Orienteering. What's that?
ERICSSON Z
Park
World i Tour Investment for life
I'm very proud that I have the great pleasure
to introduce a new and exciting sport in China,
Orienteering.
Orienteering offers you a sport full of adventure
and action in connection with the nature. You
can run this a hundred years old sport all over
the world. During my career as elite orienteer I
got the possibility to travel and to compete in
more than 60 countries. After 20 years
competing world-wide I have got a lot of
friends, lovely excitements and an important
experience to develop Orienteering in new
countries.
Since the “Park World Tour of Orienteering” came
to China and to the University of Tsinghua in
Beijing during spring -98, we within PWT have
been working very hard to introduce the sport
of Orienteering in China.
Our aim, together with you and a lot of other
” Chineses, is to introduce Orienteering as Olympic
sport in Beijing 2008.
One of my visions in the future is that I really
hope I can see an orienteer from China on the
Olympic podium with a medal around the neck.
Hopefully you will soon get the possibility to
carry out your first training session in
Orienteering at your school. Let this book be a
new starting point as “Investment for life” and
I'm sure it will help you a lot in your
improvement of both orienteering skills and how
to organise an event.
Welcome and Good Luck with your performance
and enjoy your education in one of the most
exciting sport you can take part in.
We
+ ot
- \ee Me
C \3érgen Martensson
wl
World Champion CONTENTS page
1. Orienteering. What's that? 6-17
Demands of Orienteering 7
Analysis of the demands of Orienteering 8
Chess of Nature 10
The Benefits of Orienteering 12
A briefly history of Orienteering 4
2. Map and compass 18-43
The Map 20
Make a peak 30
Orientating the map without the compass 34
The Compass 36
Simplify 54
4, Practice orienteering 56-61
Orienteering at high speed the final target 57
1. Course setting 64-75
Your first competition 65
How to make a course 68
Some characteristics of a good course 70
Control descriptions 72
2. Organise competitions 76-89
To set up a competition 77
Planning and the basic structure of competitions 79
Start and Finish area 83
Punches 87
3. Map making 91-99
Classroom map 1
Sports field/nearby maps 93
Park maps and forest maps 95
Go out and do it! 98
Test yourself ANSWERS 100-103
3. Be orientated 44-55
Select a route 45
Line features 48
Safety first 52
ERICSSON 2 “Extreme Adventure Running combined in the same time
with skills as a Chess player”.
Running through rough and hilly terrain, forest or moorland, parks or sanddunes the
athletes need the ability to combine excellent map reading and compass skills, total
concentration and quick decisionmaking in choosing the optimal route between start,
checkpoints and finish. The aim of Orienteering is to take the fastest time around the
course drawn on the map, selecting your own route between each control point until
the finish line. This great off road running provides a unique, exhilarating experience,
different each time, after time, after time,
The “forest sport” or Orienteering as it is actually called is technically demanding
sport. Both the navigation and running aspects of the sport are technical. To keep up
with split second decisions in the forest or in other kind of terrain like a skilled rally
river requires a brain that can work in the red zone of the rev counter. Orienteering
is a complex balance between incisive thinking and hard physical activity. Brains and
brawn must be working in harmony before you can hope to achieve a good result,
But Orienteering is not only a sport for adventure and elite athletes, it’s also a sport
that can be carry out by every one who like to be outdoor. It is a sport for family, for
young and old people, for men and women, healthy or disable. As long as you love
outdoor activities, orienteering will fit you. It is a sport that can be done from 3 years
old kid to 100 years old man, with skills that are easy to learn.
Demands of Orienteering
To find out what is needed to be successful in Orienteering we need to analyse the
demands of the sport. That analysis needs to include both the general demands of
Orienteering, but also the specific of particular competitions. To achieve a high general
performance level we must work with the whole picture so that physical, technical,
mental and social factors combine to give the basic requirements for success. Important
competitions like World Championships (WOC) might also present specific challenges.
These may influence the content of athlete's training programme as he or she prepares
for that race. Whether the race is in Nordic or continental terrain, if the terrain is fast
or tough, steep or flat - these factors will naturally influence training and preparation
during that particular season.
