E z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 1 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE PERFECT AND CONTINUOUS TENSES Simple aspect The action s viewed as a fact. We use ths for routine or regular repeated actions, habits and for permanent situations I don't eat meat. L usually get the tram to work. They wil live ina sicle street off the Ramblas. Continuous aspect The action is continuous. We use the pr when wo use dynamic (action) verbs to talk about: actions happening ata particular moment. A: Where's Terry? B: She's inthe kitchen - she's making a cup of tea When Sam called, | was eating sent continuous changing/developing situations. Inma was improving her English temporary stuations He will be working a: cleaner untilhe can find a better ob. annoying or surprising habits with always. Him always forgetting to charge my mobile present plans and arrangement for the future. ‘Are you doing anything next weekend? PERFECT ASPECT Simple The action happened at some unknown time between then, the past, and now, the present time of speaking: a point before a time in the past; the present and a point of time in the future, Ihave eaten a lot today. loverslept because | had forgotten to set my alarm We'll have finished eating by the time you get here We use the perfect simple: totalk about states, single or repeated actions over along period of time up to the present (often with ever / never, often / always) Fve always dreamt of vising New York Iwas only the second time | had travelled by plane. He will have missed at least ten ofthe classes this term to talk about recent single actions with a present or past result (often with just, already, yet). I've already started making spaghetti for dinner, so don't want to go out, Vd just got back from Australia so was tired. 8 +o talk about an unfinished period of time up to the present, ppast or future (often with for / since, this week / month / year). Irene has lived in Abu Dhabi for just over a year They had beon married since early that year. We won't have seen him for a couple of months. Continuous ‘We use the perfect continuous: to talk about a recent activity when the effects ofthat activity can still be seen in the present or past. ‘A: Why are you crying? _B: 've been chopping onions. ‘so emphasise the length or repetition of an action. I've been trying to get through to Max all morning, but he doesn't have his phone switched on, In January he'll have been working there for sx years. I'd been working on the essay for over two weeks. to suggest the shortterm nature of an activity. I've been working in advertising for the past ten years but now feel i's time for a change, to suggest that an action ie not complete I'd been trying to teach myzel to play the piano but 'm sil pretty terrible. ‘We tend to prefer the perfect simple for talking about mare permanent situations She's lived in Rome since she was a child, We prefer to use the perfect continuous for more temporary situations She'd been living out of suitcase for months, so she was glad to get home. STATIVE AND DYNAMIC VERBS There are two categories for verbs in English: stative verbs and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs can be used in simple and continuous aspects, Stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous. Some verbs have both stative and dynamic meanings ‘We only use them in continuous forms with their dynamic ‘meaning, but not with their stative meaning, | vas feeling a bit rundown. (dynamic; fel = experience 2 feeling or emotion) eel that the situation will improve in the near future. (stative; feel ~ have an opinion)PRACTICE PERFECT AND CONTINUOUS TENSES © complete the sentences using the correct present form of the verbs in brackets. 11 alot of headaches over the last couple of months, (get) 2 karl from home atthe moment (work) 3 Rafaella in Sweden for six months next year because of her job. (ive) 4 My neighbours cut down two tall trees last month because people _______thatthey were dangerous. (always complain) 5 They the results of the survey by the end of next week (publich) 61 the strangest message from Karen about her plans for the summer (just have) 7 Wh next? (you / think) a1 revising but] still went out with my friends, (not finish) cof travelling to Oy Five ofthese sentences contin ear Findthe ewers and cect them 1 trv eving ving in London athe rroment ts great 2. Theyre having the chien: Hanna, Chat anc Aurora 3. She denies having had anything wo withthe osbery 4 Thiasoup taste a bitsvange 5 He's notunderstanding anything about technology 6 Thave a break atthe momentin he guden, soil getbuctioyou sbi ber 7. We were thinking about whether to sit you wnlein London, but decled there Mast enough time 3 illbelieve then lam seeing it ©) choose the comet aeraves Working freelance Before going freclance, | ‘was / 'd been travelling to work for ‘over a decade, |¢was trying /’d tried doing the journey by tain. ‘There was a lot of staring out of windows and waiting because signals *had failed / been failing or othor rains ‘had broken down / been breaking down. Once we ‘were waiting / waited {or the train to leave when the station announcer said, ‘No trains at all will be running / have run for the next four hours!” Fury all round! But now, for atleast the forsoeable futur, | work / ‘am working from home. ‘think / am thinking that being alone, without distractions, *has benefitted / benefitted me considerably ‘over the last few weeks. | am more productive and | feel that fiends and family respect the fact that | have / am having ‘certain hours in the day when | am ‘at work’ so to speak, and they "don't always ask / aren't always asking me ovt, By the ‘ond of this weok | have been working / ‘ll work from home for tiwo months and I'm guessing "ll have got through / ‘m getting through 20 percent more work by then than I used ‘to get through in the offce. So, I'm not returning / won't be returning to the dally commute any time soon! Pronunciation Q Markshetivee main stresses in each sentence 1 What have youboon doing since ast saw you? How have you been feeling over the ast fe days? Were had you been working before coming here? How will you be commuting when the job hours change? What's been the most important thing you've learnt today? 