| IN BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE i CP 114: Pere: 1969 init 7 cee anges : EMA apie! %1-R-13 eet oa. aT? 9m ah rm ~ ea aes ; . ” THE STRUCTURAL USE OF Fastigis REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS - Incorporating ameriment sud in : s February, 1965 (PD 5463) and May, 1967 (PD 6151) Kee STANDARD EE Part-2. Metricinits- Amd ist Purpose of amendment Over revennt years considerable crmcern has been expressed fllowine Filures tn concrete wihcl have heen attibuted.to a number of causes, including ; excest concentrations af chlorides ed To puted apainst this, recommendations have been included esvering the sis clown chloride andthe limits of chloride it conerete, These clauses sane a consents view reached after considerable discussion within the ‘Committe. The bint on chloride cuntent in aggrceates (particulaely those © tis maine sonrees) isa matter for continuing researc in the fi ot the > ition a che UK with repard to aggregates. clntent Nu, 4 covers the following items: |. the use wf admintures containing chlorides and in particular the use of calcium chloride 2. the level of chlorides in concrete. British Standards House, 2 Park Street, London, W.I‘paveroma 1480 es Mice Fore Sua JFooriuers. To RE ‘ee jeoe: pdt forte ren bGieaey “Conpmnreh? Mox. Fe! Cousins Sue! Poe to me * ceouecierComapentsion> Due Te “apisiiey) ape joo” psd eye ace 2.000 P ios a Mal! pa. Meo Same tenet : 1 yee zorone phd (eb Beka wem : wits) free shove Ps Canoes pas wim Mio? *) Waren Toe fe oe a sorts coe PY: oo A RemporeeerT jae!) Musas See Rous ae Mana Bare 1 a “Te Bb TBP Except: THe! ome Hide Biya. Depew > Bens | te Fens Lae FS oa. Dd. Dow FSAmnes Copserry “po RRS b0 Bape pose Jews: pe FMF t Four Rooks 1koe a CP 114 Bort: 1969, "pig Part of CP 134 has been prepared by # Commits con Tenad by the Coles of Practice Commitee for Duiliing Haring been endorsed by the Council for Codes of Pras, Itasastblished under the authority of the Executive Board fon 16th January, 1969, ‘SBN: 580 00469 4 First published, April, 1948, First revision, June, 1957. Ne Reset and reprinted, February, 1968. Pablished in metric form as Pact 2, January, 1968. art 2 incorporates the amendments to CP 114 issued 9 February, 1965 (PD $463) and May, 1967 (PD 6151) “This Part of this Code of Practice makes reference t0 the Tolowing Briish Standards and British Standard Codss of Practice TA Bs.12, Portland cement (ordinary and rapid hardening) BS 146, Portand-blastfuenace cement oP Ws. 449, The use of structural steel in building anni ison building materials and sicturen z fy He Eas, Schedule of weights of bung materials a ees, General requirements for oxyraceiylens welding of mild steel. : 1s, 785. Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire For concrete reinforcement. : rps. 812, Methods for sampling and testing of mineral Regregntes, sands and files. ws pS. 877, foamed bastfumnce shg for coneree agEreEe- BS gear. Concrete aggregates From natural squses, ror? f 212 PE 1017.” Alecooled blastfurnace shag oarse eEEregN'e for concrete. Tigments for Portland cement and Portland come iS, 3802 Pulverized-fuel ash for use in concrete, BS. 4027 Sulphate-resisting Portland com 88.4248 Supersulphated cement. BS. SO7S Concrete admixiuces TS, 1200, Building sanils from natu! se BS, 1370. Low heat Portland cement 5.1018 products. ‘ei t956-— Genera reqrirementy forthe metatare weirs | mobeubb-steel mses BS. 1881, Methods uf gestmg concrete TNS. M48, Tests for water for making concrete bo TLS 3764, International systems (SP wits IS AO2T Clay bricks and backs We esa Hot sled steel has for he einfoncemett of concrete, : pe taal Cab worked stl aes fo the remtonee nett of gonerete 2 Fe Gao wing inno ad steduting of ae forthe reinfowcement of concrete WS. AAKA Stoel frie fr the reinreete WS.S18S. Metabane welding of carbon 1} carbon nusnganese steels {Pd Code of basic data for he Westen of touildings. Chapter V. Loading Part 1 Dead and imposed toads Part 2 Wind loads. CR L1O The structural use of concrete, Ch iii, Structural recommendations for load-bearing walls. CP 116, Sicuctural use of precast concrete CP 21. Painting. nish Stand Cates of Practice are revisedy when necessary tthe ee ever afer slips or af revised Ans 1 Ieartant tat ssereaxcertan that they are i posession of the latest eniendments or editions i “the folowing B.A reference relates 10 the work on this Code of ractie | ‘Comnitiee seference BLCP/?CP LE Perr: 1969 coor THE STREC TURAL USE OF REIS DRAFTING COMMITIVE BLCPIT ORCLD CONCRETE, (Seerctariat: Institution of Steuetural Engineers) Mr D. HL. Orne Me 10, Measur Mr CA. Tall Mr J.B Celt Ain K. Newnan Mr. Renal Tie ALM, Burdon oe SC ©. Hate Mr AoW, HI, Dr KL, Rowe f Ate RE Laveaster Mr RB. Hl Me EW. Bu Mr. D. Sheil Profeysor A. Le be Baker dnsiitution of Civil Eng Me Sei og MG. ley Ne J Es Gaet } De, DD. Matos nat. Aba MF osu tir 6, awe Nin JA toe ‘Dr, 1. D. Matthews (Chairman) Representing “Association of Constenstional Moor Specialists Asociation of Consubing Enginecrs Brink: Raat Bourd Bruink Reuiy-maved Concrete Ansacianon Fvnsk Stanton bustiraton Deieih Steel Industey Buikding Research Station Cement anal Concrete Association Canceete Steel Reinforcement association Tesdevasvn of Cisil Lngincering Contractors Greater London Council Icarporated Association of Architects and Surveyors Insiitation of Mesieipul Engineers Insitution of Structural Engineers Miniveey of Publi Building anel Works Minisry of Transport Nationa Federation of Building Trae Employers Reval Research Laborato Ne Petey J Lowd-Smith Reval Institue of Britis Architects Me, Di ie Hollingsworth Rovul lustiution of Chartered Surveyors Mr. © V. Blumield The Concrete Society CONTENIS Foreword SECTION ONE: GENERAL Jol, Seope 102, etinitions 103, Symbols SECTION TWO; MATERIALS, APPLIANCES AND COMPONENTS at, Cement dor Argiegates Sov Maxiniuin size of coarse aggeegales dik Sands for mortar Sos, Water 208A, Adawxtures: do, Reinforeeme . dur Conercte Jos, Nominal concrete mixes Son) Designed corerete mises 240, Durability SECTION THREE: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SUDSECTION 94: GENFRAL, a1. Masis of design poz, Lonulings GOI. Permisarie stresses in eonerete Sok, Permissible stresses in eeinforcement hs, Increases of permisible stresses ave solely 10 wind forees, 300. Calculation of resistance moments of beams and slabs by the load-factor method wr. Cover SSoR,_ Distance between bacs Soy. Stilfiness of members S10. Bond and anchorage SUBSECTION JB: BEAMS AND SLABS HL. General 312. Henwling moments 313. Bening moments in Beams and slabs sparing in ‘one direction 5 Rn rs B 18 we 16 lo wv v 7 1s 2 » » » 3 35 as 38 8 EY 40 a 45 4sCP 114: Beets 1960) aud. 31s. HG 317. BIS. 319. 