Anavoc Circurrs Syerec- 22) Yooects4 Scanned with CamScannerfee AG te b 2EC402 Analog Ctrails Op- Flops + ICs VS mein coverage ~ Ref: Ramabant Gryphoord DARE Anpens 2 AP Ge , Filn Designs lhehung > 5 Self-study experiments ~ “Spl a rbd Tum Fepen + vuos/o9 * Refen the pl asst doc, ~ tft AC: - Traneighor a6 an Anplifien : Cé Finglas y, DC Fruligis — Q-Feint (Te) ¢ AC Fal — Ay= Re - é€ ho Srlernal resighence oF Base aL = oe * ach = ig Eni ten d ion. - Vote Divider Pas y.. | Ro toxRe eM Vin s Vy > mV é 00M fempendhe Scanned with CamScanner2 Fer Ge Be 8.85010" Elin Copwcior : b= 201m Cz AG C= louF Me — ? Sido E A25% cm? Due bo lange Area, cihors cen’ E incorporated, on an IC, hence they neetl by he removed or replaced. a IF Cp ‘6 removecl, volkage at peint B wood be zero ancl the’ B-E Jurction canmt he Forward biased. « Sol : Negative Biasing; * ie 7 IF bance vale Tnsbeacl oF pplyin grand af pea, ¢ io Hecreacel negedive Valtage 15 “plied, Veg 2 -VE reduce the anea, band width of sy Ce eon be rephced by an external conneckin operahion will bo connect the stages. or udp. } ee eve] Ohifler, de ay for Ce : Witheudt Ge, Ay = Re Re ee he eee Re Re Re 60.7 -Veg Sol™ = Using a bransiglor's B-E Suchen (Veq Mee, Vee ~-ve) a6 “capacitor, Charging Re or (Diode can aso be wsdl, buk 5 Pre other) axmetes ¢ Wd he more. beneFiciel arch ull aFReck the @- Fabricalfon co casien, 1k 16 used point as well Scanned with CamScanner6 h-pananeden model, Ay a “hehe (with ) Nie 2 qh * qi oe 9 Transconducbonce Litho Ce, Ay =~ qmbe Be | oh sR. Ofe res + qn Re »t ‘a WH aeGhe fee? @.% 4) shed be a madched per, : Ay =m ( qa edn ie. should've same parameters, (\+ 4m) fy Gs replied | Qo <— © Ay =-4mBex0.5 Here, R, can be added Fr Qo a well as input con he applied lo ik be ohbein better resulbg , This is the mobive hehind the rise of differential ani Fen * Refer hpaumelen From EDC ore. Heme, nea the given cireutt car be Fabrcaded art a single Silicon woFer bo q an IC. Als row, more than lam transistors con he Fabricated on a ae IC, this easier be use it. (Ode an aloo he used) . Groin con be tnereased of cascading such. bragistors , Scanned with CamScanner1o/t AC 4 Di FFenendial AmpliFien : +N DitFenenkial. Tapeh, Vid = Vin, - Ving Commer / Frege Taped, 2 Vabslanced Oudpat a ole Fro any oné of _ Vy. Belorced. Qudrid + o/p Fern both, Y, aM, vio Vin, Vk Vin, — ' Gor, vm | ‘ dp / Fo Telly Zeno, Telly ui henge Scanned with CamScanner6 5 For Vin, = AV4 SmVsin (9g >tank) : fly = 100 , fi: 6.04 Vin, = cLy ~ SieVsin COnvirot) Mil = fomVain( nxiart) —s Vie * 1 Nk = 1Vsin(oaxtceot) +0-01 Heme, hene the diffenence. ampli Ficel artel the caries glonal i atkenuded or refectecl . { d a ’ leh * Th Weighing Appliadions tr. Tnsbrumentabton Alnpli Fes. ral. L = a Uighing Machine using Fresoune Sensor, Pressel heres Vee SV 4 Resistance ches 26 fig a ost y, = 0.5+96mv (2F Be. 1) r Re Ro t Here, normal amplifier wort work as tb will anplify both the volkages. ve o5V 2 §V4D5mV Thsbrumentadfon & : = fe ArpliFien : fressme Sensor Ly Sbratn Grunge Ved Scanned with CamScanner4 DE Amplifier abso ee rote a5 theamal noise fin 6 beth the brnsistors Tod be almost same, and this Can. he used bo reduce raise . ay) 3 Common Node oe Rabto, CMRR = Ad shed be Tem va large fg CMRR f5 ve laye quaaiy , ik % expressed. in decthels (8). — Hare, Vin, = 0.5Vid+Vie 5 Vin, = -0.5VL + Vi +N Hare, For analysis oF Differential C1 Ap Fer, Supe si bion. principle 1% sR gh used . Me, 1c. Analysis 1 dene For hoo modes, sy Differential Mode ro ro \ Gye) oy Common Mode. Vig i Ve Scanned with CamScanner+ ay Di FRenential Mode + Al pl. A, volloge due bo Gowue A will increase “bid at the sume Hime, tt vofll decrease due to soune B, here It remains as 6V Hence, the céreutb becomes, eel Wee O.6Van 7 i wa om Replace with L opprox. h-panasneler fit A Ss nok ackuel gqrownel ~ model Ga. redher be consider a6 0 virbual qr. = (iFFenential FltmliFien OC Aralysis : Here, st 14 assumed thet Q, £ Q ane perfect medched pair, ie. Bohy i ame, abnguith other pon eens, Hence, D0, = 0.4 Vee p> Biasing Re | Current * or Tg= -004-Vee Re Hue, Ve, = Vy- ER . i ai _ Scanned with CamScanneron Gin Vic = #12, eVyg2 1B Vi, Re = HT KB, Be 268k. Tg * Ot 2 9.93 mA 2¥6.9h Ve, = Vat Veen eR, = 8.744 V For transtelor, Tz >-0.9-Vee for DA, Tes -0-7- Vee Re Re Ac Fale : Hore, analysis is camied out iru Lise modes: DiFFenerdial 4 Common. Modes , using superpesibion. prindple, 1) DiFfowdtial Mode Sinall Stanal Fast ‘ Ampli en ‘o tn the [friean /ackive region, Scanned with CamScannerHane, For one transtober, q Hee, 0.5Vid -hietb =O ==> Ty* 0.5Vid hie Ve, 2 —T,Re =~ he, TsRe > = be R,x0.5Ved hie Henve, ge, Vee Mer = -0.5hfe =-0. fee n Vid hie i ° Sgnke J Cio" pe st) + Unb Ofoadal, din Silly, Va 9A Goin oF a DiFferetel ae for Dual ~Thput Unblance DA = 0.5 44h * 0.5 Pe Re Dual pit babeed aut dick enplien, ld = Vy-Ve, = [0.59nR ~ C0. Vid. goRe Doubled (rai Scanned with a nerTpd Trpedance ; Pe Mi = Thte for DIFF Flin Output Tnpedarwe, By = Ry — Callechr Resisbance Fora brasigisbor-, ay Common Mode : Bi hie Oni approx. bindel For 4 transistor. ck Vi, Here, GowLe resisbance Re io I tanored, . TE skis thene , if weld come tn series with hye. Scanned with CamScanneril Hence, Vie~ Ighge -Ci+ hee )x, (2R.) =O, Pea he, + CHble )oRe Here, Ve, = - hp, Th Re ~ Common, Mode Guin, Va, 7 = hie Re 7 Ven (A, ) Vie hier 2Cuhy, Re ; ” Fr nl o. A, e eRe G Ith >!) | | 1+ 2hte Re ‘ ie AR ~ Fn" ~ Me 49) I+ Dn Re hie Common Made Rejection flekio, CMAR oe For Unbalanced. odpul, CMAR = 6.59 0,5 gnfer2 0.5 =e ON Im De Be Cl+ 24nRe) «. CMBR = nbelanced 0.84 dye Yerends on * To increase the ai, Re cant be made qo eRe ven Lange, as TE all reduce the Aig exkemal resisbance, biasing cument , Te. Scanned with CamScannerq2 Now . s. +e ) ot b - qo Vy — Pre . CMBR = 0.5 + “tive Now independ) of the QVr parameters For geen Value, Veg =-I9V, Vip = 96 mV ==) CIMRR & PIF * Think how fo atill eu the CMRI Deteuning y 0c Oper He pein) iy AL Ving ity Ae 4g kn wy CMRR “PV Y Oulpad Vellaye, Vout i we a sae Ma Aaa + Fe iy Te = 0,83 mh , Veo 8.999V iy Ay= 75 wy A, = 0.3448 ivl CORR: 207 Wy Wy = 3.07 V Scanned with CamScanner+2. -dov -10v Dud 1/P Belanced. o/P ual I/P Balanced. olP Coocade, OiFFerenlial AmpliFien For Shage T, QC ieee Te, Te, ¢ 0-05-10) . 9 ag4 mf : 9x49 MeV? 4.92 V Mie, 2 Veeg = 7.89-(-0.418) 2 8.63 V for o™ Stage ; Oe Biulia lOV - 0.96AmAx2.2b2 ~ (-0-418V) ~ DTE5xI5k +0 =0 v, Teg = 0.94 mA Ves=Vey = 9.816V => Vee,= te, = 2.21 V Scanned with CamScannerLY AC Alnalysig * gn> te 3 hig Ze ‘b on Sage . Pye Gof = hte A, » _ozosteru?aLOno’ = 04.05 ¥ hie 96x10? = 2% Hence, hep = ~ Vr Ve shee = QbmVxIO _ y okp Je 0,57 mA” t 7 a Aue He (Ra Rr, ) Vixhe = 26 xD 2 9 ysykn hie= Ve ne ib ie 0.467 mA © A> (o.2k WV oxtssh) 2 84 a Op Arp 2434 Uses cascade, . sFterd to ‘ Fle a Fg x Ad, = 96x64 = 2164 jit a Cor shiFben, Level oe — ghifls DC level bo 2er0. OC led inamoes When anptfins Oudpd Topedance oF Cascade — Ry oF last stage. ane cascaded. Coverall) Hence, one more Trp Tnpedance of Gade — TIP impedance of Stage Known ae (overall) Firat shage Level! ghiFler or level brangledor has bo be conneched. Scanned with CamScannerHow bo Improve CMRR ? = Conshank Bias cieeutt © 9 oF Fens Me inpad ime a Chene Ry) ( Gunent ) — of Fens conbbant ana in the cireeib CMRR = 0.5+ gore Ret 4m Te. aa Hee, Vp, = Cv) a \, 5 Vey - Vee, Te, > Veg CMe). Te Ry 4 Curent Flesing in DA. : - Coment Mirror Cireudt : Here as fnpee Sonet_[ Grud _St chugs, Vag, would chan é and hence Ie; oan Flaoing in Gare is same EE AF dove hich oF sink. Vary the curnent and Hene, curnent Flowing in R Cie goune) TENS MOE required. 1 maindatned Gane Ys thal oF R3 Cie. sink) actording lo the concep h oF cument mirror ciredh. Scanned with CamScannerSoluion bo bemperadune change \6 Tnsbeod of diodes [oa Zener dtodes an Vp = Vee algo he usec. fo © Vey = Vet 2Vb %y Rs Hence, consbank cunnendt % dent ved. an irrespechive oF the bempeadune “Neg change. gs/o1 AC: Contant Camert Bias Circuit + Vey = 2Np-Vee = “ > VB \, d Ve, - Vanes 2 a * B\y~ Vee ~ Vics Te,> Veg-C¥ee) . 2%0~ Vacs x Vo Rs Rs Ry Scanned with CamScanner1 Sheps lo design bhe circuit: ay Choose Te, . oy Ry . Vo/ Leg ay R, - Ve [te oh Design CCBDA with cunet - 4mA ; Ay =40, Var £12 : ces) (0 1Bo0) . Tess AA 3 Vy = OAV, Veg = 12 V “R= Mb 2 OF 95.2 ar a RL VY. LY=12 0.45 kD Te, Yxip-3 +12V Aye que = Teg Re Re * i Ree fox otxw?. 590. \h Voy Dx1973 ‘ dof dmh : 4mA Scanned with CamScanner— Deson SrB0 OA: 1S SpeciFicabions : 7 Rr > @ kd TY Vipauy Cats) & 5 V iy Vg IOV wy hy = 1 Ry =D, => hie = 300 kD “4 2 ee. 1®_ 08+ 0.93%? > Te - de hie 3a Ve DMb10 3 : Teg * Te 3.66 uA Giver Vf Vej-M = S Mp YE 6 25 Mp 5 Ve 25 Mp “ 4.05+ TR COR ake, Level Tranelador Circus : Qs Ou 4.31 7.82 V Veg = 9:32-0.7= 8,69V oP =ov Drop acres Birk R,% Ry Is Divider olf is Maintained equal. cl “Vee Scanned with CamScanner1 8.6 © 0-00) Village clivicler Tevel franclabr f, Ry fo Prclically Ail Toul te imesrtein Ri. ggo due lo di IVicallhy mn inating the. RB “10” values oF Ry 4 & autsrdng | othe aes condition . Level Translator using Constant Gunent Bias Circuit : Mee DA, Leg = Me , F32V Frrst of all chose Tg, Vis Rg O.7Y . 939.2 3 mA V, wot Rye tok. 967 fl 3 mA k. R= Veg 0. 