F |
ERICSSON 2 ERICSSON Z
Analysis of the demands of Orienteering
Orienteering can be divided in different sports, for example Foot-Orienteering, Bike-
Orienteering, Ski-Orienteering, Trial-Orienteering, Underwater-Orienteering, Motor-
Orienteering etc. In Foot-0, Bike-O and Ski-0 you can today compete in World
Championships. In this book we will describe “Foot-Orienteering” and we will use the
word Orienteering to show that.
Orienteering today consists of several different disciplines: park race, sprint race,
short distance, classic distance, long distance, night orienteering and relays. The
running time for each discipline depends on which class you compete in. The
International Orienteering Federation (IOF) has guidelines for course planning based
on age and sex.
Physical
Orienteering is an endurance and a very physical sport. During an Orienteering race an
athlete works at about 90 % of their maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2 max).
Carbohydrate, mainly in the form of muscle glycogen, is the main energy source for
this activity.
High Speed
The athlete runs at high speed. Speed varies between 4-10 minutes per kilometre, but
can dip under 3 minutes per kilometre at certain points on a course. Men run faster
than women do. In very runnable terrain the difference is only 10-20 seconds per
kilometre, but in steep or tough terrain with heavy undergrowth women lose more
time in relation to men. Here the difference can be 50-75 seconds per kilometre and
it depends on muscle power. Men have more muscles per kilo than women.
Rate Perceived Exertion, RPE 17-18
One way of rating effort and speed is using the RPE-scale or as more common named,
the Borg scale. In Orienteering races athletes rate their effort at 17-18 out of 20,
which corresponds to a very high work rate. This means that there is significant lactic
acid production in the leg muscles.
Tough terrain
At a major competition like WOC the organiser try to find the most challenge area for
Orienteering. The terrain is often steep, marshes can often be wet and areas of felling
or brashed forest can reduce runnability. Open pine forest can change into deep
heather or thick bracken. Underfoot conditions are usually soft. This is especially true
in Nordic orienteering, but even in other countries small paths, forest or rough open
fell side account for the larger part of most courses. No one step is like the other and
if we compare the quick foot strike of a track runner with the deliberate, powerful
stride needed in the forest our feet are in contact with the ground for a relatively long
time. Individual
Orienteering is essentially an individual sport. The individual must make all the decisions
needed to get from start to finish. The runner takes responsibility for everything that
happens in the race. You have to trust yourself, nobody else,
Quick decisions
The athlete must continually make new decisions: “I’m here. I want to get there.” Map
contact, compass contact, rough orienteering, fine orienteering, round or over route
choices, extending and simplifying the control feature.
Stress
Athletes can catch other runners, be overtaken and pass public controls or film cameras
in the forest. The desire to win or fear of not succeeding can distract from immediate
task of getting to the next control. Athletes face external and inner distractions the
whole time and this stress can lead to indirect decisions. Concentration can be especially
difficult in relays or mass and chasing starts when the orienteer is placed in a man-
to-man situation. Chess of Nature
The above is an attempt to describe the sport of Orienteering, the Extreme, Adventure
Running or Chess of Nature. Try describing the sport yourself. Think about how the
sport is, the different disciplines you compete in and the demands of the sport. You
can even think about what Orienteering might be like in the future. How are maps,
course planning, distances and competition formats going to develop in the next 5,
10 and 20 years? What significance does this have for how you should train, if you
want to perform well? Will classic distance orienteering exist in the same form as
today, or will short distance and park orienteering be the main events in Orienteering?
If Orienteering becomes an Olympic Sport, what type of “TV friendly Orienteering”
will it be in the Olympic Games?
Regardless of how the future looks an athlete can always look at the current situation.
What is Orienteering like today? What is required to be successful, and what skills and
capacity do I already have? These questions are simple, but it can be difficult to find
meaningful answers. However the answers are important if the athlete is to shape his
or her training and work towards his or her goals.
But before you are becoming a World Champ let us start from the beginning. This
book will help you to learn Orienteering from start and hopefully very soon you are
ready to run your first competition of Orienteering. Let’s GO! The Benefits of Orienteering
Orienteering is a very healthy and intelligent sport, with emphasis on mentality as
well as physicality. It can not only build up your physical body, but also develop your
capability of independent thinking and solving the difficulties independently, and
the ability to make fast, correct decision when your are both mentally and physically
under pressure and stress. It also helps to build up a strong social network world
wide.
* Orienteering is a student sport, because it helps to develop students’ logical
thinking and the ability to analyse and solve problems independently.
