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 丁A1NYA MARIA GOLASH-BOZA

A C RIT IC AL APP RO AC H SECOND EDITION

，飞 ,
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 A CRITICAL APPROACH

SECOND EDITION

TANYA MARIA GOLASH 嗣 BOZA

University of California, Merced

NEW YORK OXFORD

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by
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You must not circulate this work in any other form

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Golash-Boza, Tanya Maria, author.
Title: Race & racisms : a critical approach / Tanya Maria Golash-Boza,
University of California, Merced.
Other titles: Race and racisms
Description: Second Edition. I New York : Oxford University Press, [2017] I
Revised edition of the author's Race & racisms, [2015] I Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 20170317161ISBN 9780190663780 (pbk.: alk. paper) I ISBN
9780190663797 (eISBN)
Subjects: LCSH: United States- Race relations. I Racism- United States. I
Equality- United States. I United States- Emigration and immigration. I
Race. I Racism.
Classification: LCC El84.Al G565 2017 I DDC 305.800973- dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017031716

987654321
Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
 「ie onrenrs

List of Excerpts xvii

About the Author xix
Preface xx
...
Talking About Race Outside the Classroom XXVI II

PART I RACIAL IDE。LOGIES

1 The Origin of the Idea of Race 3

• 2 Race, Immigration，。 nd Citizenship from the 1840s
to the 1920s 35
• 3 Racial Ideologies from the 1920s to the Present 63
4 Sociological Theories of Race and Racism 95
• 5 Racism in the Media: The Spread of Ideology 127
• 6 Colorism and Skin-Color Stratification 157
• 7 White Privilege and the Changing U.S. Racial Hierarchy 185 ·

PART II p。LICY AND INSTITUTI。NS

• 8 Educational Inequality 217

• 9 Income and Labor Market Inequality 247
10 Inequality in Housing and Wealth 281
• 11 Racism and the Criminal Justice System 309
• 12 Health Inequality, Environmental Racism，。 nd Environmental
Justice 343
• 13 Racism, Nativism, and Immigration Policy 373

PART Ill c。NTESTING AND C。MPARING RACIAL INJUSTICES

• 14 Racia I Justice in the United States Today 413
• 15 Thinking Globally: Race and Racisms in France, South Africa
and Brazil 441

Glossary 475
References 483
Credits 508
Index 513
 List of Excerpts xvii
Abou •• he Autho「 xix
p「eface xx
Talking About Race Outside the Classroom xxviii

PART I RACIAL IDE 。 i。 GIES

The Origin of the Idea 。f Race 3

Defining Race and Ethnicity 6
Race: The Evolution of an Ideology 7
Historical Precedents to the Idea of Race 8
Slavery Before the Idea of Race 9
European Encounters with Indigenous Peoples of the
Americas 10
Slavery and Colonization 11
“~ ~－e~ni~七 T~eaJ.用~nt 。f ln司 i~~no~~ P~~P.I~~
v。ices T 1主
research focus Slave Flights and Runaway Communities in Colo 门 ial
Angola 14
Exploitation in the Thirteen English c。lonies 15
The Legal Codification of Racial Differences 19
voices From Bull听h!P... Da_r.~ 22
Slavery versus the Ideal of Freedom in the United States 23
。 GLOBAL VIEW: The Idea of Race in Latin American Nation-Making 24
The Indian Removal Act: The c。ntinuation of Manifest
Destiny 25
The Rise of Science and the Question of Human Difference 27
European Taxonomies 27
Scientific Racism in the Nineteenth Century 28
Conclusion and Discussion 31
Check Your Understanding 31
Talking about Race 33
vi CONTENTS

Race, lmmigrati。n, and Citizenship fr1。m the 1840s

to the 1920s 35
The Continuation of Scientific Racism 38
Measuring Brain Size 38
Intelligence Testing 38
Eugenics 40
v。ices Carrie Buck 41
…….........................

Exclusionary lmmigrati。n and Citizenship Policies 42

The Chinese Exclusion Act 43
research focus Chinese E×clusion a门d Gatekeeping Ideology 44
The Johnson-Reed Act (Immigration Act of 1924) 45
Birthright Citizenship and Naturalization for Whites
Only 46
Defining Whiteness in Court 47
Takao Ozawa 以 United States (1922) 48
United States 以 Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) 49
How the Irish, Italians，。nd Jews Became White 49
The Irish 51
The Italians 51
The Jews 53
Structural Violence against Native Americans and African
Americans 54
Native Americans: Appropriating Lands, Assimilating
Tribes 54
African Americans and the Struggle for Rights 55
Conclusion and Discussion 57
Check Your Understanding 58
Talking about Race 6 7

Racial Ide。l。gies fr。m the 1920s f。 the Present 63

Ideological Consistency and Change 66
v。ices Trayvon Martin 67
·.......................................

Overt Racism in the Mid-Twentieth Century 70

Segregation 70
Mass Deportation of Mexicans and Mexican
Americans 70
Internment of Japanese and Japanese Americans 72
 CONTENTS VII

v。ices Fred T~Y.?saburo Korematsu 74

Tuskegee .Syphilis Experiment 75
The Civil Rights Movement and the Commitment to Change 76
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott 77
Sit-Ins 78
Freedom Rides 78
Old Versus New Racism: The Evolution of an Ideology 80
Biological Racism 81
Cultural Racism 82
Color-Blind Universalism 83
。 GLOBAL VIEW Cultural Racism in Peru 84
Color-Blind Racism 85
Four Types of Color-Blind Racism 85
Rhetorical Strategies of Color-Blind Racism 86
The New Politics of Race 86
Conclusion and Discussion 89
Check Your Understanding 90
Talking about Race 93

s。ci。｜。gical The。ries 。f Race and Racism 95

Individual Racism and Institutional Racism 98
Individual Racism 98
voices 0icroa.~.~~essions 101
Institutional Racism 102
。GLOBAL VIEW Microaggressions in Peru 103
Systemic Racism and Structural Racism 105
Systemic Racism 105
Structu 「al Racism 106
research focus Systemic Racism and Hur「icane Katrina 107

Racial Formation 109

Critique 1: Not Holding Whites Accountable for Racial Inequality 111
Critique 2: Not Going Far Enough to Expose the Depths
of Racism 112
Critique 3: Overlooking Parallels Between Jim Crow Racism and
Racism Today 113
research focus E×amining Legitimized Racism against Indigenous
Peoples 114
viii CONTENTS

White Supremacy and Settler Colonialism 116

research focus Applying Settle 「 Colonialism Theory 118

lslamophobia and Anti-Arab Racism 119

lntersectional 丁heories of Race and Racism 120
Conclusion and Discussion 121
Check Your Understanding 722
Talking about Race 725

Racism in the Media: The Spread of Ide。l。gy 127

Portrayals and Representations in Entertainment 129
Portraya Is of Blacks 130
voices 问~Y.. ~lac止－is扣 Is th~ ~“o听 '!!_~ 问e~d R!fJ_ht 问 o听. 13~
Portrayals of Latino;/~s 136
Portrayals of Arabs and Arab Americans 138
voices Why We Hacked Homeland 739
………………………………………………………….
Portrayals of Asians and Asian Americans 140
Portrayals of Native Americans 142
。 GLOBAL VIEW Racial Stereotypes in Peruvian Television 143
New Media Representations 144
Video Games 144
Social Media 144
research focus Kimberl 台 C「enshaw on Black Women's Lives
Matte「 145

Media Images and Racial Inequality 148

Raced, Classed, and Gendered Media Images 150
Conclusion and Discussion 153
Check Your Understanding 754
Talking about Race 155

c。l。rism and Skin-C。｜。r Stratificati。n 157

The History of Colorism 160
research focus Latino lmmigra 时S and the U.S. Racial Order 161
The Origins of Colorism in the Americas 161
The Origins of Colorism in Asia and Africa 164
The Global Color Hierarchy 165
Asia and Asian Americans 166
 CONTENTS IX

v。ices: The Fair-Skin Ba忖le 167

··...............................................