802 3mA Vly =3mA a Re 987 kK Nes R= 9.87 k Fesishor R can be a pobenomeks whith woud v resistance and appropriate value of R is set bo je Vea 2 OV. Scanned with CamScannerTransfer Chanackenisbics oF Differential Fiplifen, 20 Lange Blonal Analugis : { v ‘f v, For high vellage, “ Teg? Igé Mf Vr, pA qe inJo gedundin Cormen regio, ond dSstorbed ig pe = Vy hn(22) extpul 6 oblained bb ong for lange Vin Vin, i Volbne 4e) geturahion = equations ane usd , %, ! For [iFFenenbial Mode, Me Va = Vin, ~ Vin, >O Here most oF the curment mee our From Q, aunding Q, fnto gehwution and Q, In cud-oF F mode, Ve, 2 Mee > Teg Re ey = Vec TF Vel AO 1mm O) 3 Cub-of F Q, 3 Sobunation , “Me, 2 Vee Vi = Mee ~ Lea, Hee For QiFF Mode, Vin, ~ Vee, - Vea, -Viny =O ‘ Vin, -Vin, = Vpe, + Ves, - Vag, - Veep c Vid : Vee, -Vaey Scanned with CamScannerFor [iFFenend-iel Mode , Te,+ Ie = Le Find ea! F Ik Tey in beans £ Vey Ve + Vee-IeRe \ Veo Teg Re Vy Mey-Me, = TeRe tanh fd ) Ve Linear Saburabion ot Vin, — Transfer Characteristics Scanned with CamScannerou/4 AC 22 Operabional AnpliFiens C Opamps) — Block Diagram : 1 Non Tang (lod StegeeFCseoe) te Taleoreds- led | ub : i abe shen Odp | ae age Skage Stage Stage oF any 4 q J u y Operskional Traveling Qual 2/P Dvol 2/P Reduces Push-pull Ample Bulaned oP —Unbared oI OC Lev pager 2 Differential — OiFFenkal rear bo ( hs cy volece Flinp liFien ( ian me tot guPbiaant ou ko drive the niet 2 ciresh. Shges ane usedl . & Drow & shu be trereasé, the inlet rut of gan ). the op-Amp Wher ‘np 16 applied. bo Hie rn-inveskin inpah, i-phase odd Brana 6 obbained whereas For inverting inp, ouk-oF phase oulpub 1 obbained . Fehem lic Symbol ‘ Taveaking V ( I YS No -AGY-%) [ACR id er Pa acc) Topo V, A> Gain oF the Qpamp, WN = Val 7 * Common Mode Gain ig Ignored hene, obhenwise Y= AVid + Ae Me Scanned with CamScanner(Maly Ic +(0i) Whole components ane, Fabrlabed ort a Single 23 Silicon waFen y using AiFFusion process ancl deci. > Most C5 ane oF this aa wclabions Hybssel Ic: Achive & Passive componercts ane Fabrfeded on different St unafew and ate corineckecl ith the help oF metallic contacks, rely Ic: 5 pas ae seco bo yet Ceenbinaoue) signs. in Linear mode. > éxbonl components ane required. Orgel Ie: Wer 7 od and Geluration modeas there ane o 10 logic. levels hene. — External components aren’ requlred Exoy bs design ancl. manufachune Monufachuneng > Fatrehill — uA) Nebional. Semniconduelyr 4 Deo suey about Motorola, — meu) these compsnies Texas Trstrunents — 5 59 74] one = NG W444 * Th albinos: even ancl IC, an opamp 16 used, F414 Op-Anp near Ic. Scanned with CamScannerCp-Pips — hreneral Pupose ~ Amp iFiens , RF cireuls, fe ae Spedel Pupese Cp- Finps and other IC5 work ort a cadet bemperhure range . Miltheny Range 7 - 55 bo 05 C Wie [Aces Commercial Range => ob wl Tar labs, ee anneal Trdashrl. Range 20 bo 45°C Purpose Tc Fackages : 1) Flat bype xy Metal Can 3y DIP — (Dual, T-lin Facag) ~ Digi 1G, wA Tic Co J JTL Commencial (workin eae Name ene 4p «) Name of ¢ id the Device ~ MATIC Boi Vem of Week oF Manag Manfacbaing, — _ Scanned with CamScannerGunn a Dual power Supply For the Op-Anp * a te Nall OFFock Pa eY gE Net Gnecbed, sais % — Tavedng 2 7 tp *Me at , : Non-Taveding —]> : b= Oudpu “ee Veg U_2 =o esed (oval) I Nb. of IC pins used 4— No. oF dS LON». of Owpuls ee Here inshead of resislors ard copacttos YS 3 ° 7 x tt Pry oe pact Zener diodes anc e261 Spike = + Ves sey “dt polesbiomeders aay aloo Simple Vallge dividen ° he usecl to genendle a dul power supply Foi 96/4 AC: a éinde Sounce , Teal. op- chanoctenietice : 4y vp gen ~‘inGinike > can amplify any + ~ or ‘ DY TIP ‘impedance > infinite. > any sige con be que bo cep in 3y olP impedance 200 > eucbpuk can be given be te uy ofp vollage wher Mo oP cipal > 200 ad 2 SY CMRR — infinite — high cemmen mode rejection ty SR inFinibe, — deeamines how Fock oudpubt chanyes Buk ipd choy Scanned with CamScannerFeatures of A41 + a La Shork etreutbs probection 2 Lome vollage rangts fr Commen and Differential Mode Vo * § 1 cee) 3 Ab Oxi 3 UAB = t MHz Tp = Wonk 5 Ty? 60nA 3 Tee* 30mA eles ‘ Ry= OMQ 3. WWple Vel: + SV b+ 16V uh Thc ok Rye WR gvAR = 150 a/v soem benpenelute CmrR= 40.48 5 980.5 Was (25%) GvRR — Supply Vollage Reechin Robo Change n-bpc ost 2 |g0 uV/y vhhoge due bo change in Supply vellages Ne Tobal power diesipalon wz $4 ml and ~Vee- Open Loop laye- Sia (i FFenenbial lage FnpliFaton V5 Frequency. prea Frequency. Ave (a8) Consbant Gan-Boodeillth pode GF Fact vollage is difference behoeen the fnexting and. —20 4B non fhuerting 0 AB/ecade Danial Frequency gain will decrease 20 dB Scanned with CamScannerEqutvlerd Cireuk oF the Op-anp * a \,= + 5v bo t15V oat Vobp-p eels Y radunadion) Voge AVL = ACU) Op- Fp Tews Chanachenrishtes : Vey for Op-amp bo opened in Linear ape Va =_l4_ 2 qouV Ved oxt0® Linen vollage range fr a reg ‘ p-anp is a only. " Linear Regan Generally noise signals ane of the order oF Al, thenefore tt cn he nulliFiel . =Vseh Heme, open-loop op-amp % not suitable For Ls beaclt : PO "6 nok Guitable For Linear appleadions.. Hence, a rail i rege irc the clreuib, i . Byot AC: Open -loop op-amp conFrousabion 4) DiFfenentied anpliien oy Towering ampliFien x Non frveding ampli Fen Scanned with CamScannerDifferential Vollage Amplifien 20 Me | DiFfeenkial , Sounce. Cvlteye) iE repigtarwe 1S Vd Pap ° ‘erred hene Vid ACV) © Tape appli bo bath the inpuds here Advecage of Op-amp, ~ FArnpliFies both AC a6 well a5 DC unlihe branstator - based. amp