6 How much will you have earned by the end of the year? © @ 116+ Listen and check Then listen aguin and repeat the sentences Make questions from the prompts. Put the verbs in the correct forms. 11 What you/ work on / when / the computer / crash? 2 How long / plane fly/ before / they serve / dinner? 2 How much / report/you complete / by the time / you leave / later today? 4 How/you/ commute /when / train svike / happen / next week? 5 How long/you/not sleep / well? How many people / you / discuss / the problem with / last week / before / you / get a result? 7 Why /he / always complain / about the food in our canteen? Ik/ usually be / fantastic. 99 9 Fs g FS FS 5 Fs fm S 2 =GRAMMAR FILE | UNIT 2 UNIT 2 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE PASSIVE FORMS We form the passive using the appropriate tense of the verb bbe + the past participle of the main ver’ The parliamentary debate is being televised right now. (present continuous) Elderly people are regularly scammed by (raudsters on the phone. (present simple) ‘The company's main office has been broken into twice in the last three years. (present perfect simple) ‘Ahead of the storm, everyone was advised to stay indoors ‘and aviay from the windows. (past simple) The main course was being served when there was a power cut and the whole restaurant was plunged into darkness (past continuous} We'd be it down. (past perfect) The incident will be investigated by experts in the department dealing with airport security future simple) The matter of appropriate dress isto be discussed at next week's meeting, (to-infinitive) 2 offered alternative accommodation but turned The project will have been completed by the end week (future perfect) The flowers must have been sent by Jim. (modal verb) The matter must be dealt with quickly and effectively. (modal vers) NB: In theory, perfect continuous and modal continuous passives can be formed, but are very rarely used. We prefer to use the simple or active for instead, Ichas been being discussed for the last hour. = Ithas been discussed for the last hour. He should be being interrogated by the police right now. = The police should be interrogating him right now. We use passive forms to talk about actions, events and processes when the action, event or process is considered ‘more important than the agent (the person responsible for the action, event or process). Passive forms are frequently used in academic writing and in business reports, We use the passive: +0 focus on whathappens to the subject of an action when the agent (the subject of an active verb) is unknown, The original manuseriats have been lost over the years unimportant. The event was staged in the park. assumed / common knowledge. He was fined for speeding on the motorway. Iwas frst taught English at the age with 2 complex agent | was contacted by a person with a strong northern accent. I'm being helped by the clarity ofthe online reports with an agent, when itis needed to complete the information The college rules were developed by the first head teacher. with it to front a sentence with reporting / thinking verbs when we want to be tentative and avoid stating something as a fact such as believe, claim, report, say and think in impersonal passive structures in formal situations, when we don't know or dont wish to specify the subject, Itis thought that she two companies are negotiating a takeover. Ithas been alleged that a senior officer leaked the information to the press. Itis said that we all need about eight hours’ sleep a night. we want to avoid giving more specific information about the agent, for example naming who made a certain decision. Itis felt that your work is below standard and you would benefit from further training, Rewas decided that a pay rise will be put on hold for another year. ‘We can use an alternative impersonal passive structure: The two companies are thought to be in negotiation for a takeover The two companies are thought to have entered into takeover negotiations last week. Sho is rumoured to be releasing a new album next month ‘An announcements considered to be imminent.PRACTICE PASSIVE FORMS @ completo the sentences withthe comect pasive form ofthe verbs in brackets. 1 Large numbers of dolphins recent weeks ofthe north Coral coas 2 Allighs fom Gatwick will continue (delay) this afternoon by a strike ‘Involving all the baggage handlers at the airport. (sightin 2 The flood defences along the river (breach) last night by rising water. 4 Several suspects (currently / {question) in connection with the riots last weekend 5 The side effects of the new drugs (shouldn't underestimate) by those prescribing them. 6 My father complained to the hotel management that we (not alen) to the possibilty of noise from the nearby construction ste © Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Include the agent only where necessary. 1. The receptionist asked us to complete a questionnaire following our stay at the hotel. 2. Years of eating food with low nuvitional value greatly Increases the risk of illness, 3. The judge is sentencing the armed robbers later today and the cameramen will televise the ruling, 4. Adrone delivered the parcel to a special point in the company ear park and both staff and customers watched the unusual event. 5 Agatha Christie wrote the play and actors have performed it continuously in London for over 68 years: © ewite the sentences using impersonal passive structures 1 isalleged tha several polticians submited fraudulent expences elie in the lat francil your Several potiians 2. kisrumoured that a popular boy band wil be breaking ap lter this year Apopuler boy band 3 tis guaranteed that people who have had problems will be compensated. People who have had problems 4. tie believed that taking vitamin supplements builds up, ‘our immune systems Taking vitamin supplements 5 tis thought that many of the poet's works were written while he was living in Rome, Many of the poet's poems © complet the second sentences tht thas sia tmenningtathefietsetenceunngthe word gen Do not change the word given, Ue between tre and mrwende 1+ Anen ulin sleted mete posse tin lye Poneto seen before topossblewsin lay bya cava ballin 2. sur someone tren ot theo book years ago. must Thor od books iene! 3 fstudents arrive late, the teachers wor't allow them into classes, BE Students not arriving on into classes. 