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 CALCULUS
Seventh Edition

Produced by the Calculus Consortium and initially funded by a

National Science Foundation Grant.

Deborah Hughes- William G. McCallum Andrew M.

Hallett Gleason
University of University of Arizona Harvard
Arizona University

Eric Connally David Lovelock Douglas Quinney

Harvard University University of Arizona University of Keele
Extension

Daniel E. Flath Guadalupe I. Lozano Karen Rhea

Macalester College University of Arizona University of
Michigan

Selin Kalaycıoğlu Jerry Morris Ayşe şahin

New York University Sonoma State University Wright State
University

Brigitte Lahme David Mumford Adam H. Spiegler

Sonoma State Brown University Loyola University
University Chicago
Patti Frazer Lock Brad G. Osgood Jeff Tecosky-
Feldman
St. Lawrence Stanford University Haverford College
University

David O. Lomen Cody L. Patterson Thomas W. Tucker

University of University of Texas at Colgate University
Arizona San Antonio

Aaron D. Wootton
University of Portland

with the assistance of

Otto K. Bretscher Adrian Iovita David E. Sloane,
MD
Colby College University of Harvard Medical
Washington School

Coordinated by
Elliot J. Marks
We dedicate this book to Andrew M. Gleason.
His brilliance and the extraordinary kindness and dignity with
which he treated others made an enormous difference to us, and to
many, many people. Andy brought out the best in everyone.
Deb Hughes Hallett
for the Calculus Consortium
ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Shannon Corliss
VICE PRESIDENT AND Laurie Rosatone
DIRECTOR
DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Adria Giattino
FREELANCE Anne Scanlan-Rohrer/Two Ravens
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR Editorial
MARKETING MANAGER John LaVacca
SENIOR PRODUCT David Dietz
DESIGNER
SENIOR PRODUCTION Laura Abrams
EDITOR
COVER DESIGNER Maureen Eide
COVER AND CHAPTER © Patrick Zephyr/Patrick Zephyr
OPENING PHOTO Nature Photography

Problems from Calculus: The Analysis of Functions, by Peter D.

Taylor (Toronto: Wall & Emerson, Inc., 1992). Reprinted with
permission of the publisher.

This book was set in Times Roman by the Consortium using TEX,
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The inside back cover will contain printing identification and country
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 PREFACE
Calculus is one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect.
Inspired by problems in astronomy, Newton and Leibniz developed
the ideas of calculus 300 years ago. Since then, each century has
demonstrated the power of calculus to illuminate questions in
mathematics, the physical sciences, engineering, and the social and
biological sciences.
Calculus has been so successful both because its central theme—
change—is pivotal to an analysis of the natural world and because of
its extraordinary power to reduce complicated problems to simple
procedures. Therein lies the danger in teaching calculus: it is
possible to teach the subject as nothing but procedures—thereby
losing sight of both the mathematics and of its practical value. This
edition of Calculus continues our effort to promote courses in which
understanding and computation reinforce each other. It reflects the
input of users at research universities, four-year colleges, community
colleges, and secondary schools, as well as of professionals in partner
disciplines such as engineering and the natural and social sciences.

Mathematical Thinking Supported by Theory

and Modeling
The first stage in the development of mathematical thinking is the
acquisition of a clear intuitive picture of the central ideas. In the next
stage, the student learns to reason with the intuitive ideas in plain
English. After this foundation has been laid, there is a choice of
direction. All students benefit from both theory and modeling, but
the balance may differ for different groups. Some students, such as
mathematics majors, may prefer more theory, while others may
prefer more modeling. For instructors wishing to emphasize the
connection between calculus and other fields, the text includes:

A variety of problems from the physical sciences and

engineering.
 Examples from the biological sciences and economics.
Models from the health sciences and of population growth.
Problems on sustainability.
Case studies on medicine by David E. Sloane, MD.

Active Learning: Good Problems

As instructors ourselves, we know that interactive classrooms and
well-crafted problems promote student learning. Since its inception,
the hallmark of our text has been its innovative and engaging
problems. These problems probe student understanding in ways
often taken for granted. Praised for their creativity and variety, these
problems have had influence far beyond the users of our textbook.
The Seventh Edition continues this tradition. Under our approach,
which we call the “Rule of Four,” ideas are presented graphically,
numerically, symbolically, and verbally, thereby encouraging
students to deepen their understanding. Graphs and tables in this
text are assumed to show all necessary information about the
functions they represent, including direction of change, local
extrema, and discontinuities.
Problems in this text include:

Strengthen Your Understanding problems at the end of

every section. These problems ask students to reflect on what
they have learned by deciding “What is wrong?” with a statement
and to “Give an example” of an idea.
ConcepTests promote active learning in the classroom. These
can be used with or without personal response systems (e.g.,
clickers), and have been shown to dramatically improve student
learning. Available in a book or on the web at
www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett.
Class Worksheets allow instructors to engage students in
individual or group class-work. Samples are available in the
Instructor's Manual, and all are on the web at
www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett.
 Data and Models Many examples and problems throughout the
text involve data-driven models. For example, Section 11.7 has a
series of problems studying the spread of the chikungunya virus
that arrived in the US in 2013. Projects at the end of each chapter
of the E-Text (at www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett) provide
opportunities for sustained investigation of real-world situations
that can be modeled using calculus.
Drill Exercises build student skill and confidence.

Enhancing Learning Online

This Seventh Edition provides opportunities for students to
experience the concepts of calculus in ways that would not be
possible in a traditional textbook. The E-Text of Calculus, powered
by VitalSource, provides interactive demonstrations of concepts,
embedded videos that illustrate problem-solving techniques, and
built-in assessments that allow students to check their
understanding as they read. The E-Text also contains additional
content not found in the print edition:

Worked example videos by Donna Krawczyk at the University of

Arizona, which provide students the opportunity to see and hear
hundreds of the book's examples being explained and worked out
in detail
Embedded Interactive Explorations, applets that present and
explore key ideas graphically and dynamically—especially useful
for display of three-dimensional graphs
Material that reviews and extends the major ideas of each
chapter: Chapter Summary, Review Exercises and Problems, CAS
Challenge Problems, and Projects
Challenging problems that involve further exploration and
application of the mathematics in many sections
Section on the ε, δ definition of limit (1.10)
Appendices that include preliminary ideas useful in this course
Problems Available in WileyPLUS
Students and instructors can access a wide variety of problems
through WileyPLUS with ORION, Wiley's digital learning
environment. ORION Learning provides an adaptive, personalized
learning experience that delivers easy-to-use analytics so instructors
and students can see exactly where they're excelling and where they
need help. WileyPLUS with ORION features the following resources:

Online version of the text, featuring hyperlinks to referenced

content, applets, videos, and supplements.
Homework management tools, which enable the instructor to
assign questions easily and grade them automatically, using a
rich set of options and controls.
QuickStart pre-designed reading and homework assignments.
Use them as-is or customize them to fit the needs of your
classroom.
Intelligent Tutoring questions, in which students are prompted
for responses as they step through a problem solution and receive
targeted feedback based on those responses.
Algebra & Trigonometry Refresher material, delivered through
ORION, Wiley's personalized, adaptive learning environment
that assesses students' readiness and provides students with an
opportunity to brush up on material necessary to master
Calculus, as well as to determine areas that require further
review.

