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Decisions On Forum Shopping 1715190930
Decisions On Forum Shopping 1715190930
VERSUS
JUDGMENT
KRISHNA MURARI, J.
Leave granted.
“High Court”) in C.R.R No. 731 of 2017 filed by the appellants praying for
quashing of proceedings being G.R. Case No. 1221 of 2013 pending before
the Court of Learned Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Kolkata and arising out of
Bowbazar Police Station Case No. 168 dated 28.03.2013 under Sections 420,
406 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as
Signature Not Verified
“IPC”).
Digitally signed by
SATISH KUMAR YADAV
Date: 2022.03.22
By the said judgment, the High Court dismissed the prayer for
17:11:34 IST
Reason:
1
quashing of the proceedings and held that continuance of criminal
3. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of this appeal are as under:
3.1 M/s. Priknit Retails Limited a public limited company having its
registered office at BXXV, 539A, 10, Jalandhar, Bye Pass Road, Ludhiana,
Punjab was incorporated in the year 2002 and subsequently changed its
manufacture and trade of apparels through chain of retail stores under the
brand name and style of Priknit. Appellant No. 1 is the Managing Director of
the Company and Appellant Nos. 2 and 3 are the Directors of the said
SMC Global Securities Ltd, Delhi desired to make an investment on its behalf
with the appellants. It was mutually decided between the parties that
Respondent No. 2 will invest an amount of Rs. 2.5 crore with the company in
lieu of which they will be issued 2,50,000 equity shares of Priknit Apparel Pvt.
Ltd. Subsequently, Respondent No. 2 filed their share application form along
2
3.3 Subsequently, an allotment letter dated 29.03.2008 was issued in favour
to the Appellants, who duly replied to the legal notice denying all the
Rajender Nagar, New Delhi and the concerned officer of PS Rajender Nagar
apprised Respondent No. 2 that the complaint does not pertain to their
306/1/12 under Section 156(3) of Cr.P.C before the Tiz Hazari Court, New
Delhi for registration of FIR against the Appellants and their company. On
3
before Tis Hazari Court, New Delhi under Section 68 of the Companies Act
Hazari vide order dated 28.02.2013 observed that the entire dispute raised by
Respondent No. 2 was civil in nature and there was no criminality involved,
thereby turning down the prayer of Respondent No. 2 for registration of an FIR
and posted the case for pre-summoning evidence with regard to the
pertinent to mention here that the order of the MM, Tis Hazari Court, New
Section 406, 409, 420, 468,120B and 34 IPC on the basis of the same cause
of action with the PS Bowbazar at Kolkata, West Bengal and the same was
converted into an FIR bearing No. 168 under Section 406, 420, 120B IPC. A
final closure report dated 04.03.2014 was filed by the concerned Police
Station recommending closure of the case since the entire dispute was found
to be civil in nature.
3.9 That Respondent No. 2 filed a protest petition being GR No. 1221/2013
Kolkata against closure report dated 04.03.2014 and vide order dated
4
08.03.2016, the CJM allowed the protest petition and directed for further
investigation.
made a statement before the MM, Tish Hazari, New Delhi for withdrawing the
complaint case.
3.11 Appellant No. 1 received a notice dated 14.11.2016 under Section 41(a)
No. 1 stated that a complaint has already been filed with the same cause of
action before the Tis Hazari Court and further sought time to produce the
documents sought in the notice. Thereafter, Appellant No. 1 sent a letter with
all the relevant documents required for investigation thereby extending full co-
The IO PS Bowbazar, Kolkata sent another notice under Section 41(a) Cr.P.C
dated 23.12.2016 to Appellant No. 1 and 2 to appear before him with the
relevant documents.
3.12 That vide order dated 14.02.2017, the CMM, Calcutta took cognizance
of the offence under Section 406, 420, 120B IPC in connection with Case No.
protest petition.
