49 ‘ove be CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION® FILLIN ALL THE INFORMATION REQUESTED CLEARLY IN CAPITAL L of2[o] SUBJECT __ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE — UNIT 1 — Paper 02 tesrcove | ¢ | 2 | 1 PROFICIENCY _ ADVANCED. REGISTRATION NUMBER | | | | SCHOOL/CENTRE NUMBER NAME OF SCHOOL/CENTRE CANDIDATES FULL NAME (FIRST, MIDDLE, LAST) SIGNATURE __ L DATE OF BIRTH | | | |7 Sa. resrcope 02120020 | FORM TP 2024236 MAY/JUNE 2024 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION* ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. ECOLOGY, PEOPLE AND NATURAL RESOURCE USE UNIT 1 - Paper 02 2 hours 30 minutes READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. 1. This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections. Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. 3. Do NOT write in the margins. 4, You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions. 5. Youare advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your answers. 6. Ifyou need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet. Remember to draw a tine through your original answer. 7. Ifyou use the extra page(s), you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the question part beside the answer. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. ———— Copyright © 2022 Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. To iatsnnsnnsnia pe s04te ee —, i MODULE 1 Answer BOTH questions. 1. @_ Define the following terms. (Habitat ii) Exotone Gii)__Lithosphere 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 L.Gv) Environmental resistance 4 marks) (0) A marine biologist is studying some species of barnacles, found in shallow tidal waters off the coast of a Caribbean island. In her observations, she notes that the Caribbean’ ‘bamacle (Chthamalus proteus) and the gooseneck barnacle (Pollicipes polymerus) have a Stratified distribution along the coast of that Caribbean island, with Pollicipes polymerus thriving only on the lower strata. When the biologist removed Pollicipes polymerus from the lower strata, she observed that the population of Chthamalus proteus spread throughout that area. Whelks (Cittarium pica) are the main predator of both species and both species may also be displaced by limpets and mussels, which compete for space. Use the concepts of fundamental and realized niche to explain why Chihamalus proteus spread throughout the area when Pollicipes polymerus was removed from the lower strata. (2 marks| GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024ai (©) Explain how the relationship an polymerus demonstrates environment 5 chahamatas provens and Policipe A ace. and diversity between species, 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L (2 marks} Using the study described in (b), explain the difference between diversity within species {3 marks} ‘ H ; y : }cr @® “T= 7 Using a suitable example from the Caribbean region, describe the relationship between ecological succession and the climax community. 14 marks} GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L |TC snarne biologist uring her (© Table 1 shows the dat collected over mons Y 1ST fieldwork. ae] Number of species OENWE__ [__caenes — Lao 5 12 mo Ss 24 June 20 2 July A *° August 18 . iepenbt 2 n (Suggest ONE possible reason for the data obtained in July. [1 mark] (i) Onite grid provided on page 9, draw a bar graph to illustrate the data in Table [4 marks] ‘Total 20 marks 02120020/MI/CAPE 2024 L 60 ony TO THE NEXT PAGE al y ; i 4 y y y 3 q y peiiries gne prepare aie é 5 i ;GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L ASAP ARR RE | me- -10- 2 (@) Define the term ‘species diversity’. 02120020MN/CAPE 2024 (1 mark) i i i iT “ue 7 (®) The Coastal and Environmental Department of a country has received sightings of a new species in an area of xerophytic scrubland, near one of the several surface saltwater ponds found on the coast. As a result, officers from the Ministry of Environment decided to Conduet a sampling exercise to determine the species diversity of the entire coastal area. The data in Table 2 is derived from the sampling exercise. TABLE 2: RESULTS OF SAMPLING EXERCISE, Species Name Number of Species ‘Sombrero ameiva lizard (Ameiva corvina) 3 4 Red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) 5 Sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) 2 Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) 36 Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) 4 Using the formula below, calculate the species diversity of the arca sampled. pe ktn) NN=1) [4 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, | 02120020/MI/CAPE 2024— -12- 7 i mn he Coustal and Environmental Departmentof a country asks your advice on determ; the population of ng, moving organisms such as lizards, tortoises, invertebrates and birds Which may be found in the coastal area. © State TWO suitable methods that ay be used for sampling these organisms, 02120020/M/CAPE 2024- “13- “| (4) Avew species sighted in the area is identified as