Flexibility and Adaptability: Varied Approaches

The Seventh Edition of Calculus is designed to provide flexibility for
instructors who have a range of preferences regarding inclusion of
topics and applications and the use of computational technology. For
those who prefer the lean topic list of earlier editions, we have kept
clear the main conceptual paths. For example,

The Key Concept chapters on the derivative and the definite

integral (Chapters 2 and 5) can be covered at the outset of the
 course, right after Chapter 1.
Limits and continuity (Sections 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9) can be covered in
depth before the introduction of the derivative (Sections 2.1 and
2.2), or after.
Approximating Functions Using Series (Chapter 10) can be
covered before, or without, Chapter 9.
In Chapter 4 (Using the Derivative), instructors can select freely
from Sections 4.3–4.8.
Chapter 8 (Using the Definite Integral) contains a wide range of
applications. Instructors can select one or two to do in detail.

To use calculus effectively, students need skill in both symbolic

manipulation and the use of technology. The balance between the
two may vary, depending on the needs of the students and the wishes
of the instructor. The book is adaptable to many different
combinations.
The book does not require any specific software or technology. It has
been used with graphing calculators, graphing software, and
computer algebra systems. Any technology with the ability to graph
functions and perform numerical integration will suffice. Students
are expected to use their own judgment to determine where
technology is useful.

Content
This content represents our vision of how calculus can be taught. It is
flexible enough to accommodate individual course needs and
requirements. Topics can easily be added or deleted, or the order
changed.
Changes to the text in the Seventh Edition are in italics. In all
chapters, problems were added and others were updated. In total,
there are more than 1300 new problems.
Chapter 1: A Library of Functions
This chapter introduces all the elementary functions to be used in the
book. Although the functions are probably familiar, the graphical,
numerical, verbal, and modeling approach to them may be new. We
introduce exponential functions at the earliest possible stage, since
they are fundamental to the understanding of real-world processes.
The content on limits and continuity in this chapter has been revised
and expanded to emphasize the limit as a central idea of calculus.
Section 1.7 gives an intuitive introduction to the ideas of limit and
continuity. Section 1.8 introduces one-sided limits and limits at
infinity and presents properties of limits of combinations of
functions, such as sums and products. The new Section 1.9 gives a
variety of algebraic techniques for computing limits, together with
many new exercises and problems applying those techniques, and
introduces the Squeeze Theorem. The new online Section 1.10
contains the ε, δ definition of limit, previously in Section 1.8.

Chapter 2: Key Concept: The Derivative

The purpose of this chapter is to give the student a practical
understanding of the definition of the derivative and its
interpretation as an instantaneous rate of change. The power rule is
introduced; other rules are introduced in Chapter 3.

Chapter 3: Short-Cuts to Differentiation

The derivatives of all the functions in Chapter 1 are introduced, as
well as the rules for differentiating products; quotients; and
composite, inverse, hyperbolic, and implicitly defined functions.

Chapter 4: Using the Derivative

The aim of this chapter is to enable the student to use the derivative
in solving problems, including optimization, graphing, rates,
parametric equations, and indeterminate forms. It is not necessary to
cover all the sections in this chapter.
Chapter 5: Key Concept: The Definite Integral
The purpose of this chapter is to give the student a practical
understanding of the definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums
and to bring out the connection between the derivative and the
definite integral in the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
The difference between total distance traveled during a time
interval is contrasted with the change in position.

Chapter 6: Constructing Antiderivatives

This chapter focuses on going backward from a derivative to the
original function, first graphically and numerically, then analytically.
It introduces the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the
concept of a differential equation.

Chapter 7: Integration
This chapter includes several techniques of integration, including
substitution, parts, partial fractions, and trigonometric substitutions;
others are included in the table of integrals. There are discussions of
numerical methods and of improper integrals.

Chapter 8: Using the Definite Integral

This chapter emphasizes the idea of subdividing a quantity to
produce Riemann sums which, in the limit, yield a definite integral.
It shows how the integral is used in geometry, physics, economics,
and probability; polar coordinates are introduced. It is not necessary
to cover all the sections in this chapter.
Distance traveled along a parametrically defined curve during a
time interval is contrasted with arc length.

Chapter 9: Sequences and Series

This chapter focuses on sequences, series of constants, and
convergence. It includes the integral, ratio, comparison, limit
comparison, and alternating series tests. It also introduces geometric
series and general power series, including their intervals of
convergence.
Rearrangement of the terms of a conditionally convergent series is
discussed.

Chapter 10: Approximating Functions

This chapter introduces Taylor Series and Fourier Series using the
idea of approximating functions by simpler functions.
The term Maclaurin series is introduced for a Taylor series centered
at 0. Term-by-term differentiation of a Taylor series within its
interval of convergence is introduced without proof. This term-by-
term differentiation allows us to show that a power series is its own
Taylor series.

Chapter 11: Differential Equations

This chapter introduces differential equations. The emphasis is on
qualitative solutions, modeling, and interpretation.

Chapter 12: Functions of Several Variables

This chapter introduces functions of many variables from several
points of view, using surface graphs, contour diagrams, and tables.
We assume throughout that functions of two or more variables are
defined on regions with piecewise smooth boundaries. We conclude
with a section on continuity.

Chapter 13: A Fundamental Tool: Vectors

This chapter introduces vectors geometrically and algebraically and
discusses the dot and cross product.
An application of the cross product to angular velocity is given.
Chapter 14: Differentiating Functions of
Several Variables
Partial derivatives, directional derivatives, gradients, and local
linearity are introduced. The chapter also discusses higher order
partial derivatives, quadratic Taylor approximations, and
differentiability.

Chapter 15: Optimization

The ideas of the previous chapter are applied to optimization
problems, both constrained and unconstrained.

Chapter 16: Integrating Functions of Several

Variables
This chapter discusses double and triple integrals in Cartesian, polar,
cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.

Chapter 17: Parameterization and Vector

Fields
This chapter discusses parameterized curves and motion, vector
fields and flowlines.
Additional problems are provided on parameterizing curves in 3-
space that are not contained in a coordinate plane.

Chapter 18: Line Integrals

This chapter introduces line integrals and shows how to calculate
them using parameterizations. Conservative fields, gradient fields,
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integrals, and
Green's Theorem are discussed.

Chapter 19: Flux Integrals and Divergence

This chapter introduces flux integrals and shows how to calculate
them over surface graphs, portions of cylinders, and portions of
spheres. The divergence is introduced and its relationship to flux
integrals discussed in the Divergence Theorem.
We calculate the surface area of the graph of a function using flux.

Chapter 20: The Curl and Stokes' Theorem

The purpose of this chapter is to give students a practical
understanding of the curl and of Stokes' Theorem and to lay out the
relationship between the theorems of vector calculus.

Chapter 21: Parameters, Coordinates, and

Integrals
This chapter covers parameterized surfaces, the change of variable
formula in a double or triple integral, and flux though a
parameterized surface.

Appendices
There are online appendices on roots, accuracy, and bounds;
complex numbers; Newton's method; and vectors in the plane. The
appendix on vectors can be covered at any time, but may be
particularly useful in the conjunction with Section 4.8 on parametric
equations.

Supplementary Materials and Additional

Resources
Supplements for the instructor can be obtained online at the book
companion site or by contacting your Wiley representative. The
following supplementary materials are available for this edition:

Instructor's Manual containing teaching tips, calculator

programs, overhead transparency masters, sample worksheets,
and sample syllabi.
Computerized Test Bank, comprised of nearly 7,000
questions, mostly algorithmically-generated,which allows for
 multiple versions of a single test or quiz.
Instructor's Solution Manual with complete solutions to all
problems.
Student Solution Manual with complete solutions to half the
odd-numbered problems.
Graphing Calculator Manual, to help students get the most
out of their graphing calculators, and to show how they can apply
the numerical and graphing functions of their calculators to their
study of calculus.
Additional Material, elaborating specially marked points in
the text and password-protected electronic versions of the
instructor ancillaries, can be found on the web at
www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett.

