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EQUILIBRIUM I
 Equilibrium
TITLE
Jan
DATE
2023

Revising Previous Learning

Define system surrounding iÉj
State types atsystems

1 Closed system Transferenergy but not mass

j n

2 Transfer energy
Open System mass

3 Isolated System Notransfer at energy or mass

What is a chemical reaction

To all chemical reaction reach completion
a A bB a C add This reaction mostlikely
will reach completion
For theabovereaction bytheend of the reactiononly production
Ese
at t b B I cc t d D This reaction most likely
won't reach completion
This reaction won'treachcompletion at some point both
reactant products will be available

Remember
Emption Fusible
N'get3h35 2NHec
NaOkay t AAcag Nadia Ho
At aspecific point
At the end at the reactiononlyproducts
will be available if thestoichiometricratioat all reactants products
reactants followed will be
 Equilibrium Concept DATE
TITLE

Examplesofreversiblephysical chemicalprocesses

hysical Process adores

1 Soft Drinks I
Closed
metastable system
I
observation

2 Itn Ou F Hnoegg

Chemical Reactions I
1 Hydrogen Iodide

Hi g t Iac E ZHI g
Colorless Violet Colorless

This is an example at a reversible reaction

atthebeginning only hydrogen gas Iodine gas will be presentinthe
flask a violet colon can be observed
The reactants combine to producetheproducts the violetcolorfades
gradually
TheRate ofa Chemical
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Reaction
Therate of a
chemists can we
chemical Reaction is
at
the disappearance the Howfast orslowthe
reactants OR the appearance react in proceeds
oftheproducts

E im
time unit
per Scientistsfollow the
In chemistry
change in concentration per
time unit to find therate
of a chemical Reaction

A B

Theconc atreactantsdecreases
or
Rate
17h1 Ei
constantdoesn't mean
theconcentration atproducts
increase till bothget constant
pate slightly equal
The equilibrium
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concept
DATE

Equilibrium occurs when the rate at

the forwardreaction is equal to the
rate at the backwardreaction in a reversible
chemical reaction
I H I 2A I c
rant ing
f s forward
r reverse if Rf Rr then the reaction
is at equilibrium

IYngggi.mg I.y the reactant

be awailabewill
The concentration at the reactant starts decreasing as they
are consumed toproduce the products

The concentration at the products will start increasing as

they are produced
These tow steps occurs synchrounsly at some point thereactants
and the products concentrating remain constant
At this exact point the Dat the fontanelreaction
s equal to the at the bakword reaction
This happens in a Closed System
These are the three conditions for an equilibrium
 TITLE DATE

At dynamic equilibrium No measurable observation can

be noticed It seems as if the reaction stopped but thereaction
didn't The reactants ane still consumed to produceproductsof
theproducts are dissociating toproduce reactants but the
concentration at both is constant

Constant doesn't mean equal

N On 2 NO

A heat
Closedsystem
Constantconcentrations

Equal forward I revise

rates
Equilibrium
TITLE
graphs DATE

The curves can be plotted between Car Vs time

Press V time
OR
Rates Us time

All these curves follow the stoichiometric ratio became

the rate of appearance disappearance is determinedbythe
stoichiometric ratio

Let i s look at the curve at the following reaction

Nz eg Hz
339

g
22 NH3 cg

theeratteddisappearanceofHatto
Hr
I
This is shown on thegraph

appearance unit
Time is independentvariable
to the disappearance of Nz is
Pressure isdependentvariably
2 1
This also is shown on the
graph
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One more example

He 03 HO t CO2
g g in

Theratio is i s is
h H so i Ho i coz

Thecancelline forboth Hod

Lyygggg
c o z wi I l bethesame
no wi be shown a
line ofdisappearance

É
Firma
For a chemicalreaction theequilibriumconstantcan bedefined
as the ratio between theamount at reactants andtheamount atproducts
which is used to determinechemical behaviour

