CATEGORIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF DENT RESISTANT, 4.2.

2 Co
Thismateri
HIGH STRENGTH, AND ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH classesapp
AUTOMOTIVE SHEET STEEL-SAE J2340 OCT1999 SAE Recommended Practice widthtoler;
listedin 4.:;
Report of the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee Division 32-Sheet and Strip Steel approved October 1999. Rationale statement available. 4.2.3 Co
Thismateri
Foreword-The primary reasan higher strength steels are used is because their SAE J2328-Selection and Specification of Steel Sheet, Hot Rolled,Clii peratul'c.h!
yield and tensile strengths are higher than those of low-carbon sheet steel, which Rolled, and Coated for Automotive Applications 4.2.4 Co
are described in SAE .12329. Higher strength steels are desirable for dent resis- 2.2.2 ASTM PUBLlCATlONS-Avai]able from ASTM, lOO Barr HarborDritt Thismateri
tance, increased load bearing capability, better crash energy management, or for West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. fit orateat roo
part mass reduction through a decrease in sheet metal thickness. ASTM A 463-Standard Specification for Cold Rolled A]uminum CoolII Some01
An increase in strength generally leads to reduced ductility or formability. Care Type I & Type 2 Steel Sheet arelistedi'
must be taken in designing parts, tooling, and fabrication processes to obtain the ASTM A 568-General Requirements for Carbon and High Strength,1.01
greatest benefit from the higher strength sheet steels. Consultation in grade selec- Alloy Steel Sheet TABU
tion between user and steel producer is recammended to insure campatibility af ASTMA 653-Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated (Galvanized)or Zinc-Iron
AI~
the strength and forming characteristics. Coated (Ga]vanneal) by the Hot-Dip Process
Strength in these steels is achieved thraugh chemical campasitian (alloying) ASTM A 751-Standard Test Methods for Determining ChemicalCornJll!f Conditio
and special processing. Special processing includes mechanical rolling tech- tion of Steel Products p
niques, temperature control in hat rolling, and time/temperature control in anneal- ASTM A 924-Genera] Requirements for Steel Sheet Metallic Coatedbyih: w
ing af cald-reduced steel. Further ar additianal thermal treatment may modify the Hot Dip Process ~ N
original mechanical properties. 2_2.3 ISO PUBLlCATlON-Avai]able from ANSI, II West 42nd Street, Net V
1. Scope-This SAE Recommended Practice defines and establishes mechani- York, NY 10036-8002.
1. a = availal
cal property ranges for seven grades of continuausly cast high strength automo- ISO l3887-Cold ReducedSteel Sheet of Higher StrengthwithImp!O\& 2. n=notav
tive sheet steels that can be farmed, welded, assembled, and painted in autamotive Formabi]ity
manufacturing processes. The grade af steel specified far an identified part 2.2.4 OTHERPUBLICATION
shauld be based on part requirements (configuration and strength) as well as Steel Products Manua], Sheet Steel; Iron and Steel Society Publiculirt 5. Steels
farmability. Material selection should also take inta consideratian the amount of January 1988 . 5.1 [
strain induced by forming and the impact strain has an the strength achieved in 3. Gelleral1l1forlllatioll- This document defines seven grades of highi; dent-resiSH
the finished part. These steels can be specified as hot-rolled sheet, cold-reduced strength steel based on material type and processing. These strength grades~i able in gra
sheet, uncoated, or coated by hot dipping. electroplating, or vapor deposition of shown in Table I. available 1I
zinc, aluminum, and organic compounds normally applied by cail coating. The Non-
TABLE 1-STEELS AND STRENGTH GRADES
grades and strength levels are achieved through chemical camposition and special part thrau~
processing. Nat all combinations of strength and coating types may be commer- imparted dl
Steel Description Grade Type AvailableStrength Grade.
MPs
cially available. Consult your steel supplier for details. strength dl
Dent Resistant Non.Bake-Hardenable A 180,210.250,280
2. Referellces paint b~kin
Dent Resistant Bake-Hardenable B 180,210.250,280
2.1 Applicable Publications-The follawing publicatians form a part af Althr
this specificatian to the extent specified herein. Unless atherwise indicated, the High Strength Solution Strengthened S 300, 340
is provide.
latest issue of SAE and ASTM publicatians shall apply. High Strength Low Alloy X&Y 300:340.380,420,490,550 hardenah]'-
2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIoNs-Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, High Strength Recovery Annealed R 490, 550. 700, 830
(0.02 to 0
Warren dale, PA 15096-000 I. Ultra High Strength Dual Phase DH & DL 500. 600, 700, 800, 950, 1000 or interstit!
SAE JlO_~8-Standard Sheet Thickness' and Talerances Ultra High Strength Low Carbon M 800.900. 1000, 1100, 1200,
Martensite els «O.I)\<
1300, 1400, 1500
SAE J I 562-Selection of Zinc and Zinc-Alloy (Hot Dipped and E]ectrodepos- titanium. r
ited) Coated Steel Sheet solution st
SAE J2329-Categorization and Properties of Low Carban Automotive Sheet 4. COllditioll-Several conditions of hot-rolled and cold-reduced uncoated 311!