Latin America and Latinos/as 168

Africa and the African Diaspora 170
research focus Skin Tone a门d School Suspension 173

v。ices Colorism and Creole Identity 175

Skin Color, Gender，。nd Beauty 176
v。ices After ＃问otfairandlo~el_Y.: Chan_
~! n.~.Tho口.~~t Patterns Instead of Skintone 180
Conclusion and Discussion 181
Check Your Understanding 782
Talking about Race 783

PART II p。 LICY AND INSTITUTI 。 NS

White Privilege and the Changing U.S. Racial

Hierarchy 185
White Privilege 188
research focus White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible
Knapsack 190

Whiteness, Class, Gender, and Sexuality 192

voices ExP.!ainin.~..问hit~ ~ri~ile.~~ to a 巳rok~ Y.Y.hite Person 193
Whiteness and Racial Categories in Twenty-First-Century
America 196
Latinos/as and the Multiracial Hierarchy 197
Arab Americans, North Africans, Middle Easterners, and Their
Place in the U.S. Racial Hierarchy 199
voices Arab American-AKA Y.Y.hite Y.Y.ithout the Privil~~ e 201 -

Muitiracial Identification and the U.S. Raciai

Hierarchy 202
Will the United States Continue to Be a White-Majority
Society♀ 204

Changes in Racial and Ethnic Classifications 207

。 GLOBAL VIEW Social, Cultural, and Intergenerational Whitening in Latin
America 209
Revisiting the Definitions of Race and Ethnicity 211
Conclusion and Discussion 213
Check Your Understanding 214
Talking about Race 275
x CONTENTS

Educati。nal Inequality 217

The History of Educational Inequality 220
Indian Schools 221
Segregation and Landmark Court Cases 223
The Persistence of Racial Segregation in the Educational
System 225
Affirmative Action in Higher Education 226
Educational Inequality Today 228
research focus Native American/Alaska Na •ive College
Student Retention 231

The Achievement Gap: Sociological Explanations for Persistent

Inequality 232
。 GLOBAL VIEW Affirmative Action in Brazil 233
Parental Socioeconomic Status 233
Cultural Explanations:”'Acting White” and Other Theories 235
Tracking 236
Social and Cultural Capital and Schooling 237
v。ices Moesha 240
……··....................

Hidden Curricula and the School-to-Prison Pipeline 241

research focus The Asian Ame 「ican Achievement Parado× 242

Conclusion and Discussion 243

Check Your Understanding 244
Talking about Race 245

Inc。me and Lab。r Market Inequality 247

Income Inequality by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender 250
Dimensions of Racial Disparities in the Labor Market 254
Disparities among Women 254
Disparities among Asian Americans 256
Underemployment, Unemployment, and Joblessness 258
v。ices J。「~~9. ？.：？.。
s。ciological Explanations for Income and Labor Market
Inequality 262
Individual-Level Explanations 263
v。ices Latina Professionals as Racialized Tokens: Lisa ’s Story 264
....................................................................................................................
 CONTENTS XI

Structural Explanations 266

research focus Discrimination i 门 G Low Wage
“ Labo 「 Market 267

Affirmative Action in Employment 271

Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment 273
。 GLOBAL VIEW Racial Discrimination in Australia 275
Conclusion and Discussion 275
Check Your Understanding 276
Talking about Race 279

Inequality in H。using and Wealth 281

Land Ownership after Slavery 285
Residential Segregation 286
The Creation of Residential Segregation 286
Discriminatory and Predatory Lending Practices 289
research focus The Role of Real Es•ate in Creating Seg 「ega ↑ed
Cities 290
Neighborhood Segregation Today 292
v。ices Sab「！Y.~ lhs9.n 问ill!ams o口 问 e！~.“』or~o。9. St~「~o~Y.P.!n~. 2 ?.~.
Wealth Inequalities 297
research focus The Colo 「 of Wealth in the Natio门’s Capital 299
Inequality in Homeownership and Home Values 301
Wealth Inequality Beyond Homeownership 301
Explaining the Wealth Gap in the Twenty-First Century 302
Conclusion and Discussion 305
Check Your Understanding 305
Talking about Race 307

Racism and the Criminal Justice System 309

Mass Incarceration in the United States 312
The Rise of Mass Incarceration 313
Mass Incarceration in a Global Context 314
。GLOBAL VIEW Prisons in Germany and the Netherlands 316
Race and Mass Incarceration 316
.
voices Ea .「I Y.Y~~hi 口~－t。 口 ~1 !.
The Inefficacy of Mass Incarceration 319
xii CONTENTS

Mass Incarceration and the War on Drugs 320

Race, Class, Gender，。nd Mass lncarcerati。n 322
Institutional Racism in the Criminal Justice System 323
Racial Pr。filing 323
v。ices S。口司.Y..Bl。”司 ~主δ
Sentencing Disparities 327
The Ultimate Sentence: Racial Disparities in the Death
Penalty 328
voices 专雪.Y..~9.~！~ .....~？.雪
The Economics of Mass Incarceration 329
Private Pris。ns 332
The Pris。n-lndustrial c。mplex 333
Beyond Incarceration: Collateral Consequences 335
The Impact of Mass Incarceration on Families and
Children 335
The Lifelong Stigma of a Fel。ny：”The New Jim Crow” 337
research focus Can Felons Get Jobs♀ 337

Conclusion and Discussion 339

Check y。ur Understanding 339
Talking about Race 347

Health Inequalities, Environmental Racism, and

Environmental Justice 343

The History of Health Disparities in the United States 345

Involuntary Experimentati。n 。n African Americans 346
Explaining Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity
丁oday 348
s。ci。ec。n。mic Status and Health Disparities by Race/
Ethnicity 350
Segregation and Health 351
research focus 忖eal↑h and Social Inequity in Alameda Cou门↑y,
California 353
The Effects 。f Individual Racism 。n Health 354
Life-C。urse Perspectives 356
Culture αnd Health 357
 CONTENTS XIII

。 GLOBAL VIEW Health and Structural Violence in

Guatemala 358
Genetics, Race，。nd Hea Ith 359
Environmental Racism 361
Environmental Justice 363
v。ices The Holt Familr._of Dickson!. Tennessee 363
voices The Flint Water Crisis 367
··...................................................

Conclusion and Discussion 368

Check Your Understanding 369
Talking about Race 377

Racism, Nativism，。nd lmmigrati。n p。licy 373

v。ices Robert Bautista-Denied Due Process 376
………………·.................................................................

The Racialized History of U.S. Immigration Policy 378

Race and the Making of U.S. Immigration Policies: 1790 to
1924 379
( GLOBAL VIEW Whitening and Immigration Policy in
Brazil 381
Nativism Between 1924 and 1964: Mass Deportation
of Mexicans and the McCarran Internal
Security Act 382
The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act and the Changing
Face of Immigration 384
Latin American and Caribbean Immigration 390
Illegal Immigration and Policy Response 394
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA)
and Nativism 394
Proposition 187 and the Lead-Up to IIRIRA 396
The 1996 Laws and the Deter廿ion and Deportation of Black
。nd Latino Immigrants 398
voices Hecto~! . a Guatemalan Dee.ortee 400
Immigration Policy and Nativism in the Twenty-First
Century 404
v。ices The Zarour Family 407
………………·............................