Fier. & Vigoawlod Vad = AVid = Dxi0® xine 24 V Ve ~Fuv OC UIC op-anp, | Aa aoe mS 5 Vp > DOmV rms 5 Vad? 2 AL Syne. v Npelilmy 7 Np 25.260 Mags 293. kv. 1 | vy Nob pasible fo obban Ved | 41M « >t U Law Scanned with CamScanner7 Pen a4 Tverdg Fpl: Fex 8 Mag = AG) Vag = AVL > ALVin) Mad? Min Henee, Vad & Vin are 190° ouk of phase. & Vin = 90 mV DC Vout = -APVin = - Dx10x Do x= 4 ky Net possible. Nodal 2/4 V &4 : Moe uV sinusoidal Stone. Vek = = 2x19 (60) «1974 Vin Vos = Jov tv ~50.uV Nev Trig FpliFen 4Ve i we Ay ° Yat = ALI) Mud = Min zc Here, beth Vuk & Vin ane fh, phase. Scanned with CamScanner30 Dus by high oper lop py Tinean cua Wie ap-anp 16 Very nantow, and hence Tb 16 mob mue applicable, | Th te not suthable far an ample nt. : Th preklity, even naire signal has high maori hue than signals of Cav) £ hence Th 38 mob prefered. SolaHon to using a Feedback ora clhseel Loop canFiqurabiors Here, negative edhack is used . and it has wi he pes, ) Ae . . : Voltage — Series | Vallage Shanh Gurnent Series, Curnent Shut. \ Cosel Loop Cp-anp GarFigurtion * To control the gain, or fer fe Series oulped valhage reduction , Volage, Shut Curent Seried Cweent Shunt : ay Valle Series Feedback Flplifen { repo Feathacls 16 usec aay Feedback Scanned with CamScannerot Land Feedback cia Here vellage divider {5 used. Te anhol the opt Siopel input “ge i Should be 190° out of phase or oF opposite pela y: The canFigunsion °5 alés own 0% NenTnventing anplifion 0 inpud to applied bo rrar—ierversing Loytined. Deriving the Closed. loop Guin : (Ae) Tip = Vin 3 Outpt —\ Hue, v= AVA -ACv-\)) a AC Vn ~ Ve) Here, Vj-B.. Vy RitRe SNe Ap Mee Be B,+Re* “Ny+ ARO. AV Ri+Re : Mee Ax(RitRe) - fle Exack Bath Vn aod Ve one Vin R,+Re + AR, Suocon in-phase hene. Hoe, A is veny lage OAR, >> By+Re The gain f now condrolled k 4 Read fy, ; Simplified Guabion. Scanned with CamScanner “A= falsoRe) . 1+ Re AR, R,2/2 AC: 32 Creat 6 unique Exact Vig 20 > V=V, Scanned with CamScannerDyFFenenkial input vile 5 ideally 70 , : 33 Here, From the clreuth, VieVin 5 Yee 3 Vip By Rit Be , VEN => Ve SR Vp R, Des chooed leap Ae : we. . ae fe. fe 7 gn aa sey ae Tipu Resistance with Feedback Rig = Vin Tin How, Tine Vi, Vide Me OR A %y > AL Va . I+AB fi Sibu, “Vd > Me . Tin* Vein fy (+B) Heme,‘ i at impedance fas ‘nereaged, duh 6 an adv és hee R;— Trpud impedence ithe Feedback, Rie so el with Feedback . A. Rig = Ry (4B) Scanned with CamScanner34 Oud Trpedance : Hew, i= otis Re+R WR; >> Ro : »” ip oly Vi ~infiy~ Aig > 0 Vide Vir Vp = 0-Vy > - fi vy = -BY, RitRe Lie Heme, here ouput mmpedlance has deertased with Feedback , Vor fal ABY, = 0 “Vp (HF AIB) > igo a z Ror > Mo: Bo To (1+AB) Bandhoddh : ; 5 0 ok | Cobol Frequency €f fant PO Beh / eee Iw UGB > MHz t NL Consbast a The Frequency of 3.4B pent \ Back down. From Oz 5H gb im nsuk SMe i — more than one bred Fre brea equ o Hl hes enly one break Frequency . Scanned with CamScannerA= 9x10" - AR = Dxi0%5 = 1 MHz D&B > Frequency at Geir = 1 Uthad Feedback, f= 5 Hz Uoith Feedback, fe» 10 kHz —> Tnereased Here , Af, = UGB: Ap fp Max Gain depended fe on RE&R, Min. hain 2 1 AG =A 1+AB fe ~ §(1+Ae) Oudput OF Fick Vollage + (ber) For Open-loop 5 Voor * + Vear With Feedback, Voor = 2 Year |+AB 4)o AC For Non Tivesding Fplifier Ars 1+ Be ©, Lowest possible gains fle: 4 Le =O shock cireeit 5 Rye ue) oper credit Scanned with CamScanner444 Ape 1 6-1 Rie= Re (I+AB) =R:A oon foe = Ry/ Cit ) =f eae 0 Vin o ; SSG) = mg 4 Me Giver, #Veck= 18 V Fly = 210° r= OMQ Ry= FQ §, = 5 He A, = A+R) 2 1+ Re Fc R,+Re+AR, fy Exact SimplFed. Here os gain, | Ag 410.44 11 0.09 te is very lenge, Re Bh. OR AiFFenence ever 412 md between exack Ror fe 40.41 KHz and simp LiEted volues % small, Voor 0,114 nV 1+AB 18182 Scanned with CamScanner&: Design a Non- Tnvertin Foi Fien with gain O11. 3t and colalete ths panametens. — Given Ap: 242 14Ae Ly Re. 90. Ri Ri let R= 1kR = Ree Whe. Qo KD Ae = 24 B= Ro _ Lt = 0.0478 RoRe BL A= 9x19° “4 AB: 9521 “Rip = 19.042 GD Roe = FT mL fe = 44.405 kHz Voor = 2% 1.3654 mV Scanned with CamScanner* Vallage Shut Feedback Coiguaston ee Perla KOL at Node Ny tin = = iptts Alg Rr = DMO, th v6 vy “amall (af) « ‘Tine ip : Via-Vo . Vp-Voudt R, Re Now, Vite Vi- Vp = OM =~ “ Nbut = AVL = ALM) =? Woe Ma AVin+ Vout. ~Vyud- Vou Al AR, ARE Tavenking “Vouk = ~ARe font hase reversal “Vin Re Re+ AR, Cus ee ) Png ie For ideal op~ amp 6 AR, >> R,+Re _ Ale = ee Alo here gain can he lees thar 1 also, ib widely used fn many applicadnde. Scanned with CamScanneralo AC Vallage Shunt Feedback Amplifier aR slp E Vout ° / ar (50 phase shifted ) : Re * cea 5 a Ve . a | Inve "4 Amplifier real x Ske Exach Sint Syhe. Be am } uation Hee P=Bo > Ae = ~ARe Rit Re Rr Re 1 +_ARi Le K= fe = constaad R+Rr J Rit Be Dee eak , " mrp ling Fackor oe AE AB 5s S ae Rleck Dae oF Volhge Shunt Feedback : Here a5 Re < R,+8, ads K can be both aber. inp a6 well as before inp Scanned with