5
3.13 Being aggrieved, Appellants herein filed a quashing petition being CRR
No. 731 of 2017 under Section 482 Cr.P.C seeking quashing of FIR No. 168
dated 28.03.2013 and also impugned the proceedings in GR Case No. 1221
3.14 That the High Court vide order dated 06.03.2017 issued notice to the
2 filed an application for vacation of the stay order granted by the High Court
but the same was dismissed vide order dated 24.03.2017 while observing that
Respondent No. 2 had also filed a complaint at Delhi on the same allegations,
3.15 However, the High Court vide impugned judgment and order dated
01.10.2019 dismissed the quashing as well as the revision petition filed by the
Appellants and observed that in order to exercise the power under Section
482 Cr.P.C, the only requirement is to see whether continuance of the criminal
proceedings would be a total abuse of the process of the court and the
abuse of the process of the court. The operative portion of the aforesaid
“In the present case, the allegation in the FIR disclosed the
offences alleged. Moreover, the allegations made in the FIR
disclosed that the petitioner induced the complainant to
purchase share or invest money by willful misrepresentation.
6
It is true that the complaint discloses that there was a
commercial transaction between the parties but at the same
time, it cannot be overlooked that the averments made in the
complaint/FIR prima facie revel the commission of a
cognizable offence.
156(3) Cr.P.C before the Tis Hazari Court, New Delhi on 06.06.2012 and a
complaint which was eventually registered as FIR No. 168 u/s 406, 420, 120B
Bowbazar, Calcutta was lodged during the pendency of the complaint case at
Tis Hazari Court, New Delhi and the said fact was cleverly supressed by
Respondent No. 2.
4.1 It was further submitted that initially police submitted a closure report.
Cr.P.C for further investigation which was allowed and after further
7
4.2 It was vehemently submitted that the complaint filed in PS Bowbazar
was the exact reproduction of the complaint filed in New Delhi with the only
difference being the place of occurrence. In the complaint lodged at Delhi, the
office at Calcutta.
4.3 It was further submitted that the allegations contained in the FIR are
purely contractual disputes of civil nature but Respondent No. 2 has given a
criminal colour to it and that breach of contract does not come within the
the transaction in question between the parties as revealed from the F.I.R was
4.4 It was further submitted that there are no allegations in the complaint
4.5 It was also further submitted that the High Court failed to appreciate that
the two allegations recorded in the complaint against the Appellants being
belated allotment of shares to the complainant company and the Appellant No.
8
1’s failure to bring out an IPO are clearly commercial disputes with no element
of criminality.
4.6 It was further submitted that the High Court failed to appreciate that a
4.7 Heavy reliance was placed on the decisions of this Court in V.Y.Jose &
Anr. Vs. State of Gujarat & Anr.1, Murari Lal Gupta Vs. Gopi Singh2; K.
Jayaram and Ors. Vs. Bangalore Development Authority & Ors. 3; Union
the complaint disclosed all the ingredients of the alleged offences and
moreover, the criminal proceedings have not been initiated with mala fide
intention and that the complaint case filed before the magistrate of Tis Hazari
Court was not decided on merit and as such the complainant cannot be barred
1 (2009) 3 SCC 78
2 (2005) 13 SCC 699
3 2021 SCC OnLine SC 1194
4 (2009) 3 SCC 90
9
5.1 It was further submitted that the complaint at Kolkata had been filed
only after the prayer u/s 156(3) Cr.P.C was rejected by the Delhi Court on
28.02.2013 in order to avail legal remedies available and when the Calcutta
09.09.2016.
two complaints can co-exist simultaneously if the scope of two complaints are
of this Court in K. Jagadish Vs. Udaya Kumar G.S. & Anr. 5, wherein it was
reiterated that two remedies ie. civil and criminal are not mutually exclusive
but can co-exist since they essentially differ in their context and consequence.
5.3 It was also submitted that the established principle of quashing is that at
the stage of cognizance all that a Court is required to see if prima facie an
offence is made out and courts should restrain itself from throttling legitimate
prosecutions at the threshold and the law should be allowed to take its course.
Substantiating the same, it was submitted that the complainant has made a
with 2.50 crore on a false promise that they would be allotted shares in the
persons that the complainant had been allotted the shares, whereas it
5 (2020) 14 SCC 552
10
transpired that the resolution about the allotment of shares was taken only on
5.4 Strong reliance was placed on the decisions of this Court in V. Ravi
Kumar Vs. State and Ors.6; Indian Oil Corporation Vs. NEPC India Ltd. &
Ors.7; A.V. Mohan Rao & Anr. Vs. M Kishan Rao & Anr. 8; K. Jagadish
(Supra).