320. hy 3. ak CONTENTS (continued) Page honing moments in stabs spanning in to dite : tions at right angles with unitorinly distributed loads 46 Trinwning for openings sl Resistance to shear st Distriation of concentrated loads on slabs 2 earings for slabs an stecl joists s Moors and roofs of ribbed and hollow block construction st Tigots and roofs of precast construction So Reinforgentent in columns 6 ecmissible loads on columns 37 erHOn AD: HLAT-SLAB-EOTTRUETIONS General oo Methouls of design 2 Division of panels As Notation for Mat stab construction an “Thickness of Mat slab x od Shearing stresses in Hat slabs” ot Openings ia panels “ of ending moments in pancts with earginal beams or walls 65 Cotumnn heads “s Design of fat siabtas continuous frames 66 Empirical desiga of flat slabs a “iCtincal seetions for bending moments in flat slabs 68 ending moments in ats: we Widths of reinforcing bands ot Acrangement of reinforcement in fat slabs » ee momiwauesn-entuens——————————F+ 339. 340, Re nforced concrete walls 7 ‘Bases for eeintorced concrete columns and walls 72 6 CONTENTS (continued) Poge Mt. Fon of Toning on stairs n 32, Effective span of stairs 1" auingre aos Ms RINFORCED LICHTORERGUT NGTREGATE 3 General 15 TAL Permissinle stresses in eeinforced tightweight= erepate concrete s ‘yas, terms senses in reinforcement % LG. Stithness of members 6 347, Permissible Toads on columns n MMa_ Reinforced concrete walls n M9, Moxlular ratio n 350, Cover n 4351, Fire resistance of reinforeed concrete 8 genceeTiON MK: ATSISTANCE TO CHEMICAL ATTA 4352, Tilfects of chemical reagents 8 L.CTION 3L: STABILITY, Yet Stability AS84, Lies SECTION FOUR: WORK OFF SITE aol, General B SECTION FIVE: WORKMANSHIP sot. Concrete 502, Steel 0 gay, Formwork BI S04, Fixing blocks 8 aon. 02. on. an 605 SECTION SIX: TESTING AND INSPECTION. Methods of testing concrete 2 resid method of deterring the necessary aloe nent for the bulking of fine aggees™e 8s ond tests 86 Inspection. 87 Lond testing of structures a7 7 poe dtd tCONTENTS (continued) SECTION SEVEN: MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION Page 701, Genera " APPENDICES A QYED Aire resin of enforced coerte———— © ie Hhgtentumina-cement concrete 9 2 TABLES: 1, Proportions and strength requirements for nominal | Concrete mixes with Porthand cement or Portland astfarnace rement a plhing with MLS, 842 oF 1S, 107 9 2 Fropomiemeamd srenpth reqierments Foren in weregate complying wih BS. a) or : 0 3. Tramscresrengts af eeree z © Stem ; rongih requirement for designed conerete mins 24 $5. Standard mixes ua 2B | 6 Terma wees for nominal concrete ies sit Portland cment or Portia hwurmace cement and with aggregates complying wil D'S 882 of BS. 1047 nae 30 ea FRermiticree orm mominnh 22 4 omerete downs 2 rmrestirin atommncement and with ipereate- 5 ‘ 8. ‘Pernice comprasive sews for dedgned com mo crete mixes. z : ee 32 9, hee fcr for permite compressive atresia 2 10, Permissible shear and bond siresses for designed 31, Pennisi siresces in steel reinforcement u 12, Values of y for computing inoment of resistance based on the strength of the concrete in com pression a7 13, Permissible values of span/depth ratio of beams and slabs 39 | 8 CP 14 Pero 1969 CONTENTS (continued) Page 14, Stress reduction coefficient for slender beams 43 15, Approsimate valucs of bending moments in uni Tormly loaded beams and slabs continuous over Uizee oF more approximately equal spans 46 16. Pending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in ‘ovo ditcetions at eight angles simply supported on owe sides a 17. Rensing moment enetTcients for rectangular panes suppoeted 09 four sides with provision for torsion 49 at comers 18, Reduction cvelTicient for loads on tong columns 58 PEMfective eokann Fength sa 20, Momente ia columns 9 -2h—Ditristinn of bending moments inpanehro at shri clesipned ae enntinnooe frames ——————#?= a ithition ne henlingeemamente in panels oF int— 23. Stress increase for walls n 24, Lightweight-aggregate concrete: permissible values of the spanidepth ratio of all beams, and of slabs with an inypesed Toad exceeding 3 kN/m? 16 25, Reduction coelicients for loads on long columns: of reinforced lightweight-aggregate concrete n -26,—Fite resistance of reinforoed comenete-svalls with, rminimuim cover 19 the main reinforcement of 25 mm aR 27. Tire cesistance of reinforced cons "9 28. Hire ceeistance of reinforces etferete beams 89 DOA. Tire resistance of ssinfSrced concrete columns Inst ints fre-resisrg walls 0 200, Tire revitgac@of reinforced concrete columns 90 30. Macinypefhigh alumina cement content in relation sire of a member a piss stresses for high alamina cement con: FIGURES 1. Types of hook for mit steo! bars 4 2. Division of slab into middle and edge strips 48 9 Benen dm or®CP 14: Pad: 1969 mdi, CONTENTS—{continved) Page 3. Diagram showing the load cartied by supporting beams 50 4. Erfective width of solid slab carrying a concen- trated load near an unsupported eilge 3 5. ~ Critical seotiome-for-shenrme-streney hr flat slab "03 -6-- Divisionof Hash panels into-colummand middle wie ne 7. Loading on stairs with open wells 2 