11 —19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Berson11 — 19 PROGRESSION NY Lalit pes oS van By ses Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Ree ted ot ees ects Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, lan Bettison, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny, Dave Wilkins P PearsonContents @ contents Overarching themes Extra online content Ll 12 13 14 15 1.6 21 22 23 24 25 2.6 3a 32 33 34 35 3.6 BT 4a 42 43 4h 45 Algebraic expressions Index laws Expanding brackets Factorising Negative and fractional indices Surds Rationalising denominators Mixed exercise 1 Quadratics Solving quadratic equations Completing the square Functions Quadratic graphs The discriminant Modelling with quadratics Mixed exercise 2 Equations and inequalities Linear simultaneous equations Quadratic simultaneous equations ‘Simultaneous equations on graphs Linear inequalities Quadratic inequalities Inequalities on graphs Regions Mixed exercise 3 Graphs and transformations Cubic graphs Quartic graphs Reciprocal graphs Points of intersection Translating graphs vi 12 3B 15 18 19 22 25 27 30 32 35 38 39 4a 42. 46 48 51 53 56 59 60 64 66 68 n 46 Stretching graphs 47 Transforming functions Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 5 Straight line graphs 5.1 y=mxr+c 5.2. Equations of straight lines 5.3 Parallel and perpendicular lines 5.4 Length and area 5.5 Modelling with straight lines Mixed exercise 5 6 Circles 6.1 Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors 6.2 Equation of a circle 6.3 Intersections of straight lines and circles 6.4 Use tangent and chord properties 65 Circles and triangles Mixed exercise 6 7 Algebraic methods 7A. Algebraic fractions 7.2 Dividing polynomials 73 The factor theorem 7.4 Mathematical proof 7.5 Methods of proof Mixed exercise 7 8 The binomial expansion 8.1 Pascal's triangle 82 Factorial notation 83 The binomial expansion 8.4 Solving binomial problems 5 79 82 85 89 90 93 o7 100 103 108 113 114 17 121 123 128 132 137 138 1239 143 146 150 154 158 159 161 163 16585 Binomial estimation Mixed exercise 8 9 Trigonometric ratios 9.1 The cosine rule 9.2 The sine rule 93 Areas of triangles 9.4 Solving triangle problems 9.5 Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent 9.6 Transforming trigonometric graphs Mixed exercise 9 10 Trigonometric identities and equations 10.1 Angles in all four quadrants 167 169 173 174 179 185 187 192 194 198 202 203 10.2 Exact values of trigonometrical ratios 208 10.3. Trigonometric identities 10.4 Simple trigonometric equations 10.5 Harder trigonometric equations 10.6 Equations and identities Mixed exercise 10 Review exercise 2 11 Vectors 11.1 Vectors 11.2 Representing vectors 11.3. Magnitude and direction 11.4 Position vectors 11.5 Solving geometric problems 11.6 Modelling with vectors Mixed exercise 11 12 _ Differentiation 12.1. Gradients of curves 12.2 Finding the derivative 123. Differentiating 2" 12.4. Differentiating quadratics 209 213 air 219 222 226 230 231 235 239 242 266 248 251 255 256 259 262 264 Contents 125 Differentiating functions with two or more terms 12.6 Gradients, tangents and normal 12.7 Increasing and decreasing functions 12.8 Second order derivatives 12.9 Stationary points 12.10 Sketching gradient functions 12.11 Modelling with differentiation Mixed exercise 12 13 Integration 13.1 Integrating x" 13.2 Indefinite integrals 13.3 Finding functions 13.4. Definite integrals 13.5. Areas under curves 13.6 Areas under the x-axis 13.7 Areas between curves and lines Mixed exercise 13 14 — Exponentials and logarithms 14.1, Exponential functions 142 y=e 14.3 Exponential modelling 14.4 Logarithms 14.5 Laws of logarithms 14.6 Solving equations using logarithms 14.7 Working with natural logarithms 14.8 Logarithms and non-linear data Mixed exercise 14 Review exercise 3 Practice exam paper Answers Index 266 268 270 a 273 277 279 282 287 288 290 293 295 297 300 302 306 au 312 314 317 319 321 326 326 328 334 338 342 345 399Overarching themes @ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols * Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem into the main exercises 1 + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret ests collec information + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t seminal J 3. Mathematical modelling ES ION + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the Equations and front of the book. 3 inequalities : Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with The Prior knowledge check : helps make sure you are ready to start the chapter links to relevant questions in the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Crane bss =a oe give youa chance to. _—~* F>uaasl ua : —_— tackle some more Deere z meen difficult questions 7 = : Each section begins with explanation and key learning points Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions you'll need to tackle Exam-siyle questions are flagged with ©) Each chapter ends ee anes with a Mixed exercise Exercises are packed questions are flagged — n'a summary of with exam-style questions problem-solving boxes provide with © ey points to ensure you are ready hints, tips and strategies, and for the exams Watch out boxes highlight areas where students often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare for the real thingExtra online content @ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions ———— as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online viExtra online content GeoGebra interactives Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding with GeoGebra-powered interactives. Interact with the maths you are learning using, GEE Expiore the gradient ofthe GeoGebra's easy-to-use chord AP using GeoGebra, tools CASIO. nergy alue of the first derivative to acess the function press: Gu) © =) @ Casio calculator support Our helpful tutorials will guide you through how to use your goo calculator in the exams. They coo cover both Casio's scientific and tsy-T=t=t-J colour graphic calculators. ‘See exactly which Work out each coefficient buttons to press and quickly using the "G, and power what should appear on functions on your calculator. your calculators screen Sete uaa ate www.pearsonschools.co.uk/p1maths You can also access the extra online content by scanning this QR viiPublished by Pearson Education Limited 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL wwnupearsonschoolandfecolleges couk Copies of oficial specications fo all Pearson qualifications may be found on the website: {qualifications pearsoncom Text © Pearson Education Umied 2017 Eited by Tec Set i, Gateshead “Typeset by Tech Set Ld, Gateshead Criginalilustrations © Pearson Esucation Limited 2017 Cover iustration Marusewe-orists ‘The rights of Greg Attwood Jack Barraclough ln Bettson Altair Macpherson Bronwen Mora, Su Nicholon, Dane Ove Je Pera, Keith Pledge Harty Smith, Geof Staley, Robert Ward Peay and Dave Wikins tobe dented as authors ofthis work have been asserted by them in accordance wth the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1968. 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Endorsement of a esoure doesnot mean that the resources required to achieve this Pearson ‘qualification, nor does it mean tat ls the only Suitable material avaiable to suppor the ‘qualification, and any resource lists produced bythe awarding body shall Include this and other Appropriate resources. viiiAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: © Multiply and divide integer powers ‘© Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms ‘© Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 2-3 > pages 3-4 > pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 © Know and use the laws of indices © Simplify and use the rules of surds © Rationalise denominators Computer scientists use indices to describe very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 21 values simultaneously. This is greater than the number of particles in the observable universe. > pages 