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    F4 Ch5 Quadratic Functions 1

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    chanlonghang

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Features of the Graphs of Quadratic Functions Quadratic functions in x are functions that can be written in the form y= ax" + be + c oF flx) = ax’ + bx + ¢, where a, b and ¢ are constants with a % 0. The highest degree of x in a quad eg y= 2x" +x-3y quadratic functions. x + 3x, y= 3x7 + Sandy = —4x" are AQ The Graph of y = ax” | ! | In Book 4A Chapter 3, we know that the graph of y= ax? (a * 0) isa parabola. In the following, we will explore some features of the graph of the quadratic function y = ax’ (Quadratic Functions tic function is 2. 4 fa = 0, y= br +e is linear function and the highest degree of| xin the funetion is ABB cr actty Use software (eg. GeoGebra or Winplot) to plot the graphs of the quadratie function y = ax" for different values of @ on the same screen. Observe the features | of these props and the effeet of ‘changing the value of a on the (Glass Activity” | shape ofthe graph Objective: To explore the features of the graph of y = ax” for different values of 1. The figures show the graphs of y = 2x7 and y = —2x*. Complete the following table. yo-2e (02-2) (@) | Does the graph open upward or downward? (b) | Does the graph have any axis of symmetry? If yes, write down its equation (6) Is there a highest point or lowest point on the graph? If yes, write down the coordinates of that point ‘quadratic Funetion = 8 Chapter 5 + on the graph of 2. (@) Plot the graphs of y = ax* for a = 1 and a = > ar yar (b) Compare the three graphs in (a). For a > 0, how does the opening of the graph change when the value of a changes? “ na sana [ey 3. (@) Plot the graphs of y = ax® for a = =I and a= — om the graph of ety?) 2, {b) Compare the three graphs in (a). For a < 0, how does the opening of the graph change when the value of a changes? To a sic de — y From the above class activity, we know that the graph of the quadratic function y = ax" has the following features: (2) Axis of symmetry Graph of y = ax? (a > 0} ‘The axis of symmetry of the graph of y = ax” is the vertical line x= 0 (ie. the y-axis). (b) Vertex ‘The vertex of the parabola is the point of intersection of the parabola and its axis of symmetry. It is also the highest or the lowest point on the curve. ‘The vertex of the graph of y = ax? is (0 , 0). (c) Direction of opening (ta > 0, the parabola opens upward. The vertex (0 , 0) is the lowest point of the graph, The least value of the quadratic function is 0 and itis called the ‘minimum value. (i) Ifa < 0, the parabota opens downward ‘The vertex (0, 0) is the highest point of the graph. The largest value of the quadratic function is 0 and itis called 4 the maximum value, pingtermaiey (lil) IF we ignore the sign of a, the opening of the parabola becomes narrower as the value of @ increases. Vertex TER minimum value H+ maximum value 3 th anisof symmeuy #146 ‘Quadratic Functions 4. Refer to each of the following graphs of quadratic funetions. Write down (0) the equation of the axis of symmetry, (i) the coordinates of the vertex, (i) the maximum or minimum value of the function (@) ; (e) ; 2, In each of the following quadratic functions, determine the di of opening of the graph and write down the coordinates of the vertex. Function | Direction of opening | Coordinates of the vertex! fa) (b) | y= —4x° () 3. Refer to the graphs of quadratic functions in the figure. Arrange the values represented by the letters P, Q, R and S in descending order. HEED omnes 2) The Graph of y = ax + bx +¢ 4+ The Features of this graph ae general, the graph o uadratic function y = ax’ + bx + ¢ is @ In general, the graph of the quadratic function y ee parabola and has the following features, Lepage alrite that the vertex of the graph of y= ax’ + by + ¢ is not at the ongin Range ofa a>o y yeaxtebere tees Graph isinas tice Axis of AA vertcal line (eine parallel to the y-axis) symmetry The equation of the axis of symmetry is = h Direction of — upward downward Vertex — | (The point of ik) (hk) imerseetion of | The vertex is the lowest point | The vertex is the highest poin the parabola. | ofthe graph kisihe minimum | of theamph kag dea, and the axis of valve of the function. value of the funetion. symmetry) intercepts) yrintercept Note: (a) In the graph of a quadratic function, if any two points tie on th ann viet ine,hey e iisa fom ne igor (RTA symmetry Use soars (eg, Geoia of ‘inplet to plot the graph