8. Loading on stairs built into walls 4 9. Lifective span for slats supported at each end by landings spanning pacallel with the risers mM This Code of Practice represents a standard of ond practice and therefore takes the form of recommendations. Compliance Ireland, and in the Scottish the presisions of ertain Meitis Sta i Vesctce, we af specie elawees there, is "deemed to satnly "the equirements of ‘erin ofthe byelaws ia the Fields covered hy: the Dit Standards And Codes of Practice, or by the specific elauses referred w CP 114: Part 24 1969 FOREWORD “This metic edition of CP 114,-onpinallys-been designated Part 2, has been Am D1 prepared in severance wit the ehange to the metri system in the Construction Industry, giving values in terms of SP units. For fucther information on Si units, reference should be made to BS 3763, *Lnternational system (SI) units’, ann PD Sie, * The use of SI units. The values itthie ark represent the equivalents of the values in imperial AmD\ tums in CP 114 1987, rounded to convenient numbers. Although the values are not exaet equivalents of the imperial ones, this artis not a technical revision x.y cy otto tnd om) “Hecent reseatel following Swosidetally lteted the understanding of the behaviour and sensitivity of hot alanis cement sonaaete, ASa result of both the research and the « consensus of opinion tural collapses in 1973 and 1974 has et nl, AL CRIS ine dato sterial Appendds Ht the 1968 ssye of this Code bi vents thesnselves th theretore been sithlrawn ain! the Code ao longer covers the stuctural use of concrete ‘onde with hurl alone cement, Consequently, an engineer wishing to spesily concrete niade with hugh alumina cement must rely entirely on his ‘wn enpmnoering jalyetient without guidance trom this Cade of Practice Auention is awn to CP 110 *The structural use of concrete” published m 1972, “ower lass fam this Code must not be used wth caus from CP 10 in the sune design. ace This Coule does not eover the design of fat slabs. Structures containing Hat slabs should be designed in accordance with CP 110,"f sss qe ee ee ae eee eee BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP 14 THE STRUCTURAL USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS Part 2. Metric units SECTION ONE: GENERAL, This Code deals wath dhe structural we of reinfored concrete in builngs, It iy retision of Code of Practice CP 11 1948) Ia he revisions, Sub-Condes CF 114.100 14.108 (1951), "Suspended eonerete foocs atid routs, have Dect theiyes nity this cade. Subs Code (14.105, * Ville Jolt constuction", hs not beet tushiaed sinee this torm of construction is ealt with i B.S. Hy, “The use of structural steed in busling Tie Coe dics tt deal walls prestressed concrete or with recommendations for the manufacture of prowst fastorymtade ronforeed concte teafrentcuncele Ctstciny Ul 4 ajo chutes, nsh at Waa ASR RES A RR Mg ERA us i deen cosa He has boon propre, an that the exswutunt of the teinfurced euasiete work is eattied oul under the dteetion ‘vi a quullivd supervisor, he tessuusteriations tor stability gave an this Code have heen prepared fn tlhe apsanyptiont elometnts fe g slabs, cule, tally ete dae of gontcaete, li a uikdrg whee custete elenacats sath a Hat slabs, walls et. ate ducal coi toot wath fa hearing eletenty call fot atatlity me Caitse 94 Tuncttead by AMD EDT vid aniended by AMD 192 8) seth appiopatate never, thee tis ecattinstded at Clase 394 Grnserted OMIT Land auwinded by AMD P9234) a patt wt the micaty of satinty iy the patcaples a Clas 488 wll Be gga vats we soa tay pow 102. Definitions. For the purposes of this Code the following definitions apply: jute wiatcriuls, the petaypbe ée Bands Diugonal band, A band of reinforcing bars parallel to a diagonal of @ flat slab panel which i reinforced in four directions tive. edgewise and diagonally) Direct bal, A band of reinforcing bars parallel to an edge fof a flat slab panel whieh is reinforced in four directions, (ie, edgewise and diagonally). Column head An enlargement of the top of a column supporting a flat slab so designed aru constructed as to act monolithically will both the column and the Mat slab. Columns, long Columns having a ratio of effective column length, as given in Table 19, to least Lateral dimension greater unan 15. oo” Caps ag et gitect__ pum gin, ajo SS in-Table 19, 1o Feast lateral dimension not exceeding 15. Core of helically The portion of the concrete enclosed withio the centre ine reinforced cokunn ofthe helical reinforvement, Deep The portion of a flat slab above and immediately surrounding she culos head anid of greater thickness than the remainder Of the Hat stab panel eens area of ‘The ate obtains by miplying the nodal erst ee Meu he enocatent bythe caine of teste at whieh ie ae band sila oe stn for which Kselletveness of flat babs Uyfestive bean oF slab Hyjective span Exterior pasel tne flat Slab at slub Stender bowns 103, Symbol is required. kprh of The distance between the centre of tension and the edge of the cow pecssion section, “The lesser of the two following distances: {) the distance between centres of bearings. (id) the clear distance between supports plus the effective depth of the beam or slab. [A panel having at least one edge which is non-continuoys. ‘A reinforced concrete slab with of without drops, supported, senccally without beams, by columns with of without Maced olunn heals LBcams whose length between lateral restraints exceeds thisty tunes the breadth of their compression tinge, he symbols used in this Code are as follows: ‘dy = equivalent area of helical reinforcement (volume of helix per unit length of coluinn). : de. = cronssectional arca of concrete, excluding any finishing material ‘and reinforcing st cl ‘Ay = cross-acetional area of concrete in column core, excluding area of Jongjtudinal reinforcement, Aue = cross-sectional at Ana = cross-sectional area of steel Ti = cross-sectional area of strry of steel in compression. tension. 