4 People say that Ada Lovelace developed the first ‘computer programme in the nineteenth century To Adalovelace the frst ‘computer programme in the nineteenth century 5. The local surgery is reported to have bought scanners. to help doctors in their diagnoses. THAT k bought by the local surgery to help doctors in their diagnoses 6 les important that the directors consider the potential impact of this information. SHOULD The potential impact of ignored by the directors. Pronunciation @ Wretacttona phoneme do we use when inking the words nbeldin the sentences? 1 Lifespan are thought te have increased over the st censiy 2 Mos peopl are sid to have hada salary increase in the putea. 43. Recent ndings are believed te encourage people © change to plancbared dit 4. The company inreportedt have lid off hundreds of worker this month 5 Apoltician was clamedte have leaked the information bub twa ter unto hve been someone ele 46 Reports ate cameo underestimate he eal: mpact fhe goverment petey © @210- tisenand epeatihe sentences. 101 9 Fa g F F > 2 fm S Zz 5E z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 3 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE CONJUNCTIONS We use conjunctions to join ideas within a sentence. They may come atthe beginning or in the middle of ‘a sentence. They improve the cohesion of atext, Conjunctions which are used to make a contrast include: although, while, whereas, yet The task wasn't difficult, yet Tom found he couldn't complete it on time, While / Although the task wasn’t difficult, Tom found he couldn't complete it on time. Tom found himself unable to complete the task on time, whereas Harry finished it quickly. CConjunctions which are used to add information include and and ner, He wasn't afraid of taking risks and he didn't worry about the potential consequences. He wasn’t afraid of taking risks nordid he worry about the potential consequences, Conjunctions which are used to give a condition include as long as, provided that, if,unless and if only. ‘As long as / Provided (that) she earned enough money to ‘cover her bils, he didn’t care about becoming rich. Unless he improves his performance, he won't be promoted Ihe doesn't improve his performance, he won't be prom only he would have a bit more confidence, he would do really wel CConjunctions which are used to give a reason include as, because, since and so. As he hadn't had time to study, he didn’t do as well as he'd hoped in the exam IFtwo main clauses are connected with and or but, we need to putthat after the conjunction, ‘Vil come, but Ill be late + He said th but that he would be late FFthe subject is left out in the second clause, then we do not use that ‘Tused to be a software designer and worke He said he used to be / had been a software designer and had worked for himself mysell! + 102 We can use a negative adverbial expression to link ideas in nce, For emphasis, we can put the negative adverbial atthe beginning ofthe sentence and inver: the auxiliary and che subject She not only wanted to study forensic science at university, but she also wanted to keep up her foreign languages. Not only cil she want but she also wanted t study forensic science at university keep up her foreign languages. Tommy decided to become an actor but not until he'd finished his degree. Not until he'd finished hie degree did Tommy decide to become an actor. We only decided to cancel the booking when we heard about the bad storm, Only when we heard about the bad storm did we decide <0 cancel the booking, LINKING ADVERGIALS We use linking adverbials to connact one sentence to another ina logical way. They usually appear at the beginning of a sentence and are followed by 2 comma. They help to make writing more cohesive. Linking adverbials used to give extra information include additionally, as well as, besides (this) furthermore, moreover, what's more. We decided there was litle to be gained by waiting any longer, Besides, there was a storm coming, Linking adverbials used to give a reason or resu include for this reason, consequently, as a result in view of, given. We decided there was litle to be gained by waiting any longer. Consequently, we managed to catch the last train home. Linking adverbials used to make a contrast include on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, alternatively, despite this, even so. We decided there was litle to be gained by waiting any longer. Despite this, we ended up wasting another hi hour trying to agree what to do nextPRACTICE CONJUNCTIONS © complete the sentences withthe onjunetions in thebox. as(x2) ifonly nor provided that whereas yet 1. Tknew it would have changed a lot | aill longed to go back. 2. Simon always had his head in a book his brother spent most of his time watching television, 3. She should be able to join us for dinner, her plane arrives on time. 4 the plumber still hasn't come, we won't be able to use the bathroom today, 5 Jessica were here, She would know what to do. 6 Nige! loves hiking Georgia does his girlfriend 7 [don't eat meat. does my partner. © Link tne sentences using the words in brackets ‘Tut mayronutinone ort sontencen, 1) He might bury He aay finds time to lp trate We merase the prices. The sale hve fallen (es The arts students have very few morning lectures The sione dents have many eons) 4 My pres ket hoo nthe hy My grandparents praterthe bosch fl) 5 He gothome He immediatly noticed the broken wand (oor 6 Wehad rot problems on the journey. was cmpletenightnare word) © Choose the correct inking adverbial 1 Living abroad would be the adventure of Iftime Cn the other hand Besides, t might be tril lonely 2 Aswallas/ Asa result of having to look ater thre young children she also hed to manage we pare-ime oor 3. Hor parons gave era car and threw a huge pary for he {Bt birhay. What’ more / Consequently, she was given a oto money forher gap yea 4. The restaurant was very overpriced and we had to wait ages fora table. In view of this / Even so, I stil recommend