7. Predominantly, the Indian Judiciary has time and again reiterated that
forum shopping take several hues and shades but the concept of ‘forum
shopping’ has not been rendered an exclusive definition in any Indian statute.
streamlining the concept of forum shopping in the Indian legal system. This
Court has condemned the practice of forum shopping by litigants and termed it
11
as an abuse of law and also deciphered different categories of forum
shopping.
9. A two-Judge bench of this Court in Union of India & Ors. Vs. Cipla
Ltd. & Anr.9 has laid down factors which lead to the practice of forum
12
Corporation v. SNP Shipping Services Pvt. Ltd. and
others12 wherein it was observed that the
respondent/plaintiff had made a deliberate attempt to bring
the cause of action namely a collision between two vessels
on the high seas within the jurisdiction of the Bombay High
Court. Bringing one of the vessels to Bombay in order to
confer jurisdiction on the Bombay High Court had the
character of forum shopping rather than anything else.
13
10. Forum shopping has been termed as disreputable practice by the courts
complaints i.e., a complaint u/s 156(3) Cr.P.C before the Tis Hazari Court,
FIR No. 168 u/s 406, 420, 120B IPC before PS Bowbazar, Calcutta on
28.03.2013. ie., one in Delhi and one complaint in Kolkata. The Complaint
filed in Kolkata was a reproduction of the complaint filed in Delhi except with
11. A two-Judge bench of this Court in Krishna Lal Chawla & Ors. Vs.
State of U.P. & Anr.13 observed that multiple complaints by the same party
held that Permitting multiple complaints by the same party in respect of the
such he would be forced to keep surrendering his liberty and precious time
before the police and the courts, as and when required in each case.
12. The legality of the second FIR was extensively discussed by this Court
in T.T. Antony Vs. State of Kerala & Ors.14. It was held that there can be no
second FIR where the information concerns the same cognisable offence
14
alleged in the first FIR or the same occurrence or incident which gives rise to
one or more cognizable offences. It was further held that once an FIR
postulated by the provisions of Section 154 of Cr.P.C has been recorded, any
basis of a second FIR as doing so would fail to comport with the scheme of
the Cr.P.C. The Court further held that barring situations in which a counter-
case is filed, a fresh investigation or a second FIR on the basis of the same or
power of investigation" and may be a fit case for the exercise of power either
15
14. The genesis of the present appeal originates from the impugned order
pronounced by the High Court whereby the High Court dismissed the
application filed under Section 482 as well as 401 Cr.P.C. Taking that into
pronouncements laying down the circumstances under which High Court can
15. This Court in the widely celebrated judgment of State of Haryana &
Ors. Vs. Bhajan Lal & Ors.16 considered in detail the scope of the High Court
powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. and/or Article 226 of the Constitution of
India to quash the FIR and referred to several judicial precedents and held
that the High Court should not embark upon an inquiry into the merits and
demerits of the allegations and quash the proceedings without allowing the
investigating agency to complete its task. At the same time, this Court
16
same do not disclose the commission of any offence and
make out a case against the accused.
16. This Court in R.P. Kapur Vs. State of Punjab17 summarized categories
of cases where inherent power can and should be exercised to quash the
proceedings:-
(i) Where it manifestly appears that there is a legal bar against the
17
(ii) Where the allegations in the first information report or complaint
17. This Court in Inder Mohan Goswami & Anr. Vs. State of Uttaranchal
& Ors.18 observed:-
18. In Indian Oil Corpn. v NEPC India Ltd. & Ors. 19, a two-judge Bench of
18 (2007) 12 SCC 1
19 (2006) 6 SCC 736
18
Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and formulated guiding
(v) ..”
19
19. A two-Judge Bench of this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh Vs.
20. This Court in G. Sagar Suri & Anr. Vs. State of UP & Ors. 21 observed
that it is the duty and obligation of the criminal court to exercise a great deal of
caution in issuing the process, particularly when matters are essentially of civil
nature.