alsobe ad,
Steels . coated sheet steels are used by the automotive stamping and assembly Operahllf. the materi'
2.1.2 ASTM PURlICATlONS-Availab]e from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbar Drive, ..
The conditions of sheet steel are referred to by letter code that follows thecI~1 th~amour.-
West Canshohocken, PA ]9428-2959. designation.
chemistry,
ASTM A 370-Standard Test Methods and Definitians far Mechanical Testing 4.1 Cold-Reduced Uncoated and Metallic Coated Sheet Steel-Three
..In thi
af Steel Products conditions of sheet steel surface characteristics are produced. steel sheet
ASTM A 980-Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Ultra High 4.1.1 Exposed (E) is intended for the most critical exposed applicationswiIeR Classificat
Strength Cold Railed painted surface appearance is of primary importance. This surface condition~ 5.1.1 T't
ASTM E 8M-Standard Test Methads of Tensian afMetallic Materials sheet steel will meet requirements for controlled surface texture, surface qu~i~
and flatness.
property n
ASTM E 517-Standard Test Methad for Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet Metal
steel grade
ASTM E 646-Standard Test Methad for Tensile Strain-Hardening Expanents 4.1.2 Unexposed (U) is intended for unexposed applications and may alsohili
(n value) of Metallic Sheet Materials special use where improved ductility over a temper rolled product is desire'!'
2.1.3 ANSI/AWS/SAE PUBLlCATlON-Availab]e from ANSI, II West 42nd Unexposed can be produced without temper rolling; this surface condition ~
Street. New York. NY 10036-8002. sheet steel may be susceptible to exhibit coil breaks. fluting, and stretcherstrai~
ANSI/AWS/SAE D~.R-97--A Specification far Autamative and Light Truck ing. Standard tolerances for flatness and surface texture are not applicable.~
Component Weld Quality - Arc Welding addition. surface imperfections can be more prevalent and severe than_ill
2.1.4 OTHER Pl'BUCATlON exposed.
AZ-0]7-02-295 I.OC R]-Weld Quality Test Method Manual; Standardized 4.1.3 Semi Exposed (Z) is intended for non-critical exposed applicatiolls.Thi;
Welding Test Method Task Force, Auto/Steel Partnership (A/SP) is typically a hot-dip galvanized temper-rolled product. see SAE 11562forfuI
2.2 Related Publications-The following publications are provided for explanation. Acceptability of surface characteristics or discontinuities shall~ ..
informatian purposes only and are not a required part of this document. negotiated between user and supplier.
2.2.1 SAE PUBLICATIONS-Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, 4.2 Hot-Rolled Uncoated and Metallic Coated Sheet Steel-Four colii-
Warrendale, PA ]5096-0001. tions of hot-rolled sheet steel are availab]e. .
SAE J416- Tensile Test Specimens 4.2.1 Condition P is an as hot-rolled coiled product, typically known ashotI!!
SAE J8lO-Classifications of Common Imperfections in Sheet Steel black band, which has not been pickled, oiled, temper rolled, side trirnIl1fl! ,.
SAE J 13Q2-Steel. High Strength, Hot Rolled Sheet and Slrip, Cold Rolled rewound, or cut back to established thickness and width tolerances.
Shcet. andCoatcdShcet

252

.
 4.1.2Condition W has been processed and is available in coils or cut lengths. strength (180, 210, 250, and 280 MPa), n value, tensile strength and the yield
Thismaterialmay be susceptible to coil breaks and aging. Yield strength range strength after strain (for non-bake-hardenable grades) or strain and bake (for
dassesapply only to material that has been cut back to established thickness and bake-hardenable grades). These are the only mechanical requirements of this
widthtolerances.Processed coils may receive any or all of the processing steps document for dent resistant cold-reduced uncoated and coated sheet steel grades
listed in 4.2.1. (see Table 3). Typical mechanical propenies of dent resistant cold-reduced
4.2.3Condition N has been processed and is available in coils or cut lengths. uncoated and coated sheet steel grades are shown in Table A 1 ("A" designates the
Thismaterialpossesses mechanical properties that do not deteriorate at room tem- Appendix).
IlIed, Cold ~rature,however, condition N material is susceptible to coil breaks. 5.1.1.1 Type A-This is a non-bake-hardenable dent resistant steel in which
. 4.2.4 Condition V has been processed and is available in coils or cut lengths. increase in yield strength due to work hardening results from strain impal1ed dur-
'bor Drive, Thismaterialis free from coil breaks and its mechanical properties do not deteri- ing forming. For the purpose of this document, a non-bake-hardenable dent resis-
I113te
at room temperature. tant steel shall gain at least 35 MPa in yield strength (longitudinal direction) after
Im Coated Someof the product characteristics available for each type of hot-rolled steel a 2% tensile prestrain that represents the forming strain. This is considered the
in Table 2.
~e listed "strain hardening index" (SHI).
ngth, Low 5.1.1.2 Type B-This is a bake-hardenable dent resistant steel in which
... TABLE2-PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT-ROLLED SAE J2340 STEEL
increase in yield strength due to work hardening results from strain imparted dur-
Iron Alloy Freedom ing forming and an additional strengthening increment that occurs during the
From Coil Non Pickle Cut Special paint-baking process. For the purposes of this document, bake-hardenable dent
Composi- Condition Breaks Aging and 011(1)(2) Surface(1 K2)
Edge(IK2) resistant steels are defined as those products which possess a "bake hardening
p No No index" (BHI) (as shown in Figure A I). This is an increase in yield strength of at
lied by the W No No a a least 30 MPa in upper yield strength or 25 r.IPa based on lower yield point (longi-
N No Yes a a tudinal direction) after a 2% tensile strain and baking at 175 QC for 30 min (repre-
treet, New senting the paint-baking process). The total hardening response is the sum of the
V Yes Yes a a a
SHI and the BHI.
Improved I.a- available
butnot required
t n- not avaitable In order to help visualize the concept of the SHI and BHI, Figure A I in the
Appendix shows a portion of a stress strain curve and how these two characteris-
tics are determined.
'ublication. is/eels alld Strellgth Grades In practice, the magnitudes of the forming strain and the paint-baking tem-
5.1 Dent Resistant Cold-Reduced Sheet Steels-There are two types of perature may be different than those designated for the purposes of this specifica-
of higher dent.resistant steel; non-bake-hardenable and bake-harden able. Both are avail- tion. Figures A2 and A3 in the Appendix describe their typical effects on the
grades are ableingrades with minimum yield strengths from 180 MPa and higher. Both are strain hardening and bake hardening increments.
3railableuncoated or coated. 5.1.2 SUB TYPE T-Sub Type T may be specified to denote an interstitial free
Non-bake-hardenable, dent resistant steels achieve their final strength in the dent resistant steel (Type A grades only). When interstitial free steel is used the
.-- partthrougha combination of their initial yield strength and the work hardening tensile strength shall be 30 MPa higher than a non-interstitial frec steel. Sub Type
de - MP' impaned duringforming. Bake-hardenable steels exhibit an additional increase in T steels shall be specified by the ''1''' designator (e.g., SAE 12340 - 180AT).
due to age hardening
strength after forming which is accelerated by subsequent 5.1.3 BASE METAL-Dent resistant steel furnished to this document shall be
paintbaking. cold-reduced low carbon deoxidized steel made by basic oxygen, electric furnace,
~ Although dent-resistant steels are not specified by chemistry, the following or other process which will produce a material which satisfies the requirements
~providedfor information purposes only. Both non-bake-hardenable and bake- for the specific grade. This steel shall be continuously cast. The chemical com-
,0 hardenable
dent resistant steels can be based on conventional low carbon steel position shall be capable of achieving the desired mechanical and formability
10.02 to 0.08% C), steel vacuum-degassed to very low carbon levels «0.02% C), properties for the specified grade and type. For grades 180 and 210 using an
lOO
11'interstitial-free (IF) steeL IF steel is vacuum degassed to ultra-Iow carbon lev- interstitial free (IF) base metal having a carbon content less than 0.010, an effec-
"" lis (<0.01%C) and then any carbon remaining in solution is removed by adding tive boron addition of <0.001 % may be required to minimize secondary work
titanium,niobium(columbium), or vanadium to form carbide precipitates. Solid embrittlement (SWE) and to control grain growth during welding. The steel sup-
solutionstrengtheningelements such as phosphorous, manganese, or silicon may plier shall define the chemical composition range that will be furnished on a pro-
coated and
~sobe added to increase the as-received strength while not significantly reducing duction basis. The steel supplier shall not change the product/process without
operations.
!hematerial's work harden ability. A material's bake hardenability depends up9,j. complying with the purchaser's supplier quality assurance requirements.
's the class
!heamount of carbon remaining in solution, which is controlled through the steel 5.2 High Strength Solution Strengthened and High Strength Low Alloy
,~emistryand thermomcchanical processing. (HSLA) Hot-Rolled and Cold-Reduced Sheet Steels and High Sh-ength
-Three
In this document, classification is based on minimum yield strength of the Recovery Annealed Cold-Reduced Sheet Steels-High strength, HSLA, and
sleelsheet and the strengthening that occurs during forming and paint baking. high strength recovery annealed categories include steel grades with minimum
ions where
Classificationof dent resistant steel is not based on chemistry. yield strengths in the range of 300 to 830 MPa. These sheet steels can be ordered
)ndition of 5.1.1 TYPES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTs-Mechanical and supplied as uncoated or coated.
Leequality, propertyrequirements of d!':nt resistant cold-reduced uncoated and coated sheet
steelgrades are based on the minimum values of the following: As received yield
y abo have
is desired.
TABLE 3-REQUIRED MINIMUMMECHANtCAL PROPERTIES(I) OF DENT RESISTANT SHEET STEEL
mdition of
:her strain- SAE J2340 As Received As Received Yield Strength Yield Strength
ticable. In Grade Designation Yield Strength(') Tensile Strength As Received After 2% After Strain and
than with and Type MPa MPa n Value(3) Strain MPa Bake MPa(4)

