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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
For a Changing World

FOURTH EDITION

Susan Karr

Carson-Newman University

Macmillan is committed to lessening our company’s impact on the environment

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with the purchase of carbon offsets, Macmillan USA was carbon neutral for Scopes 1, 2, and
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BRIEF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Environmental, Science, and Information Literacy
Module 1.1 Environmental Literacy and Sustainability
LESSONS FROM A VANISHED SOCIETY
Module 1.2 The Process of Science
FUNGAL ATTACKER THREATENS BATS
CHAPTER 2 Ecology
Module 2.1 Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycling
ENGINEERING EARTH
Module 2.2 Population Ecology
GRAY WOLVES RETURN TO YELLOWSTONE
Module 2.3 Community Ecology
THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES: A COMMUNITY IN CRISIS
CHAPTER 3 Evolution and Biodiversity
Module 3.1 Evolution and Extinction
A TROPICAL MURDER MYSTERY
Module 3.2 Biodiversity
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS THREATEN TROPICAL FORESTS
ONLINE MODULE 3.3 Preserving Biodiversity
A FOREST WITHOUT ELEPHANTS
CHAPTER 4 Human Populations and Environmental Health
Module 4.1 Human Populations
THE KERALA MODEL
Module 4.2 Urbanization and Sustainable Communities
CREATING GREEN CITIES
Module 4.3 Environmental Health And Toxicology
ERADICATING A PARASITIC NIGHTMARE
CHAPTER 5 Managing Resources: Environmental Economics and Policy
Module 5.1 Ecological Economics and Consumption
WALL TO WALL, CRADLE TO CRADLE
Module 5.2 Environmental Policy
THE WORLD TACKLES OZONE DEPLETION
Module 5.3 Managing Solid Waste
MICROPLASTICS
CHAPTER 6 Water Resources
Module 6.1 Freshwater Resources
WATER WARS
Module 6.2 Water Pollution
SUFFOCATING THE GULF
ONLINE MODULE 6.3 Marine Ecosystems
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: THE “OTHER” CO2 PROBLEM
CHAPTER 7 Geological and Land Resources
Module 7.1 Mineral Resources
LITHIUM: THE NEW PETROLEUM?
Module 7.2 Forest Resources
RETURNING TREES TO HAITI
ONLINE MODULE 7.3 Grasslands
RESTORING THE RANGE
CHAPTER 8 Food Resources
Module 8.1 Feeding the World
BANKING ON SEEDS
Module 8.2 Sustainable Agriculture: Raising Crops
FARMING LIKE AN ECOSYSTEM
ONLINE MODULE 8.3 Sustainable Agriculture: Raising Livestock
CAN A SUSTAINABLE DIET INCLUDE MEAT?
ONLINE MODULE 8.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture
FISH IN A WAREHOUSE?
CHAPTER 9 Conventional Energy: Fossil Fuels
Module 9.1 Coal
BRINGING DOWN THE MOUNTAIN
Module 9.2 Oil and Natural Gas
THE BAKKEN OIL BOOM
CHAPTER 10 Air Quality and Climate Change
Module 10.1 Air Pollution
THE YOUNGEST SCIENTISTS
Module 10.2 Climate Change
CLIMATE REFUGEES
CHAPTER 11 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
Module 11.1 Nuclear Power
THE FUTURE OF FUKUSHIMA
Module 11.2 Sustainable Energy: Stationary Sources
MOVING TOWARD A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE
ONLINE MODULE 11.3 Sustainable Energy: Mobile Sources
GAS FROM GRASS

APPENDIX 1 BASIC MATH SKILLS

APPENDIX 2 DATA-HANDLING AND GRAPHING SKILLS
APPENDIX 3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
GLOSSARY
ONLINE SOURCES
INDEX
DETAILED CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Environmental, Science, and Information Literacy