20
21. This Court has time and again cautioned about converting purely civil
disputes into criminal cases. This Court in Indian Oil Corporation (Supra)
noticed the prevalent impression that civil law remedies are time consuming
Appellants were responsible for the offence punishable under Section 420,
405, 406, 120B IPC. Therefore, it is also imperative to examine the ingredients
of the said offences and whether the allegations made in the complaint, read
23. Section 405 of IPC defines Criminal Breach of Trust which reads as
under: -
21
The essential ingredients of the offense of criminal breach of
trust are:-
24. “Entrustment” of property under Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code,
1860 is pivotal to constitute an offence under this. The words used are, ‘in any
liable for a criminal breach of trust and is punished under Section 406 of the
Penal Code.
25. The definition in the section does not restrict the property to movables
held that the word ‘property’ is used in the Code in a much wider sense than
22
meaning of the word ‘property’ to moveable property only when it is used
26. In Sudhir Shantilal Mehta Vs. CBI23 it was observed that the act of
thereover. Such an act must not only be done dishonestly but also in violation
23
omission causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to that person in
body,mind,reputation or property.
29. Section 420 IPC defines cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of
30. Section 420 IPC is a serious form of cheating that includes inducement
Punishment for cheating is provided under this section which may extend to 7
24
31. To establish the offence of Cheating in inducing the delivery of property,
2. The accused had prior knowledge that the representation he made was
false.
4. The act where the accused induced the person to deliver the property or
to perform or to abstain from any act which the person would have not
32. As observed and held by this Court in the case of Prof. R.K.
Vijayasarathy & Anr. Vs. Sudha Seetharam & Anr. 24 , the ingredients to
and
25
sealed and capable of being converted into valuable security. Thus,
33. The following observation made by this Court in the case of Uma
Shankar Gopalika Vs. State of Bihar & Anr. 25 with almost similar facts and
26
allowing the police investigation to continue would
amount to an abuse of the process of court and to
prevent the same it was just and expedient for the High
Court to quash the same by exercising the powers under
Section 482 Cr.P.C which it has erroneously refused.”
34. There can be no doubt that a mere breach of contract is not in itself a
criminal offence and gives rise to the civil liability of damages. However, as
held by this court in Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma & Ors. Vs. State of
Bihar & Anr.26, the distinction between mere breach of contract and cheating,
which is criminal offence, is a fine one. While breach of contract cannot give
the basis of the offence of cheating. In the case at hand, complaint filed by the
appellants.
35. In Vesa Holdings Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. Vs. State of Kerala & Ors. 27, this
Court made the following observation:-
“13. It is true that a given set of facts may make out a civil
wrong as also a criminal offence and only because a civil
remedy may be available to the complainant that itself
cannot be ground to quash a criminal proceeding. The real
test is whether the allegations in the complaint disclose the
criminal offence of cheating or not. In the present case,
there is nothing to show that at the very inception there was
any inception on behalf of an accused person to cheat
which is a condition precedent for an offence u/s 420 IPC. In
our view, the complaint does not disclose any criminal
offence at all. Criminal proceedings should not be
26 (2000) 4 SCC 168
27 (2015) 8 SCC 293
27
encouraged when it is found to be mala fide or otherwise an
abuse of the process of the courts. Superior courts while
exercising this power should also strive to serve the ends of
justice. In our opinion, in view of these facts allowing the
police investigation to continue would amount to an abuse of
the process of the court and the High Court committed an
error in refusing to exercise the power under Section 482
Cr.P.C to quash the proceedings.”