9-11 > pages 12-13, > pages 13-16 simplify: a 4+ Sma? ~ 2nn + mrt — 3mn b 3x2-5x 424 3x2 7x12 + GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: aexP bs? « @ + GCSE Mathematics Expand: a 3(r+4) © 6(2x-5y) b 5(2-3x) + GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of. a 24and 16 b 6xand 8x? € xy? and 3xy + GCSE Mathematics Simplify 10x 40x a's <4 + GCSE MathematicsChapter 1 @Q Index laws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + an xansane cms This is the base. ‘hiss the index, power or ‘exponent. Simplify these expressions: Fp a xtxxd b2wPx3 ee d 6x5 + 3x9 e @P x2? f Bx ext a xexx ax | b Br? x Br = 2x Bx rex PF =6x ret = Gr CREED A minus sign outside Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: RD A rinus sign ‘brackets changes the sign of a -3x(7x-4) b y°G-2)+) every term inside the brackets. © dxQx-2x2+ 5x3) d 2x(Sx + 3)— 52x +3)a -3x(7x- 4) = -21x? + 12x b y%(3 - 2y%) = By? - 2y? © 4x(3x- 2x? + 53°) = 12x? ~ 8° + 20x4 d 2x(5x4 3) - 5(2x+ 3) Ox? - 4x- 15 10x? + 6x~10x~ 15 Algebraic expressions i Gea Simplify these expressions: xlaxt 3x? - 6x5 20x7 + 15x4 a 2x ox txts xtex Sxt= Gx _ 3x? _Gx? 2x “Ox” 2x = 3x8-1 2 3E 0 a= 8x 2 4 Bx8-2 = 4x9 + 3x 1 Simplify these expressions: \ a oxxt b 2x5 x 3x7 ae 4p 3x) F 4 aa £ Gy g 10x5+ 20° h (py spt i QaP+20 . 21a? Jf 8pts 4p k 2at x 3a5 | m 9x? x (x2) 3x3 x 2x? x 4x6 © Jat x Bat? D (4y'p + 2y° q 2a* + 3a? x 60° Fax asx aChapter 1 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a 9(x-2) b x49) © -3(4-3y) d xir+5) e -x3x +5) f -Sx(4x +1) g Gx 45x h -3y(5 - 29°) i -2x(5x-4) J Gx=5)x7 Kk 3(v+2)+ (x-7) 1 Sx-6-Gx-2) m4(c+ 3d?) - 3Q2c+d9)_ om (PF +32 +9)- QF + 37-4) © x(3x? = 2+ 5) P 7y°2- 5y + 3)°) 4 -2y°5 - Ty + 3°) F 1x — 2) + (x + 4) - 6x - 2) $ Sx -3(4-2x) +6 t 3x?-a(3-4x)+7 w Ax(x + 3) -2x(3x - 7) Vv 3x°(2x + 1) - Sx°Gx- 4) 3. Simplify these fractions: Gx! + 1x8 2x 8x3 + Sx 24 = 4x? a @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you muttiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the =a 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. Ler ae (w+ 5) dx By +3) = x(x ~ 2p +3) + 5(x— 2p +3) NLA = bx? = 2xy + 3x + 20K = 10y + 15. 5x wAx?—2xy-+23x= 10) + 15 —— Simplify your answer by collecting like terms. Gx) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x4 S)(x+2) b (x= 292+) € (x-3P d (x+))Bx- 2-4) ae axt+ 70410 b x= Qe +0) Bx +x 2x'y = 2pAlgebraic expressions 4 (x4 93x - 2y - 4) (Bx - 2y 4) + Sx - 2y-4) x2 = Dy — Ax + Bay ~ 2)? — Ay = 3x? + xy - 4x - 2y?- ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x(2v43)(x-7) b x(Sx~3y)(2x-y +4) © (x= 4x + 3)0r+ 1D) AS = x? = 2x b xiSx = 3y)(2x- y+ 4) Sx? = Bxy2x = y +4) = Sx*Q2x- y + 4) ~ Bxyl2x—y + 4) 10x? ~ Sx2y + 20x" ~ Gx2y + 3xy? = taxy = 10x? = thx?y + 203° + Suy? = 12xy © (= Alor + 3x +1) x2 = x= 12) +1) 2(x + 1) xe #1) = 1200 + 1) 12 0 C= 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (x+4\x+7) b (x- 3x42) © (x-2P d (x= y)20 +3) © (x + 3y)(4x- 3) f Q2x-4y)3x4y) g Qx-3)(x-4) h Bx+2y? i (2x+8y)(2x +3) J (e+ 5)Qx+3y-5) Kk (v= NGx=4y-5) (v= 4y)Qe ++ 5) m (x+2y— DOr +3) n Qx+2y43x+6) 0 (4-y\4y—x 43) p (y+5)Gx-y+2) q Gy-2x+3)-4) or y= -2)(5-y)Chapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a Sex + I(x 4) b Tx - 22x +5) © 3(x- 3-3) @ x(x— yr +) © xQx+ Gx +4) £ y(e- Sr 1) g Gx —2y)(4x +2) h y(7-Qx-5) i xQx+y)Sx-2) J xe + 2)0r4 3-4) k yQrey-Ie45) 1 yGx+2p-3)2r+1) m x(2v+ 3)ov+y~ 5) m 2x(3x—1)4x-y-3) 0 Ba(x-2y)Qv43y+5) P(x + 3)0 + 2+ 1) q (w+ 2r— ACEH I) (XH 3)O- eS) s (x Sx - 4x3) t Qx+ Ie- 2x41) w (2x +3)3x- Ix +2) Vv Gx=2)2x4 DGx=2) wet y(x-@-1) x Qx-3y)P) ©® 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. The rectangle has length 3x — y +4 and width x +7. (Ge Uie seme Ssdhgy os you would we ‘The square has length x 2. Find an expanded and simplified expression ee ee for the shaded area, em +7 Toem aye ©® 4 Acuboid has dimensions x + 2em, 2x ~ 1em and 2x + 3em. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x* + 12x? + Sx -6cm*. x3 + bx2y + exy? + dy', where a, b, cand dare ©) 5 Given that 2x + 5y)3x- 2x +») constants, find the values of a, 5, ¢ and d. (2 marks) fae vIC (Hieeens eters Expand and simplify (x + »)*. expressions like (x + y)* quickly. > Section 8.3 @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. Sam ® Factorising is the opposite of expanding Mapa ames brackets. (x +5)? = 2° + 15n? + 75x + 125, (x + 2p) 5p) = x2 3p 10) << ractosng |Algebraic expressions Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x49 bxe-Sx © 8x24 20x d 9xp4 15x32 @ 3x7 = 9xy a 3x49 = 3(x +3) b x? - Sx=xtv-5) | © Bx? + 20x= 4x(2x +5) d Oxy + 15x92 Bxy(Bx + Sy) @ 3x? ~ Oxy = 3x(x ~ 3y) | ® A quadratic expression has the form CED eal numbers are all the positive ax? + bx + cwhere a, band care real aon ene atonal numbers and a0. ‘and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: * Find two factors of ac that add up to b + Rewrite the b term as a sum of these two factors + Factorise each pair of terms For the expression 2x? + 5-3, ac=-6=-1%6 and-1+6 2xt=x+ 6x-3 = x@x-1) +3@x-1) + Take out the common factor =(e+3)@x-1) wt y= (r+ ye-y) EEE ar expression in the form x2 — ys ‘alled the difference of two squares. Factorise: a -5x-6 b P+ 6x48 © 6x'=Ily-10 0d P-25 ee 427-9)? = a(x + = i +1) = (x4 tr 6)Chapter 1 be +extd Sxe+2ve 4x48 x(x + 2) + A(x + 2) s(x 2)or+ 4) ! © 6x? = Ihr -10 = Gx? ~ 15x 4 4x-10 = 3x(2x - 5) + 2(2x- 5) = (2x - 5)3x + 2) | 25 xi-5? = (x4 Six - 5) ! © 4x? — ay? = 2x2 = 342 = 2x + 3y)@x~ 39) Factorise completely: a -2x7 b x= 25x © x8 43x? = 10x a x8— 2x? = x%(e— 2) | b 8-252 Oa=x® 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a dy +8 b 6x-24 © 20x+15 dated e 4x2 +20 £ 6x?- 180 g e-TKe hx? + 4x i ae-x j 6-2x k 10)°=5y 1 35x°= 28x me+2x n 3y+2y 0 4x? + Iv p Sy? 20y 4g 9x)? + 12xy F Gab —2ab? s Sx2-25xy t 12xty + &xy? uw 15p— 20y2? v 12x°-30 way? = xy x 12y°—4yxAlgebraic expressions 2 Factori: a e+ay b 2x + 6x © + lle t 24 d P4842 ex 43x-40 f e-8r+12 g P+Sx46 bh xe-2v-24 i e-3x-10 j +x-20 k 2+ 5x42 1 3x°+10x-8 m 5x? 16x +3 m 6x? -8x-8 qe : : LAD For part n, take 2 out asa common 0 2xt+ Tx = 15 p 2xt+ 142+ 24 racortesen esc ety eee qxv-4 rxe-49 Ss 4x?-25 t 9x? - 25)? u 36x?-4 v 2x50 w 6x? ~ 10x44 x 15x? 4420-9 3. Factorise completely: a +x beter © x= 5x d 8-9 e -x?- 12 f x34 Ibs? + 30x g 8-7 + 6x hx 64x i 2v-5y?-3x j 2x4 13x? + 15x k e-4y 1 3x3 +2737 + 60x @®) 4 Factorise completely x4 - Qmarks) GEE TS ‘Watch out for terms that can be written as a function of a function: x+= (x2)? © 5 Factorise completely 6x* + 7x? ~ Sx. (2 marks) Cnn Write 4x4 — 1332 + 9 as the product of four linear factors. XD Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. xiexts xt! numbers are those that can be written as 4 where similarly xh xxhx... Pad aeteeeed nterms = You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. ee sindGuie a ‘positive square root of a, a For example 9!=\9 =3 but giz —3._ Evaluate: aol b 6a) © 49! d ast -tl4 EDD bse your cateuitor to enter i 53 5 negative and fractional powers. @ ti) 10Algebraic expressions Given that y = 75x? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, ay! b 4y-! Check that your answers are in the correct form. If kand mare constants they could be positive or ‘negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. 1 Simplify: aver? bxtax doy ey g oxis3xt b sxdexd j Vex Ye Kk (xP x (5) 2 Evaluate: a 25! bs a4? e 94 g (3)° h 1296 * k (7 Sx3 = 2x? ' xt4x? i= © (125x!2)° = 4.4)! Ox? = 15.5 Sx 3x? t 5x) 8s Bae © 4 & Find the value of 815, (1 mark) b Simplify x(2x~)*, (2 marks) © 5 Given that y= 42° express each of the following in the form kx", where k and 7 are constants, ay? (2 marks) bby (2 marks) nChapter 1 (1.5 } Surds If nis an integer that is net a square number, then any multiple of /n is called a surd. Examples of surds are V2, /19 and 5V2. fers ere Surds are examples of irrational numbers. in the form $ where a and b are integers. The decimal expansion ofa surd is never-ending sure are examples of irrational numbers. and never