Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use Standard Specification for AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 102M/M 102-96 (ASTM DESIGNATION: A 668M/A668-95) 1. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers un- treated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. [ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements. 1.2 Hot-rlled or cold-finished bars fare “not within the scope of this specification 1L3. Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 8) which indicates their requited heat reatments. as well as ‘mechanical properties. 1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser, 1.5 Appendix XI lists the grades corresponding to the various grades of [ASTM Specifications A 235. 237, and ‘A243 which have been superseded by this specification. 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units. are 10 be re- ‘garded separately as the standard: within the text and tables, the inch-pound units ae shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exactly equivalent: therefore, each system must be used in- dependently ofthe other. Combitiing val- vues from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 2, REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 21 AASHTO Test Methods: ‘T 244 Methods and Defini- tions for Mechanical ‘Testing of Steel Products 22. ASTM Standards: A 275A 279M Test Method for Magnetic Part- cle Examination of Steet Forgings A 388/A 388M Practice for Ultrasonic Exami- nation of Heavy Steel Forgings A 654 Specification for Spe- cial Requirements for Steel Forging and Bars tor Nuclear and Other Special Applications A788 Specafication for Steel Forgings. Generat Requirements 3, TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Description of terms specific to this standard: Bul Hollow eslindrical forging—A forging whose length, as measured on its longitudinal axis is more than its di- ameter, shall be considered as a hollow cylinder within the scope of this specifi- cation if t has been lengthened by extru- sion or forged in @ manner similar to that ofa ring, namely, expanded in diam- eter on a mandrel. ‘32 ring-shaped ora disk-shaped forging—A forging whose length. as ‘measured on its longitudinal axis, is less than its diameter or main transverse di mension is considered a ring or disk ‘within the meaning ofthis specification. 4. ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 When this specification isto be applied to an inquiry, contract, or order. the purchaser shall furnish the follow- ing information: 41 The ordering information re- quired by ASTM A 788. 4.1.2 The class of forging desired as listed in Section 8: 413 The options which may be se- lected as found in Sections 64.2, 7.12. 83, and 14.1: and 44 Applicable supplementary re quirements. 5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. 5.1 Material supplied to this specifi- cation shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 788 which outlines addi- tional ordering information, manufactur ing requirements, tesung and retesting ‘methods and procedures. marking, certi= fication, product analysis vanations. and additional supplementary requirements. 3.2 If the requirements ofthis speci- fieation are in conflict with the require iments of ASTM A 788, the requirements of this specification shall prevail 6 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE 6.1 Melting Process—The stet shall be made by the open-hearth, basic-oxy~ gen. or electric-furnace process. 62. Discard—Sutficient discard shall be made from each ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation. 63. Forging Process—The forging shail be brought as close as practical 10 finished shape and size by hot mechani- cal work. 63.1 After forging and before re heating for heat treatment, the forgings 87SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M102M 88 TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements ‘Composition. max. percent Classes A Classes G toFans oN and Elements AH FH GH wo NH Manganese 135 = Posphons 0.050, 0.40 ‘Sulphor 080 .040 shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent injury and to accomplish ‘wansformation, 64 Hear Treatment GAL All forgings, other than Class ‘A, shall be heat teated. See Section §, 64.2 Where options exist within 2 class. the choice of heat treatment shall be left to the discretion of the manufac- turer, unless the purchaser specifies one of the available options 7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 71 The steel shall conform 10 the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1 7.2. The choice of chemical composi- tion is left to the discretion of the manu- facturer, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. 