36. Having gone through the complaint/FIR and even the chargesheet, it
cannot be said that the averments in the FIR and the allegations in the
complaint against the appellant constitute an offence under Section 405 & 420
IPC, 1860. Even in a case where allegations are made in regard to failure on
the part of the accused to keep his promise, in the absence of a culpable
Section 420 IPC can be said to have been made out. In the instant case,
against the Respondent which is clearly deductible from the MOU dated
37. The entire origin of the dispute emanates from an investment made by
equity shares were issued in the year 25.03.2008, finally culminating into the
MOU dated 20.08.2009. That based on this MOU respondent No. 2 filed three
proceedings, arising from the same cause of action i.e. MOU dated
28
20.08.2009 were initiated by Respondent No. 2 amounting to an abuse of the
process of the law which is barred. The details of the complaints are as
under:-
2. Complaint u/s 68 of the companies act r/w section 200 crpc filed before
the CMM, Tis Hazari Courts at Delhi; which is pending.
wherein his prayer for registration of an FIR was rejected vide order dated
28.02.2013 by the MM, Tis Hazari Court, immediately after which he filed his
was to simply harass the petitioners so as to pressurise them into shelling out
Respondent No. 2 did not disclose about the filing of two complaints at
29
2. After filing of closure report by the IO Bowbazar PS dated 04.03.2014,
39. In the complaint no. 306/1/2012 dated 06.06.2012 registered before the
MM, Tis Hazari Court, New Delhi, Respondent No. 2/complainant stated that:-
“(c) That, thereafter Mr. Vijay Kumar Ghai and Mr. Mohit
Ghai started visiting the office of the complainant company
every now and then in order to persuade the complainant
company to invest in their company. It is pertinent to
mention herein that they stated the complainant company
that the retail business of the apparels under the PRIKNIT
brand through a network of exclusive brank outlets was
witnessing a growth..”
This clearly demonstrates that the jurisdiction has been created in Delhi as the
in their company and special emphasis can be laid on the fact that
Respondent No. 2 himself accepted/agreed to the fact that all the transactions
harassing the appellant as a complaint has already been filed in Delhi with all
30
40. The MM, Tis Hazari while dismissing the application under Section
filed before the MM, Tis Hazari Court, Delhi was dismissed and there was no
31
further challenge against the same. Instead, Respondent No. 2 chose to file a
complaint with the same cause of action in Bowbazar PS, Calcutta and to
further clarify, the Complaint filed in Bowbazar PS was the exact reproduction
of the complaint filed before Tis Hazari Court, New Delhi with the only
“(c) That, thereafter Mr. Vijay Kumar Ghai and Mr. Mohit
Ghai started visiting the office and regional office of the
complainant company every now and then in order to
persuade the complainant company to invest in their
company...”
42. The order of the High Court is seriously flawed due to the fact that in
its interim order dated 24.03.2017, it was observed that the contentions put
forth by the Appellant vis-à-vis two complaints being filed on the same cause
of action at different places but the impugned order overlooks the said aspect
and there was no finding on that issue. At the same time, in order to attract the
ingredients of Section of 406 and 420 IPC it is imperative on the part of the
complainant to prima facie establish that there was an intention on part of the
petitioner and/or others to cheat and/or to defraud the complainant right from
32
such alleged act of cheating the complainant (Respondent No. 2 herein) had
suffered a wrongful loss and the same had resulted in wrongful gain for the
permissible in the eyes of law with regard to the commission of the offence
punishable u/s 420 IPC. It is apparent that the complaint was lodged at a very
belated stage (as the entire transaction took place from January 2008 to
August 2009, yet the complaint has been filed in March 2013 i.e., after a delay
43. In view of the above facts and circumstances, the impugned order dated
01.10.2019 passed by the High Court is set aside. The impugned FIR No. 168
dated 28.03.2013 and proceedings in the file of CMM, Kolkata, West Bengal in
pursuance of charge sheet dated 14.02.2017 against the appellants for the
.................................J.
(S. ABDUL NAZEER)
...............................J.
(KRISHNA MURARI)
NEW DELHI;
22nd MARCH, 2022
33
2022/DHC/005579
versus
J U D G E M E NT
Regional Head and incase the disputes were still not resolved, the matter
could be referred to the arbitration. The petitioner had failed to follow the
pre-conditions for referral of disputes to the Arbitration and therefore, the
petition is not maintainable.
15. The respondent has further asserted that the mandatory Notice under
Section 21 of the Act invoking the arbitration has not been served upon the
respondent till date. Only a Demand Notice dated 19.04.2019 under Rule 5
of the Code, 2016 had been served upon the respondents expressing its
intent for initiating corporate insolvency resolution process. It has chosen to
approach the NCLT. The petitioner has not specified the date on which
arbitration was invoked as per the provisions of the Act which is in
contravention of the law as laid down by the Courts. In the absence of the
Notice of Invocation of Arbitration, the present petition is liable to be
dismissed.