of the (0) IF the scnteeeps of the sraph of a quadratic function are m | el he sph fe tnd n, the quadratic funetion is y = atx ~ mx ~ m), ‘Then show the coordinates ofthe Settee of the graph. Hence, the swation ofthe ass of symmetry and the maximum/minimam valve Of he function ea cand ‘Quadratic Functions [Determine the features of the graph ofa quacratietunction| ‘The figure shows the graph of the funetion y Write down (2) the y-intercept of the graph, (6) the equation ofthe axis of symmetry ofthe graph, (6) the coordinates of the vertex ofthe graph, (4) the minimum value of the function. Solution (@) y-intercept = (b) The equation of the axis of symmetry is x (©) Coordinates of the vertex = (~3 . ~16) (d) Minimum valu } The figure shows the graph of the function y= x7 = 10x + 10. Write down, Thy (a) the y-intercept of the graph, | (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (©) the coordinates ofthe vertex of the graph, () the maximum value of the function. Note: If the 1-intercepts of the graph of the function y = ax’ + bx + ¢ mtn 2 ‘are m and m, the equation of the axis of symmetry is In Example 1, the x-intercepts of the graph are 7 and 1. The =H iex=-3. equation of the axis of symmetry is x {Find the direction of opening, the -intrcept and the x-intercepts ofthe graph of @ quadratic function FERED Fee tess of pring. he ire a x-intercepts of the graphs of the following functions. () yaxe45r-14 (by yet 3-20 Solution (a) you + 5x— 14 Cocfficient of x? = 1 > 0 ‘The graph opens upward. intercept = 14 When y = 0,x° + 5x- 14 =0 (x= 24-7) (b) y=x4 3-20 2b txt3 “ Rowrite the function in the form Coefficient of x7 = -2 < 0 ar’ + be + 6. ‘The graph opens downward yeintercept When y= 0,-2x7 +x+3=0 a-x-3=0 Qx- D+ D=0 Boor 1 ‘The ximercepts ae $ and —| Find the directions of opening, the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts of the graphs of the following functions. (a) y=-x' + 6x-5 (b) y= 3x74 x42 ~ : EEE {Poteine the popes of unknowns tom te GaP] BRD 2 yr owe he rah ofthe emai tn zi y = ax’ — x +c, where @ and c are constants. Determine Saar nate) Whether each of the following is true. Explain your answers (@ ate 1 (Quadratic Functions Solution (a). The graph opens upward. a>o intercept of the graph > 0 c>0 at+e>0 atc < Ois not tre. 7 (b) The graph has no x-intercept. key Consider the relation between the number of aintercepts of the raph and the discriminant of the cquation ar’ —x+6=0, ‘The discriminant of ax” — x += is less than 0. (-1Y = dae < 0 fac > 1 ac > 1 is true, The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = ax* — 3x + c, where a and ¢ are constants, Determine whether each of the following is true. Explain your answers. (@) ate [Te [1s [6 | | 56 [a5 [ {@) Using tie above table, plot the graph of the function ford ) | y=-27 +x © |y=4-F 47% 3. For each of the following graphs of the y= ax" + bx +c, determine whether @ @>0ora Oore <0, Quadratic functions @ aLjo © fo mE, me. wey 4. In the figure, the x-intercepts of the graph of the function yonw + 2x+ 15 are -3 and 5 (2) Find the y-imtervept of the graph. (©) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (C) Find the maxima value of the fonction. Ljo yet —been @ » (®) 7 © 4 eee ee A 5 @ a[jo © aDJo cD Jo yee oreo (Quadkatie Functions =x. _ erase objective ‘Solve problems on features ofthe graph of the unetion yaar, [the cones of some rgures are given in the “Figure | Duplicates’ on P.AIS + (Questions 16, 26, 27. Save proiems on teats atthe gash a heturcion | ag an (aoaeaueay 1. Determine the directions of opening of the graphs of the following quadratic functions. (@) y= 2 (by y= 6x7) y= by 2. For the graph of each of the following quadratic functions, write down () the equation of the axis of symmetry, (i) the coordinates of the vertex. (a) y= 4x" @) y= @ ya3e 3. Refer to each ofthe following graphs of quadratic functions. Write down (0) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (i) the y-intercept ofthe graph, (ii) the coordinates of the vertex of the graph, ((v) the maximum or minimum value of the function, () yeatsbeve p-2 Of a (1 seartebere 4, The figure shows the graph of the funetion y = x? ~ &x +7. Write down (2) the ssintercept of the graph, (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (6) the coordinates of the vertex of the graph, (4) the minimom value of the funtion, = target . Oo PEED ones 5. The figure shows the graph of the function y Write down fa) the intercept of the graph, (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (e) the coordinates of the