K is the symbol at the equilibriumconstant Kp is forpressure

Kc is for concentrations
Kp or ke provide insight into the relationship between theproducts

and the reactants when chemical reaction reaches equilibrium

 Equilibrium Constant DATE
TITLE

Equilibrium constant beingthe ratio at the concentration

raise to the stoichiometric coefficients

Kitiniti Knight
Example

at BB E f t DD

ke
gift ke
stiff
Practice
Write the equilibrium expressions for the followingreactions
1 Pas E Pas y t dig cone

ki
g
2 58cg I 85cg Press

Kp
Etf
3 Cla HUG 7 Hill cont
Otg 81kg I
i
Heterogeneous equilibrium
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In some reversible reactions solids or liquids might be

included In this case a heterogeneous equilibrium will be
established
Solids liquids
pilot appear in the equilibrium constant
expression
2 V Os 250 t 2 V'On is
eh I t I 2503cg
neg

ka
I or
8 y
the concentration at pure solids pureliquids one omittedfrom
equilibrium constant expressions because they do not
change significantly during reaction when enough
is present to reach equilibrium

ex 2

Caco c E Cao a Cong

Kc COI Kp Pio

ex 3 Cg Hiz Ob 6Ong b 6
t E cozy t Hog
ki kp
Equilibrium Position
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As discussed earlier the equilibrium constant k

indicates the progress at the chemicalreaction

K is aquotient so if It 1 this means that the

concentration at the products is more than the concentratio
of the reactants The equilibrium position lays toward
the products
if K L t this means the reactants Products
the equilibrium position lays more toward the
reactants

constant
Equilibrium
dependable
is temperature
K is constant at afixed
temperature

Practice
 question

EquilibriumConstantProperties DATE
TITLE

The equilibrium constant at the reverse reaction

is the reciprocal of the forward reaction

NoOgg I 2 NO z ca ke kf
ftp
2 NO NaOney kr
zig ke chop
If the equation is multiplied by a number ke at
the new reaction is the original kc raised to the power
of that number
ka
Effy
NaOu g E 2 NO
zig
multiply by2
2 Neon E Y Nos g ke ke
Egg
Combining reactions
If 2 or more reactions are combined theoverall reaction
constant equals to theproductof all equilibrium constants
Solve the practice
problems in 7.6 presentation
Equilibrium Calculations
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Types of problems using k expression

Solving for k knowing equilibrium concentrations

Solvingfor concentrations knowing k

equilibrium
Solving for equilibrium concentrations knowing k Initial on

At 250 C, the equilibrium constant for the reaction

PCl5(g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)
is 1.92. If PCl5 was initially the only gas present in the reaction vessels at 0.012500 atm, calculate
the partial pressure of all the gases after equilibrium has been reached.

given k 2.15 Reaction PCIs E Pas t d

is
InitialPressureofPa is 0 or soo at m
required Pat equ for all gases
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R Reaction
Create I Initial
Step no b a RICE Table C Change
E Equilibrium

o o

X T X

K
Tgif oÉsoI 1.92

O 024 1 9210.012soo x X2
0.0240 1.92 X X2
x2 1.92 x 0.0240 0

quadratic function solve for x using your calculator

1.93 OR
0.012A
Not Real

Ppa 0.012500 0.0124 0 0001 atm

PCL 0.0124 atm

Ppa
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S the big question is

Can we avoid quadraticfunctions

Well the answer is SOMETIMES
If K x 100 the initial concentration

then you can ignore the change in concentration x

If 100XK is less than the initial concentration of the reactants

then the amount of reactants that turns into product can be
ignored.

Let'spractice
The reaction HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq)
Keq=6.2X10 at room temperature.
What is the equilibrium concentration of H3O+(aq) in the solution that initially
contains 0.8 mol/L of HCN?