CamScanner 3440 Considering Teal Op-Amp: (vi tool Ground Caneept) Al= 00 Vout = AVAL o Vid - Now 2 0 A OMEN, Here, Vi=0V . ~ Vy OV (nek actually at ground but the gain i Sud ° lange that Vaal at Vy 19 Jel considencd to be gar pobertial ) Here, > Igt Te Here a5 input impedance ig ae lange » 1p 0. ot, = Tr “Var0, O-Yod ay Vad. Re. = Fe Ry, Re Vi R, Odput Tnpedence : L Mdhedoagy game as that oF Village Gentes cog dion. F Roe = Ry / (4+AB) Scanned with CamScannerTap Tnpedanee : at L Using Milles Theorem : 2 R R: R, Rie ra i Vous: OR & Re he +A Bandwidth : Only for those op-anps Ld have a. gingle break Frequency 5 UP {5 consent , UAB AR. => oes (Sexe (1+AB) For Nor - Tavern: a Amp liFien , 4 0. §e > UGB (1+A8) f= UB A 2 = LGB CI+AP) AK > UGBxK re flg K<1, bandwidth of inveuing ampliFion a sly leso than the non-inverting amplifier, Scanned with CamScannerlahen Ag = 1 He Ag=1 ! Won - Tnvetling — fe: UbB AM, fete, Tnveding — fee = 0.5 MHz key Oudpab OFF Vlge, Voor = # Veet 5 Vigge = 2 Vent OoT OOTF 1+AB Spectal Cage oF Treading AmpliFen : ty Unity Gain + Ap 1 => R,=Be Rise R, er _— ey Follower “hn [> Vet = -Vin Thveden . L — Use to inhoduce 180° phase ShiFb, oy Cunnent bo Vallage Converter : Vout = — Minx Re Rr Tr Ri Pe Vt Mout = ~The + lizakin : Phobecliode - cr DIA Converters Scanned with CamScannern/2 AC? DiFFenental Amplt Fien with one op-amp * Uohen Vy ~* Alebive Me® fe R Me (hen Vi > Achive Vob? (tree )M be (1B )( Ba ) Vo » fey [ B=. Ra Re J] V, Va Vip ee (Yo ) ' « Here Ehene 15 dance: i= R, 3 Ripe Pathe mis-madch 172 Tp mye , ipa impedartce which may cause loacling “e Freck. Source Resistance. . ae DiFfineiel Op-amp with bso op-amps. Soliton bo leading EFfeck» Rint Rte > RE 4 Any Spepsin Feindple : Scanned with CamScanner1 Vy = (e , (tHe AL) Vs (he) we (em Ve (+4)y + (SE )vs OMe (*8:) 4 - (‘*8.) Ms 1N; = (18) lu- vy) — Oudput prpetiom! to diFFerene oF init. ain a R;Ci+AB) Therefore, hene boo there 19 a migmakch in fap ul impedarte. fp), B= Ro, Re = Rill Barks B.+Re Rig # Rib Rige RiCitAB) , R= _& Ri+Re & DiF Fenendial Anolon Ec thnee op-amps * +Vee a < Vy Scanned with CamScanner45 Here, Ved = ae “y -v,) R, V, = (1+ Be Rue ) ~ fs Vy Rye aes 1+ _Bu_ ) _R Vy 4. Y, RyRs Ayr Rs a a VAVy = ("By ) Oe Vy) “(5 Bao ve) We as es | [abies [Oa™) (z-Ve) = [228 ]O-Vs) chy = (BR) | Vad = Re Fe (ve Bh.) O- eV) Ry Jip Tnpedane, : Rig = RiCi+AB) , B= RyrRs Hene, bobh the sownes Ofy+Rs have the same ‘oped impedance , hence ro Rib = Bi(a+AB), Be Ruths problen oF leading DRy+Rs zi Scanned with CamScannerVollage Follower oFFeng the nandie inp finpedance , sengor ' connected. bo a buFFur bo averd. Oud put of omy ae é Fleck, a Ac: 2 4KD, Rye Re =4.IKD, Ry= 3.9K, Roascon Sk2. Fed Ap, Ri, Ry, Fe = = - 4 De cate a0) Rose (ae ape) < “eo B- Ruts <> Rep > 236 2MN 256 G2 <2 Re C1+AB) , Be _faths fie: &C wi Rez Ro . 38 _ yp gga mn 1+AP 24948 fe - Af ~ 54,101 KHz Ap Scanned with CamScannerTribialls at plication oF op-amp was rot a6 an ampli Fie bub wae Fr anithmelio and logical opp leadiors Alpplyit ving Het ancl virtual i" concept at N. q rout t-Iy+Ie a oa Ib y aot Trverting CanFiguoubion I-te or Tattgtics TF Mardy MeO + MerO - O- Nout Ra Ro Re ke ali “gts Vet =~ Be Va + fe Ae Vj, + Re fe Vv .|¥ L Seales bhe input and then adds. (tVet%) Adden Vout IF Re = Rat Rot fe = Vouk = bs min IF Ra=Ro=Re * R =? Vo * Be (avon) — Sum Fimp liFex -t =) Ve VatVotVe ) > iF fie 3 out = “(a bi ‘) Averaging seaih —i fe e a For (L inpads a Vy? -2%a “3p - WV, Scanned with CamScanner4s A Vout ( + fe) Vv j Applying Supenpesibian , Va achive 5 Vy dVe ~ Short circuit “TH Navi. Ve 3 Ved Ved * Ce aes — Averaging ampliFex Here iF Ap= 1+Be = 3 ==> Vad = VatVtVe — Aden Sealing ampli Pe can algo be implemented . Scanned with CamScanner= Veut Be. (yp-Vy) Ry “Vee TF Re=R,=R, Rs -Rp Vout ?-VYy+V, 2 Subbractor Diffeuvial Con Figunabin ) Viz ~ Va. Vob= -Vb L Vite = ve => Veg: ("8 ew Vide Vd > Vy bes Nd =? Vod= Vi ws Vouk 2-Va> Vb+ Me + Vel 2(V,+Va) - CVa+Vo) Ls Qi FFerendial ampliFiex i Voud = -3Vy+ 5Vp - V+ 6V Summin. lex ven 5 Ffenentied cont iqustion . Scanned with CamScanner25/2 AC ° 50 Problems : “ we tated 2 Alp a} vi yy Buiteh 1% 2 oL ahs Find 1 aloo, Sl: Alb guikch > 2 L averding CanFgunaion 5 Ag ot =~ = UGBxk = 4 MHexl = 5am KHz foam? AL switch 1 Li affine. GoPigste” sb Theorem Using Supenpesitin. che ve. Ve ay Inveding x/P active + Vo, 7 7 ne Vin, by Non-inveding VP active * Voy = (i+) via > 2Vin a Vp = Vb t Von = =Vint2Vin = Vin : smi t . Ale ee ~ UGB Ar fe = Fee 2 MHz Scanned with CamScannerot ~ Removing the resistance R, ~ Gepen crest at ‘2’, —\ 2 + Vioh (Aue to Mea) > Age 0 ait, Alps eRe 21 = Vara 3 Fee 1 Mie rohed Carevibs and. Find Ap Mab abn, * ReFeronce, ny Virtua Guoand Concept a6 wel. Hoe, Ly - 0 Ab Node B, T,> Tr, “Vac = O- Var => Var Met --E4] 1K THK do Ak nde Aly Ise Tae tt “Vin-Va 2 Va-Now , Var 9 10k 1K IoK *. 