5” = breath of a rectangular beam or breadth of flange of a T-beamn for Lebearn, breadth of the rib of a T-beam or Lebeam. jianncter generally. overall depth. Uy = effective depth to the tensile reinforcement it vi, = depth to the compressive reinforcement in & bean. BSUP 14: Pert 2: 1969) dq depth of conerete in compression in a beam. dy ~ depth of sal foreving the Nange of a T-beam oF L-beam. f ~exeentricty of a loual ona column, Jp meunantecd Vell OF prow! s4es rinse of ea Key = sitfiess of beam on one sie of a column, safes of bea) oa the opposite side oF a column, sitlaess of kawer ela, Ky = stitinss of upper eoluann, LS teazth of a ecknin of bean betacen adequate Lateral cestraints (ia Mit slabs, Ls tie average of fy andl Fah Ly = Gin fist slain) Kegti of panel aa the direction of span, : Laos Gin fat slabs) width of pic! at righ angles te direction of span, 1s tloctise span of boaat ar slab or eilecuve height of column, fy fever artw of the rewstanve niament [= eet of shorter site af sab spaiaing in (9 sections. 1h lenetle hanger sits af shah span ai to directions. AF bensing monet fuullines as expres Me = bering women! al end of beam framing into a column, assuming, Fixit at Both ents of the beam, Mea the maxinwuin difference between the moments at the ends of two reams framing into opposite sides of a column, each calculated fon the assumption that the ends of the beams are fixed and Urat fone of the beams is not loaded. rmioment of resistance of a section to bending. Me Me and [My = maxinwun bending moments, for spans fy and Jy respectively, on trips of unit width in slabs spanning in two dircetions modular rato, © = sym of perimeters of the bars in the tensile reinforcement. P= permissible load on a short column subject to both direet load and bending, Py = load on a column as defined by equation 17. Pq. = axial load permissible on a short column, oo = pros rset enmpression, fon = permissible conipressive stress in eunerete in bending. permissible enmpeessive sess in the reinforeement permissible tensile stress un the reinforcement. Pa {Q = total shear across a section. 4g shear strexs ata section of a beam or slab, R= modulus of rupture 4 = spacing or pitch of stirrups. 4 CP 14 : Partha: 1969 ube erushing, strength of euncrete iy actor prctimainary test, te = a for works tes iW total vid an beam oF slab yy = shoud tod 17, superimposed Bond. i tolal loa per unit area of slab or per unit length of beam. a. and 2) = bending moment enefficients for the short and long spans respec: tihely, for slabs spanning in (wo dircetions and simply supported ‘on four sides and Fh_-= berating moment eneficients forthe short aed long spans respec: techy for reckanggihar pancls supported on four sides and with provision for torsion at corners, SECHON TWO: MATERIALS, APPLIANCES AND COMPONENTS dot, Cement, ‘The esment weed shoud be Portland cement, Portland-biast- Tucnace cement setriphahreninn-eement, ovttn! cement shoukd eamply with BS. 12, * Portland cement (ordinary and rap-lvardning) Devinn -blastfurnace cement should comply with BS. 146, * Portand- Inastfarace coment Tow heat Portland cement should comply with BS. 1370, *Low beat Porttunl eement creheatumina cement shonld comply with: B.S: H5;*-Highmtamineeerment Tech-ahinina cement shiukl not be rived with either of the othet kinds of nny be ainsuitable For use with certain aggregates which may fiberate vpreciable anwunts of soluble alkalis ot Hime, ‘The user ean only be guided by Jrevws experignce in determining whether it is suitable for use with such ‘eth aaa coment eoneretes are sometimes unsatisfactory in waren mist senecinnnns, Specitl recomimendations an their use are given in-Appencdix 8 Tiles coments, sock as sulpleite-tesisting Portand and. super-sulphated chun coments. faesehich there are at present no Hritish Standard, are desirable vr covtain eivcumstances and may be used provided that any necessary modifi tations are made fo the norntal recommendations of this Code. Is Dmce ns Pare; 1969 202. Aggregates a, Permussible materials, The aggreys following: 1, fine and course aggregates complying wit 2, * Concrete aggregates from natural sources; in the ease of fine aggretates, Zones 1-3 only should be used for nominal mives but Zone 4 may be suitable for designed ‘cooled blastfurnace stag coarse * Air-cooted blasifurnace slag (coarse a 3. fioanvod blacthurnace s tes should consist of one of the ste complying with 1.8, 1047, 1" somiplying with BS, $77, "Foaned blasturnace shg for eoserste aggregate’, provided that the grading is suitable for reinforced concrste: or 4. fine an! eoaree expand clay, sate, shale oe slag and sintered pulverved fuel ash, andl other types of apyesgate lor whieh there is wo Elitih Seay dard, provided that such materials are suitable for reinforced conercte having rowud t the properties of goncrete meade with these ageregates, ys shrinkage aad durability, b. Grading. 1 of the aggregates should be such as t» produce a concrete nf the specie’ propertions whieh will work readily into position wit ‘out segregation and without the use of an excessive water content, The grading should be conteolied throughout the Work so that i¢ evnforins closely to that used for the preliminary tests, *e, Aeerewutes containing salt or shell, Some aggregates, particularly these from manne and estiinne sousces, normally eodttatn pioportions wl salts, especially chlorides. These angregates ate suitable Yar use in sti sunetete depending on the } pe and total ebloride content of the (see Clause 207), These aagrevates. both course and fine. may contain hollow andfor Nat shells which hke any other flaky niatenal if present in sufficient quantities, may affect adversely the workability of the concrete. Same workability problems can be eased by the niclision of an appispriate admivtare In hardened conciete, bots hallo ai! at shells coarse aprepates may. present in sutficient quantities, attect