ConcepTests
ConcepTests, modeled on the pioneering work of Harvard physicist
Eric Mazur, are questions designed to promote active learning
during class, particularly (but not exclusively) in large lectures. Our
evaluation data show students taught with ConcepTests
outperformed students taught by traditional lecture methods 73%
versus 17% on conceptual questions, and 63% versus 54% on
computational problems.

Advanced Placement (AP) Teacher's Guide

The AP Guide, written by a team of experienced AP teachers,
provides tips, multiple-choice questions, and free-response questions
that align to each chapter of the text. It also features a collection of
labs designed to complement the teaching of key AP Calculus
concepts.
New material has been added to reflect recent changes in the
learning objectives for AB and BC Calculus, including extended
coverage of limits, continuity, sequences, and series. Also new to
this edition are grids that align multiple choice and free-response
questions to the College Board's Enduring Understandings,
Learning Objectives, and Essential Knowledge.
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we want to express our appreciation to the
National Science Foundation for their faith in our ability to produce
a revitalized calculus curriculum and, in particular, to our program
officers, Louise Raphael, John Kenelly, John Bradley, and James
Lightbourne. We also want to thank the members of our Advisory
Board, Benita Albert, Lida Barrett, Simon Bernau, Robert Davis, M.
Lavinia DeConge-Watson, John Dossey, Ron Douglas, Eli Fromm,
William Haver, Seymour Parter, John Prados, and Stephen Rodi.
In addition, a host of other people around the country and abroad
deserve our thanks for their contributions to shaping this edition.
They include: Huriye Arikan, Pau Atela, Ruth Baruth, Paul
Blanchard, Lewis Blake, David Bressoud, Stephen Boyd, Lucille
Buonocore, Matthew Michael Campbell, Jo Cannon, Ray Cannon,
Phil Cheifetz, Scott Clark, Jailing Dai, Ann Davidian, Tom Dick,
Srdjan Divac, Tevian Dray, Steven Dunbar, Penny Dunham, David
Durlach, John Eggers, Wade Ellis, Johann Engelbrecht, Brad Ernst,
Sunny Fawcett, Paul Feehan, Sol Friedberg, Melanie Fulton, Tom
Gearhart, David Glickenstein, Chris Goff, Sheldon P. Gordon, Salim
Haïdar, Elizabeth Hentges, Rob Indik, Adrian Iovita, David Jackson,
Sue Jensen, Alex Kasman, Matthias Kawski, Christopher Kennedy,
Mike Klucznik, Donna Krawczyk, Stephane Lafortune, Andrew
Lawrence, Carl Leinert, Daniel Look, Andrew Looms, Bin Lu, Alex
Mallozzi, Corinne Manogue, Jay Martin, Eric Mazur, Abby
McCallum, Dan McGee, Ansie Meiring, Lang Moore, Jerry Morris,
Hideo Nagahashi, Kartikeya Nagendra, Alan Newell, Steve Olson,
John Orr, Arnie Ostebee, Andrew Pasquale, Scott Pilzer, Wayne
Raskind, Maria Robinson, Laurie Rosatone, Ayse Sahin, Nataliya
Sandler, Ken Santor, Anne Scanlan-Rohrer, Ellen Schmierer,
Michael Sherman, Pat Shure, David Smith, Ernie Solheid, Misha
Stepanov, Steve Strogatz, Carl Swenson, Peter Taylor, Dinesh
Thakur, Sally Thomas, Joe Thrash, Alan Tucker, Doug Ulmer,
Ignatios Vakalis, Bill Vélez, Joe Vignolini, Stan Wagon, Hannah
Winkler, Debra Wood, Deane Yang, Bruce Yoshiwara, Kathy
Yoshiwara, and Paul Zorn.
Reports from the following reviewers were most helpful for the sixth
edition:
Barbara Armenta, James Baglama, Jon Clauss, Ann Darke, Marcel
Finan, Dana Fine, Michael Huber, Greg Marks, Wes Ostertag, Ben
Smith, Mark Turner, Aaron Weinberg, and Jianying Zhang.
Reports from the following reviewers were most helpful for the
seventh edition:
Scott Adamson, Janet Beery, Tim Biehler, Lewis Blake, Mark Booth,
Tambi Boyle, David Brown, Jeremy Case, Phil Clark, Patrice
Conrath, Pam Crawford, Roman J. Dial, Rebecca Dibbs, Marcel B.
Finan, Vauhn Foster-Grahler, Jill Guerra, Salim M. Haidar, Ryan A.
Hass, Firas Hindeleh, Todd King, Mary Koshar, Dick Lane, Glenn
Ledder, Oscar Levin, Tom Linton, Erich McAlister, Osvaldo Mendez,
Cindy Moss, Victor Padron, Michael Prophet, Ahmad Rajabzadeh,
Catherine A. Roberts, Kari Rothi, Edward J. Soares, Diana Staats,
Robert Talbert, James Vicich, Wendy Weber, Mina Yavari, and
Xinyun Zhu.
Finally, we extend our particular thanks to Jon Christensen for his
creativity with our three-dimensional figures.
Deborah Hughes- David O. Lomen Douglas Quinney
Hallett
Andrew M. Gleason David Lovelock Karen Rhea
William G. McCallum Guadalupe I. Ayşe şahin
Lozano
Eric Connally Jerry Morris Adam Spiegler
Daniel E. Flath David O. Mumford Jeff Tecosky-
Feldman
Selin Kalaycıoğlu Brad G. Osgood Thomas W. Tucker
Brigitte Lahme Cody L. Patterson Aaron D. Wootton
Patti Frazer Lock