10Vin-+ Vout = ~ Vouk Voud + ~ Vout to “ 10Vin = ~Vpud - 3Vput “Io * Vouk = 100 Vin = out? 1 Vin > Ap =-3,.925 Scanned with CamScanner9-3) at Scaling Adder circuit using Op- Amp 52 ay Vout 7 - (3Vy+ 4V,+ 5M, ) Use n-num her of oY Vad = 24-34 +"e- 5% pene " mgnung Pe g-¥y Design (Deri) ihe retin: beboeen inpuls & opel. M Sol \y = 28. Vv, = -2M1 Gr Mp? BB vy 3 3 Vay 7 4M Wine Vor + Voo* Vo3* Vou Ovi Vet Uys 2% Scanned with CamScanneroO WwW Find oud values of Fr iF Mot Vout > V2. - 2Y, 4 Sol Applying Supenposition prindple Vor . So vy a3 5k niet Cua 10) Mer 30: Vy i) lo+R Md 2 Vert Mon # 80% = 2M = we 1o+R 20. + Malbip le question / 7 i ee possible Re 80k hen. 6-3y Soludion. %Y Given, Vouk * Ja(v.) w4r8%e] Using Taveding conFigunasion Waoo [eve Revs Be ve] Scanned with CamScannerKeeping Rp + 6042 ” | CRs DOKN, Ry ISM, Ree KO bo kn by Given. Vig = OV-3V, + 4V, - 5% =(Ivy+\) - (3,4 5M) Keeping Re> Go km, R=10kR wun Hoe Vins -Re yy = -3y ob a 3V4. Bee WOK. Vod= —Be V, DE Vy = -SVy Ry ‘4 a “Rg = 12k2 | = Vio WW;= oR (AC 0 ae 32 Ra toRe 1o+Re Q=/1+8 (, toRe “( ) amaen DoRat PORE + IRR. = AORe ” DORA + IRARe~ FWORL=O OR — Rat RaRe~ B5Re=O -- [2] Scanned with CamScannerStrib, Vee We (8) alee li Ry + 10Re. oFRa. Y= qf __toRe_ | IR, +10Ra+ Rae YOR, + 4ORe +URRe> WRa “Rg +UBRo- 50Ry= O OR DOR yy DRR,- 258,20. [2] sR 7 20 DORA + WReR,- FOR, =O WOR, + Bak, ~ 358, Fs ae . IR, FORK, - 2SRa =O ~ WRet 2ahe 7 729R4 on * U5Rat O- OR, =O. oR Ra Re i Keeping R. = 10 ka, Ra = DOK2, Finret 7 oh oveblable en IC. 29/02 AC: (se piped deice ) Scanned with CamScanner6 Sol: be, 10.) » 1AY, “Tad Vouk = (- te) (3.1%) + LM i ) Vb TY LY, Vk = tf vy~Va | D-Bb) Soldion 2: Simple Subbractor q-t 40KR 0K. (av) Na ii Find out R such (vb thet Yt = O oka Ves v (0) oon —— Scanned with CamScannerFind the qn of the Circuit, Vag Apply ek and We ‘1 O-4 Solubton ? Vad = ~ [axa+ve] + 1¢lo\V/R_\6 a R+22 0 =-4+ ler R+22 4R+ 86=16R IWR= Se R= 6.286 kd Q-% Goludion? T= Vin 0-Me = V > Vin Ry Ro 7 T= Me Ry JT-1, = Nod R3 Via + Re Vjq = Vag = O Rat Rr Ry+Re Here, changin the bempenalure, Ry = Rak Vb =_fa_ Vie 5 Ve: fe Vhe Ry ReoR RarRe Vig = Ra _ fe Mes [8 -& Ty "6 RatRr+dR Ry tRe . DR+OR OR Me Scanned with CamScanner54 [ : 2 2 Nyy = OR2= BRT RAR Vy = HAR Wye 9K (2R+dR ) 9 (on+oR ) Hue iF geneully, QR>7>OR => Vap . ~AR Me Ly StortFieg the inpul sta e. (claaye in physical quanily ) Now, at the next stage, Vpp, redo bo be ampliFied Hence, using 112.0r 3 ep-amp canPinaadion for di Penontial amplifier implementadion, Nest reRenable io the buFFex con ease) to deal with the Loading eFFect, —— As bempenedune increases, BR —> Vig f— Vag Po eve and vice versa. Scanned with CamScanner60 Sy Ak 95°C> AC OFF a6 AG ON i _ oi Grdrol cireuib Temp cooFF = 0,499 -2/%¢ oe l Sol: Algsumin 9o- Balanced Condibion Rel d bbe Ry = 169 ob oc Erggexing Vyye OY AL 96°C, Ry> Wt OuRA*2S © 110-648 2 ) Planced AR = 10.645 2 Condibion AL 30°C, Ry- 1+ o.ugaxgo = 112-61 2 DR= 12.81 2 ac/oc : Coro | : Bo L Mpa * AB Me = BAL = © *-0.tu4h V Rely pelle (at) 4xilo.646 \, > -bR Vy = -tertb0 x6 = O Bos) yp “e ux ios “Yabing Re > tokR, R= 1K2 5s Vat Bs (pa) 44.46 V oF o3 AC Fltelog Webbing Machine —? Strain. Grange — Senses Fresaune Hue, Vig = -A8 yy, (é) : q Scanned with CamScanner61 * Taberator Cireuik * \¢ Ce Applying Va and. KEL Ry Concepts . Vin =A L__» iad Min-O . ~ Cp Vo Ri at = Aad, 1 Mg at ReCin, Hee, Ap = -Xe - -t— ; i a atoRG Muu = Le (Vig dt Ri yohice aaa! ie : :_l |All aie Here, For low Frequendes., ain ‘fo very high. Herne the circuit “+ Guin (Fe) % 1 becomes unsbable and the op-amp Froguny ls) ames Gahwabed L Limibation oF the circuik . Hue, way qn Frequency, Aste t iy IL UR Cp RiCp Os Pe Fy] aR, Ce Scanned with CamScannerTe solve the problen OF Grint, circuit 15 modiFied..a5 Follows, 62 A low Frequencies, gains has —wWwws bo be controlled. Here, at Low Frequencies, gg od Ge ee Ry Vie in. a Fle Frequent Sncreases, capadbor’s role comes indo play hte, gen ghaus bo decrease. Gein Lining Frequency Cf) — Frequency oF tex which ea Shards bo decrease. Hare, Ap = ~Xc WiRe * e R, (hy 348 pont § : L Re b Sop poo "+ jurCr _ Le Re 7 , i, free = Pin quer eoVP2 Ly S, -Vp Vin to. i _ 1 o Moa in. or Ve 0.504 Vin Goin Lining Frequency, Ret Buyond Fy, — ink rafor but attenuadion. a> 1 ‘q ‘ InRe Ce Hence, For* proper inhagntion range fa-Fi hr propor iokegader design oF < Fe Relation generally depends on application. Scanned with CamScannerEq: asian integrdor —r Fy to Fi, yore dhilz Lobes Alhinys oosuine Cee Ot uF capadbance Fireb, 0% foe ‘ gaa Rp sono! resigker values avilable aba wed ‘ Rpe Ls 4941.5 HeD “ante Qn rion! q fk, >—1 . 