lhe presenL parLlclple of Lhe verb (wlLh an endlng)
Lx ill we be spending too much money if we hire that architect?

AC1IVL AND ASSIVL
SenLences can be acLlve or passlve @herefore Lenses also have acLlve forms and passlve
forms ?ou musL learn Lo recognlze Lhe dlfference Lo successfully speak Lngllsh
Act|ve Iorm
n active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
1he arch|tect teaches the students
Sub[ do|ng act|on verb ob[ rece|v|ng act|on

ass|ve Iorm
n passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive
form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized.
You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not
want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

1he students are taught by the arch|tects
Sub[ rece|v|ng act|on verb do|ng act|ons





u|z
. l draw a beaut|fu| (a noun b ad[ect|ve c pronoun d verb) house for my classmaLe
2 JhaL dld she (a pronoun b adverb c verb d con[unct|on) ask you Lo draw a floor plan?
3 l lefL my @square under (a adverb b ad[ect|ve c prepos|t|on d |nter[ect|on) Lhe drawlng
Lable
4 lf we flnlsh our plaLes qu|ck|y (a ad[ect|ve b verb c con[unct|on d adverb) we can go home
early
3 Cn SaLurdays l work (a noun b verb c prepos|t|on d art|c|e) 9 hours Lo do my renderlngs
68 Choose Lhe besL answer for each quesLlon Jhen you have flnlshed all Lhe quesLlons cllck
on Lhe CeL score buLLon aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe page Lo see your score and Lhe correcL answers.
6. l promlsed !ack LhaL l _____ go Lo Lhe ArchlLecLure sLudenL councll meeLlng wlLh hlm on
lrlday A. would B. should

7 l palnLed Lhe house and lL _____ ouL beLLer Lhan l expecLed
A. will turn B. turned
8. l _______ for a drawlng conLesL ln archlLecLure buL l changed my mlnd
A. wasn't going to go B. wont go to

9. I draw a piece of chocolate cake themed house. (A. active B. passive)

10. The house design plan was stolen. (A. active B. passive)






ANSWLkS
1. b. adjective
2. a. pronoun
3. c. preposition
4. d. adverb
5. b. verb
6. a. would
7. b. turned
8. A. wasn't going to go
9. A. active
10. B. passive