oN write a nore on genesal_metnods of p syuntnests of nanomaterials - re pasation gn * We cunthesis of navoparhces — Various methods can bv employer vr ne duntnesis of NPs bub these metoas pty byvadiu cliided into two main classes @ Bottom up approacu @) Top-down approach These AppVOAches further cliviced into various Subclasses based on tne opesakon and adopted profecol, Nanopavheles (NPs) Preparation Methods a Bottom-up [Top Down Synthesis Synthesis [— “I + } d- Spinning Biological 3. Mechanical milling |2. Template SuntnesiS a&-Chemical etching ea via B sputtering IS. Plasma ov Bacteria 4 Lasey ablation ame spraying yeast S$. Blechvexplosion & Laser pyrolysis fungi HG. Cvo algae — 6. Atomic or moleculay plants Condensahon Cte. ( scanned with Oken Scanner1S 2D NMR. 9 Desenbe with Suitable example fs 4 conveational NMR cpechum i spectuim This is a plob of intensihy agains Freq This ype of- Spectrum. plot does not give come | finfermakon megardding the Coupling nutles 1 “|r o-H ene. | Thetis a _possibi, ty to sep He Snterachons among the corbon and Mycrigéms _of Sample compounds This helps. h establishing. the _ tela Honsesp bet” coupling muctel Wk cohich mae protons _COUPI® Letty whith carbon os ahith proten.— aoa —Th*s involves 20 axes design | Frequency, cd hence name as boo —climensional C70 - D_nImR both the axes x imme | Mave chemical shift Scales ard tne. .spectra. ave plotted ___ ae as a guid like amep et The. infarmaton can b& ahi [looking ab the peaks inthe guid and matchir | the axes “the values of coupling constay mb be —___|_ obtained _vsing this amehod jut the fact that two | pesenances ene coupled can gie information about the mest important and uielely Shidied _ correlation specboscopy elthex ~ “Homonudeay ox Hetronucleas —______ 1 the Homonucleary _profon- proton case. | te yefesred as Cosy whereas tne hetevonucleay ____] — = proton Correlation Case: is Known as HETCOR & Scanned with Oken Scannerx tre, cosy technique: $— | the ext tov Chomonucieay CoS), gives the pyeten Na epectrum of any molecule along the %arus, T ond wopeats it along the Y-axis - The signais aye wepeared: Wwhenevex_a oroton couples with another proton this is given by the contour of an { off - diagonal cross peak. I [ onyon ct H iM uy I | 1 TT TTT Ter 2 I ay ! ! Pex es cole | 7 i 1 C 7 ‘ 5s / aby 3S \Z | Feosy ot lepmpara) Pm ___ for Example, in COSY of |-propanol CcHscHccH.-oti) | AA in, ios 1 t between tne YW ab 1S ppm ard the Hat 3-6 _ |) tis comecpands tp tne coupling of the CHs group { Land the adiacent Hon the CHOW group: = Similar yo 7 _ | ( scanned with Oken Scannersee See the peak morked'@ ind KCOVES Cousin inb@vacton beween Hat os) cee ond H | 13 ppm - Wis comes ends to couplin Ha omd CH, mn tne, |= prepancl as enoam in |_ cosy of \"Sropanoi Rig. ! There a7€ a Second set of euivetont | a\sp_marked as A_and @ on ne orney side, of the Haaonal thus in cosy technique , The -Cfl= diagonal peaks conic ase termed ac G208S PEAS omide ycolul infirematina, it Indicates gre ton ax, Gerina\y one Vicmatiy coupled Lona wanae Couplings nexmaliy do not aie SignG came SeOSS G2AKS + However tnese may be exceptions chen tong range coupling axe larqe The Noesy Experiment The wu two-dimensional 2NMR. exgeriment tnat takes advantage of the nuclear Overhauser effect 16 Nuclear houses Etfoct Sp Seep or NOESY. Any! nuclei that may interact coith Ono'n: Anmouanh dipolo selaxaton process Loi _appeat AS Gs peaks jn a NOESY spechum, Ahis tupe of “invewaction includes nuclei that joe direct coupied to one another, put it also includes nuclet that ove mob Avecthy coupled but ave located near to one anotney through pace. the wesuir 1S bvo dimensional spechum Aa. looks very much like. COSY spechwen put includes , besicdlesS many of the expected COSY cross PEAKS, AdchHona\ Cyss peaks that arse ( scanned with Oken Scanner— oe nuciei enone ror tates 7 [1 treeigin spaces ~ Coit axe witnin dist “A ee fT 1 NOESY. y_udpeckmecoply has become especaliyy i NO BSy t i Ain tne Sbacl ly of large molecules, SUC el and ryncteohde. Ue laFge, as prmbeins ane—pe bend tp himble m. in | ol 1 elution » whith means that Neg interaction tl have more ime. dovelop - Small mele cule { | Aumipie: more quictiy tn Geluton , the. nuctet | move pass one another too quickty Ww allow a craniicant development of dipolas interactons- > | The vesutt 76 that NOESY Cyoss peaks may be | tpp weak +o be obseyved Because the cross peaks in NOESY epecha. arise From soatal interactions , tis type of Seectwesiopy. 1S Pact culorly well Suited to be tne Ghacliy. of confiquarahions anc Confymatons of molecules 243 Example % Prcetanilide, FS —E—cH, a Arceranilicle cam eniists in +120 confoxsmatio: AS Aven elo, they Can Show Noe effect H [ oye 7 te Kee ~£ Wes | For conformation A, the N-H huydwwgen is Close._to tne He. CoH nydqcen LE. 600 Wiel Ompeet ( scanned with Oken ScannerWy For confi mation 8, He erpions that y bh tne 1 —H_oxoken And Hae ortine pmton @0 ph ving Gow His foxmna wil _erepeck tm Gee a_C: peak rok comelate tne coumaht proto" 7-43 pom and Metnu) Grok at 2-13 pern When athial soectum is determined me Finds a Weak cyoss peak Yhat links the 2% pom peak With the 2:13 pom peak. This hows cleoviy tat preferred Conformation of Pyeetanivide is tp? the combination of COSY and NOESY Method Finds wile application in the desermina en of me aructures of biomorecules HETOOR Seectya Technique ¢~ 2D NMR scecha that displays ISc—th gril comvetations ave called HETCOR, fron Hetronucleas comlaion) cpecte. HETCOR Gpectsa Shoro coupling beween protms and the. corleon to which rey ave attached The. HETCOR spectum of I-chioyd -2- prepare | Snow IN gue, and the £pltouana,_ points may Io A be rored Be spectum Is Muswated clang ane Re cond __|K_ Seectwn on cos ood ( scanned with Oken Scanner