Module 1.1 Environmental Literacy and Sustainability

LESSONS FROM A VANISHED SOCIETY
What can we learn about sustainability from a vanished Viking society?
1. Environmental Science
2. Empirical and Applied Science
3. Environmental Issues as “Wicked Problems”
4. Sustainable Development
5. Human Impact May Be Surpassing Planetary Boundaries
6. The Characteristics of a Sustainable Ecosystem
7. Nature as a Model for Sustainable Actions
8. Challenges to Solving Environmental Problems
9. Worldviews and Environmental Ethics
Module 1.2 The Process of Science
FUNGAL ATTACKER THREATENS BATS
Unraveling the mystery behind bat deaths
1. The Nature of Science and the Scientific Method
2. Certainty in Science: From Hypothesis to Theory
3. Observational and Experimental Studies
4. Evaluating Scientific Evidence: Correlation versus Causation
5. Information and Media Literacy
6. Information Literacy: Critical Thinking and Logical Fallacies
CHAPTER 2 Ecology

Module 2.1 Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycling

ENGINEERING EARTH
An ambitious attempt to replicate Earth’s life support systems falls short
1. The Ecological Hierarchy: From Biosphere to Individual
2. Energy and Matter in Ecosystems
3. Biomes
4. Range of Tolerance and Its Impact on Species Distribution
5. The Carbon Cycle
6. The Nitrogen Cycle
7. The Phosphorus Cycle
Module 2.2 Population Ecology
GRAY WOLVES RETURN TO YELLOWSTONE
Endangered gray wolves return to the American West
1. Population Dynamics
2. Population Distributions
3. Population Size and Density
4. Exponential Population Growth
5. Logistic Population Growth
6. Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Growth Factors
7. Life-History Strategies: r- and K-Species
8. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Regulation
Module 2.3 Community Ecology
THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES: A COMMUNITY IN CRISIS
A bird species in the Everglades reveals the intricacies of a threatened ecosystem
1. Community Ecology
2. The Food Web
3. The Trophic Pyramid
4. Species Diversity
5. Habitat Structure: Edge and Core Regions
6. Keystone Species
7. Species Interactions
8. Restoration Ecology
9. Ecological Succession
CHAPTER 3 Evolution and Biodiversity

Module 3.1 Evolution and Extinction

A TROPICAL MURDER MYSTERY
Finding the missing birds of Guam
1. Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution
2. Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection
3. Coevolution
4. Random Events and Evolution
5. Artificial Selection
6. The Pace of Evolution and Extinction
7. Mass Extinction: Past and Present
Module 3.2 Biodiversity
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS THREATEN TROPICAL FORESTS
Can we have tropical forests and our palm oil too?
1. Biodiversity: The Variety of Life
2. The Value of Biodiversity
3. Types of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species, and Ecological
4. Biodiversity Hotspots
5. Isolation and Extinction Risk
6. Threats to Biodiversity
ONLINE MODULE 3.3 Preserving Biodiversity
A FOREST WITHOUT ELEPHANTS
Can we save one of Earth’s iconic species?
1. Conservation Biology
2. Single-Species Conservation Programs
3. Ecosystem-Based Conservation Programs
4. Conservation Genetics
5. Legal Protections
6. Protected Areas
7. Community and Consumer Contributions to Conservation
CHAPTER 4 Human Populations and Environmental Health

