UNIT 6 IMPORTANT INFORMATION PART I ENERGY TRANSFER & THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM ENDOTHERMIC & EXOTHERMIC PROCESSES La COv as aay PROC 5 energy is released daring a chemical or physical change, the reaction is called exothermic. OEE NUIT at Ta If energy is absorbed during a chemical or physical change, the reaction is called endothermic. Feels Hot. Gunroundings ‘Suroundings absorb €nergyy © swrounsings get warmer @ sercuncings et oot O. Iman exothermic reaction, energy is released tee INTO the surroundings as heat. O Asa result, the temperature of the surroundings increases. Q Inan endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed FROM the surroundings. Q Asaresult, the (emperature of the surroundings decreases. EXAMPLES OF EXOTHERMIC PROCESSES: conden Sation dish OE solid, + ene in Wg) —> Ha) Hod) + erety 1.864) on Bingn Bes gga, . nid) > wold ye2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 Fora classroom demonstration, a chemistry teacher puts samples of two different pure solid powders in a beaker. The teacher places the beaker on a small wooden board with a wet surface, then stirs the contents of the beaker. After a short time the students observe that the bottom of the beaker is frozen to the wood surface. The teacher asks the students to make a claim about the observation and to justify their claims. Which of the following is the best claim and justification based on the students’ observation? ‘A. An exothermic chemical change occurred because heat flowed from the contents of the beaker to the room. B. An exothermic physical change occurred because heat flowed from the contents of the beaker and the water on the board to the room. . An endothermic physical change occurred because the freezing of water is an endothermic process. D. An endothermic chemical change occurred because the temperature of the beaker and the water on the board decreased as heat was absorbed by the reaction. SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 Which of the following phase changes involves the transfer of heat from the surroundings to the system? A. CH(g)~+CH,(D, because CH, molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the solid state. B. CO,(g)+CO,(s), because CO, molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the liquid state, C. H,0() +H,0(5), because H,O molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to create a crystalline structure with strong intermolecular attractions in the solid state. D. NH,() +NH,(), because NH, molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to overcome their intermolecular attractions and become free gas molecules. SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 In the spring, blossoms on cherry trees can be damaged when temperatures fall below -2°C. When the forecast calls for air temperatures to be below ~5°C for a few hours one night, a farmer sprays his blossoming cherry trees with water, claiming that the blossoms will be protected by the water as it freezes. Which of the following is a correct. scientific justification for spraying water on the blossoms to protect them from temperatures below ~2°C? ‘A. Water on the blossoms will not freeze unless the air temperature falls significantly below ~5°C. B. Water is a good thermal conductor that transfers heat from the cold air to the blossoms, keeping the blossoms from going below ~2°C. C. The freezing of water is an endothermic process; thus, water that freezes on the blossoms absorbs heat from the atmosphere, which in tun keeps the blossoms above 0°C. D. The freezing of water is an exothermic process; thus, water that freezes on the blossoms releases heat to keep the blossoms at or above -2°C.= erergy asssetaied Entt alpy ll Qa change 2. =O ENERGY DIAGRAMS FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS (WE SAW IN UNIT 5) a a seis mw (AH) Y eed “Products energy —--- absorbed Reaction Progress Potential Energy Potential Energy Reaction Progress Eothermic Frocess Endothermic Processes FOR PHYSICAL PROCESSES (WE SAW THIS IN UNIT 3) HEATING CURVE FOR WATKR ris tros rove Temperature Heat Energy Freezin Holl) —> Hols) + enegy eo. Heléng 01S) reney —> H20 @) Edo, Condensing 00) —> Ha0(0) + eregy Exo.COOLING CURVE FOR WATER overall decreaw in fo en _— ea Q=mcaT HE a tama SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 ‘The following questions relate to the below information. XY, + X+Y, ‘The equation above represents the decomposition of a compound XY,, The diagram below shows two reaction profiles (path one and path two) for the decomposition of XY, t 100 KI/M01,. 