13. Heat Analysis: 73.1 An analysis of each heat shall bbe made by the manufacturer. When pos- sible. the test sample shall be taken dur ing the pouring of the heat. Ifthe test sample is lost or declared inadequate for chemical determinations. the manufac- turer may take alternative samples from locations near the surface of an ingot or bloom. as necessary to establish the analysis. 73.2 In the case of large ingots poured from two or more heals, the weighted average of the chemical deter- ‘minations of the several heats shall con- form to the requirements as specified in Table 1 or by agreement (see Section 72) 74 Product Analysis~An analysis may b2 made by the purchaser from forging representing each heat, or multi- ple heat if made in accordance with Sec- tion 7.3.2. Samples for analysis may be taken from the forging. or from a full- size prolongauon at any point from the ‘midradius 10 the outside diameter in the case of disk or solid forgings, or midway between the inner and outer surfaces of hollow forgings or rings, or from a test specimen. The chemical composition ‘thus determined shall not vary from the requirements specified in Table 1 or agreed upon (see Section 7.2) by more than the amounts prescribed in Table 2 & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 8.1 Tensile Requirements: 8.1.1 The material shall conform to the tensile properties prescribed in Ta- ble 3 8.12 Tensile specimens shall be ma- chined to the form and dimensions illus- trated in T 244 and shall be tested in accordance withthe latest issue of T 244. 813 Size Classification—The di- ‘mensions of the forging at the ume of heat treatment determine the size classifi- cation (see Table 3): 8.1.3.1 “Solid Forgings—Either the as forged or rough machined diameter or thickness of solid forgings, disregarding large ends, collars. flanges. and journals. at time of heat treatment shall determine the size classification. 81.32 Ring or Hollow. Cylinder Forging—The size classification shall be etermined by sts wall thickness or Width. whichever is the smaller dimen- sion of either the as forged or rough machined forging at ume of heat 8.1.4 Number of Tests—Unless the purchaser specifies that forgings shall be furished in accordance with the require- ‘ments of Section 8.3. the number of ten- sion tests performed shall be as follows: 8.14.1 Forall classes of heat-treated forgings with rough machined masses less than 2270 kg {5000 1b) each, one test shall be made from each size classifi cation represented in each heat in each annealing or normalizing charge, or from each size classification in each heat in each normalizing or quenching charge represented in each tempering charge. For untreated forgings (Class A) with @ ‘mass of less than 2270 kg [5000 Ib] each, fone test from each heat shall be made. 8.1.42 On all classes, for forgings with rough machined masses of 2270 kg [5000 1b) or more, at least one test for cach forging shall be made. 8.143 On all classes, for forgings ‘with rough machined masses of 3180 ke [7000 1b) or more. two tests will be taken; on ring and disk forgings 180 degrees apart; on shafts and long hollow cylinders over 2030 mm [80 in.] in length excluding test material), one from each fend and offset 180 degrees. Shaft and cylinder forgings 2030 mm [80 in.) or Jess in length (excluding test material) ‘may have both tests located at one end 180 degrees apan. 8.1.44 When forgings are made in ‘multiple as a single forging. that is forged as one piece and divided after heat treatment, the muliple forging shall bbe considered as one forging, and the ‘number of tests required shall be as des- ‘ignated in Sections 8.14.1. 81.42. and 8.1.43, 8.15 _Prolongations: 8.15.1 A sufficient number of the forgings shall have prolongation for ex- tracting specimens for tesung. Locations of test specimens for various types of forgings shall be as shown in Figure 1 8.1.5.2 The nominal or principal ovi- side rough machine diameter or thickness of the forgings. disregarding large ends. collars. flanges. and journals shall deter ‘mine the size of the prolongations for lest specimens: however, the prolongs- tions on annealed, normalized, oF nor ‘malized and tempered shafts may be e: tensions of the small diameter end of the shaft, as shown in Figure 1 8.1.53 For quenched forgings in Classes FJ. K. L, M. and N. the prolon- ‘gations shail be sufficiently long so that