Module 4.1 Human Populations

THE KERALA MODEL
India’s path to population control
1. Human Population: Past, Present, and Future
2. Human Population: Size and Distribution
3. Factors That Affect Population Growth
4. Age Structure and Population Momentum
5. Addressing Population Growth: The Demographic Transition
6. Addressing Population Growth: Social Justice
7. How Many People Can Earth Support?
Module 4.2 Urbanization and Sustainable Communities
CREATING GREEN CITIES
Building a better backyard in the Bronx
1. Global Urbanization Patterns
2. The Trade-Offs of Urban Living
3. Environmental Justice Issues
4. Suburban Sprawl
5. The Value of Green Space
6. Green Cities and Smart Growth
7. Green Building
Module 4.3 Environmental Health and Toxicology
ERADICATING A PARASITIC NIGHTMARE
Human health is intricately linked to the environment
1. Environmental Hazards
2. Biological Hazards
3. Public Health Programs
4. Chemical Hazards
5. Factors That Affect Toxicity
6. Studying Toxic Substances
7. Addressing Environmentally Mediated Health Problems
CHAPTER 5 Managing Resources: Environmental Economics and Policy
Module 5.1 Ecological Economics and Consumption
WALL TO WALL, CRADLE TO CRADLE
A leading carpet company takes a chance on going green
1. Economics and the Environment
2. Measuring Our Impact: The Ecological Footprint
3. Factors That Affect Our Ecological Footprint: The IPAT Equation
4. Natural Resources as Capital and Interest
5. True Cost Accounting
6. Environmental Economics versus Mainstream Economics
7. Sustainable Practices: The Role of Consumer
Module 5.2 Environmental Policy
THE WORLD TACKLES OZONE DEPLETION
Dealing with ozone depletion taught nations how to address global environmental issues
1. The Issue: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2. Environmental Policy: Purpose and Scope
3. U.S. Environmental Policy
4. The Policy Cycle: Development and Administration of Policies
5. Factors That Influence Policy Formulation
6. Implementation and Enforcement of Policies
7. International Environmental Policy
8. Responding to Ozone Depletion: The Montréal Protocol
Module 5.3 Managing Solid Waste
MICROPLASTICS
Are tiny plastics a big problem?
1. Waste: A Human Invention
2. Municipal Solid Waste
3. Impacts of Mismanaged Solid Waste
4. Disposal Methods: Open Dumps and Sanitary Landfills
5. Disposal Methods: Waste Incinerators
6. Household Hazardous Waste
7. Reducing Solid Waste: Composting
8. Reducing Solid Waste: Consumers and the 4 Rs
CHAPTER 6 Water Resources

Module 6.1 Freshwater Resources

WATER WARS
Fighting over water in the American Southwest
1. Freshwater Distribution and Sources
2. The Water Cycle
3. Freshwater Supplies: Surface and Groundwater
4. Global Water Use and Scarcity Concerns
5. U.S. Water Supplies
6. Wastewater Treatment
7. Addressing Water Shortages with Technology
8. Addressing Water Shortages with Conservation
Module 6.2 Water Pollution
SUFFOCATING THE GULF
Researchers try to pin down the cause of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
1. Water Pollution: Types and Causes
2. Eutrophication
3. The Watershed Concept
4. Assessing Water Quality
5. Legal Protection: The Clean Water Act
6. Watershed Management
7. Addressing Nonpoint Source Pollution
8. Holistic Strategies to Protect and Restore Aquatic Habitats
ONLINE MODULE 6.3 Marine Ecosystems
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: THE “OTHER” CO2 PROBLEM
Aquanauts explore an ecosystem on the brink
1. Ocean Acidification
2. The Chemistry and Effects of Ocean Acidification
3. The Ecology of Marine Ecosystems
4. Coral Reef Communities
5. Coral Biology and Bleaching
6. Other Threats to Ocean Ecosystems
7. Reducing the Threats
CHAPTER 7 Geological and Land Resources

Module 7.1 Mineral Resources

LITHIUM: THE NEW PETROLEUM?
Green technology threatens a Chilean desert
1. Mineral Resources in Modern Society
2. Geological Forces Shape Earth
3. Geological Hazards
4. The Rock Cycle
5. Mineral Resource Mining and Processing
6. Impacts of Acquiring Mineral Resources
7. Reducing the Impact of Mineral Resource Use
Module 7.2 Forest Resources
RETURNING TREES TO HAITI
Repairing a forest ecosystem one tree at a time
1. Forest Biomes
2. Forest Structure
3. Ecosystem Services of Forests
4. Threats to Forests
5. Timber Harvesting: Sustainable Options
6. Sustainable Forest Management
ONLINE MODULE 7.3 Grasslands
RESTORING THE RANGE
The key to recovering the world’s grasslands may be a surprising one
1. Grasslands of the World
2. The Ecosystem Services of Grasslands
3. Threats to Grasslands
4. Lessons from Nature: Wild versus Domestic Grazers
5. Undergrazing Also Damages Grasslands
6. Sustainable Grazing
7. Protecting Grasslands
CHAPTER 8 Food Resources
Module 8.1 Feeding the World
BANKING ON SEEDS
The role of seed banks in addressing hunger
1. World Hunger
2. Malnutrition
3. The Green Revolution
4. Industrial Agriculture
5. Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides
6. The Gene Revolution: Genetically Engineered Crops
7. Food Self-Sufficiency and Sovereignty
Module 8.2 Sustainable Agriculture: Raising Crops
FARMING LIKE AN ECOSYSTEM
Learning to farm from nature
1. Sustainable Agriculture
2. The Importance of Soil
3. Agroecology
4. Managing Pests
5. Traditional Farming Methods
6. The Role of Consumers
7. Can Sustainable Agriculture Feed the World?
ONLINE MODULE 8.3 Sustainable Agriculture: Raising Livestock
CAN A SUSTAINABLE DIET INCLUDE MEAT?
Evaluating the trade-offs of meat
1. Affluence and Diet
2. Environmental and Ethical Concerns of Meat Production
3. Converting Feed and Water into Meat and Dairy
4. Reducing the Environmental Impact of Livestock
5. Agricultural Policies
6. Consumer Choices
ONLINE MODULE 8.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture
FISH IN A WAREHOUSE?
How one Baltimore fish scientist could change the way we eat
1. Modern Industrial Fishing
2. Industrial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons
3. Fishing Disrupts Ocean Food Chains
4. Current Status of Global Fisheries
5. Protections for Fisheries
6. Aquaculture: Traditional Outdoor Methods
7. Alternatives to Traditional Aquaculture
CHAPTER 9 Conventional Energy: Fossil Fuels