Conclusion and Discussion 408

Check Your Understanding 409
Talking about Race 47 7
xiv CONTENTS

PART Ill c。 NTESTING AND C。MPARING RACIAL INJUSTICES

Racial Justice in the United States today 413
Perspectives on Racial Justice 415
Rec。gniti。n, Resp。nsibility, Rec。nstruction，。nd Reparati。ns 416
Civil Rights 419
Human Rights 421
Struggles for Racial Justice 424
Racial Justice and the F。reclosure Crisis 425
v。ices F~~－“t!n.~ － ~~！αin~t F。r。~I。s~re:: A 民aci9.I ]ustice S~?.':Y.. 4?6
DREAMers and the Fight for Justice 428
Racial Justice and Empathy 430
v。ices Three Leadership Less。ns from Opal T。meti 431
................................................................................................

Moving Beyond Race 434

lntersecti。nal Analyses: Race, Class, Gender 434
Racism and Capitalism 435
Conclusion and Discussion 437
Check y。υr Understanding 438
Talking ab。υt Race 439

Thinking GI。bally 441

How Do Other Countries Differ from the United States in Racial
Dynamics♀ 443
Race and Racism in France 446
French c。1。nies in Africa 446
The French Antilles 448
African lmmigrati。n to France 448
Discriminati。n and Racialαnd Ethnic Inequality in Frαnce
丁。day 449
v。ices Justice f。r The。 451
.........................................

Race and Racism in South Africa 454

c。｜。nialism in S。uth Africa: The British and the Dutch 454
The Apartheid Era (1948-1994) 454
 CONTENTS xv

四抽回 S。υth African c。loυred Identity 4~?

The Persistence 。f Inequality in the Post-Apartheid Ero 459
research focus The Politics of White hυth Identity in
s。υth Af1icc 460

Race an d Racism in B『azil 462

p。『fυguese c。l。nizoti。n and the Slave Trade in Brazil 462
Whitening Through lmmigrati。n and lnterma『riage 462
The Racial Dem。cracy Myth in Brazil and Affirmative Action 464
咽i四s Brazil ’s c。1。r Bind 46凸
Racial Categ。ries in Brazil T，。day 468
research focus Radiccl ldeo'ogy and Black-W nile Interracial Marriages in
Ri。 de Janeir，。 469

Conclusion and Discussion 470

Check Your Understanding 471
Talking αbout Race 473

GI。目arγ475
References 483
C redits 508
Index 513
 is• 0 × cer s

CHAPTER 1
A People云 His切ry ofthe United St，αtes: 1492-Present, Howard Zinn, p. 4

CHAPTER 2
How the Irish Beeαme White, Noel Ignatiev, p. 36

CHAPTER 3
The Persistence ofthe Color Line: Rαcial Politics αnd the Obαmα
Presidency, Randall Kennedy, p. 64

CHAPTER 4
Muslim Girl: A Coming ojAge, Amani Al-Khatahtbeh, p. 96

CHAPTER 5
We Gon' Be Alright: Notes on Rαce αnd Resegreg1αtion, Jeff Chang, p. 128

CHAPTER 6
Bone Black: Memories ofGirlhood, bell hooks, p. 158

CHAPTER 7
How Did 而u Get to Be Mexican? A White/Brown Ma价 Search for
Identity, Kevin Johnson, p. 186

CHAPTER 8
Sαuαgelnequαlities: Children in Americα云 Schools, Jonathan Kozol, p. 218

CHAPTER 9
Divided: The Perils ofOur Growing Inequαli切， David Cay Johnston, p. 248

CHAPTER 10
The Color ofU切lth: The Story Behind the U.S. RαcialU切lthDivide,
Meizhu Lui, Barbara Robles, Betsy Leondar-Wright, Rose Brewer, and
Rebecca Adamson, p. 282
CHAPTER 11
The New Jim Crow: Mαsslncαrcer，αtion 仇 the Age ofColorblindness,
Michelle Alexander, p. 310

XVII
 ...
XVIII LIST OF EXCERPTS

CHAPTER 12
Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, a：乱d Big Business Re-Create Race
in the Twenty-First Century, Dorothy Roberts, p. 344

CHAPTER 13
“ Til
Law Do Us Part: Immigration Policy and Mixed-Status Family
Separation,” Ruth Gomberg-Mufi.oz, p. 374
CHAPTER 14
Facebook post, Michelle Alexander, p. 414
CHAPTER 15
Coal to Cream: A Black Man's Jour’n ey Beyond Color to anA.ffirmation of
Rαce, Eugene Robinson, p. 442
 OU e u or

Tanya Maria Golash-Boza holds a B.A. in Philosophy from the University

of Maryland, a Certificate of Anthropology from L'Ecole d ’'.Anthropologie in
Paris, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University ofN orth Carolina at Chapel
Hill. She is a Professor of Sociology at the University of California-Merced. In
addition to this textbook, she is the a
Proαss Denied (2012), Immigration Nation (201功y and Yo Soy Negro: Blackness
inP
published dozens of articles in peer-reviewed journals on deportations, race
and racism, and U.S. Latinas/os and Latin America, in addition to essays and
chapters in edited volumes and online venues such as Al Jazeera, The Nation,
Salon, and The Chronicle ofHigher Education.
Tanya's innovative scholarship was awarded the 2010 Distinguished Early
Career Award from the Racial and Ethnic Minorities Studies Section of the
American Sociological Association. In 2013, she was awarded the UC Merced
Academic Senate Award for Distinguished Scholarly Public Service. In 2016,
her book Deported was awarded the Distinguished Contribution to Research
Book Award from the Latina/o Studies Section of the American Sociological
Association. She is also the creator of the blog Get a Life, Ph.D., which focuses
on academic success and well-being and has millions of pageviews. She is
the 2017-2018 Chair of the University Committee on Affirmative Action,
Diversity, and Equity Committee for the University of California Senate and
served on the Executive Council of the American Sociological Association
from 2014 to 2017.
Tanya has been teaching undergraduate and graduate courses on race
and ethnicity since 2003. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of
California, she was an Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas. She
lives in 岛1erced, California, with her husband and three school-age children.
She has lived in Latin America, Europe, and the Caribbean and speaks fluent
English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French.

XIX
 rerace

’Thissecond edition of Race and Racisms engages students in significant ques-

tions related to racial dynamics in the United States and around the world. In
accessible, straightforward language, the text discusses and critically analyzes
cu仗ing-edge scholarship in the field.

FEATURES
Race and Racisms includes several unique features designed to aid both teach-
ing and learning. Each of the following features appears throughout the book:

voices boxes highlight individual stories related to race and racism,

bringing personal experiences to life.
research focus boxes describe recent scholarship in the field, show-
ing students that this is an active and vibrant area of interest for
researchers.
。GLOBAL VIEW boxes introduce race刊lated phenomena as they are
experienced in other parts of the world, to he导 students look beyond race
and racism in the United States.
• As You Read questions point students to the key ideas in each chapter.
• Chapter-opening excerpts provide relevant readings as an entry point
into the material.
• Marginal Glossary definitions reinforce key concepts.
• [NEW] Check Your Understanding chapter summaries are now struc-
tured around the As You Read questions, incorporating both Review
and Critical Thinking questions.
• [NEW] At a Glance infographics show striki鸣 statistics in a vis叫ly
powerful wa予
• [NEW] Talking about Race guidelines in the front matter and at the
end of each chapter suggest ways to approach discussions about race and
racism.

xx
 PREFACE XXI

NEW IN THIS EDITI 。 N

咀1e goal for the second edition of Race and Racisms was not merely to keep up
with our changing world but to invite students to consider their own role in it.
Each chapter has been carefully updated to reflect current issues and events
as well as the latest data and research. Beyond these updates, new stories and
examples throughout engage readers in thinking about how racism could be
addressed or alleviated. Highlights of this edition include:
• Expanded coverage of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans, in addition
to new topics such as Islamophobia.
• The chapter on theory is now introduced earlier in the text (Chapter 4) to
provide a framework for material that follows.
• New Voices or Research Focus sidebars in every chapter.
• New features: At a Glance infographics, Check Your Understanding
summaries, and Talking about Race guidelines and prompts.