it 5 There's no point tying to persuade him to do the sensible thing; he won't listen, Fer this reason / Despite this, we've decided to let him make his ‘own mistakes. © complete the txt wth one wordin each gp. Th : Triangle leatning a musical instrument al primary school may not have been a pleasure {or all of us, there was one instrument that dicin’t toke much talent, and? was the triangle. * your musical ability, you could easily tap a metal fiangle with what is called a ‘beater’ and produce a loud, clear sound that cut through everyone else's recorders, ‘guitars or violins. What's « You could make your contribution and then ‘continue daydreaming for the rest of the time! : «lhe triangle is actually a well-respected instrument that is part of « full ‘orchestra and can take along time to master completely. This small triangle of metal dates back to the 10th century and was originally ‘ triangular’ gapped- asitis today, * had four sides of continuous metal. It was popular in Turkey in the 18th century bul” when Franz Uist featured a triangle solo in one of his piano sonatas itreally {ind i place in the professional orchesira. As @ n smore and more pieces were ‘written for the humble triangle and it even features In modem popular music. @ stance, even the Foo Fighters have played triangle solos on some of their tours! Pronunciation Where would you pause slightly in these sentences and add a comma? Would the previous word generally ‘carry an upward or downward intonation? 1. Onthe other hand not everyone really wants to learn an instrument. In other words two heads are better than one. ‘Asa result the triplets became famous throughout the world, As yet no one has beaten her triathlon time. 5 However you feel about it you need to consider your future actions © @ 216+ Listen and check Then repeatthe sentences. 103 9 Fs g FS FS 5 Fs fm S 2 =< 5 z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 4 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE REPORTED SPEECH Verb tenses in reporting We usually change the tense of the original verb so that ‘tmoves futher back nthe past We also change time expressions and pronouns as necessary “We spoke to him yesterday, they said,» They said that they had spoken to him the day before We do not change the tense ifthe situation we are reporting still exists and ifthe reporting verb isin the present tens. “She's currently working in London.'—+ He says she's currently warking in London, Modal verbs in reporting We usually change modal verbs in reported speech will + would; can could; may + might; needn't» didn’t have to; must had to We do not change mada verbs ifthe situation we are reporting still exists and ifthe reporting verb is inthe » "We need to visit our cousin’ = She says we need to visit ‘Modal verbs are often reported using other verbs (e.g. must, should, ought to advised, urged; let's + suggested). "You should ask for help.’ ~ He advised me to ask for help. REPORTED QUESTIONS Reported Yes/No questions When there isno question word in the direct speech question, we use itfwhether. The word orderis the same as inthe statement. The verb tense and other changes are the same as for other types of reported speech, ‘Could | borrow your notes? she asked She asked / wondered / wanted to know if/ whether she could borrow my notes. Reported wh- questions The wh-wordis followed by normal word order (subject + verb). The verb tense and other changes are the same as for other types of reported speech “Why dlc you leave that job she asked him. She asked him why he had left that job 104 VERE PATTERNS WITH REPORTING VERBS NB: some verbs can follow more than one pattern verb + infinitive examples: agree, claim, decide, hope, offer, promise, refuse, threaten We refused to go to the meeting. verb + object + infinitive examples: advise, beg, encourags persuade, remind, tell, warn She persuaded me to lend her some money. invite, order, permit, verb (+ that) + clause ‘examples: accept, admit, assert, claim, doubt, explain promise, recommend, say, suggest She recommended (that) we should visit the museum. verb + object + (that) + clause examples: promise, remind, tell, warn, reassure He wamed us (that) he might be late. verb + ing examples: admit, deny, recommend, regret, suggest, mention He suggested visiting the museum. verb + preposition + ing examples: apologise for, insist on, object to, compliment on She apologised for forgetting my name verb + object + preposition +-ing examples: accuse sb of, blame sb for, congratulate sb on, discourage sb from, forgive sb for She discouraged him from going to university verb + wh: word + infinitive examples: describe, explain, know, wonder She explained where to find the library verb + object + wh- word + infinitive examples: ask, remind, tel The manager told us what to expect in the interview. INB: I's not always necessary to repor statements word for word. The information can be summarised. “I think it would be a really good idea for you to apply for the job in Paris, said Emma's dad. Emma's dad encouraged her to apply forthe job in Paris. IMPERSONAL REPORTING VERBS Impersonal reporting verbs are used in formal writen English co report general opinions, Verbs such as believe, consider, expect, suggest can be used. leis believed that migration will incr next ten years. se substantially in thePRACTICE © Use the information inthe dialogue to complate Evan's story. REPORTED SPEECH Evan and his sister, Ella, are driving to Leeds, using motorways. and not going through big cities. Evan: Let's use the map, Ella: No, we'll use the satnav. k's very reliable. @ complete the second sontences0ithas a similar meaning te the frst. 1 Please dontforgetto pone me as soon a8 you arve sid my mum My mum reminded le Evan: Look, | think we're going into the city centre, Have we taken the wrong road? No, The satnav indicates that we're heading in the cn right direction, 2 Have you taken my keys again?” my Evan: We're in the middle of Birmingham. Turn round now! brother said My brother accused ry Fa > FE = S 2 m S| 4 5 2 Ella: OX. Maybe you're right. Evan: Do you think you putin the wrong address? Ella: No. | probably set itto shortest, instead of fastest route! (OK, I was wrong and you were right! 