the center of the gage length (for longitu- ‘inal specimens) or axis (for tangential specimens) of the tension test specimen shall be at the following locations: (1) On solid round forgings, bars, or billets (see Figure 1(a)), st midradivs and from the end, 89 mm [34 in,] or "Jy the diameter, whichever is less. (2) On solid retangular forgings, bars, or billets, at "the thickness and the ‘width from the end, 89 mm [3'/ in.) or "is the thickness, whichever is les. (G) On disk forgings (see Figure 1(c)), (with prolongation on OD), at mid-thick- ness and from the OD 89 mm (3's in. fr *V5 the thickness, whichever is less. (4) On disk forgings (see Figure 1(c)), (ovith prolongation on the width or thick- ess) 89 mm [3!/in.} or Ny the thickness,102M, SPECIFICATIONS FUR MATERIALS » TABLE 2 Permissible Variations in Product Analyse Fermi Vanauon over the Maxim Limit oF Cader he Minimum L perso - = : Over 2580 Up Over 129) em? cn Over $160 and ine 200 into (4 mJ 4@ (BOD ino Over itor Maximum 1380 em? 2580 cm? 160 em 10320 em 10220 em Species Range. 200 ia? (400i) {800 in) «i600 in {1600 percent inl in incl ine inl Up wo and inc 028 003 om DoH cas 0s 025 88 ns vow os 206 0.06 0136 and over os os 08 oo out Manganese Up wo and inl 090 08 ass 008 ou 08 * 91 ad over 0.05 oor 008 8 08 Phosphorus Up 10 and incl 095. ‘008 010 oats ois salt Up 1 an inet 0.0380 oss om0s 006 905 12030 and over eo ow oats os sieca Up to and int 038 08 O08 ns 08 O38 and ver 06 or 047 008 ikl Upc and inc 1.00 os 0.08 oat ‘us LOI 19 200 it vs 0.08 00s ons 201 16 3.30 iet cor oor our ow Chroma Up co and inc 0.90 os sos os 006 19119 0 net 06 nor out ons 2.119 1000 inl 10 wig us 6 Molybisnum Ep oad ie 02 90 oor nos ou S121 19 ind 003 03 soe oa {1411 118 inl ons ton 10 oink Vs $3 sl 00 ou ma m2 Yana Up wand int 040 ool ont so vot 11 6 028 il oo om sor or 122 03 nl 003 oo ons wa a 311 138 nel oo Ost m hat ot NOTE Frc emesis ae 5a her ; Vigna cone tala mae gg tling Mog | Se ee eee eee roe ho a agen th st : =e I whichever is less, from any eat equal to or greater than the minimum and cach multiple forging made in aceor- treated surtace. (3) On ring forgings (see Figure id) (with prolongation on width), at mid- wall and from the ring face 89 mm (3'/: Jn] or '% the wall thickness, whichever (6) On ring forgings (see Figure | \d)) with prolongation on the OD), at mid- width and from the OD 89 mm [3'in.Jor /the width. whicheveris ess. 8.1.5.4 Inplace of prolongs. theman- ‘afacturer may elect to (1) submit anextra forging(s) to represent each test fot: in this event, the representative forging must bbe made from the same heat of steel. have received the same reduction and type of hhot working, be of the same nominal thickness, and have been heat treated in the same furnace charge as the forging(s) it represents; or (2) obtain the test speci- men from the trepanned material of tans- verse or radial holes. provided depth is depth required by 8.1.5.3. B16 Tests for acceptance shall be smade after final heat treatment of the ‘orgings, 8.1.7 Test specimens shall be parallel ‘0 the axis of the forging inthe direction in which the metal is most drawn out except that rings, hollow forgings which are expanded. and disks shall be tested in the tangential direction 8.1.8 Yield point shall be determined ‘on carbon steel Grades A through F. and yield strength on alloy stee! Grades G through N. For carbon steel grades not showing 2 yield point, the yield strength on 0.2 percent off-set shall be reported. 82 Hardness Tests—Brinellhard- ness tests shall be performed alter heat treatment (except on Class A forgings) and rough machining on each forging having a mass under 3175 kg [7000 tb) dance with Section 8.1.4.4 weighing un- der 3175 kg [7000 Ib]. For exceptions see Sections 8.144 and 8.23, 8.2.1 The average value of the hard- ness readings on each forging shall fall within the hardness ranges specified in ‘Table 3, The permissible variation in hardness in any forging over 113 kg (250 [bj shall not exceed 30 HB for Classes ‘A through E. 40 HB for Classes F thro J, and 50 HB for Classes K through 8.2.2 Atleast twohardness tests shall be taken on each flat face of disks. rings. and hollow forgings over 113 kg (250 1b) approximately at mid-radius and 180 degrees apart, for example, at the 3:00 ‘and 9:00 positions on one face and the 6:00 and 12:00 positions on the opposite face. On solid forgings over 113 kg (250 Tp}. atleast four tests shall be taken on the periphery of the forging, (wo at each cend 180 degrees apar.SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS M 