150 KI/M01 2» 50 KI/mO Potential Energy Reaction Progress Which of the following best describes the flow of heat when 1.0 mol of XY2 decomposes? ‘A. 50 KJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings. B. 50 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings. C. 100 KJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings. D. 100 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings.HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM ot ke comes cool . dd. Lecomes war Lo Block A has a higher temperature The two blocks are the than block B. temperature and heat flow'stops Heat is tr =) red from the = a warmer block to the cooler block‘WHEN TWO SUBSTANCES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES COME INTO CONTACT: OTHE HIGHER TEMPERATURE SUBSTANCE WILL LOSE ENERGY (VIA COLLISION) TO THE LOWER TEMPERATURE SUBSTANCE, A waretyamer “* object st cooler Q THE LOWER TEMPERATURE SUBSTANCE WILL GAIN ENERGY (VIA COLLISION) FROM THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE SUBSTANCE WAY cooler we object gamed (get ) AMOUNT OF ENERGY LOST WILL EQUAL TO THE ee OF ENERGY GAINED Gua = —Mpns Conevaton 0 oor =—(hot)-+ Sour WHEN TWO OBJECTS COME INTO CONTACT AND TRASNFER ENERGY UNTIL THEY REACH THEY SAME TEMPERATURE, THE OBJECTS ARE SAID TO BE AT THERMAL EQur LTBRTUM High sompusice oNnpreSAMPLE PROBLEM 5 A100 g sample of a metal was heated to 100°C and then quickly transferred to an insulated container holding 100 g of water at 22°C. The temperature of the water rose to reach a final temperature of 35°C. Which of the following can be concluded? A. The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did; therefore the metal lost more thermal ‘energy than the water gained. B, The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did, but the metal lost the same amount of thermal energy as the water gained. G. The metal temperature changed more than the water temperature did; therefore the heat capacity of the metal must be greater than the heat capacity of the water. D. The final temperature is less than the average starting temperature of the metal and the water; therefore the total energy of the metal and water decreased. SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 27. —__ A student did an experiment to determine the specific heat s capacity of a metal alloy. The student put a sample of the = a6 a alloy in boiling water for several minutes, then quickly g transferred the alloy into a calorimeter containing water g rs originally at 25°C. The temperature of the water was a 25 monitored over time. 2 The data are given in the graph at left. a. What is the value of AT that the student should use to calculate the value of q, the heat gained by the water? b. In terms of what occurs at the particulate level, explain how the temperature of the water increases after the alloy sample is added. ¢. The student claims that thermal equilibrium is reached at time t. Justify the student’s claim. In your justification, include a description of what occurs at the particulate level when the alloy and the water have reached thermal equilibrium.SAMPLE PROBLEM 7 y 8&8 Temperature (°C) a oats a 6 60 100 150 200 250 300 Time (seconds) ‘A student adds 50.0 g of liquid water at 25.0°C. to an insulated container fitted with a temperature probe. The student then adds 10.0 g of ice at 0.0°C, closes the container, and measures the temperature at different intervals. Part of the data is shown in the graph above. The student predicts that the temperature will continue to decrease then level out to a constant temperature. Which of the following best explains why the student’s prediction is correct? A. The H,O molecules initially in the ice and the molecules initially in the liquid will have the same average kinetic energy. B. The transfer of energy between the H,O molecules in the ice and liquid water stops once all the molecules are in the liquid phase. . Once all of the H,O molecules are in the liquid phase, the individual molecular speeds either increase or decrease until all the particles have the same speed. D. Once all of the HO molecules are in the liquid phase, collisions between them virtually stop as they reach an equilibrium distance from their neighboring molecules. SAMPLE PROBLEM 7 ‘A piece of Fe(s) at 25°C is placed into H,O()) at 75°C in an insulated container. A student predicts that when thermal equilibrium is reached, the Fe atoms, being more massive than the H,O molecules, will have a higher average kinetic energy than the H,O molecules. Which of the following best explains why the student’s prediction is incorrect? A. At thermal equilibrium, the less massive H,O molecules would have a higher average kinetic energy than the Fe atoms because they are more free to move than are the Fe atoms. B. At thermal equilibrium, the collisions between the Fe atoms and the H,O molecules would cease because the average kinetic energies of their particles would have become the same. C. At thermal equilibrium, the movement of both the Fe atoms and the H,O molecules would cease; thus, the average kinetic energy of their particles would have to be the same. D. At thermal equilibrium, the average kinetic energy of the Fe atoms cannot be greater than that of the H,O molecules; the average kinetic energies must be the same according to the definition of thermal equilibrium.ase change QUANTIFYING ENERGY CHANGES Ph Q=nH or Q= mH Qxm — dal m= 50g da. AT = 10°C AT=10°C OxST Qxm« AT Q=m CAT m= 100g ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH TEMPERATURE CHANGES If we mix hot and cold water, itis not surprising that the mixture will have a medium temperature. (We can explain this temperature in terms of heat gained and heat lost. (Measuring this heat (formerly measured in calories) is called calorimetry. The equation we use is q = m-C-AT. 4+ takes 4.18¢ a. Q qis the total heat energy, in Joules, J to raise |g of water mis mass, in grams, g (°C 1D cis known as the specific heat capacity. This is a useful vflue for any substance that is changing temperature. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4184 J-g*-°C* Q Notice the units: T = F agit = ae = Tfarc GD aricachangeintemperane — .9°C fe 3c tet tr B10 Toa BR3 — 22.3C2 Neo10 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8 ‘Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.184 J/g-°C. This means it takes 4.184 J to heat 1.00 gram of water 1.00°C. a. How much energy will it take to heat 10.0 grams of water 1°C? b. How much energy is needed to heat 30.0 g H,O from 10.0 °C to 50.0 °C? SAMPLE PROBLEM 9 ‘A pot of water (2.5 Liters of water) initially at 25.0°C is heated to boiling. How much energy (in kJ) is needed to heat the water? [ calorie = 4184 Joules, calon'es Joules rv ‘Joules iii * Calories Some Unit Conversions to keep in mind: + 1000 . > kq Mass (in grams or kilograms) 1000 4 = | Kg ? 10004 . 1K a * 1 kg os ioo8, l Q Energy (in Joules or kiloJoules) joootT = \KT Tre J Ter (o00 3u We don’t always have to use water in temperature change calculations... Specific Heats of Common Materials N@@ less energy of MATERIAL | SPECIFIC HEAT (Joules/gram °C) To Gist [i _ ober iy 2 ¢ ea oH The smaller net ” [Water vapor 2.00 +he . Dryair 1.01 specific. ¥ Basalt oat heat ; + [Granite 0.79 ) Tron 045 the easer itt ise Ug Copper 0.38 ‘ Hale IS Spee Example of q "eed. with other substances: > Calculate the energy required to change the temperature of 2.5 kg of aluminum by 50°C OQ Remember: qy=My'Cy'AT a, O The accepted value for C,| is 0.900 J-g"-°C* Note: This also reported as Pg" K"... AT im °C or K is the same. Q =mC4T Q= mCAT m= 2.6 ky x Woog = 25004 > Gozo) (om z HS C= 0.00 Tare 4 Ate ae = 7 Examples of specific heat capacity comparisons a. How much energy would it take to heat up a 5.20 g sample of water from 20.0 °C to 100.°C? b. The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.38 J/g-°C. How much energy would it take to heat up a 5.20 g sample of copper from 20.0 °C to 100.°C? Itis (easier/more difficult) to heat up copper than to heat up water. Why?2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 10 ‘Which of the following phase changes involves the transfer of heat from the surroundings to the system? A. CH,Qg)~CH,(D, because CH, molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the solid state. B. CO,(g)+CO,(s), because CO, molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the liquid state. C. H,0() +H,0(5), because H,O molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to create a crystalline structure with strong intermolecular attractions in the solid state. D. NH,()+NH,(G), because NH, molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to overcome their intermolecular attractions and become free gas molecules. SAMPLE PROBLEM 11 Avhot iron ball is dropped into a 200.0 g sample of water initially at 50.00°C. If 33.60 ki of heat is transferred from the ball to the water, what is the final temperature of the water? (The specific heat of water is 4.2 J/(g:°C).) A. 49.00 °C B. 50.04°C C. 90.00° C D. 100.0°C SAMPLE PROBLEM 12 . ‘A.10. g cube of copper at a temperature T, is placed in an insulated cup containing 10. g of water at a temperature T,,. If T, > T,, which of the following is true of the system when it has attained thermal equilibrium? (The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/(g:°C) and the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g-°C).) ‘A. The temperature of the copper changed more than the temperature of the water. B. The temperature of the water changed more than the temperature of the copper. C. The temperature of the water and the copper changed by the same amount. D. The relative temperature changes of the copper and the water cannot be determined without knowing T, and T, SAMPLE PROBLEM 13 ‘A.1.0 g sample of a cashew was bumed in a calorimeter containing 1000. g of water, and the temperature of the water changed from 20.0°C to 25.0°C. In another experiment, a 3.0 g sample of a marshmallow was burned in a calorimeter containing 2000. g of water, and the temperature of the water changed from 25.0°C to 30.0°C. Based on the data, which of the following can be concluded about the energy content for 1.0 g of each of the two substances? (The specific heat of water is 4.2 /(g:°C).) ‘A. The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases less energy than the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow. B. The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases the same amount of energy as the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow. C. The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases more energy than the combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow. D. No comparison can be made because the two systems started with different masses of food, different masses of water, and different initial temperatures.13 SAMPLE PROBLEM 14 Inan insulated cup of negligible heat capacity, 50. g of water at 40.