To Students: How to Learn from this Book

This book may be different from other math textbooks that you
have used, so it may be helpful to know about some of the
differences in advance. This book emphasizes at every stage the
meaning (in practical, graphical or numerical terms) of the
symbols you are using. There is much less emphasis on “plug-
and-chug” and using formulas, and much more emphasis on the
interpretation of these formulas than you may expect. You will
often be asked to explain your ideas in words or to explain an
answer using graphs.
The book contains the main ideas of calculus in plain English.
Your success in using this book will depend on your reading,
questioning, and thinking hard about the ideas presented.
Although you may not have done this with other books, you
should plan on reading the text in detail, not just the worked
examples.
There are very few examples in the text that are exactly like the
homework problems. This means that you can't just look at a
homework problem and search for a similar–looking “worked
out” example. Success with the homework will come by grappling
with the ideas of calculus.
Many of the problems that we have included in the book are
open-ended. This means that there may be more than one
approach and more than one solution, depending on your
analysis. Many times, solving a problem relies on common sense
ideas that are not stated in the problem but which you will know
from everyday life.
Some problems in this book assume that you have access to a
graphing calculator or computer. There are many situations
where you may not be able to find an exact solution to a problem,
but you can use a calculator or computer to get a reasonable
approximation.
This book attempts to give equal weight to four methods for
describing functions: graphical (a picture), numerical (a table of
values) algebraic (a formula), and verbal. Sometimes you may
find it easier to translate a problem given in one form into
another. The best idea is to be flexible about your approach: if
one way of looking at a problem doesn't work, try another.
Students using this book have found discussing these problems in
small groups very helpful. There are a great many problems
which are not cut-and-dried; it can help to attack them with the
other perspectives your colleagues can provide. If group work is
not feasible, see if your instructor can organize a discussion
session in which additional problems can be worked on.
You are probably wondering what you'll get from the book. The
answer is, if you put in a solid effort, you will get a real
understanding of one of the most important accomplishments of
the millennium—calculus—as well as a real sense of the power of
mathematics in the age of technology.
CONTENTS
Cover Page
Title Page
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Foundation for Calculus: Functions and Limits
1.1 Functions and change
1.2 Exponential functions
1.3 New functions from old
1.4 Logarithmic functions
1.5 Trigonometric functions
1.6 Powers, Polynomials, and Rational functions
1.7 Introduction to limits and continuity
1.8 Extending the idea of a limit
1.9 Further limit calculations using Algebra
1.10 Optional preview of the formal definition of a limit
Chapter 2: Key Concept: The Derivative
2.1 How do we measure speed?
2.2 The Derivative at a point
2.3 The Derivative function
2.4 Interpretations of the derivative
2.5 The second derivative
2.6 Differentiability
Chapter 3: Short-Cuts to Differentiation
3.1 Powers and Polynomials
3.2 The Exponential Function
 3.3 The Product and Quotient Rules
3.4 The Chain Rule
3.5 The Trigonometric functions
3.6 The chain rule and inverse functions
3.7 Implicit functions
3.8 Hyperbolic functions
3.9 Linear approximation and the derivative
3.10 Theorems about differentiable functions
Chapter 4 Using the Derivative
4.1 Using first and second derivatives
4.2 Optimization
4.3 Optimization and Modeling
4.4 Families of functions and Modeling
4.5 Applications to marginality
4.6 Rates and related rates
4.7 L'Hopital's rule, growth, and dominance
4.8 Parametric Equations
Chapter 5: Key Concept: The Definite Integral
5.1 How do we measure distance traveled?
5.2 The definite integral
5.3 The fundamental theorem and interpretations
5.4 Theorems about definite integrals
Chapter 6: Constructing Antiderivatives
6.1 Antiderivatives graphically and numerically
6.2 Constructing antiderivatives analytically
6.3 Differential equations and motion
6.4 Second fundamental theorem of calculus
Chapter 7: Integration
7.1 Integration by substitution
7.2 Integration by parts
 7.3 Tables of integrals
7.4 Algebraic identities and trigonometric substitutions
7.5 Numerical methods for definite integrals
7.6 Improper integrals
7.7 Comparison of improper integrals
Chapter 8: Using the Definite Integral
8.1 Areas and volumes
8.2 Applications to geometry
8.3 Area and ARC length in polar coordinates
8.4 Density and center of mass
8.5 Applications to physics
8.6 Applications to economics
8.7 Distribution Functions
8.8 Probability, mean, and median
Chapter 9: Sequences and Series
9.1 Sequences
9.2 Geometric series
9.3 Convergence of series
9.4 Tests for convergence
9.5 Power series and interval of convergence
Chapter 10: Approximating Functions using Series
10.1 Taylor polynomials
10.2 Taylor series
10.3 Finding and using taylor series
10.4 The error in taylor polynomial approximations
10.5 Fourier Series
Chapter 11: Differential Equations
11.1 What is a differential equation?
11.2 Slope fields
11.3 Euler's method
 11.4 Separation of variables
11.5 Growth and decay
11.6 Applications and modeling
11.7 The Logistic model
11.8 Systems of differential equations
11.9 Analyzing the phase plane
11.10 Second-order differential equations: Oscillations
11.11 Linear second-order differential equations
Chapter 12: Functions of Several Variables
12.1 Functions of two variables
12.2 Graphs and surfaces
12.3 Contour diagrams
12.4 Linear functions
12.5 Functions of three variables
12.6 Limits and continuity
Chapter 13: A Fundamental Tool: Vectors
13.1 Displacement vectors
13.2 Vectors in general
13.3 The Dot product
13.4 The Cross product
Chapter 14: Differentiating Functions of Several Variables
14.1 The Partial derivative
14.2 Computing partial derivatives algebraically
14.3 Local linearity and the differential
14.4 Gradients and directional derivatives in the plane
14.5 Gradients and directional derivatives in space
14.6 The Chain Rule
14.7 Second-order partial derivatives
14.8 Differentiability
Chapter 15: Optimization: Local and Global Extrema
 15.1 Critical Points: Local extrema and saddle points
15.2 Optimization
15.3 Constrained optimization: Lagrange multipliers
Chapter 16: Integrating Functions of Several Variables
16.1 The Definite integral of a function of two variables
16.2 Iterated integrals
16.3 Triple integrals
16.4 Double integrals in polar coordinates
16.5 Integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
16.6 Applications of integration to probability
Chapter 17: Parameterization and Vector Fields
17.1 Parameterized curves
17.2 Motion, velocity, and acceleration
17.3 Vector fields
17.4 The Flow of a vector field
Chapter 18: Line Integrals
18.1 The Idea of a line integral
18.2 Computing line integrals over parameterized curves
18.3 Gradient fields and path-independent fields
18.4 Path-dependent vector fields and green's theorem
Chapter 19: Flux Integrals and Divergence
19.1 The Idea of a flux integral
19.2 Flux integrals for graphs, cylinders, and spheres
19.3 The Divergence of a vector field
19.4 The Divergence theorem
Chapter 20: The Curl and Stokes' Theorem
20.1 The Curl of a vector field
20.2 Stokes' theorem
20.3 The Three fundamental theorems
Chapter 21: Parameters, Coordinates, and Integrals
 21.1 Coordinates and parameterized surfaces
21.2 Change of coordinates in a multiple integral
21.3 Flux integrals over parameterized surfaces
Appendices
A Roots, Accuracy, and Bounds
B Complex Numbers
C Newton's Method
D Vectors in the Plane
Ready Reference
Index
EULA
CHAPTER 1
FOUNDATION FOR CALCULUS: FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS
1.1 FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE
In mathematics, a function is used to represent the dependence of one quantity upon another.
Let's look at an example. In 2015, Boston, Massachusetts, had the highest annual snowfall, 110.6
inches, since recording started in 1872. Table 1.1 shows one 14-day period in which the city broke
another record with a total of 64.4 inches.1
Day 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Snowfall 22.1 0.2 0 0.7 1.3 0 16.2 0 0 0.8 0 0.9 7.4 14.8

Table 1.1 Daily snowfall in inches for Boston, January 27 to February 9, 2015
You may not have thought of something so unpredictable as daily snowfall as being a function, but
it is a function of day, because each day gives rise to one snowfall total. There is no formula for the
daily snowfall (otherwise we would not need a weather bureau), but nevertheless the daily snowfall
in Boston does satisfy the definition of a function: Each day, t, has a unique snowfall, S, associated
with it.
We define a function as follows:

A function is a rule that takes certain numbers as inputs and assigns to each a definite output
number. The set of all input numbers is called the domain of the function and the set of
resulting output numbers is called the range of the function.

The input is called the independent variable and the output is called the dependent variable. In the
snowfall example, the domain is the set of days {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} and the
range is the set of daily snowfalls {0, 0.2, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.3, 7.4, 14.8, 16.2, 22.1}. We call the function
f and write S = f(t). Notice that a function may have identical outputs for different inputs (Days 8
and 9, for example).
Some quantities, such as a day or date, are discrete, meaning they take only certain isolated values
(days must be integers). Other quantities, such as time, are continuous as they can be any number.
For a continuous variable, domains and ranges are often written using interval notation:

The set of numbers t such that a ≤ t ≤ b is called a closed interval and written [a, b].