vertex of the graph, (@) the maximum value of the funetion. According to the given information about the graph of each of the quadratic functions, write down (0) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, Gi) the maximum or minimum value of the funtion Direction of opening | Vertex | __cpwara 6.4 [downward | 1.2) © | downvad | @,-9 [want | 2-9 Find the directions of opening, the y-intereepts and the x-intercey IS of the graphs following quadratic functions, (Nos. 712] hs of the XP + 2x8 = tome? B y= 647 ®. + lax 49 10. yeatesres WW. y= sr—30 12. y= te 28 12, The axis of symmetry of the graph ofthe function y = -x? 45-413 gg (a) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph, (b) Find the maximum value of the function, 14. The vertex of the graph of the function y (a) Find the value of k 64318 (3,8) {b) Find the minimum value of the funetion, Karmen elaims that the maximum value of the quadratic funetion ee — 12 is ~12. Is her claim correct? Explain your answer, 16. The figure shows the graphs of the functions y = 2x* and y = —x° 2 (@) Sketch the graphs of y = Sx* and y = ~-x* on the same figure. (b) Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of each of the graphs of y = Sx* and y = ~+ (©) Write down the maximum or minimum value of each of the functions y = $x” and y = FFind the directions of opening, the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts of the graphs of the following functions. (Nos. 17-20] 17. ya34 Ix 6 18, ya (x4 3-4 19. y=—(B—x)x- 7) +4 20. y 18-20 =x)? (21,) The figure shows the graph of the quadratic funetion y= mx* — 4x +m, {Bolan where m and 1 are constants. Determine whether each of the following, is true. Explain your answers, (@) m+n>0 (b) mn < 4 = tones 22, The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = mx? ~ 6x +n, where m and n are constants. {gate (a) Determine whether mn > 0 is true, Explain your answer. (b) Find the value of mn, (©) Hence, write down two pairs of possible values of m and n. ‘Quadratic Functions yeme wtcen yome ren Chapter 5 23. 24. 25. 26. The figure shows the graph of the function y = 6x +c, where ¢ is a constant. {a) Find the value of ¢ {b) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph. ‘The figure shows the graph of the function y= —x" + kx + 5, where k isa constant. (~2 , ~7) is a point on the graph. Find (a) the x-intercepts of the graph, (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (©) the coordinates of the vertex of the graph. = Sangies ‘The figure shows the graph of the function y = x° + 2x + ¢, where c is a constant, (~4 , 3) and (2 , 3) are two points on the graph (a) Find the value of c. (b) Find ()) the y-intercept of the graph, i) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph (6) Find the minimum value of the funetion. ‘The following table shows some values of x and the corresponding values of y of the function y = ax" + bx + c, where a * 0. xsfolif2{3]f4]{s |e yfufofe]s |e] 9 fia (@) Using the above table, plot the graph of the fun 10 i ae ae Se ve (b) Using the graph obtained in (a), write down (the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (i) the minimum value of the function. = Exnples yertearee ‘Quadratic Functions 27. The following table shows some values of x and the corresponding values of y of the function y = ax* + bx + ¢, where a * 0, | | (@) Using the above table, plot the graph of the function, (b) Using the graph obtained in (a), write down (the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph, (ii) the maximum value of the function. 28, (@) Plot te graph ofthe function y = 4 6x + 8 for 0 0 The graph opens upward. Since a > O and (x~h)? > 0, atx)? > 0. When x =f, the minimum value of a(x ~ 4) is 0 and the minimum value of aix— hy + kisk In the graph of y = a(x ~ h)" + k , the vertex (the lowest point) is, (i, and the axis of symmetry is x = h. Case 2:a <0 ‘The graph opens downward. Since a < 0 and (x ~h)? > 0, atx — Ay" < 0. When x = /h, the maximum value of a(x ~ /)° is 0 and the maximum value of a(x ~ i)? + kis k -, In the graph of y = alx ~ h)? + &, the vertex (the highest point) is (ih, and the axis of symmetry is x = h. Yeah ek ‘Quadratic Functions ‘The features of the quadratic function | __be summarized as follows: a(x — h)? + and its graph can | a>o a<0 = Goto the Publisher's web, Dereon of upward downward Graph of a Quadratie Function opening (GooGebra + Video ‘Maximum or a : eee | & minimum value) (maximum value) Vertex (i, &) (he lowest point) | Ui, 4) the highest point) | Axis of symmetry xeh [Write down the features