Module 9.1 Coal

BRINGING DOWN THE MOUNTAIN
In the rubble, the true costs of coal
1. Energy Sources
2. Generating Electricity from Coal
3. Coal Deposits: Formation and Distribution
4. Coal Mining: Surface Techniques
5. Coal Mining: Subsurface Techniques
6. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal
7. Reducing the Impact of Burning Coal
8. Mine Reclamation
Module 9.2 Oil and Natural Gas
THE BAKKEN OIL BOOM
Is fracking the path to energy independence?
1. Fossil Fuels: Oil and Natural Gas
2. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
3. Extraction of Conventional Oil and Natural Gas
4. The Trade-Offs of Oil and Natural Gas
5. Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas
6. The Trade-Offs of Unconventional Fossil Fuels
7. Fossil Fuels and the Future of Energy
CHAPTER 10 Air Quality and Climate Change

Module 10.1 Air Pollution

THE YOUNGEST SCIENTISTS
Kids on the frontlines of asthma research
1. Global Air Pollution
2. Outdoor Air Pollution: Types and Sources
3. Consequences of Air Pollution
4. Acidification
5. The Clean Air Act
6. Indoor Air Pollution
7. Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution
Module 10.2 Climate Change
CLIMATE REFUGEES
Grappling with current and future climate change
1. Climate and Climate Change
2. Evidence for Climate Change
3. Climate Forcers: The Greenhouse Effect and Human Impact
4. Temperature and CO2: Collecting and Interpreting the Data
5. Climate Forcers Other Than Greenhouse Gases
6. Attribution: Human versus Natural Causes
7. Impacts of Climate Change
8. Responses to Climate Change
CHAPTER 11 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

Module 11.1 Nuclear Power

THE FUTURE OF FUKUSHIMA
Can nuclear energy overcome its bad rep?
1. Nuclear-Powered Fuel: Radioactive Isotopes
2. Production of Nuclear Fuel
3. Generating Electricity with Nuclear Energy
4. Types of Radiation
5. Radioactive Decay
6. Nuclear Waste
7. Nuclear Industry Accidents
8. The Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power
Module 11.2 Sustainable Energy: Stationary Sources
MOVING TOWARD A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE
Chicago tackles renewable energy
1. Characteristics of Sustainable Energy Sources
2. Current and Projected Use of Sustainable Energy Sources
3. Wind Power
4. Solar Power
5. Geothermal Power
6. Hydropower
7. The Role of Conservation and Energy Efficiency
8. The Way Forward: Meeting Energy Needs Sustainably
ONLINE MODULE 11.3 Sustainable Energy: Mobile Sources
GAS FROM GRASS
Will an ordinary prairie grass become the next biofuel?
1. Biofuels: A Renewable Alternative to Fossil Fuels
2. Sources and Types of Biofuels
3. The Trade-Offs of Biofuels
4. Biofuels Made from Cellulosic Crops
5. Biofuel Production: Bioethanol
6. Biofuel Production: Biodiesel
7. Conservation and Energy Efficiency

APPENDIX 1 BASIC MATH SKILLS

APPENDIX 2 DATA-HANDLING AND GRAPHING SKILLS
APPENDIX 3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
GLOSSARY
ONLINE SOURCES
INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Susan Karr, MS, is an assistant professor in the Biology Department of Carson-Newman

University in Jefferson City, Tennessee, and has been teaching for more than 25 years. She
has served on environmental sustainability committees for both her university and her
community. In addition to teaching non-majors courses in environmental science and
zoology, she teaches an upper-level course in animal behavior in which she and her students
train dogs from the local animal shelter in a program that improves the animals’ chances of
adoption. She received degrees in animal behavior and forestry from the University of
Georgia.

