Properties of Vector Spaces

Internal Composition
• Let V be any set. Then the mapping f:V х V-> V is said to be internal
composition and is also called vector addition.
• Example: f: IR х IR -> IR
f(a,b)=a.b
External Composition
• Let V and F be any two non-empty set. Then the mapping f:V х F-> V is
said to be external composition in V over F and is also called scalar
multiplication.
Vector Space
• V is said to be vector space over F then the element of F are called
scalar if following properties are satisfied.
(i) (V,+) is an abelian group.
(ii) ɑ ϵ F and x ϵ V then ɑx ϵ V (closure property)
(iii) ɑ(x+y)= ɑx + ɑy for all ɑ ϵ F and x,y,ɑ,ꞵ ϵ V
(iv) (ɑ + ꞵ)x= ɑx+ ꞵx
(v) (ɑꞵ)x= ɑ(ꞵx)
(vi) 1.x=x where 1 is the unity of F
General Properties of Vector Space
Let V(F) be a vector space over the field (F,+,.) and 0 be the additive
identity of V. Also let ɑ,ꞵ ϵ V, a ϵ F, 0 be the additive identity of F, then (i
(i) a0=0
(ii) 0ɑ=0
(iii) a(-ɑ)=(-aɑ)
(iv) (-a)ɑ=-(aɑ)
(v) a(ɑ- ꞵ)=aɑ-aꞵ
(vi) aɑ=0 this implies a=0 or ɑ=0 for all ɑ ϵ F and ɑ,ꞵ ϵ V
Proofs of General Properties of Vector Space
(i) a0=0
a0=a(0+0)
a0=a0+a0
a0+0= a0+ a0
a0=0

(ii) 0ɑ=0
(0+0)ɑ=0ɑ
0ɑ+0ɑ=0ɑ+0
0ɑ=0
General Properties of Vector Space
(iii) a(-ɑ)=(-aɑ)
Let a ϵ F, ɑ ϵ V
ɑ ϵ V this implies -ɑ ϵ V, then we have
a[ɑ + (-ɑ)]=aɑ + a(-ɑ)
a0=aɑ + a(-ɑ)
-aɑ = a(-ɑ)
General Properties of Vector Space
(iv) (-a)ɑ=-(aɑ)
Let a ϵ F, -a ϵ F
a + (-a)= 0
[a + (-a)]ɑ= 0ɑ
a ɑ + (-a)ɑ= 0ɑ
a ɑ + (-a)ɑ= 0
a0=aɑ + a(-ɑ)
-aɑ = a(-ɑ)
General Properties of Vector Space
(v) a(ɑ- ꞵ)=aɑ-aꞵ
Let a ϵ F and ɑ, ꞵ ϵ V,
a(ɑ- ꞵ)= a(ɑ+(- ꞵ))=aɑ+a(- ꞵ)

(vi) Let aɑ=0, a not equal to 0.

aϵF
aɑ=0
a-1(aɑ)= a-10
(a-1a)ɑ= 0
1.ɑ=0
ɑ=0
General Properties of Vector Space
(vi) Again let aɑ=0, ɑ not equal to 0. Then we are required to prove that a=0.
Let a is not equal to 0 a ϵ F
Consider aɑ=0
a-1(aɑ)= a-10
(a-1a)ɑ= 0
1.ɑ=0
ɑ=0
Which is contradiction because ɑ is not equal to 0.
Therefore a must be equal to 0. Hence Proved.
Thankyou