3. ts Dan's faulechat we missed the plane,” Kerry said, Kerry blamed 4 ‘Iwish Id never left my old job; said Rob. Rob regretted 5 ‘lla told me the party would be terrible, sol did't go,’ Amy said Ella discouraged 6 We not fair that we have to work such long hours, said Jon, Jon objected @ repo each sentence inte diferotwaye tse the repering eos nthe bor noth semteneey toe the ame reporing web and begin with the word in brackets. agree apologi complain confess: deny hope insist_mention promise) Pronunciation © ‘haven't done my homework (she) © Look atthe vt formsin bldin the sentences. Do they take She confessed that she hada't done her the same length of time to say or different lengths of time? homework. 41 He suggested that they go to the theatre. fh confegse to not eng done her 2 She queried the use ofan apostrophe in the contraction vomewor 3 The teacher complimented me on my pronunciation. 1 Ti definitely help you" (he) 4 Her mother encouraged her to take up swimming, 2 Yes, ticome wine on Friday. (she) 5 He exaggerated his ability to play the violin, 3 "You must attend the meeting.'(he) 6 She acknowledged her difficulty in speaking German, 4 ‘Thape | can get time off’(he) 5 ‘No, didn't tll him (she) © D«1c+ Listen and check. Then repeat the sentences. 6 ‘We may go to see our grandparents this Now find other examples of reporting verbs in the text in Ex 3. wretand Chey ° les ofrepering 7 ‘ve got far too much work to do’ (he) 8 ‘Tim somry! won't be able to help this week’ (he} 1055 z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 5 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE CONDITIONAL FORMS Zero conditional We use the zero conditional if/when + present tense + present tense) for general truths or consequences. H Lunch over my laptop for too long, my neck aches. Alternatives to if include: Unless they are under threat, cats don’t usually pounce: con people. First conditional We use the first conditional i+ present tense + future form (or might/could, etc.) for the consequence of a possible future action/stuation. We can alzo use words/phrases lke unless, in case and provided that instead off Ive eut down that hedge, the blackbirds will have nowhere to bulld their nests. The clamped car will be removed this afternoon unless you pay the fine immediately. We can also use if, etc. + present continuous / present perfect + future or imperative in the main clause to talk about ‘pozzbilt or likelhood in the present/futur. If you're coming to Londen this weekend, | will be able to show you all the sights. Second conditional We use the second conditional (if past simple + would could/might infinitive) for hypothetical actions/situations in the present, and to give advice. If were you, I'd transfer your photes from your phone to your laptop. Third conditional We use the third conditional if+ past perfect + would have + past participle) for hypothetical actions/situations in the past If| had known you were heading to the music festival would definitely have got hold ofa ticket Mixed conditionals We use mixed condltonals: to speculate about the possible result in the present of a hypothetical action/situation in the past (if + past perfect + would + infinitive) fave hadn’t taken the car, we'd still be tuck atthe station waiting for the train to turn up, to speculate about the past result of a hypothetical action/ sstuation in the present ff + past + would have + past participle) the book were more engaging, I'd have suggested we read it at our book club. 106 to speculate about the future result ofa hypothetical action’ situation in the past (if + past perfect + would + infinitive). we hadn't spent so long at the arcade, we'd be watching, that new film at the cinema now. Alternative forms ‘We can use the following akernative conditional structures should instead off with the first conditional should + subject + infintive + future simple). We use this structure in more formal situations, to be more palit Should you have any further questions, Ill be online later today to answer ther if-+ subject + were to + infinitive with the second conditional (if were to + infinitive + would + infiniive) in less likely situations I the students were to ask for an extension on t repayment, would the bank grant it? To increase formality, we can invert this form. Were the students to ask for an extension on their loan repayment, would i be granted? inversion with the third conditional (question form of past perfect + wauld have + past participle) in more formal and les likely situations Had Rob requested an interview, they probably would have arranged one for him Modal verbs in conditional sentences Modal verbs (can, could, might, ec:)can be used in all types, of conditional sentences. Ht knew how to go about it, | could start an online shop selling the jewellery | make ft hadn't missed the bus that day, | might never have met my husband! if + (should) happen to We use if + (should) happen to to suggest that something is more unlikely o just a chance possiblity. Should and happen can be used together. you (should) happen to see Professor Wainwright, do give him my best wishes. suppose / what if... ? Suppose means what if Suppose Charlie had found out abo: You'd have had to share it with him. and can be used with diferent if + will/would We use if + will/would to make requests more polite. In this cease the auxiliary willwould means be willing to. H you will ust bear with me for a second, Ill see ifthe doctor's availablePRACTICE CONDITIONALS @ complete the sentences withthe comect form ofthe verbs in brackets. 1. youre an avid reader, you (be) likely to have a better vocabulary than those who aren't 2 you (use) a few gestures during your presentation, people will be more engaged with what you're saying, 2 Id put forward the idea of a four-day school week if think) ‘our teachers would listen! 4m (know) how many hours I'd end up working, I wouldn't (go) self employed! 