Following this preface, we include an overview for the new Talking about
Race feature. We hope this overview, Talking About Race Outside the
Classroom, will serve as a practical guide on how to have thoughtful, informed,
rational discussions about race and racism. ’These are sensitive and emotional
topics that many people have difficulty approaching. 咀1is overview encour-
ages students to engage in constructive conversations about race and provides
tips for countering racist ideology. At the end of each chapter, a brief Talking
about Race section provides some more specific suggestions for approaching
these conversations.

NEW MATERIAL BY CHAPTER

1 The Origin of the Idea of Race
• New Research Focus box: Slave Flights and Runaway Communities
in Colonial Angola (p. 1份
• New infographic on servitude, slavery, and genocide in the
Americas (p. 17)

2 Race, Immigration, and Citizenship from the 1840s to the 1920s

• New Research Focus box: Chinese Exclusion and Gatekeeping
Ideology (p. 44)
xxii PREFACE

3 Racial Ideologies from the 1920s to the Present

• New discussion of Black Lives Matter and high-profile killings by
police (p. 69)
• Newdiscu创onof 肌ein 肌ent politics (p. 86)

4 Sociological Theories of Racism

• New opening excerpt 仕om Muslim Girl: A Coming ofAge by Amani
Al-Khatahtbeh (p. 96)
• New Research Focus box: Examining Legitimized Racism against
Indigenous Peoples (p. 114)
• New discussion: Islamophobia and Anti-Arab Racism (p. 119)

5 Racism in the Media: The Spread of Ideology

• New opening excerpt from 讥Te Gon' Be Al1恕＇ht: Notes on Race and
Resegregation by Jeff Chang (p. 128)
• New Voices boxes on Black-ish (p. 135) and Homeland (p. 139)
• New infographic on the underrepresentation of people of color
in the media (p. 131)
• New Research Focus box: Black Wome的 Lives Matter (p. 145)

6 Colorism and Skin-Color Stratification

• New Voices box: After #NotFairandLovely: Changing Thought Patterns
Instead of Skintone (p. 180)
• New Research Focus box: Skin Tone and School Suspension (p. 173)

7 White Privilege and the Changing U.S. Racial Hierarchy

• New opening excerpt from How Did You Get to Be Mexican? by Kevin
] ohnson (p. 186)
• Newdiscu创on of the Brock Turner case (p. 190)
• New Voices boxes: Explaining White Privilege to a Broke White
Person (p. 193) and Arab American一AKA White Withou he
Privilege (p. 201)
• Expanded discussion: Arab Americans, North Africans, Middle
Eastern
 ...
PREFACE XXIII

8 Educational Inequality
• Newinfog即hie on educational disparities and life-course effects (p. 229)
New Research Focus box: The Asian American Achievement Paradox
(p. 242)

9 Income and Labor Market Inequality

• New opening excerpt from Divided: The Perils of Our Growing Inequali抄
by David Cay] ohnston (p. 248)
• New Voices box: Latina Professionals as Racialized Tokens: Lisa’s
Story (p. 264)
• Newinfog即hic on income and labor market inequality (p. 253)

10 Inequality in Housing and Wealth

• New Voices box: Neighborhood Stereotyping (p. 293)
• Newinfographic on wealth disparities by race/ethnicity (p. 298)

11 Racism and the CriminalJustice System

• New Voices boxes :“Earl Washington”(p. 317) and Sandy Bland (p. 326)
• New infographic on criminal justice disparities by race/ethnicity (p. 318)

12 Health Inequalities, Environmental Racism, and EnvironmentalJustice

• New infographic on health disparities and inequalities by race/
ethnicity (p. 349)
• New Voices box:’The Flint Water Crisis (p. 367)

13 Racism, Nativism, and Immigration Policy

• New opening excerpt from “ Til Law Do Us Part: Immigration Policy and
Mixed-Status Family Separation by Ruth Gomberg皿Mu虱oz (p. 374)
• Updated and expanded discussion: Immigration Policy and Nativism in
the Twenty-First Cent旧y (p. 404)
• New Voices box on a Syrian refugee family living in the United
States (p. 407)

14 RacialJustice in the United States Today

• New Voices box: Three Leadership Lessons from Opal Tometi (p. 431)
xxiv PREFACE

15 ’Thinking Globally: Race and Racisms in France, South Africa,

and Brazil
• New Voices boxes o叼olice brutality in France (p. 451), South African
coloureds (p. 457), and the skin-color hierarchy in Brazil (p. 466)

。 RGANIZATI 。 N

Race and Racisms is divided into three sections, each using an intersectional
framework and global considerations to guide our understanding of racial
dynamics in the United States:

• Pa刑， Racial Id叫ogies, draws from history, anthropology, and sociol-

ogy to explain how racial ideologies were created and how they have
evolved over time. This section provides a provocative historical and the-
oretical analysis that is rarely encountered in sociology texts, considering
the effects of colonialism, scientific racism, nativism, and inequality.二 In
addition, it invites in-depth discussion by examining prevailing racial
attitudes in the context of recent U.S. history, the media, colorism, and
white privilege.
• Pa付 II, P1。licy and lnstituti。ns, focuses on racial inequality, educational
and labor market inequality, housing and wealth, the criminal justice
system, health and the environment, and immigration policy. 咀1is sec-
tion highlights the empirical evidence for racial inequalit予
• Pa付 Ill, C。ntesting and c。mparing Racial lniustices, considers racial
justice, human rights, and racial dynamics around the world, helping us
to look forward by looking outward.

ANCILLARIES
Oxford University Press is proud to offer a complete supplements package to
accompany Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach.
The Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) at www.oup” arc.com is a co盯e­
nient, instructor-focused single destination for resources to accompany this
book. Accessed online through individual user accounts, the ARC provides
instructors with up-to-date ancillaries while guaranteeing the security of
grade-significant resources. In addition, it allows OUP to keep instructors
informed when new content becomes available.
 PREFACE xxv

卫1e ARC for Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach contains a variety of
materials to aid in teaching:
• PowerPoint lecture slides to aid in the presentation of course material
• Additional recommended readings that delve deeply into the topics
discussed in each chapter
• A computerized test bank with multiple-choice, true/false,
short-answer, and essay questions

c。 MPANI 。 N WEBSITE
Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach is also accompanied by an extensive com-
panion website {www.oup.com/us/golash国boza}, which includes materials
tohe恪 st叫e附 with every aspect of the course. For each cl呻te叼ou will find:

• Learning Objectives that identify the concepts that students should

understand a丘er reading each chapter
• A brief summary of the broad themes of each chapter, to help students
organize their thinking and reading
• Web-based activities that challenge students to apply their knowledge
to a variety of Internet resources
• Additional links to websites providing supplemental information on the
topics and ideas covered in the chapter
• Multiple-choice selιquizzes to help students review the material and
assess their own comprehension
• Filmographies to illustrate and reinforce material covered in the book
• Glossary flashcards to assist students in studying and review
• A YouTube channel collecting films and videos related to key topics

ACKN 。WLEDGMENTS

When I travel around the country to give talks at universities, I am always

pleased and humbled when instructors tell me they use this book in their class
and when students tell me how much they enjoy reading it. The positive feedback
I received from the first edition was a major motivation to revise this book. I have
a忧empted to respond to the many helpful critiques and comments I received to
make this book an even better tool for teaching about race and racism.
xxvi PREFACE