repeats, for example 2 = 1.414213562... You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. = You can manipulate surds using these rules: + Vab=Vaxvb © SVG ~ 2/24 + (294 = SVE - 2/6V4 + VE x (49 = 65 - 2x 247) ee) < eae 12Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a /2(5-V3) b (2-35 +13) (5 + V3) - V3(5 + V3) =10+ 2/3 - 53 oO 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: a (28 b 72 ¢ 150 ave © 190 2 v27 23 h 0+ i 300+ V8 - V7 J V1TS + 63 + 2/28 k (28 -2V63 + V7 1 ¥80 -2V20 + 3/45 RD 2.90 4 5/45 ieee 543k “— ae = v by VB m 3/80 +595 Ded 0 VID + 3/48 + 75 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a V32+V3) b V5(3-v3) © v2(4-V5) d (2-¥2)3 +5) € (2-V3)3-V7) £ (44+V5)(2+V5) g@ (5-31-93) h (44/3)(2-\3) i (7-Vi1y2+ TI) © 3 Simplify /75 - 12 giving your answer in the form aV/3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @® Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form *. “a jay anion and denominator by \/a. + For fractions in the oma ae multiply the numerator and denominator by a ~ a + For fractions in the form e multiply the numerator and denominator by a + \b. a 13Chapter 1 eno Rationalise the denominator of: at ot < S+2 a—__ 3 342 ¥5-V2 a-¥ (3 + V2\(3 - V2) 3-2 9-3/2 +3/2-2 ! V5 + V2 _W5 + VOWS +2) WS -V2\5 + V2) = 5+ V5V2 + V2V5 +2 : 5-2 | " ~ Ee wl al 1-V3-V3 409 ot 4-218 21% 4 + 203) © (4 = 2134 + 213) | __ 44as 1648/3 - a/3 -12 14@® 4 Simplify = = oO Algebraic expressions 1 v3 ot + a vu “2 VIS 5 io 7 ¢ at. no 180 v136 ve 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: at gl et at .— L4v3 24v5 3-V7 3-V5 V5 -V3 3-v2 5 n i —l j ¥3-V7 4-5 5a w-7 34VT Bat v17-V1 Val + /29 y2-V3 ‘ae ‘SS ass VI7+V11 val - 129 V3 v2 3. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 * 6-3) ae . 3 p! (5-V3)(2+v3) oicuen ‘You can check that your answer is in the correct form by writing down the values of p and q and CH ® G4/DG-12), giving your answer in the form p + qV5, where p and q are rational numbers. (4marks) ing that they are rationel 1 Simplify: ayxyS b 3x2x 2x? ¢ (4x2? = 2x5 d 4b? x 3h x bt 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (x + 3)(v-5) b Qx-7)Gx+1) © (2x45)3x-y+2) 3. Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x + Aor 1) b (x4 Ie 37) © (2x +3)(~- 2G 1) 4 Expand the brackets: a Sy +4) b SxB-Sx+2N7) € Sx2v+3)-2K(1- 3x) d 3N°(1 + 3x) - 203-2) 15Chapter 1 10 u 12 13 14 Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x4 4x b 4y° + 10y et aytay @ 8x? + 10°y, Factorise: a x43re2 b 3x° + 6x ¢ 2x35 d 2xv-x-3 e 5x?-13x-6 f 6-5x-x* Factorise: a 2x84 6x b = 36x © 2x34 7x2 = 15x Simplify: a 9x 3x9 b a) © Bx? 2x4 @ 3x5 56x) Evaluate: 8yi 225)} « (3) » (555) Simplify: 3 ie oie pages 19-24 © Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions ~ pages 25-27 © Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function “> pages 27-30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression ~ pages 30-32 © Use and apply models that involve quadratic functions > pages 32-35 Solve the following equations a 3x+6=x-4 b 5(x+3) =6(2x-1) © 4x2= 100 d (x-8) = 64 © GCSE Mathematics 2. Factorise the following expressions: a 248x415 b x24+3x-10 © 3x? 14x-5 dx?-400 «Section 1.3 3 Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes a y=3x-6 € x+2y=18 © GCSE Mathematics Quadratic functions are used to model fi projectile motion. Whenever an object is thrown or launched, its path will = © 4x-752(x-1) d4-x<11 & approximately follow the shape of a + GCSEMathematics “" parabola. ~ Mixed exercise Q11 a ES ee 4 Solve the following inequalities: ax+8<11 b2x-5>13 Wa@) solving quadratic equations Quadratics A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, where a, b and c are real constants, and a # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +c=0 + Factorise the left-hand side CEEEED the solutions toan ‘equation are sometimes called the roots of the equation. + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x ax) Solve the following equations: x-15=0 b x =9x © 6x24 13y-5=0 