the green iguana (/guona iguana) which Was previously unknown to the country. @ Ifthe only green iguanas found in the country before the sampling were a pair found in the zoo, what is the percentage increase in green iguanas in this sampling exercise’? [1 mark] ‘The Coastal and Environmental Department determines that the green iguana poses a threat to other organisms in the area of the xerophytic scrubland and the coastal surface saltwater ponds. Explain TWO types of interaction in which the grcen iguana may be involved within this ecosystem. {4 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE _| 02120020/MN/CAPE 2024 Lr sie I L kz ing capacity of the impact on the carrying ee Inwater ecosystem. (iii) Explain how the green iguana may r xerophytic serubland and the coastal surface salt [2 marks} (©) Describe ONE potential environmental and ONE potential health impact pertaining to the introduction of the green iguanas to the country. @ Environmental [4 marks} 1 ONRNU2OMACAPE 2024 fotal 20 marks ON To THE NEXT PAGET -15- 7 MODULE 2 Answer BOTH questions. (a) (i)_Define the term ‘urbanization’. (ii) Name ONE urban centre in the English-speaking Caribbean, ii) For the urban centre identified in (a) (i), suggest TWO possible reasons for the ‘growth of the population in the urban centre GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MS/CAPE 2024 L A alT -16- fal (®) Explain how urbanization can pose a threat to EACH of the following. High value ecosystems [2 marks} Gi) Climate 1 ‘ : [2 marks} 02120020MJ/CAPE 2024 Taah POLED CP Le TRT -W- 7 (©) COVID-19 started as an urban pandemic and was later contained in an Fast Asian metropolis (UN Chronicle, 2020). Figure 1 is a graph that shows the incidence of COVID-19 for urban and rural centres in Country X between January and October 2020. Incidence of COVID-19 (ca8e3/100 000 population) 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 2020 Figure 1. Graph showing incidence of COVID-19 for Country X Source: ips://www.cde.govimmwr/volumes/69/wr/social-media /mm6946a6_COVIDI9StatsUrbanRural IMAGE_20Nov20_1200x675,jpg hups:/iwww.cde.gov/mmvr/volumes/69/wr/mm6946a5.him (i) State TWO trends shown in Figure 1. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L@ -18- 7] Gi) In which month was the incidence of COVID-19 highest for medium-sized cities? [1 mark] (iii) Country X has a population of 1.2 million people. Calculate the percentage of the population which was affected by COVID-19 in July 2020. [2 marks] Poverty reduction is critical to achieving food security, but in many developing countries this has led to deforestation and overfishing as people seek to provide for their daily needs, These activities have intensified because with the spread of COVID-19 and the resulting economic fallout, more people have become poor and food insecure (Laborde, Martin and Voss, 2021). (Explain ONE way in which the increased poverty brought on by COVID-19 could impact population growth. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NDT WoITe IRS 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L aGi) Explain how EITHER deforestation OR overfishing may negatively impact the environment. “Pe marks] DO NOT WRITEIN THIS AREA GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L apn4 it Goal 1 (SDGI) sets targets and ONE way in which addressing ‘evement of this goal -20- Development ited Nations Sustainable vere’. Suggest Gi) ‘The U : rs to ‘end poverty everyW i indicators to ‘end poverty everywhere ea to the achi EITHER overfishing OR deforest [2 marks} Total 20 marks 60 ON TO THE NEXT PAGE is 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 J DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THISAREA po NOT WATE IN THIS AREAr » 1 4 @)_Define the following terms. (Total fertility rate [mark] (ii) Emigration rate [1 mark] (ii) Age-sex structure CM ANA GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE _l | 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L bk-22- d fier a census ion by age and sex af he composition of the Barbados population PY by Figure 2 shows the c (as conducted in 2016 _. Barbados - 2016 Male is 2 9 6 3 oO 0 3 ‘6 9 re Population (in thousands) Age group Population (in thousands) Figure 2, Age-sex diagram for Barbados, 2016 Name the characteristic shape of the age-sex diagram shown in Figure 2. {L mark} State ONE deduction which may age-sex diagram in Figure 2. 02120020/MI/CAPE 2024 L na CE EEC wees Noor WRITE IN +rv -23- 7] (© Atthe last census, Barbados’ ion was 4 los’ fi " ae passat Population was 285 000, with 3500 live births, 3000 deaths. (© Calculate the percentage of the population which is not within the fertile age group. (4 marks} Gi) Calculate the birth rate of the population in Barbados. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE nnn am 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 L5 ch could be adopted by the Government of x diagram in Figure 2- rT 24+ (4) Explain TWO population control methods whi Barbados based on the int formation in the age-Se) ‘ ‘ 62120020 Mi/CAPE 2094 Se a a cee ON To 7 TOTHE Next pace| | | [6 marks} (©) Explain how ONE named biotic factor has influenced the relationship between the people and their activities in a Caribbean country. 