My interest in race and racism derives in part from my experiences growing

up as a white child in a primarily black neighbo血ood. I am grateful to my par-
e附 for deciding to raise our wh让efami与 on the east 创e of Rock Creek Park in
Washington, D.C., and for staying in that neighb。由ood to this day. Had my par-
ents made different life choice价 is like忖也is book would never have been wri忧en.
Writing this textbook has been much less painful than it otherwise would
have been due to the extraordinary efforts of the editorial team at Oxford
University Press, especially Executive Editor Sherith Pankratz, Development
Editor Lauren Mine, Senior Development Editor Lisa Sussman, and Associ-
ate Editor Meredith Keffer. My deepest gratitude to this amazing and efficient
team. I would also like to acknowledge the design and production team at
Oxford University Press, including Managing Editor Lisa Grzan, Team Leader
刀1eresa Stockton, Senior Production Editor William Murray, and Art Director
Michele Laseau. My thanks as well to Sarah Calabi for her photo research and
to Patti Isaacs for creating the new infographics.
I did not write this book alone. In fact, many of these chapters were writ-
ten in the company of fabulous colleagues in coffee shops and cabins across
the United States. I'd like to extend a special thanks to my writing partners:
Zulema Valdez, Ayu Saraswati, Christina Lux, Dalia Magana, Whitney Pirtle,
Amani Nuru-Jeter, Jemima Pierre, Winddance Twine, and Vilna Treitler.
’Thanks also to Maria Duenas for her research assistance. A very special thanks
to the wonderful scholars who allowed us to use their wr让ings in new Voices
sections throughout this book, including the Arabian Street Artists, Gina
Crosley-Corcoran, Glenda Flores, Namira Islam, Daren W.Jackson, Stephanie
Nolen, Whitney Pirtle, Ali Saad, Opal Tometi, and Sabriya Ihsan Williams.

MANUSCRIPT REVIEWERS
I would like to extend special thanks to the many reviewers commissioned by
OUP who have taken the time to offer thoughtful comments over the develop-
ment of this edition:
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 PREFACE XXVII

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Pierce College- Los Wyse
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I also continue to be grateful to the many reviewers whose comments helped

shape the first edition of this book:

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Universi纱

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The University of Damian T. Williams
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UTSI e e ass room

This book is designed primarily for classroom use. I hope teachers and stu-
dents find the analyses, narratives, and data it conveys helpful in generating
productive class engagements on racial justice, racial equity, and race relations.
Learning, however, is a lifelong experience. And, as many of my students point
out, few people you encounter in your daily life will be privy to all the knowl-
edge and insight conveyed in this book. So, how do you-the reader-carry
this knowledge from the classroom to your living room, to the coffee shop, to
the dining room table, to the bar, or to your workplace? How do you talk about
race outside the classroom?
Each chapter of this book concludes with a “ Talking about Race'' section
that provides some suggestions on how to have conversations about the spe-
cific topics in that chapter. Here, I'd like to more generally address the issue of
discussing race.
Conversations about race can be either premeditated or surprise. Premed-
itated conversations can be easier because you can decide ahead of time how
and why you would like to broach a topic with a friend, family member, or
coworker. Surprise conversations are a bit harder to deal with because you have
to respond on the spot-and many times emotions can make it more difficult
to have level-headed responses. Let’s consider each of these two conversation
types in turn, as they are quite different and require different tools.
Let’s say an organization you are involved in has a policy that disadvantages
people of color. You decide you would like to initiate a conversation with the
leaders so that they will reconsider the policy. Here are some tips for having a
productive conversation with your colleagues, drawn from a briefby the Annie
E. Casey Foundation on “ How to Talk about Race飞

- Emphasize shared values. Begin the conversation by focusing on what

you all may agree on.
- Provide more than a critique. Offer a manageable solution that can be
implemented.

...
XX.VIII
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 begat children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth] the Hebrew
seems to be corrupt. Read perhaps begat children of Azubah, his
wife, daughter of Jerioth; or took Azubah the wife of Jerioth. The
name Azubah = forsaken is significant: see the note on verse 42,
Caleb, ad fin.

²⁰And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezalel.

20. Bezalel] the Chronicler is naturally pleased to give
prominence in his list to Bezalel, who in Exodus xxx. (P) is
mentioned as the artificer of the Tabernacle.

²¹And afterward Hezron went in to the

daughter of Machir the father of Gilead; whom
he took to wife when he was threescore years
old; and she bare him Segub.
21. The table of Caleb is broken off at this point to introduce
verses 21‒23 a statement of further descendants of Hezron (verse
9) by another wife, the daughter of Machir. The interruption is not
unnatural, for it is convenient to refer to Hezron’s “son of old age”
immediately before the notice of his death (verse 24).

Machir] the most important clan of Manasseh (compare Numbers

xxvi. 29; Judges v. 14). The affinity of Judean Hezronites with
members of the tribe of Manasseh, implied by this verse, is
surprising. Whether the tradition has a basis in fact, or arose through
some genealogical confusion, cannot as yet be determined. There is
however considerable evidence in favour of the view that the
relationship between Machir and Caleb is at least “no isolated detail,
still less is it the invention of the Chronicler’s age,” and there may be
real historical ground for a tradition that besides the northern
movement of the Hezronites upwards to Judah there was also at
some time a movement across the northern end of Edom into the
lands east of Jordan, ending in the settlements of Machir and Jair in
Gilead here recorded; compare Numbers xxxii. 39, and for
discussion of the problem see Cook, Notes on Old Testament
History, pp. 92, 93, etc.

²²And Segub begat Jair, who had three and

twenty cities in the land of Gilead.
22. Jair] one of the Judges (Judges x. 3, 4 where thirty cities, not
twenty-three, are assigned him).

the land of Gilead] This name is sometimes restricted to that part

of the land east of Jordan which lies south of the wady Yarmuk.
Here, as often, it is applied to all the land east of Jordan occupied by
Israel.

²³And Geshur and Aram took the towns ¹ of Jair

from them, with Kenath, and the villages ²
thereof, even threescore cities. All these were
the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.
¹ Or, Havvoth-jair. ² Hebrew daughters.

23. And Geshur and Aram] Geshur was an Aramean kingdom

east of Jordan on the north-east border of Manasseh. Aram,
commonly translated “Syria” or “the Syrians,” probably here signifies
the kingdom of which Damascus was the capital. The conquest of
Manassite territory by the Arameans (“Syrians”) here described
probably took place before the days of Ahab, for in his reign they
were already established as far south as Ramoth-gilead (1 Kings
xxii. 3).

the towns of Jair] note margin Havvoth-jair, compare

Deuteronomy iii. 14; Judges x. 4. The name perhaps means “the
tent-villages of Jair” (Arabic Ḥĭvâ = “a collection of tents near
together”).
 ²⁴And after that Hezron was dead in Caleb-
ephrathah, then Abijah Hezron’s wife bare him
Ashhur the father of Tekoa.
24. And after that Hezron was dead in Caleb-ephrathah] The
Hebrew is certainly corrupt, but can easily be emended with the help
of the LXX. Read And after Hezron was dead Caleb went in to
Ephrath (verse 19) his father Hezron’s wife and she bare him,
etc. Ephrath (= Ephrathah, verse 50, iv. 4) is a name of Bethlehem
(Ruth iv. 11; Micah v. 2). “The taking of a father’s wife signified a
claim to inherit the father’s possessions (compare 2 Samuel xvi. 22),
and the phrase here expresses the legitimacy of Caleb’s residence
in northern Judea” (see note on verse 42).