5 Unless you drink water while you exercise, you (become) dehydrated, 6 tl itisn't delayed, 7 onthe 1 pam. trainif (be) you, | (apply) for that game tester job - you've got the experience, a0 encourage} you to do a research degree if fd known you might be interested ©) wire mixed condtionale about the Stevan Son wth" 1 cin lear ary foreign languages at ‘Shook leant speak an nw 2. Filipe doesnt ke cu, He did't go cutie camy inhi fiends. tthe weekend 3 Ihave a denis appointment this shernoon Idideveat onions tune 4. Amy specalse in padiavcs. She's working ata top chiens hostel now 5 Tel lear to drive when Iwas teenager Now mralant on public Iriel my ear keys again yesterday. Im locking for te nom © rewrite tho sentances using the word given 20 thatthe pair of temoncer ae simlrinmesing, Where the word ar septal ltr, begin the sentence with hat word 1 Tigo tough thathomework wth you you'r having difey whe Should 2 If Saratried a plant-based diet, 'm certain her health problems: would improve, Were 3. The food in the college canteen would be better ifthey'd found abetter chet Had 4. Ifyou bump into dad while you're out, ask him to drop that book round. happen 5 Kyowhold for a second, Il see can put you through to the manager. 6 Imagine if you'd got that job atthe hardware store, You'd have to work every weekend, Suppose Pronunciation @ Look atthe sentences Undetine the // asin teacher) sounds in each sentence, Thare may be more than one // sound, Ona sertance does not contain the // sound 1 would'thave told you about my placement abroad ifyou hadnt asked 2-H inown you were going to desuade me from geting a dog, I wouldnt have mentioned 23. Unies people wanted tell me what was worrying them, Fdnever py. 4 Should youfind a copy of today newspaper, pick one upfor ove. please 5. Had! discovered the old eters ete, I wouldve given you them tovead 6 1had worked during my summer break, have quite abitof money non 7. |wontillsrate my points with ses this time as Ihavenithad time toprepereany 3. Suppose you hadn't warned them about she train strike. They'd have never got here! © @s10° Nowtston and heck 107 9 Fa g F F > 2 fm S Zz 55 z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 6 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE VERB AND NOUN PHRASES: Verb and noun phrases allow us flexibility in the use of language, enabling speakers or writers to express the same actions, concepts and objects indifferent ways. This can help sto avoid repettion of grammatical structures, for example, for re-phrase to clarify meaning Verbs to nouns Verbs can be changed to nouns in several ways: by adding a suffix e.g store (v) > storage (n) manufacture (y) ~ manufacturing (n) prevent (v) —* prevention (n) bby adding an article, e.g 2 leap into the unknown make an address the appeal was successful by adding a possessive, eg, His first draft of the report She prepared for her annual hike. The newspaper's review wasn't very complimentary. Nouns to verbs Nouns can be changed to verbs by: adding a suffix, eg lass (n) > classify) character (n) + characterise (v) strength (n) > strengthen (v) removing a suffix, ¢.g ‘explanation (n) -+ explain (v) assignment (n) “+ assign (v) annoyanee{n) — annoy (¥) Verbs to adjectives Verbs can be changed to adjectives in several ways: by adding the gerund, e.g absorb + absorbing diminish -+ diminishing ‘empower empowering bby forming the past participle, e.g frustrate + frustrated divide > divided exhaust = exhausted 108 by adding a prefix and/or suffi, e.g analyse —> analytieal stick unstuck comfort-+ uncomfortable Adjectives to verbs Adjectives can be changed to verbs by adding a suffix, e.g captive captivate intense intensify legal legalise Nouns to adjectives Nouns can be changed to adjectives by adding a suffix: able, -al, ary, -ent, fl, ible, ify ty, ive, loss, ty, -ous,-y, e.g accident + accidental custom customary athlete ~ athletie Adjectives to nouns Adjectives can be changed to nouns by removing a sufix, e.g respect + respect momentary ~ moment ‘rustworthy ~ trust by changing the sufi, 0g aXtractive + attraction diplomatic diplomacy archaeologieal + archaeologist ‘Adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives ‘Adverbs are usually formed from other parts of speech by aiding the prefixes -ably ally, iy verb to adverb, e.g continue + continually realise ~ realistically remark —+ remarkably noun to adverb, e, principal principally hour hourly public publicly adjecive to adverb, e.g ready— readily comprehensive -+ comprehensively dramatic dramaticallyPRACTICE ‘Complete the table with the correct forms. There may be more than one form for each box. ver noun adjective _| adverb 1 expect 2 witate 3 creation a consideration 5 inclusive 6 encouraging 7 enthusiastically 3 ‘continuously @ complete the second sentence s0 that thas a similar meaning to the fist sentence, using the word given. Use between three and sic words, including the word given cis commonly believed that xeams that wear red often win football matches. 2. You've offended everyone we've met today! To Youve everyone we've met today! 2 Noone explained what was going on, was. No 10 what was going on, 4. The team seemed somewhat reluctant to implement the new SOME There seemed the team to implement the new process on the part of 5 They say that traveling makes the mind broader. the mind lot of erticism, I didn't lke the way the teacher much, @ Five ofthese sentonces contin incorrect word forms Find th errors and correct them 1 Weve been incredibly woliformed about whats going on during the bulding of he new ofc 2 Passing your ding testis real caus for celebrating - well done! 3 Imust fespectfully decline your invitation but thank you most sincerely for asking our company to take part in the event. 