16. The respondent has further asserted that incorrect statements have
been made by the petitioner in this petition.
17. On merits, it is admitted that respondent had entered into a Contract
of Construction of Twin Tower residential accommodation at Greater Noida
which for the convenience has been named as the main Contract. It is again
not disputed that the electrical work was awarded to the petitioner vide
Work Order dated 19.12.2011. It is submitted that several running bills had
been raised by the petitioner for a period of 7 years and RA Bills No. 1 to 39
had been duly paid by the respondent on back-to-back basis.
18. It is explained that Work Order dated 19.12.2011 was amended by the
respondent on 16.10.2017 due to introduction of GST and due to change in
tax regime in 2017, which was accepted by the petitioner but all other terms
and conditions as stated in the Work Order dated 19.12.2011 remained the
same. The respondent had made payments from time to time aggregating to
Rs.5,12,02,735/- towards the bills raised under the amended Work Order in
respect of RA Bill No. 40 dated 29.10.2018 and the corresponding Tax
invoices dated 30.10.2018 for a sum of Rs. 37,44,229/-The BOQ along with
the amended Work Order clearly mentioned that up to June, 2017, an
amount of Rs. 5,21,13,743/- had been paid. It is claimed that after making
all the adjustments of deductions and recovery, balance payment of Rs. 2.50
lakhs was made to the petitioner. Thereafter, no further payment remains to
be paid to the petitioner.
19. The petitioner was required to approach the respondent for re-
conciliation of accounts but the petitioner till date has not submitted the
Final Bill and any reference to it in the present petition, is denied.
20. It is further asserted that the petitioner has been continuously resorting
to various Demand Notices to respondent and Letters to AWHO before
various Courts and has been filing petitions before various forums of law
submitting the claims indifferent amount. It is a clear indication that the
petitioner is resorting to forum shopping and his acts are mala fide.
21. It is re-asserted that there is no arbitrable dispute and the present
petition is liable to be dismissed.
22. Submissions heard.
23. It is an admitted case that AWHO had awarded a Contract dated
11.03.2011 for construction of Twin Tower residential accommodation at
Greater Noida. It is also not in dispute that the respondent vide Work Order
dated 19.12.2011 awarded the electrical work to the petitioner. The
petitioner has asserted that as per its Ledger Account, a sum of Rs.
Section 9 (5) (ii) (d) of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), the
adjudicating authority must reject an application if a notice of dispute is
received by the Operational Creditor or there is record of the dispute in the
information utility as state under Section 9 (5) (ii) (d). If it is brought to the
notice of the adjudicator that there is existence of a dispute or that a suit or
arbitration proceedings relating to the dispute is pending, the application has
to be rejected. It has categorically been laid down that IBC is not intended to
be a substitute to recovery forum and whenever there is an existence of real
disputes, IBC provisions cannot be invoked.
28. In the present case, though a proceeding may have been initiated by
the petitioner before the NCLT asserting that there is an admitted debt as has
been pointed out by the respondent, but a mere assertion would not make it
into an admitted liability especially when the respondent has been refuting it
at every forum and in every proceeding.
29. It is quite evident that there is consistent stand of the respondent
challenging the amounts claimed by the petitioner. Clearly, there are
arbitrable disputes in regard to the claimed amounts and the objection taken
by the respondent in regard to non-existence of arbitrable disputes, is not
tenable.
B. Forum Shopping:
30. The respondent has further claimed that different amounts have been
claimed by the petitioner in different proceedings. The claim before the
MSME forum was of Rs.20.87 lakhs while under Section 8 of IBC it was
Rs. 99 lakhs. In the present case, the claim has been made for Rs. 2.50
crores. It is quite evident from the fluctuating amounts that nothing is due
and it is only forum shopping which is being indulged into by the petitioner.