dx? S$ 18=243x a 2x15 (e+ 3-5) Then either x +3 or x-5 So x =-3 and x = 5 are the two solutions of the equation. = x-9x= x(x = 9) Then either x or x-9 The solutions are x = O and x = 9 Gx? + 13x - fo} Gx-vex+5)=0 Then either 34 1=0 x 2x+5=05% The solutions are x = 4 and =x x? = Sx 418 x - Bx +16 (r= ar 4) = Then either x ~ 4 x-420x24 Sx + 3x or [— Factorise the quadratic. © Section 1.3 _ Ifthe product of the factors is zero, one of the factors must be zero, CEZED the symbol > means ‘implies that. This statement says ‘If +3 =0, then x=—3'. "__ Aquadratic equation with two distinct factors has two distinct solutions, CEEEEDD the signs ofthe solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor, Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x ‘may have the value 0. Instead, rearrange into the form ax? + bx +e=0. Factorise. Factorise. Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. The quadratic equation (px + g)(rx-+s) =O will have solutions x= —f and x = Rearrange into the form ax? + bx + ¢=0. Factorise. CEEED when a quadratic equation has exactly one root it is called # repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots. 19Chapter 2 In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, xxx) Solve the following equations 5 a er eee a (2x— 3) =25 b @-3P=7 statements in one line of working. You say ‘plus or minus’, a (2x - 3p =25 ener Take the square root of both sides. exa3e5 Remember 5? = (5)? = 25. Then either 2x=3 +5 >x or 2x=3-Sax ‘Add 3 to both sides. The solutions are x = 4 and b w-3y o— 7 Take square roots of both sides. +7 x=32V7 The solutions are.x= 3 + V7 and x=3-/7 ——__________ You can leave your answer in surd form. Oa=x® 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: a x+3x+2=0 b x +5x4+4=0 ¢ x 4+7x+10=0 d P-x-6=0 e P= 8x4 15=0 f 2-9x4+20=0 g e-Sx-6=0 h xe -4x-12=0 2. Solve the following equations using factorisation: a x =dx b x= 25x e 2x4 7x4+3=0 f 6x?-7x-3=0 3 Solve the following equations: 2 b Qx a 3x7 +5. f (x-3P=13 g Gx-1P= i 6x?-7= 11x j 4x2 +17. ©® 4 This shape has an area of 44m? I Find the value of x. t ein xm ! 1 | ® 5 Solve the equation $x + 3 = /3x+7. 20Quadratics ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. = The solutions of the equation CEE 101 need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + c= 0 are given by the formula: into the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 before reading off +VP—4ac the coefficients. 2a and c — 4=3, Put brackets around any negative values. 4x3 x (C1) =412 Orx = 2.47 (3 si) or x = -0135 3 sf) Gee 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. ex +6x+6=0 9d x?-Sx-2=0 h llx?+2x-7=0 ae+3r+1=0 b xt-3x 220 f 4x?-4y e 3x24 10x, 2 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers to three significant figures. a e4dy+2=0 b e-8r41 f 2e-3y et+llx-9=0 9 d -7x-17 =0 g 3x°+8= 16x ho 2x?+ Hy = 5a © Sx? + 9x 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures. a@e48xt12=0 — b at+9x-11=0 © P-9x-1=0 d 2x?+ 5x42=0 GED 01 can use any methos Ee ceeniaio you are confident with to solve t these equations. g 2v-1l=7x hxv= Vis 6x? + 6 = 12x a1Chapter 2 4 This trapezium has an area of 50 _ Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(v5 — 1) m. toes Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —+1m— cx ELD write the equation in the form ‘ax? + bx + ¢=0 before using the quadratic Given that «is positive, solve the equation fou een 1,1 2 x x42) 195 (2.2) Completing the square Itis frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: 2 xt4 bua (x44)? (bY srobe=(eof)-(8) You can draw a diagram of this process when x and b are positive: x The original rectangle has been rearranged intothe = *——*—*+ >> shape of a square with a smaller square missing, The two areas shaded blue are the same. Gane CED 4 quadratic expression in the form p(x + q)? + r where p, q and r are real constants is in completed square form + bx Complete the square for the expressions: ae 48e b xe-3x ¢ 2x4 12x Begin by halving the coefficient