adversely the qualities of the jomerete, thouph ne Lunt on shell eantent at present thouyli ecessary for the mayonty of work. Generally, shell is comparatively uninypwoetant in fine aggiegates aggregates, The maximum size of coarse aggregate should e as large as possible, within the limit specified in the appropriate Hots Standard as given in Subclause 2024, but in no case greater than one- Uf the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the conercte placed without dificuty so as (o surround all reinforcement thoroughly and (0 fill the corners of the formwork. (See also Clause 303.) Vor heavily reinforced ennerete memibers, e.g the ribs of main beams, the nomint masionin size of the aggregate should usually be restricted to 5mm ul distanee between the main bars, of $ man less Un the eover to the reinforventent, whichever is the smaller Where, liowever, asin solid slabs, the reinforcement is widely spaced, li ‘ion of the size of aggregate is not so important and the nominal maximum sive stay sometincs be as ureat as, oF greater than, the minimum cover, except gales ate used ’ fess thean the: mininynt 204, Sands for mortar. Where mortar is used in the construction of Moors and oo's. e.g in the jomting of blocks, the fine aggregate for the mortar should ‘consist of one of the following: L Natural sand or crushed natural stone sanit complying with B.S, 1209, Sands for mortar for plain and reinforsed brickwork; black walling an} masonry 2. Such other types of fine hi a All fine aggregates should comply sith the requirements for quality and rd 10 repate as may be suitable, having re ability ard fsedon from harnaful matter, grading in BLS. 1200,¢ a = 20S, Water, The water should be elean and free fram haemfil matter, Attention is drawn to BS. 3148, * Tests for water for makinie cov SS 2 2_=_e_ Se = =_ "205A. Admixtuces 1. General, Suni able adinigtees 1199 Be with the prior approval sf the aginicer Hath ctl ab ase shah be t Ce op provided with the 4 soya of the Faguncer ylia shuld be ving ata 1. the ty pica dosage and letrnental eHteets, any. ol aniderdosae Lavesdosags 2 the eheneal name(s) of the anata active vagtedient{sf a the sahmstute A. whether nF not the adn ine cvantaaas eaten labore snd Ue chloride won coment expressed as a perwentage hy weight almisture, 206. Reinforcement, @ General. The reinforcement should be one ofthe following: | Sterl hans contplying with IS. 4449, “Hot rolled steel bars fer the seantorcentent of concrete and B.S, 4461, “Cold worked steel bars for tHe reamtorcement of concrete’ * Steel tabuie complying with BS. 4443 1 console 4 such other rcinforcement as may be suitable having regard to the yield F proof stress, ductility, tensile stiength and other essential propestcs 1 Effective diameter of a bar. For the purposes of this Code, the elfective diameter of a bar should be eatculated as follows: cel fabric for the reinforcement ements of the fullowing Batsh Standans WS THE WS. A899 andl U.S, SU7S. For adonix tutes tot which there 1. nv Beaush Standard, the type ellgetive diameter is that of a eifele Having the same afea ab tke close Eeelion of 2% a Bar whose cross-sectional area varies along its length, the effective dliameter is that of a ciccle having an area equal to the lnst acca of any, ve paopnielty band shail be specie. 4 ea of any Pe tee eee ‘ cross-section of the bar; an allowance, not execeding 3 per cent, may () concrete containmy remntencement and embeded metal and made however be adiei! to the least area of the cross-section on aecount of wath any typ of cement and rete without einbeied suctal wade with cente wall BS 4027 and HS ADA the clone won content slumbl not exceed 27 by weagit a the adoustine 0F 0.02% by weight at the cement Adunixtures should never be tested as 2 replagenient fur paral conciete practice and shuld never be used sadisettiminately Chet sit tahality shed renctally he vertued by tual unnyes, Costas adistuses canttatn highly tive shemueals and may imipaet undesirable as well as desitable properties to the teonciete. IHtwo ar more asa sties ave thoaght to be required i the munulacturet of cach shoul be consulted. The belaviunir at hated cemtent may dilter tron their behaviour with Portisnd eensent and adsice should he sought betore use, adiuxtures with spersulp 4. Caléiun chtonade Uxpnence hay shuswn that eactesion of presteesmy tendons, wintowcene hevlded metal usnally results tiem 3 Heat of taetons inelinny ex. e96 ait st ealeiim lalske dane fos faslute (0 asain ¢pvettied desape, dep Proportions, poor compaction, anid peate cover His therctone strongly recomended that calc inover be aude an presteessea from specitied 1 nF pow detail dos hilorick shut rete, euonced concrete and conerete ng embedded mera This reeomanenslation dies not apply to eo rete that nt perstressc WF temnForced or that dhs at cantata erbeikdea metal because theve hear no problea of catronton ti these vases caleinin chluride may be used ath cement 1 HS, 12 a # HOE Apel vl thy: Fniicer, Ln epectty should i the dosage and snuainer at pad fo spectlist iterates une the valcsun hbo ie, stent ‘ny non-continuous ribs, 207. Concrete, Two methods of proportioning concrete mines are permvited ty this Code, Nominal conerete mines may be adopved in accontince wah Chuse 208, where the quality conteol requirements for designed mines nie ‘impractical, but the proportions should preferably be specified hy eight sed ecspond shete appropriate with those ef the standard miner aco im Clusse 209. On small juts, however, where the concrete is mised onthe whe itis permivibte to use wulume batching of the aggregates or nominal mises {Im general itis peefeable to design the concrete mi in actordene ih Clause 209 to produce a concrete having the desired strength. Where Ueigned omerste mites are adopted, the designer may use higher compresive stresses ithe coneretes if so the speifetion forthe consinasreg ee Ses at designed mites are 10 