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AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
DYNAMICS OF ROAD VEHICLE

-By Dr. S A Channiwala

Example 1 : A two wheeler has a mass of 265 kg. It has a wheelbase of 1.24 m & ratio of x/y=1.2. If manufacture claims the vehicle to achieve the acceleration of 3 m/s2 & height of CG is 0.7 m. Determine:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. Effort required on the rear wheel Reactions R1&R2 Load transfer Time required to achieve a speed of 80 km/hr If the tyre of radius is 0.325 m, what is the theoretical power required?

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Fi=ma a=3 m/s2

H CG

A R1 x L mg y

B R2

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VEHICLE MECHANICS 1.1 Laws of Equilibrium : If a body is in Equilibrium then :(a) The resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. And (b) The resultant of all the couples and the moments of all the forces taken about any axis whatsoever is zero.

In the most general case, the laws of equilibrium will enable us to write down six equations, Three by equating to zero the force along the three axis Three by taking moment about the three axis But the majority of problems do not require the formulation of all six equation.

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1.2

Weight/Force Distribution in Two wheeler :L x

Front

CG

Rear

R1

b W

R2

Fy = 0,

R1 + R2 = W

....... (i)

Taking moment about x-x, R1 * L = W * b

(ii)

R1 =
Substituting (iii) in (i),

W *b L

(iii)

R2 = W

W *b b = W *[1 ] L L

(iv)

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Example 2 : A two wheeler has an unladden weight of 100.3 kg and a wheel base of 1230mm. If the CG is displaced by 575 mm from rear wheel axis. Determine the load shared by front and rear wheels. Soln. : W= 100.3 * 9.81 = 983.943 N L = 1.230 m, b = 0.575 m we know that:
R1 = W * b 983.943*0.575 = = 459.97 N L 1.230

b 0.575 R 2 = W *[1 ] = 983.943*[1 ] = 523.973 N L 1.230

Example 3 : During experimental measurement of the height of CG, the above two wheeler was kept on an inclined surface at 15 and the load distribution at front & rear wheels was found to be 52.3 kg & 48 kg respectively. Determine the height of CG of this vehicle. The mean tyre radius is 0.225 m. Also state the limiting value of slope on which the vehicle will be stable.

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R2

R1

Taking moment about A,

R2 *cos * L +W *sin * H = W * a *cos

W *sin * H = W * a *cos R2 *cos * L
Dividing by

..

(1)

.. (2)

W * s in

H = a *cot

R2 * L *cot W
.. (3)

R2 H = [a * L ] * cot W

H = [0.655

48 * 9.81 *1.23]* cot15 = 0.2477 m 983.943

Ans.

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Now Rewriting Equation no. (2)

R2 *cos * L = W * a *cos W *sin * H

R2 *cos = W *a W *cos * H *sin L L

Now R2COS is a reaction at rear wheel. When this reaction tends to zero, the vehicle becomes unstable & may overturn about pt. A.

Thus limiting value of may be obtained as:

R 2 * cos = 0 =

W L

W ( a * cos H * sin ) = 0 L 0

W *a W * cos * H * sin L L

a *cos = H *sin

tan =
L

a 0.655 = = 2.644 H 0.2477

[Note: In practice, this is limited by road adhesion]

] = 69.28
lim

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These equations very clearly signifies two facts: (i) For better stability of vehicle, the CG disposition must as further as possible from front axle (ii) CG must be as lower as possible.

Example 4 : A bike driver takes his bike to weigh bridge for determination of its correct CG, he intends to take part in a bike race, when front wheel alone enters the weigh bridge, the load indicated is 78 kg when both wheels are taken to weighbridge, the indicated load is 170 kg.

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Now he takes out front wheel from the bridge on level road & raises the rear wheel by 10 cms on weighbridge. The load indicated is 88 kg. If wheel base is 1.208 m & tyre radius is 225 mm. Determine (i) CG Position. (ii) Limiting value of slope on which vehicle will be stable.