4 Crime preventing in the poorest of inner- city areas ranks highly on the local counci's agenda 5 We'dlike to welcome viewers to the broadeast of ' most historical of aceasions 6 The new diet has been remarkably beneficial forthe children’s health 7 The team were comrehendingly smashed by ‘opposition with a final score of 15-0. Pronunciation @ Underine the strongly stressed sounds inthe word sets anticipate, anticipation, anticipatory 1 2. appeal, appeal, appealing, appealingly 3 science, scion’ 4 *, scientific, scientifically demonstrate, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstratively 5 discriminate, discrimination, discriminatory, diseriminatingly 6 dismiss, dismissal, dismissive, dismissively 7. interpret, interpretation, misinterpret, rmisinterpretation 8 presume, presumption, presumably © @ scr Nowliten and check. COT GME iitGRAMMAR FILE | UNIT 7 UNIT 7 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE FUTURE TENSES Future simple We use the future simple for predictions and beliefs (often following I think, know, Vm sure, ex} won't get home till way after dinnertime, so dont make any for me. 1m sure Debra will forgive you for not inviting her to your wedding! facts Th lights will turn off automaticaly after five minutes, decisions made when speaking. Hl get a takeaway on my home if you lke. ‘an azzumpticn about the present. Feranda will be on her way to us at this very moment. Future continuous We use the future continuous for ‘an activity that willbe in progress at or around a point of time inthe future, Give me a ring later. ll be decorating the living room but lean stop for achat This time next year I'l be studying abroad in Japan ‘an activity hat is part of anormal or organised sequence of events, ‘Mum will be going to the pharmacy ths afternoon, so she'll pick up some headache tablets then. Future perfect simple and continuous We use the future perfect simple for {an assumption about the present: The DIY store will ave shut by now so have to waittll tomorrow to get more nail. an activity that will be completed before a point inthe future, The ship will have sailed by early evening We use the future perfect continuous for an activity that will hhave been in progress up to certain point in the future. By the time you come to visit me, ll have been living in Pars for six months, ‘going to’ We use going to for actions that are inevitable or unstoppable. les going to get dark soon. He's going to trip up those steps intentions or plans made before the time of speaking They/re going to deliver the pizza so we don't have to go) and collectit I'm not going to lend that game to Liza -Illnever get itback Present tenses We use the present simple forimetabled, organised events The flight leaves at 2.45 pm. We use the present continuous for arrangements They/re voting on the policy tomorrow, so we'll see what happens then We use be to for official plans or obligation Nobody is te start packing up until Itell them to. We use present tenses (including the present perfect alter ‘ime clauses (e.g. clauses with when, before, as soon as, once, after) When / As soon as the money comes through, I'll make ‘che transfer. After / Once Ive finished this bit of work, Ill help you make lunch. ‘We use an infinitive ater be due to, be aboutto, be bound {0 be expected to and be hoped to. ‘Aunt Jayne's due to arrive any minute. We're about to go out - call you back later, Javi’s bound to miss the bus again. He does itnearly every day. The minister is expected to make a speech at around ‘chree o'clock this afternoon,PRACTICE @ wy isthe tute simple used in each sentence? Choose rom the uses AD, Aan assumption about the present 8 decisions made when speaking © facts D_ predictions and beliefs 1._Joseph willbe halfway round the world by now. The sun will set at 17.42 this evening, Il putthe keitle on and make ws a coffee. Daci will be in the shed, building something asusuall 5 Iknow Ken won't be back tl late so don't bother waiting up for him. 6 The screensaver will kick in after ten minutes of inactivity, 7. Illring Sonya and see if she knows of a cool place to meet on Saturday. 8 think Joao will help us put this furniture ‘together. I've no idea how to do ©) choose the consent: ture continuous, fre porfectsple ofa perfect contac 1 Bythistime on Sunday wellbe relaxing /we'e sing teretaxn toe sonin Gree 2 Jonwillave been fishing / wil have ished work by bynowsohelprobsnly come ond on 3 bad 3 Theythave done /‘llhave been deingthe busing sorktonsbeutayearty theme fay completed 4 Ths time on Weesday have be having yest INingtenon 5 think th bu wl have l/l have been leaving by nine oct buryoumghtiunmanageroescht 6 MeWihiewil be hoding/ will have been boing + Usve lesen inthe halla anemone would Teese arand 7 Doyou think the cinema will be closing / will have closed by now? I think left my umbrella behind after the film. 3B We're going to organise / We'll have been organising a party forall school-leavers atthe end of June 9 The guys are putting/ will put the sents up for us as we speak, so we won't have to do twhen we get to the site 10 Our college breaks /is br than usual this year. king up for sum © complete the sentences withthe phates om the box Thore maybe more than one posse answer ‘about to after (x3) as soon as (x3) bound to due to once (x3) when (x3) 1. Ive promised to give my cousin a hand with his school project Ive finished my ‘own homework. 2 Oh, hi, Becky! Thanks for calling but Im 90 for a jog. Can I call you back? 3. Ithinkthe wain's artive any minute. ‘Come on! 4 this programme's over, !'m going to bed. Its been an exhausting day. 5 Youre drop all those things - they're balancing very precariously! 6 Will you show me how to do this calculation you've got a minute? 7 Im get a cold when we're on holiday - | always get sick when | stop rushing around! B lam starta new job this autumn but they haven't given me a start date yet. Pronunciation Q Winch ofthe words in bold contain silent? 1. Iwill have been studying Portugues years when Iinish my degree for about ten 2 When you have finished what you're doing, would you mind giving me a hand? 3. [have had a terrible day and now Im going to go and hhave 2 soak in the bath and chill out 4. The theme park will have opened by now -why don't we head on over there for a while? 5 The dinner will have burnt by now. I shouldn't have spent so much time on the phone. 