0
6.2 10 whichshows that the dissociation is veryweak
Keg
K X100 I 6 2 15 X 102 6.2 10 8 L O 8 mall L

keg CHOTI

11
HCNJ
t

6 2 1010
X 9.96 10
fg10 1 0
 I equate

Q k DATE
TITLE

K is the equilibrium constant which the quotient

at the ament at products tothe amount atreactants
At EQUILIBRIUM
A is the quotient at ANYTIME

The comparison between A K helps determining

the position at a chemical reaction

On the
figure
to the
right,
indicate
where
the
followin
g are
located:
1. Q>K
2. Q=K
3. Q>K
K= 1.45
articleRepresentation of
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Equilibrium

In thefirstcircle only
reactants are available

In thesecondboth
reactant I products are
available
lastcircle the
In theconcentration
product ishigher

I ReactantsONLY
2 Consumption atreactants
production ofproducts
fill in square6
4 The concentration at
sroducts increase asthe

Jw
equilibrium
reaction is procedins
oword equilibrium p
5 Wecannotdetermine if
equilibrium was reached
aThe more the
concentration of the
products the higher k
iii i ii
b il 0
tiff
i Kc Godman 0
90 15
0 I
9
ii ka
ftp.T 0 4.0
20
 heChatelier'sPrinciple DATE
TITLE

Building Background knowledge ÉTI verything

ismade
Matter
Particle madeat parties
of
are
factorsaffectingthe rateat achemicalreactiontheheavier in Continous
motion
w particles
concentration themlighter mane
Pressure thin solid ones
Statevibrate
Temperature
light photochemicalReactions
tides in
Surface area on liquidState
each other slide
Catalysts Partials
with the in gasousstate
For a wall of the collide
contain
occur chemical Reaction
particle
Specific to
need
amount of
Sufficient
s amount ofenergy
the Collisions
O concentration thehigh the right
oncentratin the more particleavailable Catalysts theyopgy.gg
the more the collisions which provides alternate pathway with lower
more chance for more sufficient activation energy
collisions Activation energy is themimum
the partials shouldhave
Pressure the higher thepressure energy
to start the chemicalReaction
he move collisions more sufficient
collisions lightprovides more energy
for the particles to collide more
Temperature The higherthetemp often
he m are average kinetic energy at the Surface area providemore particle
articles more collisions moresufficient
to getin intact witheachother
Collisions
 heChattier
TITLE
is Priciple
DATE

When a system reaches equilibrium Changing any at the

factors mentioned above will disturb the equilibrium the
system will oppose the stresson a new equilibrium will be

established
let's check howdoes it go for each factor
1 Temperature

Rule Increasing the temperatureshifts the reaction toward

the endothermic side at a chemical reaction

2 Pressure
Increasing the pressure decreasing the volumeShifts
the reaction to the side with lower number moles of gases

3 Concentration

Increasing the concentration at one side shifts the

reaction to the other side

Decreasing the concentration at one side shifts the

reaction to the same side
4 Adding Catalysts does not disturpthe equilibrium
Catalystsspeedupthe reaction byprovidingalternative pathway withlower
activation energy
5 AddingSolidsdoesnotdisturb the equilibrium so surface
 an

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6 light can affect only photochemical reaction

All photochemicalreactions are endothermic reactions
Lightenergyadded will shift the reaction forward

mail.ge
Practi Nzcgit3HzcgE2NH3g
DH 92 KJ mol

Temperature
If temperature increases the reaction will shift backward
or to the left the system will use the excess heat to

oppose the change and establish a new equilibrium

Thebackward reaction is endothermic and can consume

the heat
To produce more ammonia lower temp is needed
 TITLE DATE

of gases
Nag t 3
Hag I entity
PressureamToes at gases
Increasing the pressure will shift the reaction toward
he side with less number males at gases
The higher the pressure will shift the reaction
forward or to the right More ammonia will be
produced
Nb Volume is inversely proportioned to pressure
Concentration

Increasing the concentration at Na or and He will shift

the reaction forward

Decreasing the concentration of NH will shift the

reaction forward
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Some
examp
les;
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Equilibrium constant is temperature

For the same chemical reading
dependable
the values at k are different d thereaction
occurred at different temp

The effect at temperature on K

a A B E f t D DA eve
endothermic
K lady
AT BY
The higher the temperature the reaction will
proceed forward More products will be produced
K will increase

The higher the temp the lessproduct BH

ve
exothermic
produced so k will decrease
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