1 marks] ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L mame pAyE J iz02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L o) -26- ~y MODULE3 Answer BOTH questions. Define the term ‘natural resource’. [2 marks} Read the information below carefully and answer the questions that follow. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) manages the World Heritage List, which highlights the “world’s cultural and natural diversity of outstanding universal value”. To be included on the list, an area must meet certain criteria and have adequate management and protection systems in place. A UNESCO World Heritage site in a Caribbean country has been listed, The site covers an area of 2909 hectares including two mountain landmarks, forests and geothermal areas. About one- third of the site is in the ocean, where there is significant coral reef coverage. There is a wide variety of flora and fauna in both the terresirial and marine components of the site, including five endemic bird species. Petroglyphs and other archeological artefacts have also been found atthe site, attesting to the presence of the Amerindian Carib peoples who lived in the area hundreds of years avo. Adapted from Pitons Management Arca, hitps:/»whe.unesco.ore/en/list/ HOU Name ONE category of natural resource, other than ecosystems, that exists at the World Heritage Site in the Caribbean country, U1 mark] ) Name ONE resource that falls into the ecosystems cate ory of natural that is found at the World Heritage Site, m ee GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 7 | ORU KRHAr “2. | (iy ‘why that location should be resource co : ixplain TWO reasons related to Di arena, etvation that the government may have used justify the designation INESCO World 1 leritage Site, 16 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L. nnn _la a has been granted permission to develog a | Sf of Caribbean country Janned activity Will be cithe | (Saline nthe ie of the World Heritage 7 Sie nee species growing there. a 1 small logging industry, because there 6m vaige about the surrounding aca, visitor's centre offering tours and educations (i) Classify each of the proposed activities 2 cosine ae ‘Small logging indus Visitor's centre... mark ii) Suggest which activity would be more appropriate for the World Heritage Site and justify your choice, arks| 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 G0 ON TO THE NEXT PAGE L al-29- 7 re 3 iMusiran Examine the nee Hira of tourists who arrived in Saint Lucia from 2000 to 2018. ine answer the questions that follow. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 L ed Year Figure 3. Tourist arrivals for Saint Lucia, 2000-2018 Data obtained from the World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files. hatps.//data, worldbank.org/indicator/STINTARVL? locations “LC (i) What is the overall trend of the data shown in Figure 3? GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE |T =30- oo Gi) Caloulate the rate of change of tourist arrivals answer in tourist arrivals per year. 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 HAOAE MN 5 from 2008 to 2016. Express your [4 marks] Total 20 marks 9° ONTO THE NEXT PAGE4 ‘aribbean countries and one Natural Resource [3 marks} (>) Forests = an important natural resource for many Caribbean countries. Explain TWO reasons for the importance of forests as a natural resource. [6 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE a 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 pn-32- “] of total land area in a Caribbean (©) Figure 4 illustrates the forest coverage as @ ony ‘and answer the questions that country from 1990 to 2020. Study the figui follow Forest coverage (% of land area) 006 «201020142018 1990 19941998 2002 a Year nd area Figure 4. Forest coverage as a percentage of total in a Caribbean country, 1900-2020 The forests in the Caribbean country were used for a variety of reasons, resulting in the trend observed in Figure 4, To manage this trend, the government developed a forestry natural resource policy. (Suggest the year in which this policy was introdueed. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (021 20020/MJ/CAPE. 2024 L alE o 7 ii) State whether justify {he forestry policy introduced by the government was effective and ur esponse, including specific values and trends from Pigure 4 to support [7 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | 02120020/Ms/CAPE 2024 L” "I bute to the conservat (4) Outline THREE practices used by indigenous peonis Haticonte bate = of forests, B marks} Total 20 marks END OF TEST IP YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CAL D. CHECK YOUR WoRK on THIs TEST. 92120020/MI/CAPE 2024 al anr if 7 EXTRA SPACE, provided. fyou use this extra page, you MUST write the question number clearly in the box —(] 02120020/MJ/CAPE 2024 L upauennmane |