of x. Using the ee ees Be tule given above, b= 8 304 = 4, = + 4-16 P-@ b x? - 3x5 (x ie Here the coefficient of xis 2, so take out a factor — LL of 2. The other factor isin the form (x? + bx) so =e -3P - 3) you can use the rule to complete the square. = x - 3 - 9) = Ax - 3-16 - [— Becarefulit is a fraction. Here (3 = (x © 2x2 — 12x = 2x? - Gx) Expand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form, 7 22Quadratics maxt+bx+ Write 3x2 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + )? +r, where p, q and r are integers to be found, Cg ‘This is an expression, so you cant divide every term by 3 without changing its value. = B(x? + 2x) +1 Instead, you need to take a factor of 3 out of = e+ 1) 41 3x? + 6x. = 3+ - 341 You could also use the rule given above to complete the square for this expression, but it is safer to learn the method shown here. = 341? -2 Sop =3,q=1andr= barat y 0 DD incvesions4 1 Complete the square for the expressions: write the expression as 2 2 lax 4x? - 16x + 10 then axctde bx-6r ¢ t-l6r dtr ec Seer 2 Complete the square for the expressions: = a caecised ‘i a 2x24 16x b 3x°-24y © Sx?+20x d 2x?- Sy © Bx-2x* See 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, g and rare constants to be found: a Qt+8xtl — b Sx? 1Sx43 € 32+ 2x-1 — d 10-16x-4x? © 2v- 8x7 +10 © 4 Given that x + 3x +6 = (x +a)? +b, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) © 5 Write 2 + 0.8% - 0.04x7 in the form 4 ~ B(x + CP, where A, Band C are constants to be determined. (marks) Solve the equation x? + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form, x? +8x+10=0 Check coefficient of x? = 1. 2 +8x = 10 — —— Subtract 10 to get the LHS in the form x2 + x. weap -4 Complete the square for x? + 8x. (442 =-10416 - ‘Add 42 to both sides. (v+4Pe6 (x44) = ave Take square roots of both sides. x=-44V6 ‘Subtract 4 from both sides. So the solutions are x=-4 +6 and x Leave your answer in surd form. 23Chapter 2 Solve the equation 2x — 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. ets This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its ‘own. The right-hand side is 0 0 it is unchanged. Complete the square for x? — 4x, ‘Add 2° to both sides. L Take square roots of both sides. Se the roots are |__ add 2 to both sides. xe 24+tiandx=2- fa ve ED tssrccarca solutions to quadratic equations quickly. O a= ' 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. axe 46x+1=0 bxv4l2x+3=0 © xt+dx-2=0 d x2-10x=5 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form. a2v+6r-3=0 — b Sx7+8x-2=0 — € dx?-x-8=0 d 15-6x-2x7=0 © 3 & = lv + 1 = (x +p? +g, where p and q are constants. a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation 2? = 14x + 1 = 0 can be written in the form r + sV3, where rand s are constants to be found. (2 marks) GP) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Seen) the equation x? + 2bx + ¢= 0 are given by the formula Follow the same steps as you would x=-b+ 16 (4 marks) if the coefficients were numbers. Challenge a Show that the solutions to the equation es GBD stare by dividing the whole * equation by a. ax? + 2bx + ¢ =O are given by 'b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx + ¢= Ocan be written as You can use this -b\b2— hae ‘method to prove the quadratic 2a formula + Section 7.4 26Quadratics aS Functions A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs to a The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. le output, = The set of possible inputs for a function is called thedomain, main Range = The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = x? maps five values in its domain to values in its range. 