Acknowledgments

I’ve discovered that an undertaking this big is truly a collaborative effort. It is amazing what
you can accomplish when you work with talented and highly skilled people. I want to thank
Jennifer Edwards, Senior Program Manager, for her support and guidance and Development
Editor Heather McCoy and Media Editors Amy Thorne, Emily Marino, and Alexandra
Gordon for their patience, insights, and outstanding editorial skills. I also want to thank
Melinda Wenner Moyer, the accomplished writer and journalist whose research and writing
have made these stories come to life. I gratefully acknowledge the entire team at Lumina
Datamatics for their skills, vision, and patience in the production of the book. Thanks also go
to Leah Christians, the marketing manager, and the sales force, who work tirelessly to see
that the book is a success in the marketplace.

I’ve had tremendous support from my biology department colleagues at Carson-Newman

University and from focus group participants, who offered advice, answered questions, and
helped track down elusive information—thanks for sharing your expertise. I also owe a debt
of gratitude to my environmental science students over the years for their questions, interests,
demands, and passion for learning that have always challenged and inspired me. Thanks to
my husband, Steve, for supporting me in so many different ways it is impossible to count
them all. Finally, I want to thank my granddaughter, Chloe, with whom I roam the
countryside rediscovering nature’s wonders as often as I can.
A Word from the Author
For more than 25 years as an environmental science and biology instructor, I’ve found that
“stories” capture the imagination of my students. Students are genuinely interested in
environmental issues—using stories to teach these issues makes the science more relevant
and meaningful to them. Many leave the class with an understanding that what they do really
matters, and they are ready to act on that knowledge. This is why I am enthusiastic about our
textbook Environmental Science for a Changing World.

The fourth edition breaks down the main topics into 11 chapters, each containing two or more
modules that focus on specific topics relevant to the chapter. In each module of this text,
students will be introduced to one or more major issues and concepts of environmental
science through the context of a central case study—a story—threaded throughout the
module. These stories are current, relevant, and captivating. Discrete sections and key
concepts within each module help identify the environmental science content that students
need to master, while the case study example helps put those concepts in context for better
understanding. The most popular modules (those used by most instructors) are found in the
print book, and additional modules are found online. A complete bibliography for all
modules is also located online.

As with the previous editions, the text focuses on building core competencies for the
nonmajor: environmental literacy, science literacy, and information literacy. Infographic
questions, end-of-module questions and activities, and online exercises provide further
opportunities to develop these competencies, as well as critical thinking skills.

Every person involved in this book—the writers, illustrators, editors, and fellow instructors—
has one sincere objective: to help students become informed citizens able to analyze issues,
evaluate arguments, discuss solutions, and recognize trade-offs as they make up their own
minds about our most pressing environmental challenges.

Sincerely,

Susan Karr
Real people. Real stories. Real science.
Susan Karr’s Environmental Science for a Changing World engages students to think
critically about the environment as they learn how science is done through real stories about
real people. From the text’s journalistic approach to its dynamic online resources, students
explore scientific processes and concepts in a real-world context. Now available together
with Macmillan’s new online learning platform Achieve.

EMPOWERING SCIENCE FOR EVERY STUDENT

Environmental Science for a Changing World helps students create personal

understanding of the natural world and their role in it.