Ashhur] compare iv. 4, 5. Ashhur might be a younger brother of

Hur (verses 19, 50); but quite possibly they are one and the same
(compare the contraction of Jehoahaz into Ahaz); see also iv. 5.

the father of Tekoa] i.e. the founder of the town or the eponymous
ancestor of its inhabitants. For Tekoa see 2 Chronicles xx. 20, note.

25‒41.
The Genealogy of the Jerahmeelites.

²⁵And the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of

Hezron were Ram the firstborn, and Bunah,
and Oren, and Ozem, Ahijah.
25. Jerahmeel] In David’s time they were, like Caleb, a semi-
nomadic clan in the south of Judah; compare 1 Samuel xxvii. 10;
xxx. 29. They shared in the northern movements of Caleb (see note
on verse 42), and eventually formed part of the post-exilic Jewish
community; hence their records do not appear in earlier parts of the
Old Testament, but are known to the Chronicler.
 Ozem, Ahijah] By a slight change in the Hebrew we get Ozem
his brother (so LXX.); compare xxvi. 20 for a similar confusion of
reading.

²⁶And Jerahmeel had another wife, whose

name was Atarah; she was the mother of
Onam. ²⁷And the sons of Ram the firstborn of
Jerahmeel were Maaz, and Jamin, and Eker.
²⁸And the sons of Onam were Shammai, and
Jada: and the sons of Shammai; Nadab, and
Abishur. ²⁹And the name of the wife of Abishur
was Abihail; and she bare him Ahban, and
Molid. ³⁰And the sons of Nadab; Seled, and
Appaim: but Seled died without children ¹.
¹ Or, sons.

26. Atarah] see note on Hezron, verse 5.

³¹And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons

of Ishi; Sheshan. And the sons of Sheshan;
Ahlai. ³²And the sons of Jada the brother of
Shammai; Jether, and Jonathan: and Jether
died without children ¹. ³³And the sons of
Jonathan; Peleth, and Zaza. These were the
sons of Jerahmeel.
¹ Or, sons.
 31. the sons of Sheshan; Ahlai] Ahlai is perhaps a gentilic name,
not the name of an individual, since in verse 34 Sheshan is said to
have had “no sons, but daughters.” More probably however the
Chronicler is using a different source for verses 34‒41.

³⁴Now Sheshan had no sons, but daughters.

And Sheshan had a servant, an Egyptian,
whose name was Jarha.
34. an Egyptian] Hebrew Miṣri. Render probably a Muṣrite, i.e.
inhabitant of the north Arabian district to the south of Palestine,
known as Muṣri and apparently confused at times with Miṣraim
(Egypt). For some suggestive conjectures regarding this table of
Jarha’s descendants see S. A. Cook, Encyclopedia Biblica ii. 2364.

³⁵And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his

servant to wife; and she bare him Attai. ³⁶And
Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad;
³⁷and Zabad begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat
Obed; ³⁸and Obed begat Jehu, and Jehu
begat Azariah; ³⁹and Azariah begat Helez, and
Helez begat Eleasah; ⁴⁰and Eleasah begat
Sismai, and Sismai begat Shallum; ⁴¹and
Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat
Elishama.
35. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha] This was equivalent to
making his servant his heir. Thus Abraham at first (Genesis xv. 2, 3)
regarded Eliezer his steward as his heir. The list of thirteen
descendants of Jarha ending with Elishama (verse 41) is perhaps a
proper genealogy: at least the names may be those of individuals,
although it is impossible to say why this pedigree of Elishama should
have been so carefully preserved (so Curtis). On the other hand
Cook (see previous note) regards Jarha as perhaps an eponym of
Jerahmeel, and, connecting Sheshan with the Hebronite Sheshai,
thinks the genealogy may signify a northward movement of
Jerahmeel from Muṣri to the district of Hebron.

42‒49 (compare verses 18‒24).

The Descendants of Caleb.

⁴²And the sons of Caleb the brother of

Jerahmeel were Mesha his firstborn, which
was the father of Ziph; and the sons of
Mareshah the father of Hebron. ⁴³And the
sons of Hebron; Korah, and Tappuah, and
Rekem, and Shema. ⁴⁴And Shema begat
Raham, the father of Jorkeam; and Rekem
begat Shammai.
42. Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel] Called Chelubai (verse 9)
and Caleb the son of Hezron (verse 18). As eponym of the tribe
Caleb is described as “son” of Hezron “son” of Judah, and of course
is not to be distinguished from the Caleb son of Jephunneh who is
classed as a Kenizzite in various passages (iv. 15; Numbers xiii. 6;
Joshua xiv. 6).

Important features of the fortunes of the Caleb clan can be

discerned from the lists in this chapter, verses 18‒24, 42‒50. It
appears that at first their seats were in the southern parts of Judah—
witness verses 42‒49, in which several of the names, viz. Ziph
(Joshua xv. 24 or 25), Mareshah (2 Chronicles xi. 8), Hebron,
Tappuah (Joshua xv. 34), Maon (Joshua xv. 55), and Beth-zur
(Joshua xv. 58) are names of towns in the south or south-west of
Judah. From these, their pre-exilic homes, they were driven
northwards, and during the exilic period and afterwards they
occupied many of the townships not far from Jerusalem, e.g.
Bethlehem (see verses 50‒55). Apart from the names in verses 50‒
55, we have a testimony to this northward movement in verse 24
(where see note), and probably also in verse 18, where the names
Jerioth (tents) and Azubah (forsaken) hint at the abandonment first
of nomadic life and then of the south Judean settlements. This
movement was largely no doubt compulsory, under pressure from
the Edomites to the south (compare above i. 43, note) who in their
turn were being forced north by a strong and fairly constant
encroachment of Arab tribes (see Wellhausen, De Gentibus, and
more recently Hölscher, Palästina, pp. 22, 30, on the importance of
such evidence as this notice in Chronicles for determining the
composition and conditions of Palestine in the post-exilic period).

Mesha] The Moabite king whose deeds are recorded on the

Moabite Stone bore this name. LXX. reads Mareshah (Μαρεισά) as
in the latter part of the verse.

⁴⁵And the son of Shammai was Maon; and

Maon was the father of Beth-zur. ⁴⁶And Ephah,
Caleb’s concubine, bare Haran, and Moza,
and Gazez: and Haran begat Gazez. ⁴⁷And
the sons of Jahdai; Regem, and Jotham, and
Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph.
⁴⁸Maacah, Caleb’s concubine, bare Sheber
and Tirhanah.
45. Maon] Nabal who was a Calebite lived at the town of Maon (1
Samuel xxv. 2, 3). It is improbable that Maon was ever used as the
name of a person; compare Buchanan Gray, Hebrew Proper Names,
pp. 127 f. See note on verse 42.

⁴⁹She bare also Shaaph the father of

Madmannah, Sheva the father of Machbena,
 and the father of Gibea; and the daughter of
Caleb was Achsah.
49. the daughter of Caleb was Achsah] Compare Judges i. 12.

50‒55. These verses give the post-exilic settlements of the

Calebites in the townships of northern Judea, not far from
Jerusalem: see verse 42, note.

⁵⁰These were the sons of Caleb; the son ¹ of

Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, Shobal the
father of Kiriath-jearim; ⁵¹Salma the father of
Beth-lehem, Hareph the father of Beth-gader.
¹ The Septuagint has, sons.

50. the son of Hur] Read with the LXX., the sons of Hur. Hur
was the son of Caleb (verse 19).

the firstborn of Ephrathah] see note verse 24.