180 A 180 310 0.20 215

.ions. This 180 B 180 300 0.19 245
62 for full 210 A 210 330 0.19 245
~s shall be 210 B 210 320 0.17 275
250 A 250 355 0.18 285
our condi.
250 B 250 345 0.16 315
280A 280 375 0.16 315
as hot roll
280 B 280 365 0.15 345
trimmed,
1. The mechanical property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal direction unless otherwise specified and shall be per/ormed per Section 10.
2. Yield Strength is 0.2% offset or, in the presence 01 yield point elongation, lower yield point.
3. n value shall be calculated, per ASTM E 646, from 10 to 20% slrain or to the end 01 uniform elongation when uniform elongation is less than 20%.
4. 2% tensile prestrain and baking at 175 'C for 30 min at temperature. The upper yield point is used lor determination of yield strength. Wllh lower yield point, requirement is
5 MPa lower.
.253
 r
I

I
Several different types of high strength steel based on chemistry can faIl and 7, Classification is based on the minimum te.n£ik strength of the sheetsted: r

under this category. Solution strengthened high strength steels are those that con- 500 to 1500 MPa. Typical mechanical properties of ultra high strength sheet Slet! :
tain additions of phosphorus, manganese, or silicon to conventional low carbon are shown in Tables A2 and A3. I