The text offers a consistent methodology for teaching the field’s essential scientific
concepts, with each module centered around Guiding Questions.
From the opening page to the end-of-module questions, each module follows an
engaging case study featuring real scientific research that brings context and relevance
to the module’s subject.
Infographics in the style of Scientific American magazine guide students step-by-step
through essential processes and concepts.
Supplemental studies from around the world are highlighted in the end-of-module
Global Case Studies activities, which are also available online in Achieve, enabling
students to learn more about each module’s topic through additional real-world
examples.
Bring It Home boxes at the end of each module offer suggestions for ways students can
make a difference individually or collectively.
Decision Point Simulations give students the opportunity to choose different outcomes
to see the environmental effects of their choices. These simulations are designed to help
students understand the complexity of environmental decisions in a fun and interesting
way.

CRITICAL THINKING AND ACTIVE LEARNING

Environmental Science for a Changing World focuses on building core competencies for
the nonmajor, including environmental literacy, science literacy, information literacy, and
critical thinking skills.

End-of-module questions and activities and online exercises provide opportunities to

 develop these competencies.
Critical Thinking Questions accompany each Infographic, encouraging students to
engage with the illustrations, to explore concepts more deeply, and to build scientific
literacy.
Key concepts and skills are revisited and reinforced with LearningCurve adaptive
quizzing.
Each module is complemented by a collection of in-class activities that can be
adapted to any teaching modality (online only, hybrid, or face-to-face) to help
students develop a deeper understanding of the key concepts in environmental science.
In addition, this edition features an expanded module on The Process of Science
(Module 1.2), including new material on information and media literacy.

ROBUST RESOURCES THROUGH ACHIEVE

The Achieve learning platform supports educators and students throughout the full flexible
range of instruction.

The Achieve design is guided by learning science research through extensive

collaboration and testing by both students and faculty, including two levels of
Institutional Review Board approval for every study.
Achieve features a flexible suite of resources to support learning core concepts,
visualization, problem solving, and assessment. All student and instructor resources can
be assigned or downloaded in Achieve.
The iClicker classroom engagement system syncs with the Achieve gradebook.
Gradebook integration can be set up with your campus LMS and with Inclusive
Access programs.
The Achieve gradebook provides insights for just-in-time teaching and for reporting on
student and full-class achievement by learning objective. Powerful analytics and
instructor resources in Achieve pair with exceptional environmental science content to
provide an unrivaled learning experience.

Compelling, Integrated Stories within a Strong Pedagogical

Framework
The photo shows a river flowing through a valley, and another photo shows various legumes
in individual bowls. A callout points to a set of guiding questions, and a key concept at the
beginning of the module reads, “Guided questions establish a clear pathway from the opening
story to the end-of-module and online features. The Guided Questions and Key Concepts
bring the science to the forefront and reinforce fundamental concepts throughout the
module.”
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 — Te olette vaikutusvaltainen mies, herra kauppaneuvos. Teillä on
paljon tuttavia sanomalehtimiespiireissäkin.

Päivä pääsi paistamaan herra kauppaneuvoksen kasvoille. Niin,

niin, niinhän se oli. Kun sitä oli ennättänyt tehdä jotain tässä
elämässä, niin tiesivät muutkin, mihin sitä pystyi.

Hän siirsi tyytyväisenä syrjään pienen hopeatarjottimen, jolla

nähtävästi hänen aamupäiväkahvinsa oli tuotu tänne
työhuoneeseen, sitte keikautti hän kirjoitustuolinsa enemmän
Saimaan päin ja katsoi kelloaan.

— Oikeastaan on minulla kova kiire, mutta kun auttaminen on

kysymyksessä, täytyy olla valmis uhraamaan vähän aikaakin. —
Olkaa hyvä, puhukaa vapaasti asianne.

— Olen kauan hakenut työtä, — jos jonkinlaista. Hiukan olen

saanut, mutta siitä on ansiota liian vähän…

— Mutta neiti, — kauppaneuvos ei voi olla keskeyttämättä, —

oletteko pyrkinyt kotiopettajattareksi? Tai rouvan apulaiseksi? Kun on
nuori kuten te, ja kun lisäksi on tuollaiset kauniit kasvot…

Saima ei huomaa sanoja tai ei tahdo huomata. Hänkin keskeyttää.

— Herra kauppaneuvos, minulla on vanha ja kivuloinen äiti.

— Ai, ai, — ai, ai, se oli hullumpaa. — Hän näpäyttää sormiaan. —

Vanhoja ei pitäisi olla muuta kuin varakkaissa kodeissa. Eikä
sielläkään liiemmästi, ei liiemmästi. Se on minun kokemukseni.