* Orienteering is an elite sport, because it is full of challenge, brave enough to try
untested solutions and requiring to use from legs to brain to reach world top
targets in most efficient way.
© Orienteering is family sport, when all members of the family during the weekend
will go back to the nature for physical and mental relaxation and entertainment,
improving family relationship and have fun.
© Orienteering is an important military sport, both as a necessary skill to the duty
and as competition sport with its own World Championships.
* Orienteering is an environment sport, because it educates you how to conduct
yourself in the nature, how to protect the nature and to abide by environmental
rules.
* Orienteering is a treasure-exploration sport that given you fascinating and
challenging human life.
* Orienteering is a social sport, there people meet, communicate and enjoy the life
together, regardless of age, sex, ethnic and cultural backgrounds and social
status.
© Orienteering is an inexpensive mass sport, there you only need a good map and a
compass. You can wear ordinary sport suits and sport shoes, but of course you
can wear professional orienteering kit and especially O-shoes afterwards your
skills improve.
In summary Orienteering is a sport which should attract people to participate all
over the world, man or woman, young or old, beginner or elite, rich or poor.
ERICSSON ZB A briefly History of Orienteering
Orienteering is originated from Sweden,
a small country in Northern Europe. At
the beginning it was only a military sport
and, as all other sports, only for men.
The word “Orienteering” was first used in
1886, meaning “to cross the unknown
land, with help of map and compass’, The
first formal competition in Orienteering
was held in 1895 in the military camp of
United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway.
This symbolises the birth of Orienteering
as a competition sport and to be a sport
in Europe Orienteering is one of the oldest
organised sports.
Orienteering itself as a sport started to
develop in Scandinavian countries
(Norway and Sweden) at the beginning
of this century. The end of 1930's
Orienteering had rooted in Sweden,
Norway, Finland and Denmark. In 1966
the first World Orienteering
Championships was organised in Finland.
International Orienteering Federation
(IOF) was founded in 1961 in the capital
of Denmark, Copenhagen. At present IOF
has 60 nations member. IOF is
administrative body of world orienteering
and it is also one of members
International Sports Association.
Orienteering itself is a world recognised
Olympic Sport and we all hope that
Orienteering soon will take part in the
Olympic Games. If Orienteering will be
part of the Olympic family we all hope
that Beijing 2008 can take it on board. ‘In Sweden there are 180 000 active orienteers and 200 000 amateurs among its 9
million population. There are more than 700 clubs and at least 1000 formal orienteering
competitions each year. The Swedish king is biggest supporter and protector of
Orienteering. There are numerous high government officials, senior business executives
and well-known media people who are keen lovers of Orienteering, Orienteering is
compulsory for all school students and army men as an important part of their
education and training. For many Swedes, Orienteering has become a way of living.
S.Y.K. och Dagens Nyhettrs orientering
den 12 sept. 19.
gi
ERICSSON 2 Major International Events
All of the largest events are still in Europe and most of them are organised by clubs
and national federation in Scandinavia. Some of the largest are as follow:
0-Ringen 5-days: The largest Orienteering Event, held in Sweden every year in July,
attracting 20000 orienteers from all over the world. The latest year around 40 nations
took part at the event.
Jukola: The largest relay in Orienteering, both for men (7 legs) and women (4 legs),
held in Finland each June with over 2000 relay teams competing.
10-mila: The world most exciting night Orienteering relay that is held in Sweden
each April.
25-manna: The world largest relay there elite runners, youngsters, men and women
compete in the same team. The event is held in Sweden each October.
Swiss 6-days: The largest multidays event in Middle Europe, which is held in Switzerland
in July every second year.
Scottish 6-days: The largest event on the British Island, which is held in Scotland in
August every second year.
World Orienteering Championships: The world most attractive competition held in
August every second year and from 2003 every year.
World Junior Orienteering Championships: The main target to most of the juniors
(17-20 years old). The event is held in Europe in June every year.
World Masters Orienteering Championships: Everybody of an age over 35 years can
compete in one of the most exciting event held all over the world every year.
PWT, Park Orienteering Championships: A new, attractive and successful concept
to spread Orienteering in all world countries. From 2001 the event will be unofficial
World Championships.
ers yw
The tools are Map and Compass
To run an Orienteering course you need a map and a compass. A map is a simplified
view of the surface of the earth seen from above and greatly reduced in size. Exactly
how much the map is reduced in size is apparent from the scale that it always given
on the map. The compass helps you to get the map orientated and to give you a
direction (bearing) to follow.