°C is mixed with 30. g of water at 20.°C. The final temperature of the mixture is closest to A, 22°C B. 27°C Cc. 30°C D. 33°C E. 38°C SAMPLE PROBLEM 15 274 oS qc © 26 2 s B 25 £ — oO = 2 SS . Time t A student did an experiment to determine enthalpy of solution of MgSO, (MM = 120.366 g/mol). The student dissolved 5 grams of MgSO, into 647 g of water originally at 25°C. The temperature of the water was monitored over time. The data are given in the graph above. The specific heat for water is 4.18 1(g-°C) a. Whatis the value of AT that the student should use to calculate the value of q, the heat gained by the water? b. How much energy did the water gain, in kJ? c. What is the AH,,, for MgSO, in ki/molas0.?ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH PHASE CHANGES WHAT IF TEMPERATURE DOESN’T CHANGE? conn ot use ‘Q= tal. e son < Temperature Heat Energy = Q=n H oe Q=m H ‘What happens to energy at these segments when temperatyre does not change? H éus jappens to energy at -gment: wenee jot A a) 1. Melting/Freezing 2abaery a o(3) + => a Melting” oe 0, 3) + Remy, ce) Preezingy, oc2) —y»> H,0(s) + cre ‘The energy to mre Sul nn 6.02 Yr my 2. Boiling/Condensing 8 BYE Boiling” Hol 2) +eneigy —> 420(q) Condensing ~MeaXBH)00G) —> Hy0Ls) + ereigy This energy is called the heat of vaporization with the symbol, AH,,. = 40, ot Yor15 THIS INFORMATION IS NOT GIVEN AND/OR ORGANIZED NICELY IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ‘To calculate heat associated with phase changes (no change in temperature) : q= mx AH OR q= nx AH Q mis mass, in grams,g OR nis moles moles = grams molar mass (2 AH is enthalpy - energy associated with a particualar chemical or physical process (like melting) O The accepted value of the heat of fusion of water, AH,,, is 6.03 ki/mol. (OR 334 J/g) The accepted value of the heat of vaporization of water, AH,.,, is 40.67 ki/mol. (OR 2,260 J/g) ‘You could also use dimensional analysis to calculate heat associated with phase changes (useful later) Example: ‘Siren the ‘nag “mraly ae needed to boil 40.0. ae ims of wat ati wo ey ea eth 1047 eI_ = (2.20 40.07 “Tnot) ae KC n= eis = 2,22 mol ing SAMPLE PROBLEM 16 1 © Ip 100. grams of steam condenses to liquid water. What amount of entgy is released? SAMPLE PROBLEM 17 775 J of energy is added to liquid water at 100°C. What mass of water is vaporized? SAMPLE PROBLEM 18 ‘A.32.0 g sample of acetone, C,H,O, requires 1.7245 x 10° J of energy to vaporize. What is the AH, in kJ/mol?1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 19 ‘A molecular solid coexists with its liquid phase at its melting point. The solid-liquid mixture is heated, but the temperature does not change while the solid is melting. The best explanation for this phenomenon is that the heat absorbed by the mixture . is lost to the surroundings very quickly is used in overcoming the intermolecular attractions in the solid . is used in breaking the bonds within the molecules of the solid ). causes the nonbonding electrons in the molecules to move to lower energy levels . causes evaporation of the liquid, which has a cooling effect SAMPLE PROBLEM 20 ‘A 2.00 mol sample of C,H,OH undergoes the phase transition illustrated in the diagram at left. The molar enthalpy of vaporization, AHL,,, of CH,OH is +38.6 kJ/mol. Which of the following best identifies the change in enthalpy in the phase transition shown in the diagram? 4+19.3k5 477.23 19.3) 77.203 SORP SAMPLE PROBLEM 21 ‘The following question refers to the graph below, which shows the heating curve for methane, CH,. 1507 iow much energy is required to melt 64 g Mo of methane at 90 K? (The molar mass of 30 , vol methane is 16 g/mol.) 104 gi! A. 0.24K5 g B. 38ko i ©. 33k D. 60.10 é & Heat Addedw SAMPLE PROBLEM 22 The following questions relate to the graph below. The graph shows the temperature of a pure substance as it is heated at a constant rate in an open vessel at 1.0 atm pressure. The substance changes from the solid to the liquid to the gas phase. Temperature ‘Which of the following best describes what happens to the substance between t, and t,? A. The molecules are leaving the liquid phase. B. The solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium. C. The vapor pressure of the substance is decreasing. D. The average intermolecular distance is decreasing. E. The temperature of the substance is increasing. SAMPLE PROBLEM 23 Aluminum metal can be recycled from scrap metal by melting the metal to evaporate impurities. a. Calculate the amount of heat needed to purify 1.00 mole of Al originally at 298 K by melting it. The melting point of Al is 933 K. The molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J/(mol-K), and the heat of fusion of Al is 10.7 ki/mol. . The equation for the overall process of extracting Al from Al,O, is shown below. Which requires less energy, recycling existing Al or extracting Al from Al,O,? Justify your answer with a calculation. ALO,(s) + 2 Als) + 3 0(g) AH? = 1675 kJ/mol,