(e.g., 0.02 to 0.13% carbon) steels. HSLA steels have additions of carbide form- The formability and weldability characteristics. of these ultra high strength : OrE
ers, such as, titanium, niobium (columbium), or vanadium made to conventional steels shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier, I
!
low carbon (0.02 to 0.13% carbon) steel. High strength recovery annealed steels
have chemistries similar to the previous varieties of steels, but special annealing TABLE 4-REQUIRED MECHANICAL PROPERTlES(') OF HIGH STRENGTHANDHSLA
practices prevent recrystallization in the cold-rolled steel. HOT.ROLLED AND COLD.REDUCED UNCOATEDAND COATED SHEETSTEELI
5.2.1 TYPES ANDMECHANICALPROPERTYREQUIREMENTs-Mechanical
properties of these high strength sheet steels shall be measured in longitudinal SAE J2340 Yield Yield Tensile % Total %Total
Grade Strength(3) Strength MPa Elongation Elongation
Strength(3)
direction unless otherwise specified and shall conform to the requirements for the
grades specified in Tables 4 and 5. Classification is based on the minimum yield
.. Designation MPa MPa Minimum Mln
Cold-
Mi.
and Type Minimum Maximum Hot.Rolledi!
Reduced
strength: 300 to 830 MPa. Several categories at each strength level are defined as
follows: 3005 300 400 390 24 26
1.. The rr
5.2.1.1 Type S-High strength solution strengthened steels use carbon and 300 X 300 400 370 24 26 otherv
manganese in combination with phosphorus or silicon (as solution strengtheners) 300Y 300 400 400 2t 25 2. Consl
to meet the minimum strength requirements. Carbon content is restricted to 3405 340 440 440 22 24 steel (
0.13% maximum for improved formability and weldability. Phosphorus is 340 X 340 440 4tO 22 25 3. Minim
restricted to a maximum of 0.100%. Sulfur is restricted to a maximum of 440 440 20 24
4. Minim
340Y 340
0.020%. 23
380 X 380 480 450 20
5.2./.2 :TvpeX-Typically refeITed to as HSLA steels, these high strength 380Y 380 480 480 18 22 5.3.
steels are alloyed with carbide and nitride forming elements, commonly niobium 420 X 420 520 490 18 22 lUreis co
(columbium), titanium, and vanadium either singularly or in combination. These 420Y 420 520 520 16 19 of low-ca
elements are used with carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and silicon to achieve the 490 X 490 560 14 20 dual phas
590
specified minimum yield strength. Carhon content is restricted to 0.13% maxi- ignated a:
490Y 490 590 590 12 19
mum for improved fnrmability and weldability. Phosphorus is restricted to a Table 6.
550 X 550 680 620 12 16
maximum of 0.060%. The specified minimum for niobium (columbium), tita- lower are
550Y 550 680 650 12 18
nium; or vanadium is 0.005%. Sulfur is restricted to a maximum of 0.015%. A
f.'Jgnated a1
spread of 70 MPa is specified between the required minima of the yield and ten-
sile strengths.
1. The mechanical property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal directionunless"
erwise specitied and shall be performed per Section 10. ! 5.3.
carbonCl'
5.2.1.3 :Tl'pe V-Same as Type X, except that a 100 MPa spread is specified
between the required minima of the yield and tensile strengths.
2. Consultation between user and producer is recommended regarding the selectionotspedli:
steet grade and welding process optimization. .
f 5,3.2 B
lowcarb"
I
3. Yield strength is 0,2% offset or. in the presence of yield poini elongation. toweryieldpo;nI.
5.2./.4 Tvpe R--High strength recovery annealed or stress-relief annealed cess whic
4. For thickness less than 2.5 mm, minimum percent elongation is permitted to be 2%lessthanh .
steels achieve strengthening primarily through the presence of cold work. Alloy- value shown. t
I cificgra("
ing elements mentioned under Types S and X may also be added. Carbon is
becapab:
restricted to 0.13% maximum for improved formability and weldability. Phos- i
TABLE 5-REQUIRED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES!') OF HIGH STRENGTHRECOVERY specified
phorus is restricted to a maximum of 0.100%. Sulfnr is restricted to a maximum ANNEALED COLD-REDUCED SHEET STEEL(2) i
tion range
of 0.015%. These steels are best suited for bending and roll-forming applications
SAEJ2340 Tensile %Total ! not chang
since the mechanical properties are highly directional and ductility and formabil-
ity are limited. ~
Grade
Designation
Yield Strength(3) Yield Strength(2)
MPa
Minimum
MPa
Maximum
Strength MPa
Minimum
Elongation
Minimum t qualityas:
6. Wel:.
5.2.2 SUB TYPE F-Sub Type F may be speoified to denote sulfide inclusion and Type .dures shal
controlled. These steels are specified for forming applications and are generally 490 R 490 590 500 13
used in unexposed applications only. Special steel making practice is used to con- che~icaj
trol the shape or the volume fraction of manganese sulfide inclusions to improve 550 R 550 650 560 10 t Tabie 8. '
When one
edge stretching or bending in some applications. It is recommended that the pro- 700R 700 800 ' 710 8 f which cas,
ducer and purchaser consult to determine the specific forming requirements prior
to specifying Sub Type F. Snb Type F steels may be specified by the "P' designa-
830 R 830 960 860 2
1. The mechanicat property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal directionunlessli;
I apply,
tor (e.g., SAE J2340 - 340XF). erwise specified and shall be performed per Section 10. l
5.2.3 BASE METM,-High strength steel fumished to this document shall be a 2. Consultation between user and producer is recommended regarding the selectionofspecific .,
steel grade and welding process optimization.
low carbon deoxidized steel made hy basic oxygen, electric furnace, or other pro- 3. Yield strength is 0.2% offset or, in the presence of yield point elongation. loweryieldpo",!.
cess which will produce a material which satisfies the requirements for the spe- Element
cific grade. This steel shall be continuously cast. The chemical composition shall -
P
be capable of achic\'ing the desired mechanical and formability properties for the TABLE 6-REQUIRED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES!I) OF ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH DUAl
specified grade and type. The steel supplier shall define the chemical composi- S
PHASE HOT-ROLLED AND COLD-REDUCED SHEET STEEL!')
tion range that will be furnished on a production basis. TIle steel supplier shall Cu

not change the product/process without complying with the purchaser's supplier SAE J2340 Yield Strength Tensile Strength % Total Elongation Ni
quality assurance requirements. Grade Designation MPa MPa Minimum In 50mmMinimum Cr
and Type Mlnlmum(3)
5.3 Ultra High Strength Cold-Rolled Steels; Dual Phase and Low Car- Mo
bon Martensite-The Ultra High Strength Dual Phase and Low Carbon Marten- 500 DL 300 500 22
1. Maximum
600 DH 500 600 14
site (LCM) categories include steel grades with minimum tensile strengths in the
600 DL1 350 600 16
range of 500 to 1500 MPa, These sheet steels may be ordered and supplied as
uncoated or coated, Cl'ntact your steel supplier to determine coating availahility, 600 DL2 280 600 20 6.1 }
zoo DH 550 zoo 12 considerSE
Special heat treating praclices that involve quenching and tempering treat-
ments are used 10 generate a martensite phase in the steel microstructure. The 800 DL 500 800 8 forexampl.
950 DL 550 950 8 nalions. In
volume fraction and carbon content of the martensite phase determines the
1000 DL 700 1000 5 Icm of \Ve
strength level. Thesc stcels are primarily alloyed with carbon and manganese.
Boron may be added in some cases, ~. The mechanical property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal directionun~ssli welding.b
Specification of chemical limits for low carbon martensitic grades may be erwlse specified and shall be performed per Section 10. weldingsp
found in ASTM A 980. 2, Consultation between user and producer is recommended regarding the selectionofspd: heatinput.
steel grade and welding process optimization. moreweld,
5.3.1 TYPESAND MECHANICALPROPERTYREQUIREMENTS-The mechanical
3. Minimum yietd strength can be waived upon agreement between user and supplier. spnt,,;J.'e!din
property requirements of ultra high strength sheet steels are specified in Tables 6
In fact, a le