102M "TABLE 3. Tensile Requirements Yl For Tensile Viele Senn 7 Sreagh, 02 een Recon of = mie _OFseL mn (2 mj. min. Arca min. Brine c Quer Now Over pep) Me ps) perem percent Hardnes Carton Sit ‘vaHy neuer = Si07o) 324 7000) wo see = Te ma 413 eon, BH) vameac norms. see or ~— =O 20]———314 f60000} 207 (HNN) x 120-174 rormalied and peed CCH Amealec normasied, 7 — «308 (12) SS (66000) x x» vam rormalized and peed 30512] S102) 388 (een 2 s 137-183 ADH) (Normalzc= amncass or = — 28 8)——«SI7 (75000) 2807800) 28 0 19-2 ormalzed or te=seed) 205 (8) 308112) 517 [000] 258 (57500) s 199-2 205112) S10 (20) ——_$17 15000} 2507800) 2 5207 516 20) 517 (75000) 259 57500) 0 13522 (EH) (Normals: and torsered oe = 208 (8) 85ND] 308 (4000) ” re ouble normals: or emrsred) 20818) $08 12] $72 (83000) 396 (33600 ” ra BOS 112] 510 [20] $73 [@3000) ~ 296 (3000) % ra AFH) (Quench sad tempers or 100 a 62 (90000} 379 [S10 x tormalied. gic se8 and -ompered) WAV 3) 180 [7] $85 F8800) 8 (5000 » Tw (7) 258 10) 6 85000) 348 ISHN) > 25500) 510120) 56s [82000) 337 (ako) x Alloy Stel GiGH (Annalee vnomsiaed or — «SOS 12) ——<552 AODDO) 385 (8000) ~ seonalzed and pore 20s12] S10 20) $82 [aonon} 348 15000) * MAHA Normaizes and wresereds NO (3],———621 [S000] foe 4 Iw (7) 385 10) 61 9mm a0 (84000) 2 28: [10] Sok 20} 620490000) 3 (SH) » HIM tNonmahase and temeced. of TAD L898] ANS TON} 20 Ps onl. usced an sed IMGT] 388 uh) 621 [SOM] HS oso] 30 » 284 (10) 50K (20) 620 S000) SW Jos] TS 3 AH OSes. quencs8 amd ROT] 738 [losonn} $82 | 20 so tempted) we) 388 Im) a9 flop] SIT Sa] x 2810) S08 (20) 6a [topoMH| SIS 75M] a fran ALE iNeemalies quenchad and Fa) 12800] 72H TOS % xen serperar Vos) 1x0 7} so} 6s SEND] # eat tw [7) 255 120) 758 414000n) Sa AS] * 254 (10) $08 20) Fou MM] SHS (88H) » SVM) Normans, quenced and — 100 fa} 000 45000) $27 (120K) 1S s pris ener Yoo |S) 180 7} 95 f140n00) 793 118000) Ha » eM 18077) 258 10) 981135000) 758 [0M0) 3 » e301 no) 508 |20) 930 [135000) 756 1uoeM| 12 % 260-1 Sent eNormalics quenerst and TON fa} 1172 [70000] 968 (14HHO| 1? 0 3401 tempered Too) 18D 7} 268000). 981 (38IN0) 2 x5 sito 180 [7] 255 10) 1103 (160000) 96 (130000) 11 % 21-38 284 (10) $08 (20) 1105 [160000|_905 (130600) 3s 321-402 823 For forgings 113 ke (250 Ib} and less. Brine!” testing shall be per- formed on the broken test specimens rep- rescaling the heat or heats included in each heat treating charge, or in the case of untreated forsmgs (Ciass A). on the test specimen representing each heat, The results shall meet the requisements of Ta- bie 3. the purchaser desires Brinel test- ang of each forgs3g. Supplementary Re- uirement $1) ray be use. 8.3 If so specified by the purchaser forgings may be supplied on the basis of hardness tests alone. If this option is exercised, the class shall be id with the leer “H.” that is, “AH, "CH." ete 9. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES 9.1 The forgings shall conform wo the dimensions and tolerances specified ‘on the purchaser's drawing or order. 10. WORKMANSHIP, FINISH, AND APPEARANCE 10.1 The forgings shall conform to the finish specified on the purchaser's ‘drawing or shall otherwise have @ good workmanlike appearance,M 102M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS ie _ Oo etles tareuane_ testes 7 Lengisotinet te¥e reslaascps (4) see toceines FIGURE 1 Locations of Test Specimens for Various Types of Forgings Ml. RETREATMENT TLL When heat-treated forgings ere specified, and the mechanical test results of any test lor do not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer may retreat the lot not more than three ditional times, and retests shall be made according 10 Section 8. Re- tmeatment is defined as complete re-aus- tenization. Multiple retempering is not precluded by this requirement. 1.2 When untreated torgings (Class A) are specified, and the mechanical test results of any test lot do not conform to the requirements specified. the manufac turer may anneal, normalize. or normal- ize and temper. one of more times. but not more than three times: and retests shall be made in accordance with Section 1 8. The tensile properties shall conform to the requirements for the class of forgings ordered (Class A). 12, RETESTS 12.1 Uf the mechanical test results of any test lot do not conform to the requirements specified because of a dis continuity developing in the test speci men during testing, a retest shall be al- lowed if the discontinuity is not caused by ruptures, cracks, or Hlakes in the steel 13. INSPECTION 1341 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser's inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisty him thatthe material is being turished in accordance ‘with the specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall aot interfere un- aecessanly with the manutacturet’s oper- ations. All tests and inspections. except product analyses, shall be made at the place of manufacture. unless otherwise agreed (0. 