Case : 1
L a b

CG

A R1 W

B R2

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Data:
Case : 1 R1 = 78 kg = 765.18 N W= 170 kg = 1667.7 N Fy = 0; W = R1 + R2 R2 = 902.52 N
Now taking moments about A,

R2*L = W*a

a =

R2 * L 902.52*1.208 = = 0.6537m W 1667.7

b = L a = 1.208 0.6537 = 0.5543m

Case : 2

B aCOS A R2

x h=0.10 m

R1

LCOS W

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Selecting AB as a moment arm and taking moment about point A,

R 2 * L *cos = W *{a *cos (h r ) *sin }

R 2 * L * cos = W * a *cos W * (h r ) *sin
Dividing by W*sin

( h r ) = a * co t
H = r + (a

R2 * L * co t W

R2 * L ) * cot W
863.28 *1.208) * cot 1667.7

= 0.225 + (0.6537

Now

sin =

h 0.100 = = 0.08278 L 1.208

= 4.75 85

cot 4.7585 = 12.0385

H = 0.566 m
Now we know that Limiting value of slope,

tan L

a 0.6537 = H 0.5666

tan L

= 1.153

= 49.08

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Weight Distribution in a ThreeThree-Wheeled Vehicle

x R1 y CG z x L a b R3 C z C B=2c R2 y

H A R1 W B R2R3

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Fy = 0; W = R1 + R2 + R3

(i)

Now taking moments about x-x, R1*L = W*b (ii) Now taking moments about y-y, R3*c = W*x +R2*c R3 - R2 = W * x (iii)
c

Now taking moments about z-z, R2*L+ R3*L = W*a R2 + R3 =

W *a L

(iv)

(iii) + (iv)
R3 = W x a . (v) [ ] 2 c l (iv) - (iii)

R2 =

W a x (vi) [ ] 2 l c

R1 = W R 2 R3 (vii)

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Example 5: A three-wheeler has a wheelbase of 1524 mm and its CG is 900 mm behind front wheel axle and 160 mm from the longitudinal axis of vehicle on near side. The track of rear wheel is 870 mm. Determine the wheel loads, if total weight of the vehicle is 411 kg.

Sol.
Given Data: L=1.524 m a=0.900 m 0.870 X=0.160 m, c= 2 = 0.435 m W=411 x9.81=4031.91 N we know that,
R2 =
W 2

a x [ ] l c

R2 =

4031.91 0.900 0.160 [ ] = 449.024 N = 45.772kg 2 1.524 0.435

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R3 =
=

W 2

x a [ ] c l

4031.91 0.160 0.900 [ + ] 2 0.435 1.524

= 1932.025 N = 196.944kg

R1 = W R 2 R 3
= 4031.91 449.024 1932.025 = 1650.86N = 168.28kg

Example 6:
It is required to determine the CG of a three wheeler experimentally when one of the nearside rear wheel is taken to weigh bridge, the load recorded is 160 kg while when opposite rear wheel is taken to weigh bridge the load is found to be 80 kg. When both the rear wheels were taken on weighbridge and raised by 110mm the load recorded was 235 kg. Determine (i) CG position (ii) limiting slope for stability. The wheelbase and rear wheel track for this vehicle are 1.6m and 1m respectively while total weight of the vehicle is 425kg. The wheel diameter is 250 mm.

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Solution:
Given data: R3 = 160 kg = 1569.6 N D = 0.250 m W = 425 kg L = 1.6 m C =1/2 = 0.5 m Raised condition: [R2 + R3]=235 kg=2305.35 N

For a three wheeler we know that :

R2 =
784.8 =

W 2

a x ] l c

4169.25 a x [ ] 2 1.6 0.5

. (1)
W 2

784.8 = 1302.891*a 4169.25*x And

R3 =
1569.6 =

a x + ] l c

4169.25 a x [ + ] 2 1.6 0.5

1569.6=1302.891*a + 4169.25*x

. (3)

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Adding (1) + (3) 2354.4 = 2605.782*a a=0.9035 m b= L-a = 1.6 - 0.9035 = 0.6965 m (3) - (1) 784.8 = 8338.5 * x x=0.0941 m

h
A

x
R2,3

R1 W

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Selecting A-B as moment arm & taking moments about A,

R2, 3 * L *cos = W *{a *cos ( H r )*sin }

= W * a *cos W *( H r ) *sin
Dividing by W sin

( H r ) = a * cot

R 2, 3 * L * cot W

H = r + [a

R 2, 3 * L ]* cot W

Now sin =

h 0.11 = = 0.06875 L 1.6

2305.35 *1.6]*14.511 4169.25

= 3.942
H = 0.125 + [0.9035

H = 0.3977m

tan =

a 0.9035 = = 2.272 H 0.3977

L = 66.24

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Weight Distribution in a Four-wheeled Vehicle:

R2 d R1 CG W H c x y = B/2 -x R3 B R4 B

R1,2

a L

R3,4

R1,3

y d W

B/2 + x c

R2,4

Data Given:

W=1000 kg L=2.3 m B=1.3 m a=1.3 m b=1.0 m x= 0.1 m c=0.75 m d=0.55 m

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Taking moment about A,

( R 3 + R 4) * L = W * a
Taking moment about B, ( R1 + R 2 ) * L = W * b Taking moment about C,

( R 2 + R 4) * B = W * d
Taking moment about D,

( R1 + R3) * B = W * c

From (i) to (iv),

( R 3 + R 4) = W *

a L

( R1 + R 2) = W *

b L

( R 2 + R 4) = W *

d B c ( R 1 + R 3) = W * B

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From method of Superimposition:

From (vi) to (viii) From (vi) to (vii) From (v) to (vii) From (vi) to (vii)

b c * L B b d R2 = W * * L B a c R3 = W * * L B a d R4 = W * * L B R1 = W *

R1 = 2460.7 N R 2 = 1804.5 N

R 3 = 3198.9 N

R 4 = 2345.8 N

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Example:2
A four wheeled vehicle has a wheel base of 2.36 m and mean track of 1.32 m. It is designed in such a manner that front axle shares 48% of vehicle load. The CG of this vehicle is displaced by 0.075 m from longitudinal axis away from driver side. Determine load distribution if vehicle load is 790 kg under unladden condition.
[Fiet-UNO]

R2 d = 0.585m

C = 0.735m 0.075m

R4 B = 1.32m

R1 CG W

R3 B

R1,2

a L

R3,4

R1,3

R2,4

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Given data: L=2.36 m B=1.32 m

( R1 + R 2) = 0.48*W = 3719.952 N
W=790 kg = 7749.9 N c = 0.735 =
B +y 2

d=

B y = 0.585m 2

( R 3 + R 4) = W ( R1 + R 2 ) = 4029.948 N

Taking moment about A,

( R 3 + R 4) * L = W * a

a =

( R 3 + R 4) * L 4029.948* 2.36 = = 1.2272m W 7749.9

b = L a = 2.36 1.2272 = 1.1328 m

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Now we know that:

b c R1 = W * * L B
= 7749.9* 1.1328 0.735 * 2.36 1.32

= 2071.337 N = 211.145kgf

b d R2 = W * * L B
= 7749.9* 1.1328 0.585 * 2.36 1.32

= 1648.615 N
= 168.055kgf

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a c R3 = W * * L B
= 7749.9* 1.2272 0.735 * 2.36 1.32

= 2243.948N
= 228.741kgf

R4 = W *

a d * L B
1.2272 0.585 * 2.36 1.32

= 7749.9*

= 1785.9997 N

= 182.059kgf

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1st check: W=R =790 kgf 2nd check:

R3 + R4 = W *
410.8 = 410.8

a L

3rd

check:

d ( R 2 + R 4) = W * B
350.114 = 350.114

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Example 3:
A four wheeled vehicle stands on a weighbridge such that only front wheels are on the bridge. The load recorded is 614 kgf. The vehicle is now taken on weighbridge & the load was found to be 1180 kg. The vehicle then was kept on a weighbridge in such a way that its rear wheels were on the weighbridge raised by 10 cms.

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Case : 2

R2

R1

R1 = W R 2 R3 ( R3 + R4) * L = W * a ( R1 + R 2) * L = W * b R1 = 2460.7 N R2 = 1804.5N R3 = 3198.9 N R4 = 2345.8 N ( R 2 + R4) * B = W * d ( R1 + R3) * B = W * c a ( R3 + R4) = W * L b ( R1 + R 2) = W * L d ( R 2 + R4) = W * B c ( R1 + R3) = W * B

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cot = 14.511 tan =

a 0.9035 = = 2.272 H 0.3977 L = 66.24

Fi=ma a=3 m/s2

H CG

A R1 x L mg y

B R2

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Fi=ma

CG

x L

mg

Front

CG

Rear

R1

b W

R2

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R2

R1

L a b

CG

A R1 W

B R2

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B aCOS A R2

x h=0.10 m

R1

LCOS W

R2

R1

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x R1 y CG z x L a b R3 C z C B=2c R2 y

H A R1 W B R2R3

H = r + (a

R2 * L ) * cot W
8 6 3 .2 8 * 1 .2 0 8 ) * c o t 1 6 6 7 .7

= 0 .2 2 5 + ( 0 .6 5 3 7 sin =

h 0 .1 0 0 = = 0 .0 8 2 7 8 L 1 .2 0 8

= 4 .7 5 8 5 c o t 4 .7 5 8 5 = 1 2 . 0 3 8 5 H = 0 .5 6 6 m

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