Veri syöksähtää Saiman kasvoille.

 — Suurinkin rikkaus olisi minulle sulaa köyhyyttä ilman… Hän ei
saa lausetta lopetetuksi.

— Ymmärrän, ymmärrän! "Nicht so hitzig", neitiseni!

— Olen vapaahetkinäni vähän kirjoitellut, vain omaksi huvikseni,

en ansaitakseni. Sitä en koskaan ajatellut enkä olisi uskaltanutkaan,
mutta nyt täytyy —. Jos tämä voisi kelvata johonkin sanomalehteen?
Itse en uskaltaisi tarjota tätä, eikä kai kukaan silloin viitsisi asiaa
ajatellakaan. Mutta jos te…

Hän laskee pakettinsa pöydälle.

— Ahaa, vai tällainen teidän asianne olikin! — Kauppaneuvos

irroittaa paperit kääröstä ja rupeaa selailemaan lehtiä.

Saima tuntee vapisevansa. On kuin olisi hänen sisimpänsä siinä

pengottavana. Ja penkomassa on mies, jonka huone on lämmin ja
valoisa, ja joka juo kahvinsa hopeiselta tarjottimelta sillä aikaa, kun
äiti ja muut,— joiden ei pitäisi elää, kun ei ole varaa…

— Hyvästi, sanoo hän hätäisesti. — Minä tulen joskus perimään

vastausta. — Ja ennenkuin kauppaneuvos on ennättänyt tointua
hämmästyksestään, on Saima jo kadonnut huoneesta.

Hitaasti astuu hän kotiin päin. Kohdalle tultuaan jatkaa hän

matkaansa, kääntyy sitte takaisin kotiportille ja sieltä uudelleen pois
päin. Kotioven salpana on pelko, sydäntäkouristava pelko, ettei äiti
jaksa kestää tätä iskua. Eihän hän paljon ole puhunut tuosta
paikasta eikä näyttänyt uskovan sen saantiin, mutta jos sittekin on
odottanut ehkä hartaammin kuin konsanaan Saima.
 Ja vaikka äiti sen vielä jaksaisi kestääkin, oli se sittekin niin
armottoman lohdutonta, kun eivät olot ottaneet valjetakseen. Nyt oli
apu tarpeen. Nyt tulisi se aikanaan. Nyt ei sitä annettu. Jos sitte
kerran päästäisiin myötämäkeen, ei ehkä enää olisi häntä, jonka
voimat vastamäessä olivat ennenaikojaan loppuun kuluneet.

Hämärsi jo kun Saima avasi kodin oven. Keittiö oli tyhjä. Pimeässä
huoneessa ei hän voinut nähdä mitään.

— Äiti, missä sinä olet?

— Täällä. Minä lepäilen vähän.

— Oletko sairas?

— En, en. Muuten vaan rupesin tähän, kun ei ollut mitään

tekemistä ja kun tässä on lämpöisempikin.

Se vihlasi kuin veitsen terä. He tunsivat sen kumpikin ja puhe

katkesi siihen. Toinen ei rohjennut kertoa, toinen ei kysyä.

Vasta jouluaaton edellisenä iltana se vihdoin purkautui. Sininen

maito, nurkka, joka oli niin hatara, että siihen Saiman rääsytukoista
huolimatta kerääntyi jäätä ja lunta, ja ne kengät, ne lämpimät,
ostamattomat joululahjakengät, kävivät Saimalle viimein
ylivoimaisiksi. Yöt oli hän itkenyt, päivät vaiennut. Nyt puhkesi hän
viimein nauruun.

Hän nauroi pahaa, ilkkuvaa naurua sille lämpimälle ja mukavalle

huoneelle, jossa hänelle hauskaa joulua toivotettiin samalla kun
tingittiin vähän pois hänen vaivalla ansaituista penneistään. Hän
nauroi ja ivasi niitä, jotka joivat herkkujaan hopeisilta tarjottimilta,
samalla kun valittivat köyhien vanhusten olemassa-oloa.
 Äiti koetti rauhoittaa, mutta silloin suuttui Saima. Oli äitikin
sellainen raukkamainen nahjus! Olisi kai osaansa tyytynyt, vaikka
olisi kuollut nälkään!