14. REJECTION 14L Any forging having injurious iscontinuties observed prior 10 oF sub- sequent ro acceptance at the manufactur- cer’s plant shall be subject (0 rejection. 14.2. Samples tested by the purchaser in accordance with Section 7.3 that repre sent rejected material shall be preserved tor 60 days from the date of the rejection ‘report. In case of dissauistaction with the zesults of the tests the manulacturer may ‘make claim for rehearing within that time. 18. CERTIFICATION AND REPORTS 184A The mill shall furnish tests re- ports to the purchaser with the follow- ing information: 18.11 Chemical analysis: 15.1.2 Heat treaument including tem- peratures for austenitizing and temper-ing. times at temperature, and cooling ‘medium empioved for heat treatment: 15.13. Resolts of tests for mechani- cal properties or hardness. or both and 15.14 The results of any required supplementary tess, 16. PRODUCT MARKING AND PACKING 16.1 Each forging over 113 kg [250 1b) shall be legibly stamped by the manu- facturer with the manufacturer’s name for trademark. the manufacturer's serial ‘number, the specification identification ‘number, followed by the appropriate class number and, where applicable, an AISI Grade designation. 16.2 For forgings 113 kg [250 Ib] sand under, the purchaser may indicate the nature and location of ‘identifica. tion marks 16.3 The type of stamps to be used shall be round-nosed or "interrupted die stamps having a minimum radius of SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS ‘One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer ‘and the purchaser. Sl. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 51.1 The supplier shall obtain ap: pproval of the grade of steel he proposes to apply to the order and reach agreement ‘with the purchaser on the ranges of each clement specified in the composition 52. SPECIAL FORGING ‘TECHNIQUES ‘S21 Special Forging Techniques are required to produce metal flow during SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS the hot working operation in the direction most favorable for resisting the stresses encountered in service. Verification of forging flow lines shall be by macroetch testing of sample forgings in accordance with ASTM E 381, $3. ROUGH TURNING AND BORING $3.1 The postion of any rough tum- Ingo boring in the sequence of manufac- ‘uring operations. 54. CARBON CONTENT FOR WELDING S4.1 For forgings intended for weld- ing. the carbon content (product analysis) shall be, limited to 0.35 max percent. BEND TESTS $5.1. The test specimen shall with- stand being bent ai room temperature through 180 degrees without eracking on the outside of the bent portion of an inside diameter of 38 mm (1"/ in) 86. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TEST 6.1 Forgings shall be magnetic par ticle tested in accordance with the latest issue of ASTM A 275/A 275M, 7. ULTRASONIC TEST S71 Forgings shall be ultrasonically tested in accordance with the latest issue of ASTM A 388/A 388M. 88. VACUUM TREATMENT $8.1 Vacuum degassed steel shall be supplied. 89, TENSILE REQUIREMENTS $9.1 _When sizes larger than permit- ted in Table 3 are required, ductility values may be reduced from the speci- fied values. M 102M $9.2 Yield strengths higher than those listed in Table 3 for quenched and tempered grades may be specified. S10, HEAT TREATMENT $10.1 A minimum tempering tem- perature shall be specified, Sil. ADDITIONAL TESTS S1L1_ Tests in addition to those pre- scribed in Section 8 may be specified, S12, ADDITIONAL MARKING S121 Additional identification mark- ing or the locations of the stamping or both may be specified. S13. MECHANICAL TEST LOCATION AND SAMPLING S13. Quenched and tempered forg- ings shall have mechanical test speci- ‘mens located and sampled in accordance with RG of ASTM A 654 Sid. FORGE PROCEDURE $14.1 The forge procedure shall be submited by the manufacturer to the purchaser for approval prior to produc tion of the forging.M 102M. ee APPENDIX (Neamandatory Information) XI. Comparison of AASHTO M 102 ys, superseded ASTM Specifications A 335, A237. and A243,” TABLE Xt ‘Superseded ASTM Use M102, Class 4H 1 K i Mt 8 5 ° e F G 4 d k t M N SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 8