1 The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. The functions f and gare given by f(x) = 2x ~ 10 Tee neocon and g(x) =x? - 9, ER. ‘x, can be any real number the a Find the values of 1(5) and g(10). domain can be written as x eR. b Find the value of x for which f(x) = g(x’. The symbol € means ‘is a member of’ and the symbol R represents the a {(5) = (5) - 10=10-10=0 ee flO) = (1 (00 - 9 = 91 b fo) = glx) To find £(5), substitute x= 5 into the function f(x). Set f(x) equal to g(x) and solve for x. The function f is defined as f(x) = x? + 6x - 5,x ER. a Write fx) in the form (x +p) + 4. b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form. ‘¢ Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of x for which it occurs. a fsx? +6x-5 —] - Complete the square for x? + 6x-and then = (+3 -9-5 oe iteeoaen =(+3-14__| EEE ee b fo) =0 - To find the root(s) of a function, set it equal to zero. (+ 3% -14=0 (x + 3% = 14 _ you can solve this equation directly. Remember to x43 5214 write + when you take square roots of both sides. xo-3 24 f(x) has two roots: 3 + V14 and -3 ~ V14. 25Chapter 2 © (+3? 20- ‘Asquared value must be greater than or equal to 0. So the minimum value of f(x) is -14. This occurs when (x + 3)? =O, a 5 so when x= -3 (+3)? > 050 (x+3" 14> —14 Find the roots of the function f(x) = x6 + 7x9 - 8, x ER. ae x6 + 7x8 - 8 = Of) can be written as a function of a function. ee ee ‘The only powers of «in f(x) are 6, 3 and 0 so you fear ts) BO can write it. as a quadratic function of x° (3 - Net + 8) =O So x3 = 1 or x3 —— Treat x asa single variable and factorise. eisx=1 Bax=-2 Solve the quadratic equation to find two values for x3, then find the corresponding values of x. x The roots of f(x) are 1 and -2, Alternatively, let u = x°. You can simplify this working with a substitution, f(x) = x6 + 7x3 - 8 YF + 7x3) - 8 =u? +7u-8 u- Nu + 6) So when f(x) it x CEESTD The solutions to the quadratic ' ‘equation will be values of u. Convert back to The roots of f(x) are 1 and ~2. values of x using your substitution, OGD Replace x° with u and solve the quadratic equation in w. 138 -83x -B3x= 1. Using the functions f(x) = 5x + 3, g(x) = 42 - 2 and h(x) = xT, find the values of: a fl) b 93) © h(8) d f(1.5) © g(v2) 4) f hel) gf4)+22) bh HO) +g) +H) kt ©® 2 The function f(x) is defined by flx) = x? - 2x, xER. eens Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a EER ee aera set the resulting expression equal to 8, 3. Find all of the roots of the following functions: a fix) = 10-15 b g(x) = (x + 9x -2) © h(x)= d jos 144-2 © K(x) = x(v + Sixt 7) f mix) + 6x40 + 5x2 24 26Quadratics 4 The functions p and q are given by p(. Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(x). 3x and q(x) = 2x-6,.xER. xER, 3 + 30x and g(x a(x) 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x Find the three values of x for which fla © 6 The function f is defined as f(x) = x? - 2v+2,xER. ‘a Write f(x) in the form (x +p? + q, where p and q are constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the minimum value of f(x), (1 mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a f(x) = x6 +93 +8 D g(x) = x4 = 1207 +32 GBD The functionin © h(x) = 27x% + 26x = 1 d j(x) = 32x! 335 +1 part b has four roots. © k(x)=x— Wx +10 f ma) 342x312 8 The function £ is defined as f(x) = 3° ~ 28(3*) + 27,.xER. ie function f is defined as f(x (38) +27, x Ses ‘a Write f(x) in the form (3* ~ a)(3* ~ 6), where a and b are real constants, b Hence find the two roots of f(x). @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx +6, the graph of You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x2 determines the overall shape of the graph. When ais positive the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative the parabola will have this shape: /\, Quay) Consider f(x) as a function of a function. (x) has a curved shape called a parabola. © The graph crosses the y-axis when x=0. The y-coordinate is equal to ¢ @ The graph crosses the waxis when y=0.The x-coordinates are roots of the function f(x). ‘© Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots. = You can find the coordinates of the turning point The graph of y= alx+p?+q of a quadratic graph by completing the square. is translation of the graph of If f(x) = a(x + p)? +g, the graph of y = f(x) has a y weby (7). = Section4.5 turning point at (-p, q). q 27