ERICSSON ZB The Map
In our daily lives we come across all sorts of maps. They vary in colour, signs and
symbols. However, they are all based on the same idea - to give a simplified view of
the earth's surface. Atlas, road maps, outdoor maps, city maps, walking maps, mountain
maps, forest maps, park maps or Orienteering maps will all show a simplified picture
of the landscape. Three types of maps are illustrated below:
ee
By
Outdoor map
City map
The Road map, the Outdoor map and the City map are examples of maps from
Europe. Especially the Outdoor map is common in most countries.
ERICSSON Z Maps vary in quality. Some are schematic and generalised while others are very exact
and full of detail. Below are two maps of the same area but in different scale. In the
upper map the land-area shown has been reduced 50 000 times and the lower map by
10 000 times.
Scale 1:10 000
Scale 1:10 000 means that the land has been reduced 10 000 times on the map.
Everything is 10 000 times smaller. Using a scale of 1:10 000, 1 mm on the map
corresponds to 10 000 mm = 10 meters on the ground.
ERICSSON ZB ERICSSON 2
1:10 dn6
A simple rule of thumb: Take away the last three noughts of the scale, as in example
above at the headlines, and then 1 mm on the map is translated into 10 metres on the
ground. Far less details can be shown on a map of scale 1:50 000 than one at 10 000.
The following table shows how many metres on the ground each millimetre on the
map corresponds to using different scales. These scales are also the most common in
orienteering; school orienteering, park orienteering and competition orienteering at
major races as World Championships in short distance and classic distance.
Millimetre
Scale 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm 50mm 60mm 70mm 80mm 90mm 100 mm
11000 10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m 70m 80m 90m 100m
1:5000 50m 100m 150m 200m 250m 300m 350m 400m 450m 500m
1:10000 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m 600m 700m 800m 900m 1000m
1:15.00 150m 300m 450m 600m 750m 900m 1050m 1200m 1350m 1500m
om Test yourself (The answers are at the back of the book)
A. If you measure 3 mm on a map to a scale of
1:1 000 how many metres are that on the ground?
B, If you measure 5 mm on a map to a scale
of 1:5 000 how many metres are that?
C. If you measure 60 mm on a map to a scale
of 1:10 000 how many metres are that?
D, Ifyou measure 30 mm on a map to a scale
of 1:15 000 how many metres are that?
The language of the map
In order to make the map easy to read and readily comprehensible, various colours
and symbols are used. It’s not possible to indicate all the features and objects; otherwise
the map would contain too many features and be difficult to read. The symbols used
on the map represent closely as possible, the features on the ground. The picture on
the next page is an aerial view of an area and the map right of the picture is the same
area as a map. Water, roads, fields and buildings can be identified after some study.
The map gives a very much clearer picture of the
same area. As we have noted earlier, there are many different types of maps at various scales and
using different colours and symbols. There are maps for all sorts of uses from leisure
activities to specialised maps for the military, for meteorologists, surveyors or
geologists. A good rule for looking at a new map is to first look at the legend, which
explains the symbols and indicates the scale. In this book we use a map especially
drawn for orienteering and outdoor activities.
Map symbols enable anyone, regardless of which country they come from, to read all
maps. One advantage of the orienteering map is that the symbols, colours, scales and
the thickness of the lines etc., are to a world standard. The International Orienteering
Federation (IOF) determines them.
Another advantage is that they are normally at scales of 1:5 000 and 1:10 000. This
means that a lot more very helpful detail can be shown to anyone navigation on foot.
The most common map scale produced by national cartographic organisations for
walkers, is about 1:25 000 but this scale is too small to proper orienteering competition
or to learn the skills of orienteering technique.
Colours
The following colours apply to orienteering maps. Six to eight colours are normally
used,
© The white areas denote runable forest.
* Anything brown has to do with differences of altitude: mountains and heights,
ravines and depressions, ridges and reentrants, knolls and pits but also hard
surface.
* Everything yellow represents open land: fields, meadows or forest clearings.
* Green colour indicates dense, impenetrable forest: the darker the green colour
the more impenetrable it is.
* Yellow/Green indicates land that is built on, for example gardens and lawns.
* Blue areas and features show everything to do with water.