The set of numbers t such that a < t < b is called an open interval and written (a, b).

The Rule of Four: Tables, Graphs, Formulas, and Words

Functions can be represented by tables, graphs, formulas, and descriptions in words. For example,
the function giving the daily snowfall in Boston can be represented by the graph in Figure 1.1, as
well as by Table 1.1.
Another random document with
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pursuing when the onrush of Hondura’s enraged braves had put
such an abrupt stop to his journey.
His heart was sorer now than ever, for it was torture to him to think of
the pretty little Pirah, the daughter of Hondura, who had once
succored him, in the clutches of the evil Nascanora. For in his own
mind Bomba did not doubt that the same hand that had directed the
capture of Hondura had also ordered the despoiling and burning of
the chief village of the Araos.
Bomba could but remember that on his onetime visit to the Araos
tribe, when his life had been in danger from the suspicion of Hondura
and his braves, it had been little Pirah who had stood between him
and a horrible fate, and by her innocent friendship had changed
enmity to confidence and trust.
Another fact stood out from the story brought by the Araos squaws. It
was that the headhunters must be present in large force, or they
would not have dared thus to challenge the wrath of the most
powerful native tribe of the district.
Probably the opinion he had voiced to Lodo and Grico had been the
correct one. Nascanora was probably at the head of one band and
Tocarora of another. The scrawl on the wall had told him that it was
Nascanora in person who had raided the cabin of Pipina. While he
was thus engaged, Tocarora had probably assailed the maloca.
Later on, the two bands would have met to form a formidable
combination.
If this were true, it would make Bomba’s task all the harder. But he
cared little for this. His heart was on fire with rage. In his present
mood no danger could daunt him.
Then again he must rescue poor Cody Casson, no matter how
difficult the undertaking. First, there was the love and gratitude the
boy felt for his benefactor, but if the enemy should kill the old
naturalist, Bomba was afraid that the last hope of clearing up his own
identity—of finding out about his father and maybe other relatives—
would be gone forever.
So, having once more picked up his trail, he went on at a swifter and
ever swifter pace, tormented at every step by fears of what might be
happening at that very moment to his friends at the hands of the evil
chief of the headhunters.
One thought, however, brought him a little comfort. He knew the
boastful nature of the savages. Nascanora would want to exhibit his
captives to the women of his tribe who had been left at home. He
would be eager to impress them with his power. They, too, must
have their share in the horrid festival that would end in the torture
and death of most of his victims and the reduction to slavery of the
others.
So the lives of the captives were probably safe until the headhunters
had reached their dwelling-place above the Giant Cataract. Bomba
would be in time to save them, avenge them, or, at the worst, to die
with them.
Several hours passed and Bomba had made remarkable progress
before he stopped for a few minutes to rest and eat.
As he felt in his pouch to draw out a portion of cured meat, he made
a startling discovery.
His revolver and harmonica were missing!
Bomba could scarcely believe this at first, nor accept it as a fact until
he had searched every recess of his pouch and quiver. He even
retraced his steps for some distance through the jungle, in the hope
that his treasures might have slipped out and that he could recover
them.
But he could find no trace of the magic music or the precious “fire
stick,” and at last he came back to the clearing to ponder and mourn
his loss.
That loss to him was very great. He had so few treasures that he
cherished them fondly. The harmonica had brought him soothing and
comfort in many lonely hours. The revolver had been the white
men’s gift, and therefore doubly precious. Moreover, it was a very
important part of his equipment. On occasion it might mean all the
difference between life and death. His offensive power was sensibly
weakened. Now he had only his knife and his bow and arrows.
But his treasures were gone, in all likelihood irrecoverably gone.
Where and how had he lost them?
A thought that crossed his mind swiftly changed his mood from
mourning to anger.
He remembered that Grico, he of the one eye and the split nose, had
come close to him and jostled him several times, as though by
accident, during his journey through the jungle. At the time, Bomba
had thought it chance. Now he saw in it design. Perhaps it was Grico
who had robbed him of his treasures.
Grico, to be sure, had saved his life, and for that Bomba was
grateful. The fact modified the anger that assailed him. Still he
vowed that, if his suspicions were correct, he would get that revolver
and harmonica back. He would pay the debt he owed Grico in some
other way.
He was meditating gloomily upon his loss when his attention was
attracted by a slight rustling in the underbrush.
Swift as thought, he fitted an arrow to his bow and stood on the alert.
He could dimly see the form of some animal, and not knowing but
what it might be a jaguar, he shot. The law of the jungle, he had
learned, was to shoot first and investigate afterward.
There was a startled grunt, a floundering about in the bushes, and
then silence.
Bomba crept forward cautiously, prepared for a second shot, but
relaxed when he saw lying dead before him a peccary, the wild pig of
the jungle.
He was not especially pleased at this, for the peccaries usually
traveled in droves and companions of the dead one might be near at
hand. As a rule, he gave the animals a wide berth, for nothing is
more ferocious than the peccaries, whose murderous tusks, if they
get to work, can tear a man into ribbons.
So he waited for a while, close to a tree up which he could climb if
the drove bore down upon him.
But none appeared, and Bomba came to the conclusion that this was
a young pig that had wandered from the drove and lost its way in the
jungle.
The roast pig makes delicious eating, and Bomba did not neglect the
unexpected gift that had come his way. It offered an agreeable
change from the dried meat on which he had expected to dine. So
he cut a steak from the choicest part, roasted it over a fire of twigs,
and soon was feasting on a dish that kings might envy.
How he wished that Frank Parkhurst was with him to share the feast!
Before he had met with the white people he had been lonely, but he
had not so keenly sensed his loneliness. Now it was ever present
with him.
The friendship he had formed with Frank was the most precious
thing that had so far come into Bomba’s starved life—except,
perhaps, the meeting with the woman of the golden hair, Frank’s
mother.
It had made still more deep and strong the urge that was on him to
hold fellowship with his kind. For he was white—as white as Frank
himself. Yet fate had thrown the two boys into environments that
were as widely separated as the poles.
Chicago, Frank had called the city in which he lived. Bomba
wondered whether he would ever see that strange and wonderful city
or others like it, wondered if he would always have to spend his life
in the jungle, with none save Casson and a few natives for his
friends, to none of whom he could speak of the longings that
obsessed him, of the aspirations that seemed doomed forever to be
thwarted.
He spoke to himself half aloud:
“I am not as well off as the beasts and reptiles of the jungle. They
live together and have plenty of their own kind. They do not hunt and
live alone as I do. The monkeys gather in flocks, the wild peccaries
hunt in droves. Even the big cats, the hungry jaguars, have their
companions. Why am I, Bomba, always alone? I do not belong here
in the jungle, which is the only place I know. And I cannot go to the
wonderful world where Frank and other boys and many people live
and laugh and slap each other on the back. Where do I belong?
Where is there a place for me?”
But nothing answered that desolate cry that came from the very
depths of the boy’s heart.
However, Bomba soon aroused himself from these unhappy
musings. A certain oppression and unusual stillness in the jungle
warned him that a storm was imminent. In the distance he could hear
faintly the rumbling of thunder.
He girded himself and resumed his journey, his heart heavy, but his
body refreshed and strengthened by the hearty meal he had eaten.
For some time he had failed to pick up any direct clues of those he
was pursuing. But he was now reasonably sure of the direction they
had taken and pressed confidently forward.
His footsteps had been directed toward the river, since that offered
the shortest route to the region of the Giant Cataract. Now, however,
he struck deeper into the jungle, not caring to be caught in a raging
torrent if the river should overflow its banks. He remembered how
nearly he and Mrs. Parkhurst had been overwhelmed by the waters
while they were escaping from the Indians, and he had no wish to
repeat the experience.
He quickened his pace, leaping over many of the obstacles in his
path instead of cutting his way through them. He did not want to be
caught in the open during the storm that seemed to be gathering. If a
wind accompanied it, there would be a rain of castanha nuts from the
branches, and many of these were big and heavy enough to kill
anyone they struck.
He must find shelter of some kind. He knew of the existence of a
cave not far away. If he could reach this, he would be safe until the
storm abated. Fortunately the tropical tempests, though fierce while
they last, are not of long duration, and Bomba knew that he would
not be delayed long on his journey.
The storm was gathering with frightful rapidity. Now it was a race
between the boy of the jungle and the elements. The roar of the
thunder came closer. Jagged sheets of lightning shot athwart the
sky. The wind tore through the jungle, shattering the ominous silence
that had prevailed into jangled discords of sound.
The trees bent before that furious onslaught. Parrots, monkeys and
other denizens of the jungle scurried to shelter.
The castanha nuts were ripped from their fastenings, and their thuds
blended into a menacing chorus as they struck the ground.
One of these heavy missiles in falling grazed Bomba’s shoulder,
sending a thrill of pain through his arm.
The cave was now not far away, but the wind was pressing with
terrible force against Bomba’s straining muscles. Flailing, sharp-
thorned vines whipped about his head, stinging, half-blinding him.
His breath seemed torn from his gasping lungs, to be borne off
mockingly on the wings of the terrible blasts.
Still Bomba’s muscles were iron and he forged forward doggedly,
ignoring the thorns that tore at him, the roots that tried to trip him up,
the vines that sought to strangle him.
He was closer—closer—only a short distance now, and he would be
able to drag himself into the welcome shelter of the cave.
Then, suddenly, as the tidal wave tops all other waves, came a
gigantic burst of wind that bore great trees before it as though they
had been toys, bending them, breaking them, uprooting them,
whirling them about as in a fantastic dance.
The force of that blast bore Bomba backward, pinning him against a
great tree, with all the breath knocked out of his body. At the same
time there came a ripping, tearing sound, a rumble and a roar that
vied with the crash of the thunder.
Something struck Bomba—he had no time to see what—swept him
from the ground as though he had been a feather, and dropped him
many feet away with a force that drove all consciousness from him.
 CHAPTER X
IN DEADLY PERIL