31. It can be seen from the various proceedings which have been initiated
by the petitioner that different amounts had become due and payable at
different times and also interest component which was being claimed, was a
variable. The petitioner has given explanation for claiming the amounts
before various forums depending upon when it had approached that
particular forum. Merely because the petitioner has approached different
forums for redressal of its claims, cannot be said to be a ground to hold that
this is a case of forum shopping.Each of the provision invoked by the
petitioner has its own individual scope and it cannot be said that resort to
one has the effect of ousting the other forums or that it is a case of forum
shopping.
32. The doctrine of election was discussed in A. P. State Financial
Corporation Vs. Gar Re-Rolling Mills (1994) 2 SCC 647wherein it was
explained that when two remedies are available for the same relief, the party
has an option to elect either of them but that doctrine would not apply where
the ambit and scope of the two remedies is essentially different. In National
Insurance Company Ltd. Vs. Mastan (2006) 2 SCC 641, the Apex Court
explained that the doctrine of election is a branch of rule of estoppel in as
much as a person may be precluded by his actions or conduct or silence
when it has duty to speak, from asserting a right which he otherwise would
have had. This test was endorsed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case
of Ireo Grace Realtech Private Limited Vs. Abhishek Khanna and Others
(2021) 3 Supreme Court Cases 241.
33. In Union of India and Others Vs. Cipla Limited and Another (2017)
5SCC 262, the Supreme Court explained that a classic example of Forum
Shopping is when a litigant approaches one Court for relief but does not get
the desired relief and then approaches another Court for the same relief.
Examples were given of cases pertaining to child custody, successive bail
applications and of filing repeat applications with a slight change in the
prayer clause of the petition. The functional test to determine Forum
Shopping was explained as whether there is any functional similarity in the
proceedings between one Court and another or whether there is some sort of
subterfuge on the part of a litigant.
34. In the present case, the scope of enquiry in the proceedings before the
NCLT and before the Arbitrator is absolutely distinct. Merely because the
petitioner approached NCLT before seeking appointment of Arbitration, it
cannot be said that he was indulging in Forum Shopping.
35. The next objection taken on behalf of the respondent is that there is no
valid Notice of Invocation under Section 21 of the Act. Learned counsel for
the respondent has placed reliance on Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited & Anr
Vs. Nortel Networks India Private Limited (2021) 5 SCC 738wherein the
significance of Notice under Section 21 before in filing a petition under
Section 11 was considered in the context of limitation.
36. Learned counsel for the respondent has also placed on reliance upon
Concept Infracon Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Himalaya Press Power Ltd., ARB.P
373/2016SCC OnLine 518to argue that the parties must strictly observe the
procedure for invoking the arbitration as provided in the Agreement. In the
said Judgment, a reference was made to Municipal Corporation Jabalpur
Vs. Rajesh Construction, 2007 (2) Arb. LR 65 (SC)and it was observed that
any function entrusted to a person/institution, party to the Agreement must
10. SPCPL states that the Demand Notice has not been
issued in accordance with the provisions of the Code and
the rules made thereunder. Therefore, SPCPL disputes the
validity and propriety of the Demand Notice and denies any
liability towards BEPL.
….
13. In the light of the above facts and circumstances, we,
SPCPL hereby call upon you (BEPL) to forthwith withdraw
42. In Alupro Building Systems Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Ozone Overseas Pvt. Ltd
2017 SCC Online Del 7228, the purpose of giving a Notice was explained. It
was observed that without the Notice under Section 21 of the Act, a party
seeking reference of disputes to arbitration would be unable to demonstrate
that there was a failure by one party to adhere to the procedure and accede to
the request for the appointment of an Arbitrator. The trigger for the Court’s
jurisdiction under Section 11 of the Act is such failure by one party to
respond.
43. In Badri Singh Vinimay Private Limited v. MMTC Limited2020 SCC
OnLine DEL 106, this Court had explained that Section 21 of the Act
requires a party to send a request to the counter-party for the dispute to be
referred to arbitration, which should indicate the facts leading to the dispute,
and the nature of the claim be made clear. It also must clearly indicate the
legal recourse intended to be undertaken if its claim is not satisfied. The
initiation of arbitration proceedings in such a situation must be expressly
contemplated.