⁵²And Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim had

sons; Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth.
52. Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth] The Hebrew is quite obscure,
but may perhaps be rendered, who provided for half the resting-
places, the description applying to Shobal, i.e. his work was to
supervise some of the halting stations of the caravans which passed
through the territory of Judah. Compare similar details in iv. 21‒23,
and the title Prince of the resting-places (margin quarter-master)
given to Seraiah in Jeremiah li. 59. Almost certainly, however, the
text in the present passage is corrupt, and, following iv. 2 and verse
54, we may read Reaiah and half of the Manahathites. For the
latter see below, verse 54.
 ⁵³And the families of Kiriath-jearim; the Ithrites,
and the Puthites, and the Shumathites, and
the Mishraites; of them came the Zorathites
and the Eshtaolites.
53. Zorathites, Eshtaolites] for Zorah (modern Surah) and Eshtaol
(modern Eshua), compare Judges xiii. 25.

⁵⁴The sons of Salma; Beth-lehem, and the

Netophathites, Atrothbeth-Joab, and half of
the Manahathites, the Zorites.
54. Manahathites, the Zorites] The Manahathites of Zorah must
be associated with Manoah, the father of Samson, according to the
tradition of Judges xiii. 2, 25, and an inhabitant of Zorah (see Cooke,
Judges, pp. 131, 138, in this series).

⁵⁵And the families of scribes which dwelt at

Jabez; the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, the
Sucathites. These are the Kenites that came
of Hammath, the father of the house of
Rechab.
55. families of scribes] an indication of post-exilic date.

the Kenites that came of Hammath] or perhaps, the Kenites who

came in (i.e. who attached themselves to Israel), who were from
Hammath.

father of the house of Rechab] The verse is somewhat obscure,

but it is most probable that the Chronicler preserves a correct
tradition in the connection here alleged between the Rechabites and
the Kenites. On the ancient zeal for Jehovah displayed by the
Rechabites, see 2 Kings x. 15 ff.; and for their distinctive standpoint,
Jeremiah xxxv.

Chapter III.
1‒24.
The Genealogy of the House of David.

1‒4 (= 2 Samuel iii. 2‒5).

The Sons born to David in Hebron.

¹Now these were the sons of David, which

were born unto him in Hebron: the firstborn,
Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the
second, Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess;
1. Daniel] LXX. (B) Δαμνιήλ, (A) Δαλουιά. In 2 Samuel iii. 3
Chileab, but LXX. Δαλουιά. The real name of David’s second son
remains therefore uncertain.

²the third, Absalom the son of Maacah the

daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; the fourth,
Adonijah the son of Haggith;
2. Geshur] Compare ii. 23, note.

³the fifth, Shephatiah of Abital; the sixth,

Ithream by Eglah his wife. ⁴Six were born unto
him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven
 years and six months: and in Jerusalem he
reigned thirty and three years.
3. Eglah his wife] In 2 Samuel iii. 5 “Eglah David’s wife,” where
however David is probably a wrong reading for the name of a
previous husband of Eglah.

5‒9 (= chapter xiv. 4‒7 and 2 Samuel v. 14‒16).

The Sons born to David in Jerusalem.

⁵And these were born unto him in

Jerusalem: Shimea, and Shobab, and Nathan,
and Solomon, four, of Bath-shua the daughter
of Ammiel:
5. Shimea] in xiv. 4 and 2 Samuel v. 14 (Revised Version)
Shammua.

Nathan] Through him our Lord’s descent is traced in Luke iii. 31.

Solomon] Only here are other sons besides Solomon attributed to

Bath-sheba.

Bath-shua] is a slight variation in pronunciation of Bath-sheba.

the daughter of Ammiel] of Eliam (perhaps a by-form of Ammiel)

in 2 Samuel xi. 3. An Eliam son of Ahithophel, David’s counsellor, is
mentioned in 2 Samuel xxiii. 34; Bath-sheba may therefore have
been grand-daughter to Ahithophel. Notice that the Chronicler does
not call Bath-sheba the wife of Uriah the Hittite; he nowhere refers to
David’s great sin; compare xx. 1‒3, where the silence of Chronicles
on this matter is specially to be noted.

⁶and Ibhar, and Elishama, and Eliphelet; ⁷and

Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia;
 6. Elishama] in xiv. 5 and 2 Samuel v. 15 Elishua, no doubt the
right reading, for otherwise (compare verse 8) we have two sons of
David named Elishama.

Eliphelet] in xiv. 5 Elpelet. Eliphelet cannot be right, for it occurs

again as the name of the thirteenth son in verse 8. Elpelet may be
right here and Eliphelet in verse 8, for according to Hebrew custom
two brothers might bear names of similar sound and significance.
But both Eliphelet and Nogah, the following word, are lacking in 2
Samuel v. 15; and are probably only textual errors due to
dittography.

⁸and Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet,

nine. ⁹All these were the sons of David, beside
the sons of the concubines; and Tamar was
their sister.
8. Eliada] so in 2 Samuel v. 16, but in 1 Chronicles xiv. 7 Beeliada
(i.e. Baaliada, “The Lord—the Baal—knows”). This seems to have
been changed to Eliada (i.e. God knows), when the title Baal had
come to have only heathen associations, and was accordingly
repudiated by the Jews: see the note on viii. 33.

10‒16.
The Line of Davidic Kings.

¹⁰And Solomon’s son was Rehoboam,

Abijah his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his
son; ¹¹Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash
his son;
Two things are to be noted in this list: (1) Johanan’s name is
given in verse 15, though he was never king, (2) Zedekiah’s name
appears to be twice given, once among the sons of Josiah (verse 15)
and again in his place according to the succession (verse 16).
 10. Abijah] called Abijam in 1 Kings xiv. 31, xv. 1 ff. Abia is the
Greek form of the name; Matthew i. 7 (Authorized Version).

¹²Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham

his son; ¹³Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son,
Manasseh his son; ¹⁴Amon his son, Josiah his
son.
12. Azariah] This king is usually called Uzziah, compare Isaiah vi.
1; see note on 2 Chronicles xxvi. 1.

¹⁵And the sons of Josiah; the firstborn

Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third
Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum.
15. the firstborn Johanan] This son of Josiah never came to the
throne, nor is anything known of him except from this passage.

Zedekiah] Though reckoned third here, he was younger than

Shallum (= Jehoahaz); compare 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 2 (= 2 Kings
xxiii. 31) with 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 11 (= 2 Kings xxiv. 18).

Shallum] To be identified with Jehoahaz; compare 2 Chronicles

xxxvi. 1 with Jeremiah xxii. 11.

¹⁶And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his

son, Zedekiah his son.
16. Jeconiah] This name is sometimes shortened to Coniah
(Jeremiah xxii. 24) and written (with a slight change of meaning)
Jehoiachin (2 Chronicles xxxvi. 8, 9; 2 Kings xxiv. 6 ff.).

Zedekiah his son] Zedekiah was heir, not son, to Jeconiah, whom
he succeeded in the kingdom. His relationship to Jeconiah was that
of uncle.
 17‒19a.
The Davidic Line from Jeconiah to Zerubbabel.

Note that whereas Zerubbabel is here represented apparently as

the son of Pedaiah and consequently nephew of Shealtiel (=
Salathiel), he is elsewhere called the son of Shealtiel (Ezra iii. 2;
Haggai i. 1, ii. 2; compare Luke iii. 27‒31). The LXX. solves the
difficulty by reading Salathiel (= Shealtiel) in verse 19. The view that
the names given in verse 18 (including Pedaiah) are the names of
the sons of Shealtiel is not probable. Another suggestion is that
Zerubbabel was grand-son both to Shealtiel and Pedaiah, according
to such a scheme as the following:

Pedaiah Shealtiel
| |
a daughter = a son
|
Zerubbabel.

A minor difficulty that Shealtiel (= Salathiel) is here connected

with David through Solomon, whereas in Luke iii. 27‒31 his descent
is traced through Solomon’s brother Nathan, could be explained by
an intermarriage at some point in the genealogy between the two
Davidic families.