When Bomba slowly came to himself, fighting his way through

unconsciousness, he did not realize at once the full significance of
his plight.
First of all, he knew that he was drenching wet—probably it had
been the beating of rain upon his face that had brought him back to
consciousness.
The heavens had opened, and a deluge of rain had descended on
the jungle, filling the dry beds of the ygapos as though by magic,
overflowing the banks of the streams so that along their shores twin
torrents raged.
Bomba had been swept by the branches of a falling tree into a deep
hollow in the ground. The jungle abounded with these miniature
pools, their bottoms only a muddy ooze at most times, the hollows
only full after a rainfall or the overflowing of some stream in the
vicinity.
Bomba wondered dully if he had been seriously injured, perhaps
crushed, in the fall. There was no feeling in his body, and at first he
was too dazed to test his strained muscles. He seemed to himself
like a disembodied ghost.
But as the rain continued to fall upon his upturned face, fuller
consciousness returned to him. He viewed his situation with more
active alarm, tried to move his hands and feet and raise himself from
his confined position.
This effort ended in a feeling of almost complete discouragement.
His feet and legs were powerless. They might have been cut from
his body, for all the good they were to him. He could not even raise
himself sufficiently to look and see if they were still there.
Branches of the fallen tree pinioned him as securely to the ground as
though he had been bound by iron cords. There was a stifled
oppressed feeling in his chest, and it hurt him to draw a long breath.
His left arm, seemed dead. It possessed no more feeling than the
lower part of his body. His right arm and hand seemed numb and
almost useless at the start. The arm was doubled under him, and
Bomba thought it must be broken.
But, by an agonized effort that made the sweat start from his brow,
he managed at last to move it, ever so slowly and painfully, drawing
it by degrees from under his prostrate body, until that much of him at
least was free.
The blood surged back into the numbed arm, causing the boy
unspeakable agony. But as circulation was resumed, feeling and
power came back, and Bomba flexed and unflexed his fingers with a
sensation of renewed life.
He was a helpless thing no longer. His right hand was clear. If he
could reach the machete, drag it free and hack his way through the
imprisoning branches!
But even as he groped for the machete Bomba discovered
something that seemed to turn the blood in his veins to ice.
The water was rising in the pool!
Until now, this phase of his terrible danger had not struck Bomba.
The painful freeing of his right hand, the fear that in the fall he might
have sustained an injury that would cripple him and leave him a prey
to the first beast of the jungle that might roam that way, the dread
that he might never be able to free himself from those ruthless,
imprisoning branches had blinded him to another and more imminent
peril that threatened.
The rain was still torrential, and the pool that had been for weeks
only a muddy depression in the jungle floor was now filling with
water.
If he could not reach his machete with his still half-numbed right
hand and hack his way free from the branches before the water rose
to his mouth and nose as he lay on his back, Bomba would die—
drown like a rat in a trap.
This certainty roused him at once to frantic effort. By a desperate
strain, his hand found its way to the machete in his belt. The sharp-
pointed twigs of the branch that imprisoned his chest tore at his flesh
cruelly, but Bomba did not even feel the pain.
It was one thing to die on his feet, fighting to the last breath, and
another to lie there flat on his back, while the water crept up and up,
seeking to close his nostrils, fill his throat, and deprive him of life.
He had the machete now, and was hacking feebly at the nearest
branch, for the strength had not yet come back into his hand and
arm. He succeeded in cutting away some of it. The fragments
brushed aside fell with a sickening splash into the water.
Slow work! Heart-breaking work! If only the rain would stop, the
torrential downpour slacken for a while, he might yet get free. But in
the lowering heavens to which Bomba lifted his anguished eyes
there was no hope. It would need but a short time to fill the pool to
overflowing.
The water crept higher, while Bomba slashed furiously at the
confining branches. Steadily, sections of them came away and
dropped into the muddy water—but not fast enough!
The chill of the rising waters was about his shoulders now. When his
neck tired of holding his head above the surface, he could feel the
clammy touch upon his ear.
He had cleared away much of that network of branches. The weight
on his chest was lighter. He could breathe more freely.
He tried to lift himself, but could not. That dreadful incubus still held
him securely.
Chilled to the bone, shivering, he went to work again. More branches
and still more were pushed aside and dropped into the pool. The
lapping of the water sounded in his ears as though death were
crooning its awful lullaby.
Wearied of holding up his head, his arm one agonizing ache from the
effort of using it in that strained position, Bomba let himself relax for
a moment and lay back gasping for breath.
Lying there, the water was over his ears, filling them with a
drumming sound. It climbed still higher, as steady and implacable as
fate.
He could not relax like that again without bringing the water over his
eyes, over his nose——
Bomba lifted his head frantically, and, summoning his last reserve of
strength, hacked at the boughs.
He would not die like that! He would not! Surely strength would be
given him to resist that awful fate!
And strength was given him—the temporary strength of a madman.
He knew no fatigue, felt no pain, was conscious of nothing but the
sound and touch of that lapping, creeping water.
That spasm of superhuman energy was not without result. It seemed
to him that the load on his chest was lightening. Perhaps he could sit
up.
One straining, frantic effort—another— He fell back, weak and
gasping, into the pool.
The waters closed over him with a greedy, sucking sound and
blotted out his face completely.
A trail of tiny bubbles rose to the surface.
 CHAPTER XI
FEROCIOUS FOES