254
,heet steel: employed for commercial production of bumper beams with a l300M grade.
;heet steels TABLE7-REQUIRED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES(1)OF LOW CARBON
Considerations with respect to material combinations are important fur those
MARTINSITEHOT-ROLLED AND COLD-REDUCED SHEET ST~EL(2)(3) welding processes that solidify from a lTlulten pool, or that are constrained by
;h strength SAEJ2340 Yield Strength Tensile Strength thickness ratio. In general, caution should be exercbed in spot welding an HSS to
Grade Designation and Type MPa Minimum(') MPa Minimum itself because of possible weld metal interfacial fracrure tendencies, but even a
800M 600 800 problematic HSS can be spot welded to a low carbon mild steeL
~!D HSLA 900 M 750 900 The resistance spot weldability requirements for low strength steels evaluate
'EEL(2) 1000M 750 1000 the operational robustness of the candidate steeL This often embodies measure-
1100M 900 1100 ments of current range and electrode wear (for galvanized coatings). The resis-
% Total 1200 M tance spot weldability requirements for HSS may be similar to those of low
950 1200
:tongatlon strength steels with the added requirement for mechanical performance. The
Mln 1300M 1050 1300
ot-Rolled(4) 1400 M 1150 1400 evaluation of mechanical performance alone may also be sufficient to assess
'" 1500 M 1200 1500 weldability. End use requirements will determine required spot weld perfor-
26 mance. These requirements may limit the current range andlor electrode life
1.Themechanicalproperty requirements shall be delermined in longitudinal direction unless
28 based on individual company weld quality specifications. For instance, fast
oIherwise
specifiedand shallbe performedper Section 10.
25 quenching of the weld may damage the weld metal integrity causing interfacial
24
~ Consultation

3. Minimum
between user and producer is recommended regarding the selection of specific
sleelgradeandweldingprocess optimization.
total elongation for all grades is 2%.
. fracture, or excessive weld heat input may cause metallurgical changes that soften
the heat affected zone. Both of these conditions could result in a loss of joint
25
24 I. Minimum
yieldslrength can be waived upon agreement between user and supplier. strength. Incorporation of appropriate weld and temper cycles or modification of
23 weld chemistry through selective dilution of the joint can lead to acceptable weld
22 5.3.1.1 1)'PeDH/DL- The ultra high strength dual phase steel microstruc- strength and thus ensure the retention of advantages to using HSS for weight
reduction in automotive components.
22 lUre is comprised of ferrite and martensite, (dual phase), with the volume fraction
Weld Quality Test Method Manual (AZ-017-02 295 1.0C RI) ur AWS/
19 of low-carbon marten site primarily determining the strength level. 1\vo types of
ANSI/SAE Standard D8.9-97, should be used as reference documents for further
20 dualphase steels are available; a) a high yield ratio (ratio of YSrrS) product des-
details. Note these standard test methods are intended for strength levels up to
19 ignated as DH in Table 6; and b) a low yield ratio product designated as DL in
420 MPa and modifications may be required for higher strength levels. Due to
18 Table6. For the purpose of this specification, products with yield ratios of 0.7 or
unique properties of HSS, selection uf the weld process parameters should be
18 lowerare designated as DL and products with yield ratios greater than 0.7 are des-
ignated as DH.
determined in consultation with the steel supplier. It is recommended that product
1 unless oth- validation include production intent weld vrocesses, preferably at the extremes of
5.3.1.2 Type M-In Ihese fully marten sitic ultra high strength sheet steels,
expected spot properties as det'ermined by the laboratory studies.
of specific contentdetermines the strength level. These steels have limited ductility.
,'arbon
Similar to resistaRce spot welding, the evaluation of other welding methods
5.3.2BASE METAL-High strength steel furnished to this document shall be a
should take into account the appropriate operatiunal robustness measures and the
Id point. ~wcarbon deoxidized steel made by basic oxygen, electric furnace, or other pro-
less thanthe mechanical andlor fracture performance of the resulting weld quality. Weld per-
e/!!which will produce a material which satisfies the requirements for the spe-
fonnance, not absolute base matetial chemistry, is the important distinction
,ificgrade. This steel shall be continuously cast. The chemical composition shall
between low and high strength steels. Since weldability requirements differ for
becapableof achieving the desired mechanical and formability properties for the
ECOVERY different weld methods, it is difficult to summarize these requirements into a uni-
~ified grade and type. The steel supplier shall define the chemical composi-
fied document. For example, ANSUAWS/SAE Standard D8.8-97, may be used
tionrangethat will be furnished on a production basis. The steel supplier shall
as a reference document for further details. Consultation is recommended
% Total changetheprodnct/process without
001 complying with the purchaser's supplier
between user and steel producer regarding the selection of specific steel grade as
longalion qualityassurancerequirements.
Ainimllm well as weld process optimization.
~ lVeldability-When the steel is used in welded applications, welding proce-
..
dures shallbe suitable for the steel chemistry and intended service. Unspecified
7. Cold Bending-High strength steels are frequently fabricated by cold bend-
13 ing. There are a multiplicity of inter-related factors which affect the ability of a
chemical elements may be present. Limits on chemistry shall be as stated in
10 given piece of steel to form over any given radius in shop practice. These factors
Table 8. The sum Cu, Ni, Cl', and Mo shall not exceed 0.50% on heat analysis.