6 Don call me before five because Ill be having my Zoom interview for most of the afternoon W766 Liston and eneck aT MEME Lie)5 z 5 iva e Ka 2 P a Ps 6 UNIT 8 GRAMMAR FILE REFERENCE CLAUSE PATTERNS - SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Non-finite clause with '-ed’ form Annoninite subordinate clause with an -ed form before ‘main clause can be used 0 give focus, eg Compared to previous reports this one is particularly positive about the urure ofthe company, Non-finite clause with “f+ past participle There are some systems that, itimplemented, would make us far more efficient as an organisation, Non-finite clause introduced by ‘Not’ + ‘-ing' Annomfinite clause, introduced by net + ing, can be used to give more information, e.9 Not being familiar with the area, | sought out interest things to see and do. Imperative + ‘and’ conditional An imperative can be used to introduce a condition followed by and to introduce a consequence of the condition, e.g. Try our delicious paellas and you'll definitely be back formore! CLAUSE PATTERNS - EMPHATIC STRUCTURES Cleft sentences it clefts (it + “be! + phrase + defining relative clause) We use it lefts to change the normal sentence structure in order to emphasise or focus on certain information twas after their reunion concert that the band actually decided to part ways forever. The important information is directly after it + be, tecan: ‘emphasise the subject ofthe defining relative clause. k fas me who caught the thief red-handed ‘emphasise the object of the defining clause. Iwas your phone thatthe police called last night ‘emphasise the whole phrase. Ikewas last weekend that the noisy neighbours finally moved out "Note: When the subject of the defining clause is plural, we sill use it + be in the singular. twas Angel's sisters who were cheering so loudly. “whe clfts We use wh clefts to emphasise new or interesting information which usually follows the whe clause. What amazes me is how professional musicians play entire concerts without referring to the score. 12 We use: ‘what (as subject} + verb + be + emphasised word/phrase. What's fascinating is how the director got the actors to work so well together what + clause + be + emphasised word/phrase. What 'm thinking about doing is going to university to study engineering Note: We can also use phrases such as the reason why, she place where, the person who. The place where they first settled in this area is just over there. Inversion after adverbs/adverbial phrases with a negative meaning We use inversion after adverbs or adverbial phrases to focus and give emphasis on what we're saying (adverb/adverbial phrase + modal auxiliary + subject: No sooner had we arrived at the picnic spot than it started pouring ciown Little did I knew who'd be waiting for me when I got home. Not until we'd eaten the dish did we find out exactly what Inno way would | ask anyone to do something | wouldn't cdo myself az their manager. (Only when they saw what was inside the parcel did they realise what was going on Barely had I got in when the phone starting ringing, Note: Using negative adverbs and phrases to front an inverted sentence is more often used in formal or writen English. This s especially true of sontonces using inversion aterso and such, So bumpy was the flight that we had to keep our seatbelts fastened the whole way. ‘should'/‘had'/'‘were’ + subject + verb Introducing a subordinate clause with inverted should/had/ ‘were + subject + verb can be used in formal contexts, e., Should you require any ass do not hesitate to cal the number provided, 1 in filing out the form, COMPARING Intensifying and modifying comparisons ‘Some words can intensity and modify comparative forms, e.g. considerably /a great deal more/less surprising than more and more challenging abit slightly a litle broader ne worse than just /quite / easily as fascinating as not nearly / nowhere near as helpful azPRACTICE © complete the subordinate clauses inthe sentences Using the coe form othe verb inthe box. base be buy compare d have require know 1 to last week's performance, today’s concert was so much better, 2 Thenew building, well, wll give us more space and allow more light into the rooms 3. Bring binoculars and you a fantastic, whale-watching expedition with us! 4 interested in sport, I didn’t accept the ‘tickets for the basketball match, 5 lon the latest figures, sales are significantly up this quarter. 6 the first in the series of ‘collector! magazines and you'll want to get them all! 7 that! was supposed to queue, unwittingly anneyed other customers 8 hhigh seats for small children are available hom the restaurant reception @ Five ofthese sentences contain incorrect forms Find he rors and comect therm 1 No sooner we unpacked he car than we else w areved othe wrang place Never before had Iseen such an nerd landscape So unpleasant were the fumes from the factory that we had to keep all our windows closed, 4 Youwantto speak to a member of staf, please wait here until called, 5__Iewas Jennifer who first noticed that the alarm was going off atthe end of the street 6 | known you were thinking of applying for the course, Id have given you some better information. 7 Not until we'd completed the walk along the elffe we realised how risky ithad been 8 Imconsidering at the moment is retraining to become © complete the sontonces with th comet phrase rom theboe did the best harder and harder just as compelling no worse not neatly as nothing like as exhausting slightly taller very much warmer 1 This series is the previous one. 21 | could under difficuk circumstances. xciting as 3 Wow! The sea temperature is than it was a couple of weeks ago. 4 Dan mightbe than his brother, but they/re fairly similar in height 5 This work gets every day and 'm struggling to keep up. 6 Getting the bus for such a shor journey is than getting the tran, 7 Ithink the sequel to the novel is as the original. 8 The drive was, ast expected itto be. Pronunciation @ Mork rsing andr fang intonation athe end of he tentences, Theis an example elp you 0 Neverkefor had we been o see such a foseating kind of ay 1 Thisdocumentay’snowhere near a good as that ther 2. So.you'eteling me thatyouthnkth fas no worse thanoureld one? 3. Not knowing where as going, wasted a lato tine Shing unin elon 4. tmzorybutthis isthe best! can dowithouthaving access othe rghit doe 5 Based on whatyouakeadyhrow about the author, Tale outo wrt shor intedton about i 6 There's no way twas mela who broke the vase foe? 7 Do you really believe this system is no faster than the ‘old one? 8 Had [thought about itn advance, 'd have brought my laptop to show you my photos. © D.16+ Listen and chock Then repeat the sentences inthe pauses 3 9 Fa g F F > 2 fm S Zz 5