be uscd, wth the appro Clause 209 inches the pr marily concrete mixes, but which may also be ‘of compliance withSoames ti ot it any atetnsishanes exceed tlie tallosst bins esptessed it ol eemestt 1 tsi poragiitage eelationshap betsecen clei tot el Iype ne use of soncrete tase ‘intent exprewe petwentae tc Wont iy weight of cement Sera tural voncrete atv stoan e WSa027 and WS, 42 : Reinforced vanctote made auth cement unply ing aith ust 018 tar 96 test arent complying wrth MS. 12° | teste wil ees NOT = chloride nome Las F sc ise ehlonde ton © 1 865 208. Nominal concrete mixes. (0 Comet ad eerrepate The five aggregate an the eoarse aggregate Should be rwasured. separately. The proportions of coment a0 ing ‘ sepate should Be sv set out in Table 1 a 3 fe inthe case of Tube 1, tn any interme ppt in whieh the volume of ewsese aggregate twice the vane ef fine aggeegte gate and coarse a bys sacticin she saps ay cola Wf eoeae gasses at ot fhe eggrept, ts vaio maybe vred iin the lee stot and oot regate, each measured should nevertheless equal the cum of the volumes of coarse and fine aggregate appropriate to the nominal aix (or interme: where applicable) in Tables 1 and 2, 11 is moreover desirable to adjust the ratio to suit the maximum size fof the coarse aggregate and also the grading of the fine aggregate. For ‘example, then the fine aggregate is within Grading Zone 2 of B.S. 882 1954, ratios of 144 t0 1, 2 to I and 3 to 1 may be Suitable for maximum sizes of 10 mm, 19 mim and 38 mm respectively. For fine aggregates within other grading zones, the ratio should be increased as the fine aggregate gets finer, that is, passes from Zone | to Zone 3, Far example, using a coarse aggregate of 19 mm maximum size, ratios of 196 to | 210 | and 3 to T may be suitable for fine aggregates within Zones 1, 2 fand 3 respectively. Fine aggregate within Zone 4 is unsuitable for use with nominal concrete mises for structural work, whatever coarse aggregate size is adopted, hut ean be used in special mixes. In proportioning concrete, the quamity of cement should be deter- ‘mined by weight. The quantities of fine and coarse aggregates may be etermined by volume, but this should preferably be done by weight. In the latier case the Weight should be determined from the volume fequired by the table and the weight per cubie metve of the ay The proportions given in this sub-clause ables 1 a oe a CP 114 Parte: 1969 fon the assumption that the aggregates are dry. If the fine aggregate is nivist, due allowance must be made for bulking (see Clause 602). [AS prosided for in Clause 207, the stanclard mises given in Table 5 ray also be adopted for nominal mixes instead of those given in this Sublause. 4it-ikater|cement ratio. “The quanlity- of waler-wed-tor-reinforced-conereter should be sillicient, but not more than sulicionl, to prosace& dense concrete of audequitte workability for its purpore Which will surround and properly grip all the rcinforeement. So far as possible, the work= inf the gonerete should) be controlled by maintaining a water/ (rato that is Found to give a concrete which is just sulficiently wet Jere placed ancl compacted withutditiviltyr withthe meaeavattable, Gil) Workabitity, ‘The workabillty should be contcolled by direct measurement ‘of water content, making allowance for any water in the fine and coarse aggregates, ‘The slump Lest or the compacting factor test described in 1S. 1431, * Methods of testing concrete", may be used as a guide, The Iter ces is primarily designed for laboratory conditions and is particu- larly useful for concrete mines of very low workability STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE. () Portland cement concrete or Portiand-blastfurnace cement concrete with goyregutes conglying sith B.S. 882 or B.S. 1047. Concrete made with Portland cement or Portland-blastfurnace cement should comply with the strength requirements of Table 1, Cols. 3 and 4 (works test). Where TABLE 1, PROPORTIONS AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR NOMINAL CONCRETE MIXES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT OR PORTLAND-B.ASTFURNACE CEMENT AND WITIL AGGREGATES COMPLYING WITH BS, 882 OR BS, 1087 ow @ wii thay ‘ater sisi AmD\SSCP LL Parra 1969 intermediate proportions of agg; jn Subclause 208a(H. the eube strengths required should’ be oblained by proportion from the to nsarest nominal mixes. W the required cube strenguhs at 7 days, given in Table 1, Column 4 are not reach, the eonrete may stil be accepted if de 28 day strengths given in Column 3 ate attained, Where ditfculty is foul in reaching the requisite eube ste Table 1, figures loser thaw those given may be accepted, but not more © perimssible stresses are reduced, ie 10 cement are used, as provides sts in than 25 per cent lowee, provided that in accordance with Subchiuse 30h Where, on the other hand, the misterias used for the eonerete, andl the standard of werkananship erp he cubs steengl Fequirements lor bith the prciosinaty and works tests For any nominal nistontly exceeded by a certain percentage, the permissitte reased in aueordanee with Sub- stresses for the comer clause 30a {9 Hii akemee coment concrete with-arercpetee-romphring with BS-882 or WS. 1047, Tigh alan SCOMRTGTE Souk! comply with the Heong x st, TABLE:-2—PROPORTIONS“AND-STRENGTH-REQUIREMENTS-FOR A NOMINAL CONCRETE MIX WITIL HIGH ALUMINA. CEMENT AND WIT AGGREGATE COMPLYING WITIL BS, $82 OR BS. 1017 = | ah Ge seenath within “4 ns roti | ER | [tie jae j | , oY bat | om | ou | ar 0 ates nor cumplying sith B.S, 882 or B.S. 10ST. No provision is this Code fort ates not coniplying with B.S. 882 or WS. 1087, except where lightweight 3 in accordance with 3 or 4 in Swbelause 2020 are used, ant concrete made with these aggregates satis the strength requirements of Table 1. For other ayzregates, the concrete should be designed in accordance with Clause 209, 20 w w ow w CP 114 Pare 2 15 OF CONCRETE QUALITY. Pretinunary