8 include thickness, strength level, degree of restraint in bending, relationship to

\\'henone or more of these elements are specified, the sum does not apply; in
2 rolling direction, chemical composition, and microstructure. Table A4 lists those
~hichcase,only the individual limits on the remaining unspecified elements will
ratios which should be used as minimums for 90 degree bends in actual shop prac-
.nunless oth. apply.
tice. It recognizes that "hard way" bending (bend axis parallel to rolling direc-
TABLE8-CHEMICALLIMITSONUNSPECIFIED
ELEMENTS tion) is common in production and presupposes that reasonably good forming
of specific
practices will be employed. Where design permits, users are encouraged to
.Id point.
Maximum Weight MaximumWeight MaximumWeight MaximumWeight employ large radii that are shown in Table A4 for improved performance. Where
PercentAllowed Percent Allowed Percent Allowed Percent Allowed
ElementTypeA, B, and R Type S Type X and Y Type D and M the bend axis can be designed across the width ("easy way") of the sheet, or bends
0.100 0.060 0.020 less than 90 degrees, slightly tighter radii can be employed. As the cold forming
0.100(1)
IGTH DUAL
becomes progressively more difficult, that is, from a straight bend to a curved or
S 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.015
offset bend to stretching or drawing, it is advisable that the producer and user con-
Cu 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200
sult to determine the special material, design, and tooling requirements of the
:!ongalion Ni 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200
application. The fabricator should be aware that steel may crack to some degree
I Minimum er 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 when bent on a sheared or burned edge. This is not to be considered to be the
Mo 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 fault of the steel, but rather a function of the induced cold work or heat affected
12
1.Maximumphosphorus shall be less than 0.050 on grades 180A and 180B. zone (HAZ).
14
8. Nomenclature and Suggested Ordering Practice
16
8.1 Specifying sheet steel on the engineering drawing under this document
10 6.1 High Strength Steel-In welding high strength steels it is important to
should include the following information to adequately describe the desired mate-
12 ,'tJIlsider factors usuaJly not considered in welding lower strength steels;
several rial:
8 weldingprocess, welding parameters and, of course, material combi-
focexarnple,
a. Name of material being specified; such as electro-galvanized bake-hard-
8 nations. of these types of considerations can result in a successful sys-
Integration enable steel.
5 ~mof welding for HSS. Various welding methods (arc welding, resistance
b. SAE Recommended Practice number (SAE 12340).
>n unless oth. nlding,laser welding and high frequency welding) all have unique advantages in
c. Base metal type; hot rolled (HR) or cold reduced (CR).
(eldingspecific sheet steel combinations. Considerations for production rate,
d. Grade (four character identification which includes minimum yield
\ 01sP'f,ific leat input,weld metal dilution, weld location access, etc" may make one system
strength and sheet steel product type).
100ftweldable than another system. For instance, an HSS that is problematic for
u.
e. Coating type and coating weight, if any. Indicate hot-dip or electro-gal-
ipJlwelding may not exhibit the same difficulty in arc or high frequency welding.
vanized zinc coating and coating weight. See SAE J 1562 for detailed
10fact,a low heat input resistance seam welding method has been successfully nomenclature.

255
 r

f. Surface condition. Indicate exposed, E, unexposed, U; or semi exposed, a. Standard Testing-Reduced section must be parallel to :!:0.025 mm.
Z. matte, or dull finish will be supplied unless otherwise specified. b. r value Testing-Reduced section must be paralJel to :to.013 mm.
g. Partthicknessplus the tolerance. /0.2.2.4 Reduced section should be approximately 75 mm.
8.2 Suggested ordering practice should include the specification from the /0.2.2.5 Overall length should be approximately 200 mm.
10.3 Measurements A.ll
engineering drawing plus the following additional information.
a. Application (show part identification and description). 10.3.1 EQUIPMENT
b. Dimensions (thickness. tolerance, width, and length for cut lengths). /0.3././ Use a digital measuring device capable of resolving to at !eaq,
0.0\3 mm.
c. Condition (specify pickled if required, specify oiled or not oiled as
required. specify chemical treatment for coated product if required). 10.3.1.2 Measuring device should be verified a~d documented with ale<!
d. Edges (must be specified for hot-rolled sheet and strip, that is, mill edge block or pin daily, before measurements are made.
or cut edge). /0.3.1.3 Measuring device should be zeroed after each set of tesls. Ui I
e. Coil size and weight requirements (must include inside diameter, outside does not return to zero, reset the device and re-measure the previous setof S3J1f
diameter, and maximum weight). pies. !
f. Cut length weight restrictions, that is, maximum weight of individual 10.3.2MEASUREMENTMETHOD
bundle. /0.3.2./ Standard Testing-Measure narrowest width and thickness \Villi.
g. Heat or cast analysis and mechanical property report (if required). the 50 mm gage marks. , ....
8.3 Typical specification and ordering descriptions are as fo\1ows: /0.3.2.2 r Value Testing-Measure at least three equally spaced width !Ill ,
a. Hot-dip galvanized dent resistant steel per SAE 12340 CR 180A thickness measurements across the 50 mm gage length. Average these for the ini- .
HD70G70GZ, 1.00 mm min. +0.08 thick. Cold-reduced hot-dip galva- tial dimensions. End gage mark must be at least 25 mm from grips.
nized dent resistant sheet for a semi-exposed application, cut edge, 10.4 Testing
1625 mm wide x coil. 10.4.1 TENSILEMACHINEOPERATINGPARAMETERs-See Table 9.
1.
b. Electro-galvanized bake-hardenable steel per SAE 12340 CR 250B 2.
EG70G70GE. 0.80 mm min. + 0.08 thick. Cold-reduced electro-galva- TABLE 9-TENSILE MACHINE OPERATtNG PARAMETERS 3.
nized bake-hardenable sheet for an exposed application, 1500 mm wide 4.
X 2540 mm. Crosshead Speed Strain Rale
c. High strength low alJoy steel per SAE 12340 HR 340XU, 2.50 mm min 3.0 mm/min 1.5mm/nin 5.
Ramp rate 1 (1)
+0.30 thick. Hot-rolJed high strength low alJoy sheet steel, pickled and 12.5 mm/min 6.2 mm/min
Ramp rate 2(2)to determine r value
oiled, unexposed surface, 1400 mm wide X coil.
25.0 mm/min 12.5mm/nin
A.
d. Ultra high strength sheet steel per SAE 12340 CR \300M, 1.20 mm min Ramp rate 2 for all standard tensile tests
Index-
+ 0.10 thick. Cold-reduced ultra high strength sheet steel, 1220 mm 1. Ramp rate 1 is prior to and through yield or VPE.
been pn
wide x coil. 2. Ramp rate 2 is after yield or VPE (yield point elongation). Either crosshead speedconl~. will be t
9. Thickness Tolerance.f- Tolerances for dimensions are shown in SAE strain rate control can be used; the method must be noted in test report results. Spee<J
oI~j.
directior
11058. ing greatly affects stress values, making uniformity critical.
index(I:
10. Tensile Samples mjneda~
10.1 Method 10.4.2 Machine grips should cover at least 2/3 of the gripped section ofIf.
10.1.1 Samples should he flat and free of defects such as scores, wrinkles, die sample.
marks. etc. 10.4.3 Stopping point for I' value test measurement is 17% elongation.
10.1.2 For standard testing. onc longitudinal 0 degree coupon is needed. 10.4.4 n-value determination range is 10% to 20% elongation, or 10%. ulb where:
10.\.3 For r-13ar (I'm) testing. one longitudinal 0 degree. one diagonal mate load if uniform elongation is less than 20%. Minimum 5 data pairs. Calel B,
45 degrees and one transverse 90 degreessamples are required. I' Bar (I'm) is a cal- lation per ASTM E 646 Part 10. , C=
culated number from individual r value teslS>",
10.4.5 Tensile machine repeatability and reproducibility must be performed.i
10.1.4 Care should be taken to insure that the samples be cut exactly at 0 and results documented as defined by the quality control procedures of the lesliBi'
degrec, 45 degrees, or 90 degreesto the coil roIling direction. laboratory.
10.1.5 Tensile test shalJbe made with coating on. 10.5 Calculation methods
10.2 Preparation of Samples 10.5.1 Elongation can be determined by either the piece-fit methodorCIIIl where:
10.2.1 Method (ASTM E 8, E 517, E 646) puter generated through the extensometer. WhaH;vermethod is usedmust ~ A=
/0.2././ Samples must have all oils, lubricants, or dry films removed prior stated in the lab report, because piece-fit elongation is generally higherIba 13=
to measurement. extensometer elongation. Elongation value is invalid if the specimenbreat; Th(
/0.2./.2 If base metal hardness is a desired value for correlation informa- within 6 mm of, or outside the gage marks.
strengths
tion. all coating must be removed from samples prior to testing. 10.5.2 Uniform elongation is defined as the elongation value measuredat.od reported
/0.2./.3 Samples should be EDM (electrical discharge machining) cut if stress.
Fo.
possible. If specimens arc milJed, preparation must be such that minimal cold 10.5.3 0.2% offset yield strength will be used for all samples without YI'[ at variOl'
work is imparted to the edges of the reduced section. For samples with YPE, the yield strength at the lowest point of discontinlMl 250B.an
10.2.2 DIMENSIONS yielding shall be reported, along with the percentage of YPE.
/0.2.2./ Gage Leng/h-50 mm:!: 0.10 mm.
lowedbj
10.5.4 I' Bar (I'm) Value = (1'90.1'0.
+ 21'45.)/4 fmm this
/0.2.2.2 lI'id/h- 12.50 mm :!:0.25 mm. 10.5.5 Earing Tendency (M) = (1'90.+ 1'0.- 2rw )/2 The
/0.2.2.3 Parallelism
. develope
30-minb
baketern