* Black is the most colour used and indicates numerous things such as roads,
paths, power-lines, buildings, fence, stone wall, rocks, cliffs and boulders.
* Red, North-South lines, the northbar on the top of the map.
~ see next too pages
ERICSSON ZB Symbols
To understand what the
map shows we are using
an international
language of symbols. All
symbols are
understandable all
over the world.
highway / main oad ST
waking steot =
road with many people =e
vehicle rack — me
footpath smal path ===
narrow ride ——
stops stare ma
raiway
sy raway power ine +--+
‘major power ine $—f-
tunnel esa
Uunecossabie wall ew
crossabe wal ined wall =S===
high fence / crossing ether
fonce/nuined fence ===
buling/ passage Maal
oof
grave ruin /smallain $0
feng range — PH
igh tower tower eT
rock ace high ook face. PRY
rocky pt/eave Ve
boulder large boulder + “@
boulder cust
boulder field stony ground
‘vegetation boundary
contour
form tine / slope tine
arth bank
ig pt pit
pression / small depression
knoll/ small kal
arth wall/ small earth wall ===
erosion gulyismall erosion guly SIE
Uncrossable marsh open marsh ES
marsh indistinct marsh ===
small river smal bridge A=
water channel narrow marsh
well source / water pit Ov V
asphalt surface / gravel surface
forested asphalt forested gravel 225
vroken ground / permanently out of bounds? 11
‘open land. wth scatered trees.
‘ough open land. with scattered ees
forest: slow running
forest dificult to run
bushes: dificult to walk
undergrowth |i
Private area /cultvated field e+
otchard /fowerbed #8.
‘bamboo bush. good runnability ssi
‘small vegetation object fre hydrant |XX
singe tree /bush_
statue /big statue # +
stone table/bench ©
Night pole / man-made objects @ xO
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ERICSSON 3 |
Bs (The answers are in the back of the book)
On the map you will find a number of symbols marked with a ring. Which of the
photos from the same area correspond with the respective symbol. The orange/
white 0-kite indicates the object.
ERICSSON Z
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ERICSSON Z ae Test yourself (the answers are in the back of the book)
On the map below 16 features are circled and numbered in red. The feature to be
identified is in the middle of the circle. What is the meaning of the colour and
symbol of each feature?
de. 5e = 13=
a= 6= 10=. 14=
3e. T= l= 15=
4= 8= 12= 16= Contour lines
Contour lines give a lot of information
about differences in height. They also
indicate where there are ridges and spurs,
valleys and peaks as well as how steep
the terrain is.
On many park maps there are few contours
on the map because the area is flat, while
other park maps and forest maps can have
a lot of contour lines and also a lot of
differences in heights. Especially in the
latter it’s important to be able to read
contours, since the height differences
may affect the runners route choice to a
large extent.
The more contour lines there are the
higher is the hill and when the contour
lines are close together, the ground is
steep. When there are few contour lines
on the map, the slope is gentler.
The interval between each contour line
is given on the map and it’s usually
between 2 and 5 metres.
="
ERICSSON Z ERICSSON Z
Make a peak
It’s now time to cut and glue your own
little peak. Tt will help you with the
explanations to come. Extract the loose
sheet “Make a peak” and follow the
instructions at the bottom of the page.
Put the Peak in front of you and
compare the Peak with the map on this
page. This is how height is indicated
‘on the map.
However this peak indicates the
principle of the contour lines. The more
contour lines there are the higher is
the hill and when the contour lines
are close together, the ground is steep.
When there are few contour lines on
the map, the slope is gentler.
OF course a hill is not always as smooth
and regular as on the model. Often the
slopes are pitted with crevices and
ravines. There may also be several
knolls on the same area of the high
ground.
Some examples:
If one or more contours go “inwards”,
this indicate a hollow, ravine, gully or
re-entrant.
If one or more contours go “outwards”,
this shows a spur or a ridge that sticks
out. On the hill to the right there are five
different map symbols. What do the
signs mean and where should they be
placed on the model you have built?
> Test yourself (The answers are in the back of the book)
Clarify using the map to the right:
© How many knolls are there?
* How many knolls are of equal height?
© Where is it steep?
© Which knoll or knolls are on the
highest altitude?
Which is the deepest re-entrant?