cube suengch tests, Unless satistactory evidence of strength is produced frou reluble sources, preliminary strength tests should be tnuule in accordance with BS. 1881, * Methods of testing concrete * (see Subelause 6010), both prior to the commencement of the constructional work anf sulnequently whenever aay important change is 10 be made int the materials or in the proportions of the materials to be used. The strengths shoul comply with the requicements of Subslause 208 for peclininary tews Works cule strengih tests, Works cube strength tests should be made fn accontance with 18S. 1881 (Soe Subelause 6Dle) as may be necessary ‘and particularly whenever materials or peoportions are changed, ta prove the qualuy of the eonvrete, A record of such tests, identifying them with the part af the work executed, should be kept on the works, Sturhurd uf acceptance for eube strength tes, Three test cubes should be ima for each ape at which tests are required. The cube strength should be calculated froin the maximum [aad sustained by the cube at failure, The appropriate strength requirement may be considered to be satistied AH none of the strengths of the three cubes is below the specified cube oF if the average strength of the three cubes is not less than the ccube strength and the difference between the greatest and the least strengths is Transverse works strength (ests, Check tests of the quality of the concrete may alwo he mae by means of the transverse (ets on 406-4 mm x HOE Gn # 10mm beams described in Subelause ODld. The modus ‘of rupture of the concrete determined from this test may be expected fo reach the values given in Table 3 when aggregates complying with BS, X82 oF 11S, 1087 are wsed. Where itis impracticable to make eube tests, and the transverse (est is cempluyed as the only control on the strength of the concrete, the figures given in the table should be increased by 10 per cent. "the method of testing beams described in Subclause 601d differs from. {hat in H.S. ISB in respect of the length of the supporting span, the ‘method of loading, and the Orientation of the beam under tes in relation to its position during moulding. The Ogures given in Table 3 are based fon a farge number of tests obtained over many years before B.S. (881 ‘08 published. Since the two methods of test give different values of ‘modulus of rupture for the same concrete, it has been thought advisable not to introduce the B.S. 1881 method into this Code until sulicient rote that there wil bem rational mci sized Beam to rene the 16 in > ra this sae iv eegarded a8 obsolete. Exact equivalent values of 16 in Sain ate ceneee eee er 6S Cr td barre L9ey ata have beea collected to enable such modifications as become neces: sary to the tires in Table 3 to be made with confidence. 1 should be noted that the modulus of rupture varies roughly with the square root of the cube strength. E TABLE 3. TRANSVERSE STRENGTHS OF CONCREI [Corel tom Sabctause Mules of rapture auce | T days ater yns 209, Desiqued conerete mixes. fa, Grucral, The vonesete mix should be designed to satisty any specified works cube sieength requirement within the range given in Table 4, provided tat the mis famitations given in Column J of that table are observed and that the mis is i aseoraanee with tis Chiuse In order to allow for unavoidable variations, the mix should be designed to have a nyean sirengtn that exceeds the specified works cube strength by (wice the espected standard deviation.* The standard deviation should be calculated From at Keast 40 individual cube results, cach representing separate batches of similae concrete produced by the same plant and under the same supervision, exces that ng siindard deviation less than 3° N/mny? should be used as a basis for designing the puis, 4. the minimum avargin bewveen the specified. works ube strenglir and the designed mean strc thus be 7 N/mm’, fm the absence of previous information, a standard deviation of 7 Nf’, ie. a margin of 14 Naum, should be used initially for mix design purposes. + if te siferencesbsicen the iuivaduat rowland heir average are squared and added fogeter an the tool thon divided by the number of the resus tunes ove, the taaderd Geviauor is wie square r00t ofthe seul Haute. CP 114 Past 2: 1959 TABLE 4. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIXES @ ‘Specificd works abe sir Nimm* ror Poritand cement o¢ Porttund blast-furnace cement concrete, | 15 t0 50 ar fee than 210 by nor more than $40 kg of cement per cubic | at 28 days Thetee of finned concrete: snd designed for the reqited concrete Svengll at 2 day, waitin the range given in Column @) Fc hievthuminn cement-conerete-net-es-then 270-3 Than 430 by nf cement pee cue naire eF-conaratey-and-dashaned far the sequal concrete strength at one: day,- within the-range five in Golan (2, wit a waterocmient ra9 not more than 0-50 pwsiss? nn ‘Although the strength requirement is normally related to an age of 28 days, it is useful in the trial mines and in the subsequent control of concrete quality to take appropriate action on the results oblained earlier from 7-day strength teste. The conerete mix may be provisionally accepted on the basis of the 7-day feaults, when these satisfy the requirements for the 28-day results except that the stenglhs at 7 days are not less than two-thirds of those required at 26 days. — Where there are sulliient data available to establish the relationship between the Talay and 28-day strengths for the materials and proportions used, the “Tay results may be adopted as the erterion for control. D. Trial mixes, Unless there are existing data showing that the proposed mix proportions will produce the grave of concrete required with adequate ‘workability for full compaction by the method (0 be used, rial mixes should be prepared under fllscale conditions and tested jn accordance with B.S. 1881, P Methods of testing conerete "Asa preliminary it may be convenient to prepare