..
256
125 mm. APPENDIX A
3mm. DENT RESISTANT STEELS
DA TA ARE SHOWN IN THE APPENDIX FOR INFORMA TION ONLY.

.u DelltResistallt Steels-See Table A I.

~ to at least
TABLE A1-TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTlES!I) OF DENT RESISTANT COLD-REDUCED SHEET STEEL

j with a teS! As Received As Received As Received

Properlies Properties Properties Yield Upper Yield
SAEJ2340 . Yield Tensile Total As Received As Received Strength Strength Alter
f tests. If it Grade and Strength(2) Strength Elongation Properties Properties after 2% 2% Strain and
; set UIIsam. Type MPa MPa % n Value(3) rm Value(4) Strain MPa Bake MPa(5)
1BOA 200 350 40 0.22 1.7 235

mess within
180B
210A
210B
200
230
230
330
375
350
39
38
37
. 0.21
0.21
0.19
1.6
1.7
1.5
265
265

295
d width and
250 A 270 400 36 0.20 1.5 305
~ for theini.
250B 270 370 35 0.18 1.4 335
2BOA 300 430 36 0.18 1.4 335
280 B 300 410 35 0.17 1.1 365

t. Themechanicalproperty requirements shall be determined in longitudinal direction unless otherwise specified and shall be performed per Section 10.
2. YieldStrengthis 0.2% of~setor, in the presence 01yield point elongation, lower yield point.
3. nvalueshall be calculated, per ASTM E 646, from 10 to 20% strafn or to the end of uniform elongation when uniform elongation is less than 20%.
-- 4. rvalueshallbe calculated, per ASTM E 517, at 17% strain. rmcalculation by (ro+ r90+ 2r45)/4. The rmvalue can be up to 0.2 lower for thickness 9reater than 1.4 mm andlor galvanneal prod-
ain Rate ucts.
mmfmin 5. 2%tensileprestrain and baking at 175.C for 30 min at temperature.
mm/min
i mmlmin A.l.l Determination of Strain-Hardening Index and Bake-Hardening
Index-Bake-hardening steel strength shall be determined in specimens that have
j control or
,peed of test-
blenpreslrained

Jirection
2% and baked at 175°C for 30 min. Standard test specimens
lillbetakenfrom unstrained and unbaked material in the longitudinal (rolling)
per ASTM A 370. Referring to Figure AI, both the bake-hardening
~ f
/ '"
Bake
Hardening
.iOOex(BHI)and the strain-hardening index (SHI) of the material can be deter- Index. Upper

:tion of the minedasfollows in Equation I: B Yield(BH~) ,

)n.
10% - ulti.
.irs. Calcu-
..
lbere:
B= Flowstressat 2% prestrain
BHI=C-B (Eq, AI)