But Death had not yet claimed Bomba for his own.
The water broke and the lad’s face appeared, ghastly drawn and
white. He was not yet conquered. He would make one more
supreme effort.
He drew the blessed air into his lungs. The veins stood out on his
neck, the great muscles in his shoulders were ridged like whipcords
as he strained to throw the last of the imprisoning branches from his
chest.
If it had not been for his awful desperation, even his great strength
would not have been equal to the task. As it was, there was a
ripping, tearing sound, and slowly the grip of the branches relaxed,
slowly Bomba forced himself upward, his face suffused with blood,
his breath coming in short gasps of agony.
Then a great joy flooded his heart. The mass upon his chest yielded.
He sat upright in the pool. Now he could use his shoulders as well as
his arms to free the lower part of his body. And he had escaped
those greedy waters that a moment before had been sucking at his
breath.
He rested for a while, for the effort had exhausted him; rested, while
he drew great draughts of air into his lungs, luxuriously expanding
the chest that had been so cruelly imprisoned.
He flexed his arms and felt his body carefully to make sure no bones
were broken.
Everything all right there! But his legs were yet held captive, and
there was no feeling in them. They might be broken, crushed. He
could not tell.
He could work faster now, for the strength of his back and shoulders
went into the quick, sharp strokes of the machete. One by one the
boughs yielded to his vigorous attacks and were thrown aside.
The water was still creeping upward in the pool, but it would be a
long time now before it could reach the danger point. The rain was
slackening too.
Stealing a precious moment to glance upward at the sky, Bomba
saw that the clouds were breaking and the sun beginning faintly to
shine through. The wind had sunk to a gentle murmuring, and the
last rumblings of the thunder were dying away in the distance.
Now a foot and leg were free. With more heart, Bomba worked at the
other, and soon cleared away the last of the branches.
He could see more clearly now what had happened to him. A great
tree, torn loose by that last cyclonic burst of wind, had fallen,
sweeping him along with its branches and imprisoning him in the
pool.
Lucky for him, thought Bomba, that the boughs had caught him
instead of the trunk. In the latter case, there would have been no
escape. His life would have paid toll to the storm.
He felt of his legs, raising them tentatively and working them till the
blood flowed back in their veins again. To his joy, he established the
fact that no bones were broken, though ligaments and muscles had
been cruelly strained.
Trying to drag himself to his feet, Bomba found that he could not
bear his weight upon them, and was forced at last to drag himself on
hands and knees out of the pool and onto higher ground.
The jungle was friendly again. Far above, the sun streamed out
through broken clouds. Monkeys chattered, parrots screamed, and
the timid small creatures once more ventured out from their hiding
places.
In Bomba’s heart was a great thankfulness for his escape. Yet at the
same time he bemoaned the hurt to his legs, since he could not
hasten as quickly as he had hoped to the rescue of Casson, Pipina
and little Pirah.
He dragged himself to his feet, slowly and painfully, resting half his
weight against the trunk of a tree. He looked down at his legs and
found they were torn and bleeding in a dozen places from contact
with the thorny twigs. The rest of his body was badly bruised and cut.
He would rub himself with river mud, his sovereign remedy, as soon
as he could walk.
It took some time for the strength to return to his bruised limbs. And
even when he could move and bear his weight upon them, his gait
was no more than an uncertain wobble.
He was furiously impatient of this infirmity. In this condition he was
as helpless as a wounded tapir. How easily he could become the
prey of any beast of the jungle that might happen to come across
him!
Bomba shifted his machete from his right hand to the left and felt for
his bow and arrows. They were gone, torn from him, probably, as the
tree fell upon him.
This was a serious loss, and his heart was filled with consternation.
He made a careful search of the vicinity, but could find no trace of
them.
It was another illustration of the saying that misfortunes never come
singly. First he had been robbed of his revolver. Now he had lost his
bow and arrows. Only his machete was left to meet the manifold
dangers by which he was surrounded and for use against the wily
Nascanora and his braves. He wondered grimly how long even his
machete would be left to him.
But he had to make the best of it. Perhaps he would meet some
friendly natives who would trade him a bow and some arrows for the
meat of the peccary. If not, he would have to shape the weapons
himself with his knife, if he could find suitable material.
Meanwhile he had returned to the pool. There, scooping up great
handfuls of mud, he rubbed it over his torn and bleeding flesh. Then,
impatient of further delay, he started off through the jungle in the
direction of the Giant Cataract.
He realized at last that he was very hungry, and, thinking that his
weakness was partly due to this, he took from his pouch some of the
roasted meat and ate with a relish.
He felt refreshed after this, and proceeded at a much better pace.
His limbs still pained him greatly, and he was forced to stop at
frequent intervals to rest. But he was getting stronger, and his
confidence was returning to him.
His chief concern was the loss of his weapons. At any moment he
might be called upon to use them in defence. His knife, to be sure,
was a terrible weapon at close quarters. Even at some distance he
could hurl it with great precision, as he had on the night when he had
sent it whizzing through the air and buried it in the throat of the
jaguar that was leaping at the white rubber hunters.
But he saved that as a last resort. His main dependence had been
the bow and arrows, that might enable him to make a stand even if
attacked by several enemies at the same time.
They were essential, too, in hunting game for food. But that thought
just now gave him little concern. He could always find jaboty eggs in
the jungle or catch fish in any stream he might encounter. And at
present he was well supplied with dried meat.
If he had been superstitious, he might have thought that a malign
fate had been following him ever since he set out on his journey.
There was the loss of his revolver and harmonica, the enforced
return to the hut when Hondura’s braves had come upon him, the
further loss of his bow and arrows, his submergence in the pool
when the tree had trapped him.
A native would have interpreted these things as evidence that the
gods frowned on his undertaking, and would have turned back. But
they only increased Bomba’s determination to play the game out to
the end. He thrived on opposition. What were obstacles for but to be
surmounted?
He traveled on for perhaps an hour. Then he came to a clearing
among the dense underbrush. He welcomed this as enabling him to
make more rapid progress.
Suddenly he stepped back, startled. There before him, grazing
placidly beneath the heat of the tropical sun, was a great drove of
peccaries, the fierce wild pigs of the jungle.
Ordinarily, Bomba would have been able to circle that grazing drove
so silently and swiftly that before they had caught the scent of
human presence he would have been far beyond their reach.
And that was the most intense desire in Bomba’s mind at that
moment! He had seen natives after the peccaries had finished with
them, and shuddered at the sight. If they should get at him in the
open, his life would not be worth a moment’s purchase. This would
be true even if he had his weapons. How much more certain would
be his fate under present conditions!
But Bomba now had not as full control of his limbs as usual, and he
made a slight noise as he stepped back into the forest fringe.
The peccary nearest him lifted up its wicked, blunt-nosed head and
sniffed the air. Then, with a snort of rage, it turned in the direction of
the sound and started straight toward Bomba. The rest of the drove
automatically followed their leader.
There was only one thing to be done. Quick as thought, Bomba
leaped for the limb of the tree nearest him, swinging his body clear of
the ground just as the first peccary reached the spot where he had
been. The others followed with such headlong speed that many of
them struck against the trunk of the tree and shook it with their
impact.
Not a second too soon, thought Bomba, as he swung himself from
branch to branch until he reached a fork, where he ensconced
himself.
Below him at the base of the tree the peccaries were acting like
things demented. They ran around and around in circles, snorting
viciously and stumbling over one another in their fury.
Bomba was thankful that pigs were not like monkeys or jaguars, who
were as much at home among the branches of a tree as they were
on the ground.
The peccaries could not climb, and so were powerless to vent their
rage on Bomba. He was safe for the present and could smile grimly
as they gnashed their tusks, those terrible tusks that were like so
many knives and which could so easily slash him to bits.
The boy was filled with resentment against these ferocious
creatures. They could not harm him, but they were delaying him in
his pursuit of Nascanora. For all he knew, they might keep him treed
for days. And in the meantime what might be happening to the
captives? His heart was wrung with anguish at the thought.
An hour passed—another. Then the fury of the peccaries began to
abate. They were short-sighted, and used to holding their heads
down as no longer gazing at their enemy, they soon forgot they
grazed. It tired them to look up. And, his existence. With the stupid
peccary, out of sight was out of mind.
They began to drift away at last, moving aimlessly as though they
had forgotten all about Bomba and the reason for their ferocious
attack.
But Bomba’s forced rest had brought renewed strength to his limbs,
and he felt more like his own strong, active self.
Still the lad did not dare start his descent until all of them had
vanished from sight. Then, slowly and cautiously, making as little
noise as possible, he slipped downward through the heavy
branches.
He had reached the lowest bough when something bade him pause.
Something was watching him from the jungle, something that he
could not see but could feel!
 CHAPTER XII
THE JAGUARS ATTACK