Test yourself (the answers are in the back of the book)
Some arrows have been drawn on the
map and given numbers. State whether
the terrain goes uphill or downhill or
there the terrain is flat in the direction
the arrows are pointing.
ERICSSON ZB » Test yourself (the answers are in the back of the book)
Below there are eight peaks seen from the side. Which map belongs to which peak? > Test yourself (The answers are in the back of the book)
On the map below there are 10 numbered, red arrows. State whether the terrain slopes
uphill or downhill or there the terrain is flat in the direction the arrow is pointing.
Test yourself (The answers are in the back of the book)
On the map below there are 10 small, numbered “x-’s”. State whether the
"x" is placed in a re-entrant or on a ridge. id
Orientating the map without the compass
The map can be compared with a piece
in a puzzle. The piece can only be fitted
into the puzzle in one way. The same is
true of maps. They only fit the terrain in
one way. When north is at the top of the
map, which it usually is, south is at the
bottom, west to the left and east to the
right. In the example to right, the map
has been orientated to the terrain.
Features to the right, for example the
lake, are on the right of the map. The
sports field and the school that are to
the left of the road are also on the left of
the map. p> Test yourself (the answers are in the back of the book)
Below are four sketches of different areas. Beneath each sketch there are three map
sections. Which map section is correctly orientated?
> Test yourself (The answers are in the back of the book)
Below there is view of a landscape and a map of the same area. In the view you will
find features marked with the letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G. The same features are
shown on the map indicated by the usual map symbols. Draw rings around these. ERICSSON Z
The Compass
The most important instrument or tool in orienteering is the brain. Orienteering is an
athletic sport with a lot of activity in your brain. Map reading, route choice and
aiming off the control are all determined by the brain. To carry out these things easier
you need a compass. In order to locate the correct direction and get the map orientated,
the most useful tool is the compass.
Pointer to the magnetic pole
The earth is a giant magnet. Magnetism was discovered a very long time ago. People
found that lodestones (stones containing magnetic oxide of iron) placed ona piece of
wood floating in a bowl of water always took up a fixed position. The compass has
been invented.
It’s a matter of argument who first had the idea of letting a lodestone show the north-
south bearing. Scholars believe that the Chinese were the first to exploit the
phenomenon. “Si Nan” is considered to have been the first compass. Si Nan means “
is the southern governor” and is symbolised by a ladle whose handle points south. Si
Nan was part of a fortune-telling board consisting of two parts, one part symbolising
the earth and other symbolising heaven.
Since the ladle was rather imprecise, the Chinese started magnetising needles in
order to gain greater precision and stability. According to Chinese writings, the first
compasses were used at sea about the year 850. Astronomers and mapmakers along
the routes west to Indians, Muslims and Europeans spread the invention.
Modern compasses are precision instruments and the needle, which is now normally
enclosed in a housing cavity filled with a liquid, rapidly settles to north-south. There
are many types of compasses, which vary in appearance and which may be equipped
with different types of scales. Here are some examples: PWT 8M >»
The PWT-8M is a combined compass of
thumb compass and the base plate
compass. It’s a good compass to start
with and to understand how the compass
is working:
>
Silva 6 Jet Base plate
This is a hand-held compass attached to
the wrist by a cord. Compass used to
competition as “old fashion style”.
>
Silva NOR Spectra
The thumb compass is fitted to left or
right thumb using strap. Compass used
to competition with the compass in direct
contact with the map. Develop from “Silva
6 Jet Spectra” and used by beginners and
youngsters.
Silva OMC Spectra
The wrist compass is fitted to both hands.
With a black arrow printed on the nail
you have map contact and bearing
contact in one step. Develop by elite
orienteers and coaches to make
orienteering easier in education of
orienteering and competing in park
orienteering.
ERICSSON Z Orientation with a compass
In the preceding chapter we noted that maps should always be orientated when
navigating. The compass enables you to orientate maps, as magnetic north is always
indicated on the map. North is normally at the top of the map and on all O-maps in
China we have marked north with a red line from left to right. The system to get the
map orientated by the compass is called “Red to Red”.
“Red to Red” means that you let the red needle in the compass points at the red line
on the top of the map. The needle and the red line create together a “T” or the sign
for “time-out”. Now you have the map orientated and you can check that the needle
is parallel to the North-South lines. “Red to Red” is also called the Spectra System,
because the compasses with colour marked on the top of compass housing is named
Spectra (produced by Silva Sweden).
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