UI
UI
I
Cl)
A
( q r ~ , __n_. t Hardening
Yletd (BHI )
Index (SHI)
Stratn

...
C =Yield strength (either upper or lower yield strength) after baking at _
performed, 175°C for 30 min. tJ) II 2%
Prestraln
'the testing
SHI=B-A (Eq. A2)'
)d or corn-
,here:
~d must be
A= Initial 0.2% offset yield strength
ligher than
B =Flow stress at 2 % prestrain
len breaks
The original specimen area is used in calculation of all engineering
in this test (A, B, and C). The total increase in strength from the test is
lIrengths
red at peak
reponedas BHI (BHIu or BWL) + SHI.
Strain
Forthe purpose of part design, it may be desirable to predict yield strength
hout YPE.
:ontinuous Mvariouslocations on the finished part. The yield strength for 180B, 21OB,
!5OB,and280Bshown in Table 3 is attained by straining 2% during forming fol-
FIGURE AI-REPRESENTATION OF STRAIN-HARDENING AND
BAKE-HARDENING INDEX
~wedby a paint cycle of 30 min at 175°C. Figure A2 approximates the changes
fromthis yield strength with varying amounts of prestrain.
The after strain and bake yield strengths given in Table 3 were initially
developedwith data derived from samples subjected to 2% strain followed by a Yield Strength vs. % Prestraln
JO.min bake at 175°C. Figure A3 is presented to show the effect of lower paint 450
b.1ketemperatures following 2% strain on resulting typical yield strength values.

200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
PercentPrestraln

FIGURE A2-1YPICAL CHANGES TO YIELD STRENGTH

257 WITH VARYING AMOUNTS OF PRESTRAIN
 A.3 Ultra High Strength Martensitie Steels-See Table A3. THE
TABLE A3-TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES(I) OF ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH LOW ~
ATT,
400 Yield Strength vs. Bake Temperature CARBON MARTENSITE COLD-REDUCED SHEET STEEL
ACC
Cl! SAE J2340 Yield Tensile % Total Bend
I'CI~ 2808 Grade Strength Strength Elongation R.di'1 Reportof
~.~~ 350 2508
Designation
and Type
MPa MPa In 50 mm rll
Fore
.s::. c ...- 800M N. A.(3) N.A. N. A. N.A.
good b
~ .~ 300
2! (;j
"Hnc 900M 900 1025 5 4L&T strengtl'
Cijrfl 1000M N.A. N. A. N.A. N.A. parts.
1808 1100M 1030 1180 4 4L&T 1. Se
:2 ~ 250 mechan
.-
Cl! Cl!
=
>-c(
1200M
1300M
1140
1200
1340
1400
6
5
4TH
4L&T attachm
200 1400M 1260 1480 5 4TH 1.
1500M 1350 1580 5 4L&T of adhe~
75 100 125 150 175 mobile I
1. The mechanical property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal direction unless 0118.'
Bake Temperature °c to
f'1t:es
wise specified and shall be performed per Section 10.
2. 90 degrees Bendtest shallbe conductedper ASTMA370. !'1atioof bend radiusto thickness
I.;
(T = transverse specimen and L = longitudinal specimen). repair si
FIGURE A3-TYPICAL CHANGES TO YIELD STRENGTH
3. N. A. - Information not available. do-it-yo
WITH LOWER BAKE 1EMPERATURES
2. Re"
2.1
A.2 Ultra lligh Strmgth Dual Phase Steels-See Table A2. AA High Strength Solution Strengthened and HSLA Steels-See Table ~ specific~
TABLE M-TYPICAL INSIDE BEND RADII(I)(2)(3) HIGH STRENGTH AND HSLA,
revision
TABLE A2-TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES(I) OF ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH DUAL
PHASE HOT-ROLLED AND COLD-REDUCED SHEET STEEL COLD-REDUCED AND HOT.ROLLED AND HIGH STRENGTH RECOVERY 2.1.1
ANNEALED COLD-REDUCED UNCOATED AND COATED SHEET STEEL Warrend
Yield after SAEJ
SAE J2340 Yield 2% Tensile % Total SAE J2340 Cold-Reduced Hot-Rolled
Grade Designation Strength Strain and Grade Designation Bend Radius/ Bend Radius! 3. !de
Strength Elongation Bend Radii(2)
and Type MPa Bake MPa MPa in 50 mm rlt and Type Thickness Thickness 3.1
500DL 340 480 300S,X,& Y 1/2T H . alltol11ob
550 28 .5 L& T
600DH 550 690 340 S, X, & Y 1I2T&L H&L Ihat is de
710 20 2L&T
600DL1 380 X & Y 1T&L 1T&L 3.2
390 560 650 22 .5 L & T
420 X & Y IT&L H&L the exteri
600DL2 340 490 660 27 .5 L& T
490 X & Y 2T&L 2T&L
Bo(
700DH 600 720 760 16 2L&T
550 X & Y 2T&L 2T&L
Del
800DL 580 800 860 14 IL&T
490 R
Del
950DL 680 1030 1050 12 3T&L N.A.(4)
4L&T Del
1000DL 810 1070 1070 9 3L&T 550 R 3T&L N.A.
DO(
700 R 4T&L N. A.
1. The mechanical property requirements shall be determined in longitudinal direction unless other- Gril
. 830 R 6T&L I
.
wise specified and shall be performed per Section 1(, N.A. Hea
2. 90 de9rees Bend test shall be conducted per ASTM A 370. Ratio of bend radius to thickness 1. 90 degrees Bend test shall be conducted per ASTM A 370. Ratio of bend radiustothickness I Loc
=
(T = transverse specimen and L longitudinal specimen).
(T = transverse specimen and L = tongltudinal specimen). t Log
2. The suggested minimum bending radius is based on the nominal rolled thickness,not ~enit.
mum ordered thickness. Lug
Forming limits studies are helpful in predicting the success of forming complex Mir.
3. For thicknesses over 4.50 mm, add 1/2 t to the radius shown in the Table.
shapes. Roll forming processes are recommended. Stampings which require 4. N. A. - Information not available <> Prot
draws may be unsuccessful due to the limited flow of dual phase and martensitic Roc
microstructures. Spring back variation is much greater in dual phase and marten- Roc
sitic steel and should be considered in the part. tool, and weld fixture designs. Rod
Roo
Spoi
.1
I Spoi

I Slei'
Sun
Tail
Vent
Vent
Whe
Whe,
Winc
4. /dell!
4.1 ~
manllfactu
mobile wi;
pound. or
polyurelha
4.2 1
ingtypes 0
orsymbol.
5. Prepa
5.1 1
cleanedthe
258