¹⁷And the sons of Jeconiah, the captive ¹;

Shealtiel his son, ¹⁸and Malchiram, and
Pedaiah, and Shenazzar, Jekamiah,
Hoshama, and Nedabiah.
¹ Or, Assir.

17. the sons of Jeconiah] That Jeconiah had sons is not at

variance with Jeremiah’s denunciation of him (Jeremiah xxii. 30).
That passage gives the answer to Jeconiah’s expectation of a
speedy return to his kingdom (Jeremiah xxii. verse 27); Jeremiah
says that neither he nor any of his seed shall recover the lost throne:
“Reckon him childless, for no son of his shall succeed him on his
throne.”

the captive] Hebrew assir, which the Revised Version margin (=

Authorized Version), following the ancient Versions, has wrongly
taken to be a proper name. The Revised Version margin is here only
a survival of Authorized Version. The rendering of the text (the
captive) no doubt expresses the real judgment of the Revisers.

Shealtiel] the Greek form Salathiel (Authorized Version) occurs in

Luke iii. 27 (Authorized Version).

¹⁹And the sons of Pedaiah; Zerubbabel, and

Shimei: and the sons ¹ of Zerubbabel;
¹ Hebrew son.

19. the sons of Zerubbabel] so the LXX. The Hebrew has son, as
Revised Version margin.

19b‒24.
The Davidic Line from Zerubbabel.

The text of these verses is very uncertain. In verse 20 the names

of five sons are given, but their father’s name (perhaps Meshullam)
is wanting. In verses 21, 22 the LXX. differs from the Hebrew in such
a way as to affect the number of steps in the genealogy; the Hebrew
seems to reckon but one generation between Hananiah and
Shemaiah, the LXX. on the contrary reckons six; the result on the
whole genealogy being that the LXX. counts eleven generations after
Zerubbabel as against six in the Hebrew In verse 22 again the sons
of Shemaiah are reckoned to be six, but only five names are given in
both Hebrew and LXX. For the bearing of these verses upon the
date of Chronicles, see the Introduction § 3.
 Meshullam, and Hananiah; and Shelomith was
their sister: ²⁰and Hashubah, and Ohel, and
Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushab-hesed, five.
20. and Hashubah] Perhaps we should read “The sons of
Meshullam: Hashubah.” See above.

Jushab-hesed] The name means “Mercy is restored.” Many such

significant names are found in the present list, and, in general, are
characteristic of the exilic and later periods.

²¹And the sons ¹ of Hananiah; Pelatiah, and

Jeshaiah: the sons of Rephaiah, the sons of
Arnan, the sons of Obadiah, the sons of
Shecaniah. ²²And the sons of Shecaniah;
Shemaiah: and the sons of Shemaiah;
Hattush, and Igal, and Bariah, and Neariah,
and Shaphat, six.
¹ Hebrew son.

21. and Jeshaiah ... Shecaniah] The LXX. reads (with some
blunders in reproducing the names), “and Jeshaiah his son,
Rephaiah his son, Arnan his son, Obadiah his son, Shecaniah his
son,” thus adding five steps to the genealogy. The difference of
reading in the Hebrew text thus suggested is very slight. It is quite
uncertain whether the Hebrew or the reading of the LXX. is to be
preferred: see the Introduction § 3, A 2.

²³And the sons ¹ of Neariah; Elioenai, and

Hizkiah, and Azrikam, three. ²⁴And the sons of
Elioenai; Hodaviah, and Eliashib, and Pelaiah,
 and Akkub, and Johanan, and Delaiah, and
Anani, seven.
¹ Hebrew son.

23. Elioenai] A name meaning, “Mine eyes are towards Jehovah,”

compare Psalms xxv. 15; compare Jushab-hesed (verse 20) and
Hodaviah (“Give thanks to Jehovah” = Hoduiah), verse 24.
 Chapter IV.
1‒23 (compare ii. 3 ff.)
Genealogies of the Tribes of Judah.

The material contained in these verses gives rise to no little

perplexity, not only in itself but also when considered along with the
genealogies of Judah in ii. 3 ff. Whether the Chronicler himself could
have thrown any light on the points which puzzle us may well be
doubted: he was more concerned to preserve all available
genealogical matter than to consider or attempt to reconcile
conflicting elements. Both the date and relationship of these notices
must be confessed to be as yet uncertain, opinion being divided
even on the question whether the list represents pre-exilic or post-
exilic conditions. Remark that the list is essentially a Calebite one.

¹The sons of Judah; Perez, Hezron, and

Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal.
1. As Hezron was the son of Perez (chapter ii. 5) and (if the LXX.
be right) Shobal was the son of Hur (ii. 50, note), we have in this
verse five, if not six, generations.

Carmi] for the name, compare ii. 7, and v. 3. Here, however,

Carmi is certainly an error for Caleb: see ii. 4, 5, 9, 50 and also the
structure of the present chapter. Thus in accord with the usual
practice of the Chronicler the chief ancestors are first named (verse
1), and then, in reverse order, their descendants—sons of Shobal
and Hur (verses 2‒10), and sons of Chelub (= Caleb) (verses 11‒
15).
 ²And Reaiah the son of Shobal begat Jahath;
and Jahath begat Ahumai and Lahad. These
are the families of the Zorathites.
2. Reaiah] Compare note on ii. 52.

the Zorathites] Compare note on ii. 53.

³And these were the sons of the father of

Etam; Jezreel, and Ishma, and Idbash: and
the name of their sister was Hazzelelponi:
3. these were the sons of the father of Etam] The Hebrew has not
got the words the sons of, and is certainly corrupt. The LXX. reads,
These were the sons of Etam. Correction is difficult, largely owing to
the obscurity of Etam. If Etam had been named as a son of Shobal in
verse 2, we might follow the LXX. It is perhaps best to suppose that
Etam begins the list of descendants of Hur, and to read “these were
the sons of Hur the father of Etam.” Etam was a place, but whether
near Bethlehem (the Etam of 2 Chronicles xi. 6) or in southern Judah
(the Simeonite Etam of verse 32) is uncertain.

⁴and Penuel the father of Gedor, and Ezer the

father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur,
the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Beth-
lehem.
4. Hur] the first born of Ephrathah (= Ephrath) one of the wives of
Caleb (ii. 19). Hur was father of Bethlehem through his son Salma (ii.
50, 51, LXX.). For the name of the city compare Genesis xxxv. 19
(Ephrath the same is Bethlehem) and Micah v. 2 (Revised Version
Thou, Bethlehem Ephrathah).
 ⁵And Ashhur the father of Tekoa had two
wives, Helah and Naarah. ⁶And Naarah bare
him Ahuzzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and
Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah.
⁷And the sons of Helah were Zereth, Izhar ¹,
and Ethnan.
¹ Another reading is, and Zohar.

5. Ashhur the father of Tekoa] Ashhur is probably only a variant

of Hur (see note ii. 24). Hur then is the exilic or post-exilic “father”
(founder) of the Calebite population of Tekoa (5 miles from
Bethlehem), and of Bethlehem, etc., through his sons (ii. 50‒52).

Helah and Naarah] Neither the names of the wives nor those of
the children yield any certain information.

⁸And Hakkoz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and

the families of Aharhel the son of Harum.
8. And Hakkoz] But Hebrew Koz. The absence of connection with
the preceding verse is striking. Perhaps Koz was properly one of the
sons of Helah (verse 7), and a motive for the severance of his name
may be found in the wish to make less obvious his Calebite (i.e. non-
Levitical) origin, in case he were identified with the priestly Hakkoz of
xxiv. 10; Ezekiel ii. 61, a family who were unable to prove an
untainted pedigree.

⁹And Jabez was more honourable than his

brethren: and his mother called his name
Jabez, saying. Because I bare him with
sorrow.