— Sanoisit edes jotain, suuttuisit, olisit suunniltasi niinkuin minä,

silloin ehkä helpottaisi. Mutta kun sinä aina vaan kärsit, kärsit, käy
kuorma minulle sietämättömäksi.

Saima ei ollut nukkunut viikkoon, mutta sinä iltana nukkui hän

itkuunsa ja mielenliikutukseensa.

Ensi kertaa ei hän viime työkseen peittänyt äitiä ja saanut

osakseen äidin tavanmukaisia iltahyväilyjä.

Aamuyöstä hän heräsi. Hän oli nähtävästi nukkunut vaatteet

päällään ja äiti oli peittänyt hänet. Hän rupesi muistuttelemaan
itselleen edellistä iltaa. Kurkkuun nousi henkeä salpaava pala.
Sydäntä kirveli kirpeän kipeästi.

Eikö köyhyys itsessään ollut tarpeeksi raskas taakka? Vieläkö sen

piti kasvaa ja monistua sen kautta, että se synnytti katkeraa mieltä ja
kovia, haavoittavia sanoja.

Tai siitäkö katkeruus johtui, ettei hän ottanut surua vastaan

oikealla tavalla, ei niinkuin äiti?

Kuinka hän oli saattanut sanoa sellaista kuin sanoi äidille, juuri
hänelle, jota hän käsin oli tahtonut kantaa läpi kaiken raskaan ja
kovan? Vai olikohan hän juuri siksi suuttunut, että hän rakasti niin
paljon ja kärsi niin pohjattomasti.

Äidin vuoteelta kuului samassa hiljaista valitusta.

 — Oma äiti-kultani! — Saima kumartuu äidin puoleen.

— Tästä minä en enää nouse. Minä tunnen sen.

Hymy sammuu Saiman huulilta. Hyväilyyn kohonnut käsi painuu

puutuneena.
— Mitä voin tehdä, kysyy hän. Ja hän säikähtää oman äänensä
koleutta.

*****

Ne kengät, ne kengät, ne kauniit joululahjakengät, niitä ei enää

tarvittu. —

*****

Tammikuun viimepäivinä, pitkän piilossaolon jälkeen, rupesi päivä

yht'äkkiä paistamaan kevättä ennustavan iloisesti. Suurin osa kodin
irtaimistoa oli jo silloin panttilaitoksella ja kylmilleen jätetyssä
huoneessa makasi kuollut laudoilla.

Saima asui keittiössä. Hänen täytyi olla lähellä äitiä ja jakaa kaikki
hänen kanssaan niinkauan kuin mahdollista.

Ja hän sai paljon jaettavaa.

Lähettäjän kultaisilla alkukirjaimilla kaunistetulla, muodikkaalla

paperilla kauppaneuvos ilmotti hänelle, että käsikirjoitus tuli
julaistavaksi, ei sanomalehdessä, vaan eri kirjana. Hyvä palkkio oli
myöskin tiedossa. Kauppaneuvos onnitteli tämän johdosta, kauniisti
ja monisanaisesti lupautuen uraansa alkavan suojelijaksi. Hän oli
aina koettanut auttaa nuoria, eteenpäin pyrkiviä ihmisiä. Sen neiti
Särkkä kyllä tiesi.
 Saima näkee yhtäkkiä edessään kuvan nuoresta tytöstä, joka
jännityksestä vavisten repäisee auki tämän kirjeen, ahmii sen
sisällön ja kiiruhtaa sitte viereiseen huoneeseen, jossa viskautuu
polvilleen, painaa päänsä äidin syliin ja toistaa riemu joka äänen
väreessä: Äiti, äiti, nyt se tuli, nyt minä voin pitää Sinua hyvänä.

Mutta tuo kuva onkin vain haihtuva harhanäky, kuva siitä, mikä
olisi voinut tapahtua, jos…

Itse teossa nousee hän, kääntää välinpitämättömänä kirjeen

kokoon ja astuu hitain askelin kuolleen luo. Hänen katseensa on
yhtä eloton kuin kuolleen käsi on kylmä.

— Äiti, hän sanoo hiljaa ja kuiskaamalla, — se tuli nyt — mutta tuli

liian myöhään.
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