199.45 2 )t Dax? Eq: Qrw Oubput Uaveforms + RerGe= 1 > E sy ve Vouk EB i T Mae Me (acct), z Scanned with CamScanner4 * DiFFenendictor : Re (2e) iri Frequency = Triductor canbe uged ay buk aveided ab Lu wt Voutt Frequencies . @ Hue ob high Frecpesnties, the if cireulb beeames unsbable ard. behaves Like ont open-leep drewl Cdn) - Vy Re Differential — nab ebsble a5 * * dearer compared to on i . oad =-GRe an capt ee aid eiaee Di FFexentiedor negrator spree lo lve i AiFfenentiel equabiene Ezra Ree inf : iF a 2 ae 2 joake Guin oper bop oe pa cuwe [Rel whe, 20 AB [decade thn Ap=4, R= I rad ~20 dB fJecade Dake C1 ; OA = joe C= ~jF le ft Herve, here rast tas to be modified. TF only a geries resiatanee 74 added, bo capacitor Side, it will reduce the slope buk ofill iE would meet the UGB gph ot high Frequency and. become ustsbable.. Dhen bwo pos axe ab Sune locator, overall attenuation is 40 a8. Scanned with CamScannerHence, two cormportends ane added here Hew, Zs Re es Ze = Rell eae | Min Gh a Nok sy) 2, , vRelees Male) #1 Brazhe : a4 : o Mole) ~Re Gs Here, 40 4B attenuation te required nD) Zonal es) ab only one point, ; U Hence, both poles ane aggumed bs be Lill gre two poles. ab same Frequney. . TF ReCe= RiCi Ap= -Recis 0 Resuge of diffenentir > Fy Fh CitRe Ces)? &: Design a diFferendiador | hte bo 10 hte iy Fy = OF, ty R= ReCe VG Talking C7100 nF-0.tuF Ie Re = 1.59 ka 154Q Oda 4.57KD C= wa Vg EH a Re= i542 Met | Scanned with CamScannersy Ce a cireutt bo solve the difFenential equation , 2 e, Ye Kas K,V-V, +0 ] — Hoe wang signal 7 dV. KdV kV eM dt? dt Reo! gy of lab 7 al 5 + Kills ate ev. lLty : al ; vi z Kav_-V, at * Vallnge bo Curent Converter ! —> Cumnt Suies -ve Feedback AmpliFiex Loken load io rob connected by amund bud instead Virtual la oa Flaedng load + Vous feswring Vil =0 (vey sna) d ‘ Tipst — Vlog Vin-Ve #0 o. Min = Ve Oulput = Cunett Oo Min = Ve= TLR, yee Vin R, Scanned with CamScannerDC Volbinelor can be deste, using this circus. GF > Ama > Fall Seale DeF lection aie ——fAa + Acts 06 a wllmehn For 6-1V : at Ry=1kR Op -Pinp — Gan Measune Vo velboge upbe + Vek. For AC Vbltage, RMS Value is measured. Low Volbge AC Vollineden ving V-I Conventen. Avenge Value oF [Ps] Bridge Rectifier = 2Vm_ q mn Ri Vine = Vi fz o My = 2Vm - 222 Vin nr nr va ©) L TM asec on Mbe, a 16 Found out => T= Ve = 0.9Vin RR Frplicadion of V-IC: Th Find, out matched pair LéDs, Zener dicdes Crevence bias ) + Conneck the comperestt fo the medex spob . ; ” ae , br Scanned with CamScannerFor Zener Diode, bo oy erate in reverse, breckdown. nets cumert should. be greten Unn Lene - FM. Discriiminalor — requires medched. par oF diodes, * Cosnert carvt he more Eran max. oukpat cument arid. the min. cument % decided by the biacing cues, * Vollge - Gunes Converter. sith Grroundeel Load. 7 Non- Tavedling Confguoeion . R Vow ood | | Ze Vout = (Eye ov Applying KCL ot A, Vin Vu + Vouk-V1 eit R RB RR page R Scanned with CamScanner: wren Volhye Converter : 64 We =) Special Case oF Trent Anmpb Fer Re Ta Not Hee Vouk? ~Be I No SE Vin = ~ TR Flpplicabons oF I-V Converter : Yy O-A Conveder: Do Ty Voek Oy + De] Oo |x Ri b 28 2 A iG D4 VGN eae Carrespending Frelog Volbage.. ily [sph Telly Me a4 passive bransducen Re = peguires 60Me extemal req exabadion : exh 7 au > Mad Hlan-cell — active bengdacer , Be Light 8. 5 Light absent — Ra Photo - all Corresponding Voltage can be r ‘| I determined. Scanned with CamScannerdufes AC Ao 2 Vo , : - fo vo i n> ie (Ur -1) —'o 7. ML ‘6 For Forward Bias , ly =e Wr e Le ot vs : Mw . dos 6 Wr 8 iy . . Vv; . “In (ie.) = 1 Ny? vr h (in) * Logaystha AnpliFin : i] ve ‘ > Vad Here, I= Tp = Mia Using Transistor, OR Nah Mae nf] Ry hoe | “Noa ~ q¥ela] va] 7 8 Mout & Lain ) : . * Ver? Rio Scanned with CamScanneral Plabs-log mp lift : ’ 4 7 Hue, Ip-Th: Tye OF a — TPN Ty “Yad: La Vad Re a ve Map eo Dyke @ Or L at Ly nol constant with Lempendure | a Hawe, iE 3 reedecl bo provide tempencihure labily. - Fld Muliplion V, xV, 2 KVM V — Kelas) 1 —|bs lf [aad HY,Ye ‘ (isa) Ky Inv) Simi leaky, build. Sean | divider asd. equate -roob cireuib. Scanned with CamScanner24/03 AC aL ¥* Non-Linear applicalons oF op-amp : Vout= Alyy Vid Muk = £Vggb = £14 V vib Mg = tu 2 0 uw 9x10° Hence, open. loop op-amp rot suitable for Limean app teations * Fpplicadions oF Non-linear ConFaurabo SY Zeo- Crossing Delelor Ya > "ra ~y Vos toh 14 2 a [| i Ewcdl omaaaat ml i — ap 1 Fine VaFove MT [ = > OFF ON bine < Hime Veet Vv Scanned with CamScannerIF Vref =-VE, OFF bime > on bime. % Odpd Ba Compatcor ~ Syiens Wave Amv noise Signal + 9 ge levels - High 3 low oS in nodune False bransibion. Ss Vout wad | _VeF ~ Vga r an ree > 1; Qut ae ON Time _ “on Total Time ac - Th Zeno-crossing detechor, due bo presence oF motse, For Low Frequency gro the ouput will have False branaition Hence to solve this problem , a positive Feedback 6 used, ou Protects the op «6 it has = me ut volkage cae ay A Tr range a4 well. = + Ov Here, Vel = £0.97 Ovcput will be *Veot Scanned with CamScannerA Sehmitk Trager: Assuming Vout = +Veat —> Vid Seine CVeut ) Ry+Ro Vy = 81 (-Veck) RitRo Me + Vout 6 — benisis Loop uf Yue ¢ Vig Vak~ Vit ec Via t {J ~Vedk v False brancitions by Hewe, Ehis circuit can avencome Keeping Vhy > Vioiee - ’ 7h — Fast Transition Schwi te Trigger —R enenotive Ackion aa S quant-wove output Scanned with CamScanner99/3 AC: 165 * Vollage Lingben. ! —> Te Liinth the sia 0, pa — ed the logic level —> Limits the i ut signal (either sve/-ve hal ) Scanned with CamScanner% Flnalog Filken s 16 Ly Fithen implemented using RLC crmponen 6 Digi Filken SOM ~ Polat O- 4kHe inp mended very ookkwane & on 7 - provides low reactance path lo == XT teh F atonal ee igh. Frequency 1 J d eel {” Tho is a low Pass Filer, Hoe Vad - Xe 2 Vw | 1. oe R+V jac [+jure 1+) ‘. Fa? 5a — cud-oF F Frequertcy, fa LPF Reeponse Gioin ot FE, — 0.70% of max. fia = Here, bo delet Fhe ouput propery, gsin has fo be proved alorguith the Filler. ~ This 15 now 04 paseive Filken circuit, - Hence tk te uatd alongwith a2 ep-amp, ko set the desired gin. This makes ik an ackive Filben ‘cireul. Scanned with CamScannera R, — Firsk orden low Res MH = Filken A Vie. a + Vout: le Guin . DT Sdectiviby = alk é Me Ae hi Ac = |+R ive oo = ———— whee iF pes ReR, |tjF/Fu i Hae - Tdeal lOaveform oF a Filter * Rackical Filken 4 No shu cubofF, a grduel brnition From pass-bard. by Slop-bord.. —» “Transibion- Band should be as small as possible. Scanned with CamScanner18 4 e[Wei)|e0.4 5 OFS —> Pos Rand. Jue) | s0.4 3 wp eure s — Slop Rand ~ Behoeen, Wp fu, — Trangi bon. Ranch "We = Berle Tdeally , Wp = 5 . Hence, Fillers one specified im beans oF pass © stop band. Frequencies. Gein. High face Filler. q Bond fase Felten n fect Fil “ot Bey Wey 5 Scanned with CamScanner233 AC 2 ar ate AkHz cut-ofF Frequency LPF using op-amp. Soh: aoe Jo” RL= 0.159«1072 IF c=6.1uF R= 1.8 KML Fass-Rand Guin = 2 Oo l+Re. 9 ==> Re= R= 10kQ Ri lok dati ee NE (EN re) —— 0.4uF 7A Ree Filter : Scanned with CamScannera BO Vou 2 Ro. eRC LiF /A Vin, Wz [+ jaRe 1+ P/F ar - Let Fe= Land nother Fale DaRC WR'e J. Fas RO. ite Fu! Rc Jeb coc! <> Hee Bl SY Rep R [ Fr vency Sealing “ Lo Used bb design a opeciFie Filken iF 2. prototype 1S provided. § Band Fase Filler - BPFA Scanned with CamScannert Voi — == R , Cc 15 fee doesn k matter. Ro HPF = Foz i _ Fit ame Zs Ink, Co . Vouk _ Ae sf Vin LirgFlfe )(14jF/F) - Quibly Faclor, = fo —— corer Frequency BW — Randwidth IF M lode BPE N¥inimom orden Q>10 — Nannoo BPF & BFFs @. f= Vio Scanned with CamScanner_ Nokch Filter @: Grain =, Fl= Qov Hz, Fue Kn * Rank Skp Filter : Le /|" | Fe, Sep ASF | [5] Vie — 62 Shianp Cub-oFF UkHz | toKD est Scanned with CamScanner~ Lew Noise. AlmpliFien — Fillers 05 voll 05 amplifies 63 L the ouput Alclve Filten . _ Re Ri a Vin —_f, Rb Vout == 16 ache, Y= Vi ~ [dhen investing beuminal | = ghee non-inverting Lesminel is a Vows = (rk) (= oe \ue R+1_ Jee © Vouty = ("# Re Re) Vn (sxe) Meds [(#)C ur} 7 | ve are R,CitqwRe) R (joke) "Mout, Bi= RejuoRe 27S Va Rit RwRe Scanned with CamScannerBY Assuming Riz Re, Vad, Iejwre , ¢ URS Vin IWRC jpRE Vaud = re|? 3 where r=4, O-- Dhar WRC Vin K Let Fethlz, R-16dbe®, Co 0,01u, Ri + 1okR, Resto? o-- Dba oC = a — Hence, doy of 40° 5 into duced. — > This cirenit te known 0s £ pase shifter . e 3 Yous All prs Filken Vin Vout : I-j0 | ia — JE Re | Vin 1+j0 14] F/ Fa IaRhC Tnberchanging REC, phase vould. be cea Used bo correct the, phase oF the signals passing Eroough a transmission. line ¢ Vout £ Vin Scanned with CamScanner=y Respunse of a Filler (LPF)? n» an, 7 — Rudbemorth Ty PB 't8' 5B F = ag ", ae Chebyshev ~ Type O1 oY pa Og = 68 f _A a: — Chebyshev ~ Type 02 f oy) pa lg «9B ‘4 — Elliptic TT PB le SB F OF yh" — Find the \j * Tl yd bransFen m c |. Function . Scanned with CamScanner66 "Mot Sd Vin Lea+Res4 t 7 Ife —_—e > ond _ PHR ey 2 orden transfer Funckion, c oF a low pees Filler Resonant yon 05" a4 = K * G> damping Vad) : (e? Factor —_4 Vin(s) 6+ 2G 6+ 1,” Bandwidth, Blo W% 7 ae 2 o SJ Daign Rrametons For LC chelt, (Q=uel yo R Lb @ Voutlo) us” Vint) 8 4 (sie) Jsruy" © . a2 Yo 2 Chaonackeniis bie Equadion > 6 (s-)s* Wo Rooks be «+B — 545, Bla): 62- (4,+4:)5+ $42 0 = gta O(us) +(x" B*) = 6 Scanned with CamScanner67 Doe = 19 ; xt Bs we g “ke Wo 5 R?- Wor lee? 20 hg? t= Wes Bs te gay > You | 2q 20 @ = _l cos P 36 “9 These is an optima orden of a Filken bo be used ima panticulan application. * Butterworth LPF Transfer Funclion ! ub-ofF Fr a Wyo c rey, | T>Ge) | = i relabive Freq. on +(e) rl orden of Filten Ly, — 3 4B cat-oFF Frequency Scanned with CamScannerTaG) = _1 6/7 2 '+(s) For ned, tls) = __| Ty 3 | Considering wed, Oa beat Considering 6-1 For stable system. ' Thé)=>_- TransgFer Fune bon. Br 1° orden onl bubtenorth, regpanse.. _Aibten («) Oewe —> $< TEL [Pi Wg 96 2 — oOo- T ca ; 0 pW eq Banc ae = wn «li acthenuadtfon (e) ‘ Qn +) X= “w) +1 Scanned with CamScanner89 Developing Equations fir n£ uy : 2 2 AL wes, | Tro) * ae P | aes ql 2 2 Pewee |p] * a m toy (ay ss — mm oe ep eg (se) oe Te) ne LS (=) 2 s — Orden oF the Filter ‘ea(-a - Compute w using pass-band, Frequency as pass-hand. te impart, Scanned with CamScanner