trial mixes in a laboratory in accordance with B.S. 1881. Trial mixes should also be sna subsoquently whenever a change is intended in the materials or in the proportions of the materials (0 be used. Representative samples of the materials to be used should be taken and a trial mix using the proposed proportions should be made on each of three Wlilferent days. The workability of each of these three trial mixes should be ‘doiermined, and a batch of six cubes from each should be made, three for test 07 days and three for test at 28 days. The proposed mix proportions should not be accepted if the average strength of the thro tcial mixes is less than the 2= = ih ieee ee cud Tt es Pore? : 1969 specitied works cube strength plus the designed standard deviation. Purther ail mises should usually be made ifthe ange of the three cube resulls in any hatch eseceds 1S per cent af the tires bs we oF that batch, oF iF the range of the Shoold be svi! in tat unly thre Cubes ned be me for each tle ana he sents shouldbe determined at an ate of one ay. Werks cube tests for control prposen, Sarples of Gonezte shld he token ache miner and works evbes made, cured and ested in accordance with the weguiteren of BS. 1881 When a icf used for the fst me ft important to get a inege numer of result avs a8 pase order to estab the level conte ad the Suita of th mit proportions sample of emnerete should Be taken at random on eight separne oscnhins during cach ofthe fist Eve days of sing tint mie Thereafer at least one sample sald be taken each day apy concrete fla particular stronth make. The umber of samples per day ante ne BX itch they ate ten shouldbe varied a random eom each samp two cies shal he ade, one fot let at 7 days and the other fr test 8 exeees 20 per eet af the overall average of the hatches. 124 days. To ensure that the mis proportions are suitable for 4& particular strength of concrete, a comprehensive statistical check should be made continuously during the progress of the work. This requirement may be dcomed to be satisfied if the 25-day works cube stgength results are shown (© satisfy the four conditions given boiow. The works cube results should be examined both individually and in conse- cutive (but not overlapping) sets of four, for which the average and the range Of cach set is calculated. The mix proportions should be mowlfied to increase the strengzh if, in the first ten consecutive (but not overlapping) sets, any of the following conditions are not satisfied: isha 7 1. not more than two invita celts of the 40 cube teste should fall Below the epi works cube suengths 2 no value of the range In any st should exceed four time the dstgned Stand deviations 3. not more than one set shoul have an average which ies han the 1. ses ssh es 4/3 ties the deed anand devin ad no value of the average for any set should be Tes than the speci ‘weagih pls the designed standard deviation on Alter ten consecutive sets of results have been obtained, the overall average and the standard deviation of the forty results should be calculated and any appropriate modifications made. ve if any of the foregoing conditions are not tatistied, the overall average and the standard deviation of the previous consecutive forty results, 4 yey eee cei including the non-complying set, should he calculated and appropriate steps Cokow if the oxerall average steengtl minus twice the standard deviation is less tian the specified works ewbe strength, ‘Wher higlh alums eement is used, the recommendations of this Subclause life, in that only ane cube shouk! be made from each sample Of cnaerete and contra! should be based on the results of tests on the cubes itt a0 age of one day @ Quatty conrol requirements. In order to maintain a bigh standard of quality, the following should be observed: shuld be 1, Supervision. A competent person should he employed whose frst duty it ‘sill be to supervise all stages in the prepatation aad placing of the eon- crete, All tests on materials, the making and testing of cubes and. the ‘maintenance and calibration ofall mixing and measuring plant should be carried out under his direct supervision. 2. Aggregutes. Seperate slorage bine with adequate provision for drainage Shild he provided for each size of aggregate used, eg. for the Following " yplicable: 38-19 mm, 19-10 mm, 10-5 mm hat ample Sizes where i Sh ‘The geading of the coarse and fing aggregates should be determined ‘at least once a week to check whether the gradings are similar to those fof the samples used in the trial mixes or of those used as the basis for the selection of the weights of aggregates in Table 5 and in the case of standard mixes. Some sariation may occur, and in the case of sands it ‘would not be unreasonable for the grading (o vary by a range equivalent to that ofa single grading zone in ILS, 882, For example, ifthe grading ‘of the sample corresponded to the middle of Zone 2, then provided the sand fenmained within Zone 2 no adjustment to the mix would be required. Similarly, af the sample grading was close to the finer limit of Zone 2, tlien it snight vary from the middie of Zone 2 to the middle of Zone 3. For any given maximum size the grading of the coarse aggregate, provided this is within the appropriate limits of BS, 882, is unlikely to alfect the properties of concrete unless a high degree of control is exer- ised. Where the range permitted hy B.S. 882 for graded aggregates is considered to be (oo wide, its recommended that single-sized aggregates are used, the relative proportions being determined on the basis of the trial mixes, Batching and mixing plant. Provision should be made to measure the {quantities of cement and fine and coarse aggregates by weight, Where the weight of the cement is determined by accepting the maker's weiglit pee bag, a reasonable number of bags should periodically be weiglied separately to check the net weight, Where the cement is weighed, separate 25 Peed: 1968