Bomba became suddenly motionless, flattened against the tree as

though he were a part of it.
He did not dare move even to go upward again, for fear that the
hidden enemy would be tempted to come forth from its hiding place.
Bomba had not lived all his life in close contact with the beasts of the
jungle for nothing. His sense of smell was almost as well developed
as theirs.
Now this useful sense told him that his enemy was none other than
the big jungle cat, the jaguar, the most dreaded four-footed denizen
of the jungle.
And there might be more than one of these ferocious beasts. He
knew that they frequently traveled in pairs. His flesh crawled as the
full helplessness of his position came over him.
There he was without bow or arrow or revolver—his only weapon the
machete. His position in the tree rendered him all the more helpless
against the attack of the big cats, for they could climb more swiftly
than could he.
What to do? Where to turn?
There was a stealthy rustling in the bushes, but as yet Bomba could
see nothing. His fingers itched for the comforting feel of his bow and
arrow. He almost groaned aloud when he thought of his lost revolver,
the cherished “fire stick,” that at such close quarters could do deadly
execution.
The faint rustling drew closer and closer. From the corner of his eye
Bomba glimpsed a gleaming yellowish-brown body. Beyond this he
could see the dim outline of another.
Two of them! And what chance would he have even against one?
Sensing his helplessness, the jaguars were gaining confidence. He
could see their eyes now, glowing like sparks of fire. In a moment
they would abandon cover altogether and begin to climb the tree.
Bomba could no longer disguise his presence. The beasts knew that
he was there.
So the boy began suddenly to swarm up through the branches. If he
could crawl out upon a slender bough, so slight that it would barely
hold his weight, there was a possibility that the jaguars would not
dare to venture after him.
It was a frail hope, for Bomba knew that when the jaguar’s blood was
up he was relentless in pursuit of his prey.
Still, Bomba hoped against hope that he at least might find a better
position from which to use his machete. At any rate, it was his only
chance. So he went higher, and higher, his eyes searching for a
strategic position.
His movement stirred his enemies to action. They broke from cover
as he began to swing himself upward. A quick glance downward
showed Bomba the swift advance of the lean, hungry brutes. It would
be a race between them to see which would grasp him first.
Bomba climbed like a monkey, his knife between his teeth. His
progress was lightning swift, fear lending him added celerity. Below
him he could hear the rustling of leaves, the crackling of small
branches, as the foremost jaguar followed him.
A slender bough stretched before him. Out on this Bomba crept,
feeling it sag beneath his weight and not knowing but at any moment
it might break and send him to the ground.
A vicious growl behind him caused Bomba to turn suddenly on his
frail perch, nearly losing his balance as he did so. His eyes searched
wildly for the lithe form of his enemy among the leaves and
branches.
It was not easy to discover the beast at first, for at the lad’s
movement it had flattened itself against the trunk of the tree, wicked,
glittering eyes alone awake and watchful.
But in a moment Bomba made out the sinuous figure just below the
bough on which he had taken refuge; caught the glare of those
malignant eyes full upon him.
Winding his limbs about the bending bough and gripping it powerfully
with his left hand, Bomba drew the machete from his teeth and
waited.
Below he could hear the second jaguar climbing swiftly, breaking off
the smaller branches as it came, all stealth having been abandoned
in its eagerness to share in the kill.
The branch on which Bomba sat bent suddenly and gave forth an
ominous, crackling sound. The first jaguar had moved upward and
had put out a tentative paw to test the strength of the branch.
Bomba’s heart pounded as though it would force its way through his
ribs. In a few moments now he would know whether he was to live or
die. And with those relentless man-eaters on his track, the odds
were all in favor of death. Even if he were able to beat off one of the
beasts, the other would be on him at once and avenge its mate.
The instinct of the nearer brute told it that the bough on which
Bomba rested would not support the weight of two bodies. So it
chose a heavier one just below that on which the boy was perched,
and began to creep out upon it, tail switching and jaws dripping
greedily.
Bomba watched its progress with the same sense of helplessness
he had sometimes felt in nightmares. Death was separated from him
only by feet. A few moments more and the feet would be reduced to
inches.
Oh, for his bow and arrows! Oh, for the “fire stick” that would have so
quickly turned the tables on his foe! They would have given him at
least a chance for life. Now his chance was not one in a hundred.
The jaguar crept out still farther upon its branch, ears flattened back
against its head, cruel teeth showing in a snarl of fury.
Bomba’s fingers tensed about the handle of the machete and he
shouted, hoping to disconcert the animal and perhaps make it lose
its balance.
But this availed nothing. At the sound of Bomba’s voice the great
beast gave a snarl of rage and lifted its huge paw, armed with terrible
claws that could strip the flesh from the lad’s body.
Bomba met the vicious stroke halfway with a slash of his machete.
The jaguar howled with rage and pain. The cut maddened it. With a
ferocious growl it crouched to spring.
It was then that what seemed a miracle happened!
Bomba, in whose heart despair had entered and who thought that
this was his last moment on earth, saw the body of the ferocious
beast leap suddenly into the air, grasp wildly at anything that
promised a foothold, and then plunge downward through the
branches to the ground.
“Help has come!” thought Bomba, scarcely able to believe his eyes
and almost dropping the dripping machete from his hand in the
agitation that possessed him. But from where and from whom?
He heard expressions of jubilation, and two dark-skinned men
appeared beneath the tree.
They were bending over the lifeless cat that had been pierced
through with an arrow, when a rustling among the branches and a
low growl warned Bomba that the second jaguar had turned its
attention to its new foes and was about to attack.
He could see the brute crouched among the branches, ready to
spring upon the two men at the foot of the tree.
“Back! Back into the jungle!” he shouted.
The men had barely time to jump back before the jaguar sprang.
The great vicious ball of fur struck the ground with a thud, not ten
feet away from Bomba’s rescuers, and crouched to spring.
But before it could launch itself into the air two bows twanged. One
shot missed, but the second arrow caught the beast full in one