44. In M/s Anacon Process Control Private Limited v. Gammon India
Limited 2016 SCC OnLine Bom 10076, Bombay High Court observed that
in order to invoke arbitration, notice under Section 21 of the Act is a sine
qua non for commencement of arbitration proceedings. Hon’ble Supreme
Court in State of Goa versus Praveen Enterprises2011 SCC OnLine SC
860had observed that Section 8 of the Act does not provide for appointment
of the Arbitrator but merely requires the Judicial Authority before whom an
action is brought in a matter in regard to which there is an Arbitration
Agreement, to refer the parties to arbitration.
45. In the light of above-mentionedjudgments, it needs to be considered if
the petitioner has met the prerequisite requirement of service of Notice
under S.21 of the Act. First and foremost, the intention of approaching the
appropriate forum for recovery of its claims had been indicated in the
Demand Notice itself. It was also stated that in case the claims of the
petitioner are not satisfied, it would be compelled to approach the NCLT. In
response thereto, the respondent had clearly indicated that there was no
ground to approach the arbitration or NCLT. It is quite evident that from the
Notice and the Reply thereto, the intention of invoking the legal proceedings
which included arbitration, was expressly conveyed. The sole purpose of
Section 21 is to put a party to notice about the intention of approaching the
arbitration which was sufficiently conveyed through Demand Notice and the
reply of the respondent.
46. It is significant to refer to the Order dated 21.10.2020 in OMP(I)
(COMM) 324/2020 under Section 9 wherein it was submitted on behalf of
the respondent that though the parties were unable to arrive at any
settlement, it would be appropriate if the pending disputes are referred to
arbitration subject to the petitioner withdrawing proceedings from other
forums. Respondent no. 1 further agreed to maintain a balance of Rs. 99,87,
763 towards the amount claimed by the petitioner in its Demand Notice
dated 19.04.2019.
47. Even if for the sake of arguments, it is accepted that the Demand
Notice failed to meet the requisite requirements of Section 21 of the Act, it
cannot be overlooked that in the proceedings under Section 9 vide Order
dated 21.10.2020, the respondent had agreed to referral of the disputes
between the parties to arbitration. The petition under Section 9 of the Act
and the willingness of the respondent to resort to arbitration for resolution of
disputes is sufficient compliance of Section 21 of the Act.
48. The objection now being taken on behalf of the respondent of there
being no proper Notice under Section 21of the Act, loses its significance in
view of the proceedings that have transpired between the parties.
49. The Calcutta High Court in Universal Consortium of Engineers Pvt.
Ltd. Vs. Kanak Mitra and Another, AIR 2021 Calcutta 127, followed the
decision of the Apex Court in the State of Goaversus Praveen Enterprises
(Supra) wherein it was observed that the application under Section 11 of the
Act is itself a request by the petitioner for arbitration to conclude that mere
non-service of Notice under Section 21 of the Act on the respondents, would
not have the effect of making an application under Section 11 non-
maintainable.
50. In Bhupender Lal Ghai Vs. Crown Buildtech Private Limited,ARB. P.
470/2009 and ARB. P. 471/2009, decided on 14.07.2011, Co-ordinate
Bench of this Court considered a similar objection about non-service of
Notice under Section 21 of the Act before filing the petition under Section
11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act was taken, which was overturned
by making a reference to the observations made to the case of Haldiram
Manufacturing Co. Ltd Vs. SRF International, 139 (2007) DLT 142that
where no specific procedure is prescribed for constitution of Arbitral
them by the Registry of this Court. The copy of this order be also sent to the
learned Arbitrator for information.
Petition No.O.M.P. (I) (COMM) NO. 324 OF 2020 Under Section 9 of the
Act:
58. The respondent in his statement under 21.10.2020 had agreed to
maintain a balance of Rs.99,87,760 which was claimed in Demand Notice
dated 19.04.2019. Considering the disputes, the respondent is directed to
maintain a balance of Rs. 99,87,760 in its account till the adjudication of the
disputes, though either party may seek modification of this Order by moving
an appropriate application before the learned Arbitrator. Accordingly,
petition under Section 9 of the Act is allowed.