of the graph of FED In each of the following functions, (write down the direction of opening, the coordinates of the vertex and the equation of the axis of symmetry of its graph, (i) write down the maximum or minimum value (@) y=Or-3 (b) y=-2(x+ 7 +5 on Solution (@) (The graph opens upward. ‘The coordinates of the vertex are (3 , ~6). The equ: of the axis of symmetry is x (i) The minimum value of the function is ~6. (e+ +S Ix = DE +S -2.h= 1 and k= 5. {b) (i) ‘The graph opens downward. +y ‘The coordinates of the vertex are (1 , 5). ‘The equation of the axis of symmetry is x (i) The maximum value of the function is 5. In each of the following functions, | (write down the direction of opening, the coordinates of the vertex | "and the equation ofthe axis of symmetry ofits araph, (ii) write down the maximum or minimum value (@) y=G4 B(x = 4 = 1 Ea a ae 6 ae Chapters [Find te uncon rom ne given proponteso a raph] FEI) te re te sh of 9 ami nto y=) passes through the origin and its vertex is (1 , 2). Find fix). Solution Let y = alx = 1)? + 2, 4 the verter of the graph is (1, 2) Substitute x = 0 and y= 0 into y= alx ~ 1)? + 2. The graph passes (0-1)? +2 2x — 1 +2 = H2e = 2+ 142 P+ 4x -@ bos and Don's Ininstant 7 do's think thatthe jimepep of he ‘graph of y= atx — fh)? +k is and let y= atx ~ 2)? +9. In the figure, the vertex of the graph of a ‘quadratic funetion y = Ax) is (2 , ~3) and the y-intercept is 9, Find fl), 1. Complete the following table. Direction of | Maximum or Function 2 opening | minimum value Coordinates of | Equation of the the vertex axis of symmetry (a) (a= Nat S ys(et2y (©) |y=-W+ P43 (d) |y = -3(x - 6-8 rand 2. In the figure, the vertex ofthe graph of a quadratic funct (1, ~5) andthe graph passes through the point (1 3) Fina pay ion ¥ = fix) is (Quadratic Functions 2) Method of Completing the Square If an algebraic expression is written as the square of another expression, the algebraic expression is called a perfeet square. eg. Since x — 2x + (x ~ 1)%, x7 = 2x + 1 is.a perfect square. Consider the polynomial x° + 6x. What number should be added to x7 + 6x to make it a perfect square? tet Weewaetl 1. Comparing the above expression with the identity a” + 2ab + b* = (a + by, wwe have a = x and 2ab = 6x. ie 2ab = 6a a eee Hence, the number that should be added = b* =(6F + 6's the coeficieat of x 2 =9 ‘The number added is obtained by squaring half the coefficient of x. P+ Ort9 tay ‘The method of making a quadratic polynomial a square of another expression by adding a suitable constant is called the method of completing the square. In general, _ by the method of completing the square, we ads (4)° to | the quadratic polynomial x7 + ax to obtain (x + 4). + In using the method of completing the square the ceficien of . mt be eg. (@ By adding ‘+ Square half of 8 and get ($)" Square half of ~7 and get (52) + Inquiry & Investigation 5.1 about the principle of the method of completing the square can be found on P5.44 ‘method of completing the square Hee perfect square REF Exploring the Properties of Quadratic Functions Using the Method of Completing the Square Consider the quadratic function y = ax” + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants with a # 0. Using the method of completing the square, we have yrarctbxte walv+ 2s) +e = as + be B (22) salet Byte b Then ction can be written a: & and 4° Then the function can be written as y = a(x — A)? + k, Using the result on P.5.19, we can find the maximum ‘or minimum value of the function, the coordinates of the vertex and the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of the function. Let h Laximum of minimum valve using the method of completing the square) ; In cach of the following quadratic functions, find the of x. (a) part 2x4 (b) yo? + 6x41 Curate Functions P+ x4 4 2088 (2 Peet @ty-s ‘The minimum value ofthe faction is ~S and the Solution (@) corresponding value of x is ~1. =e ek = (a? - 6 +9) F941 =x 3 +10 The maximum value of the funct Say corresponding value of x is 3. In each of the following quadratic functions, find the maximum or minimum value and the corresponding value of x EEE 6 In each of the following quadratic funetions, find the maximum or minimam value and the coordinates of the vertex of the graph. (2) y= 2s? — 20r + 59 (b) y= -3x" = 12-7 Solution (a) y= 2s" — 20x + 59 -@ Dos and Don'ts = 2G 108) + 59 The coffclent fi not = 2x - 10 B (2) 8 (=2)] +59 We CANNOT add (=22) to = 2x7 = 10x + 25) - 50 + 59 2e = 20x to make ita perfect Ax- SP +9 Axis

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