Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Chapter 1 1.3 1. (@) pint + poxr + pats (0) Ft bx (0) (F+ex)/x = Fix te (d) After the p% raise, his salary is L + pL./100 = L(1 + p/100). A q% raise of this new salary gives the final answer: L(1+ p/100)(1 + 9/100). (©) V = x(18 — 2x)(18 ~ 2x) = 4x(9 — x)?. (See Figs. 1 and 2.) FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 3. @y=3e+2) x= (c) Square each side: A7K?L = ¥3. Solving for L yields L = ¥3/A*K?. @ ya — 2x (when g £0) a4 ad (when a # c) ¢ 1 1 one AD Wa erin Oma Ife ) Multiplying by 1 +, and solving for (=a)~ ec +5) I,+G-ak+b elds ee cee ye 4 atbe 0 T-a+ar 887888 Answers to Oc-Numbered Problems 5, 2n(r-+1)—2xr = 2, where r is the radius of the earth (as an approximate sphere). 7. Let each side have length s. Then the area K is the sum of the areas of the wiangles APB, APC, and BPC in Fig. 3, so $sh) + sh + 4sh3 = K. Thus, 4) +h +h3 = -K /s, which is independent of where P is placed. FIGURE 3 1. (a) Rational (note that this is only an approximation to the irrational num- ber z). 5 = V4=2, anatural number. (c)3—2 = 1, a natural number. — 1/4 is irrational: If 327 — 1/4 were rational, then there would exist rs p and g such that 3 ~ 1/4 = p/q. Hence, x = (4p +)/I2g. which would imply that 2 is rational, a contradiction. 3 @x#4 OxH#0andx ¢—2 ()x#—S and x #1. (The quadratic equation x7+4x—5 = 0 has the solutions x = —Sandx=1.) (@)x # (The quadratic equation x7 +4x+4 = (x+2) = 0 has the solution 2.) 5. F/x +c F/(g 0). For F = 100,000, ¢ = 120, and q = 160: 100,000/x + 120 < 160, that is, 100.000/x < 40, and so x > 100,000/40 = 2500. 7. (a) |S — 3(-1)] = [5 +3) =8, [5-3-2 (©) [5 ~3x| = 5 ~3x for.x < 5/3, |5—3x 9. (a) 4.999 5/3 1. (a) x*-422=5x ea det 3 b)x = 3 2x- =0 @)x?>4—52x>20rx<-2 3. (@) x = 0 is necessary, but not sufficient. (b) x > 50 is sufficient. but not necessary. (c) x > 4 is necessary and sufficient. 5. (a) x )x=00rr=-5 ()x=-30rx=3Chapter1 889 (a) If. (Note: V4 means 2, not +2.) (b)If (©) Only if (4) IfF (e) Only if 9. (a) x 0 such that B is not satisfied for any 5 >0. (e) Someone may not like cats. f) Someone never loves anyone. 1. (b), (@), and (¢) all express the same condition. (a) and (c) are different. 3. We should show why the fact that p” has 2 as a factor implies that p has 2 as a factor. Assume on the contrary that p does not have 2 as a factor. Then p = 2m + 1.-for some natural number m. But then p? = (2m + 1)? 4m? +4m + 1 = 2(2m? +2m) +1, which is odd and therefore does not have 2 as a factor. 1. (a) 5 € C, DCC. and B = C are true. The three others are false (b) ANB = (2), AUB = (2.3.4.5.6), A\B = (3.4), B\ A = (5.6). (AUB)\(ANB) = (3.4. 5,6}, AUBUCUD = (2,3, 4,5, 6). ANBNC = (2), and ANBOCAD 3.(@) BOM (b) FABNCZD @)F\(TUC)CB 5. (a) to (@) follow immediately from the definitions and also from obvious ‘Venn diagrams. Both sets in (f) are seen to consist of the areas (1). (2). (3), (4), and (7) in Fig. 1.8 in Section 1.7. 7. The 2 = 8 subsets of (a, b. c} are the set itself, the empty set. {a}. (5). {c}. (a,b}, {ac}, and {b.c}. The 2* = 16 subsets of (2, b.c. d) are the eight preceding sets together with {d), (a.d), (b.d), (c.d}, (a.b.d), (a,c.d), (b.c.d), and (a, b.c.d}. 9. (a) Look at Fig. 4. n(AUB) is the sum of the numbers of elements in (1), (2). and (3) respectively—that is, n(4\ B), n(ANB), and n(B\,A). n(A)+n(B) is the number of elements in (1) and (2) together, plus the number of elements in (2) and (3) together. Thus, the elements in (2) are counted twice. Hence. you must subtract the number of elements in (2) (that is n(AMB)) to have equality. (0) Look again at Fig. 4. n(4\ B) is the number of elements in (1). and n(A) — n(A 1 B) is the number of elements in (1) and (2) together, minus the number of elements in (2). Hence, it is the number of elements in (1). FIGURE 4 NU SY”890 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 11. (b) is not generally valid. For example, in Problem 1, (ANC) AB = {2} A (2, 5,6} = (5, 6}, whereas (A 4 B)O(C A B) = (3,4.5,6) 9 =0, (Ahematively, use Fig. 1.8 in Section 1.7.) Chapter 2 22 . (a) £0) = O +4 =1, f(-1) = (-17 + f(J2) = 3. (0) (i) For all x. When (x + 1)?4+1 = (x? 41) +2, 50 xe42x+2ex743 or2xt2=3,orx=1/2. (iii) x=s. (a) £(0) = 0, f(a) = a?, f(a) = a? - 4a? = -3a?, and f(2a) = 0 (b) 3f (a) + f(—2a) = 3a + [a? — (—2a — a)"] = 3a” +a? - 9a? = ~Sa? (a) C@) = 1000, C(100) = 41,000, and C(101) — C100) = 501 () C(x + 1) — C(x) = 2x + 301 = incremental cost of producing one unit more than x, 2, f/2) = 5/4, and » we 7. (a) D(8) = 4, D(10) = 3.4, and D(10.22) = 3.334 (b) P = 10.9 9 (a) f (tx) = 100(tx)? = 100r7x? = 7100x? = # f (x) (b) P(tx) = (tx)!? = TRI? = 12 P(e) IL. (a) f(a+b) = A(a+b) = Aa+ Ab = f(a)+ f(b) (b) flats) = 10°? = 10-10? = f{a)- f(b) 13. (a)x <5 ()x#O0andx#1 (c)-32 ()x>1 15. (a) Dy = [-2.00), Re = (~00, 1]. (The largest value of g(x) is 1 for x =—2. As x increases from —2 to 00, g(x) decreases from 1 to —00.) +b a Jee a a, (ant) _ “Nera cx-a) (24) c(—)-a cx—a _ alax +b) + d(x ~a) > —a(cx —a) 23 1. See Fig. 3. See Figs. 6 t0 8. 5. (@) V2 (0) V9) $V205 Ad) VFS (€) 21a) (VB 7. (a) 5.362 (b) VOn)? + Ga — 1? = Vix? 4 oI © 8.209 9. (a) (x + (y — 3)? = 4 has center at (—5.3} and radius 2. (b) (x +3)? + (y — 4)? = 12 has center at (3.4) and radius W/72.Chapter2 891 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 11. The condition is that y/(x +2)? + y? = 2/(x — 4)? + y°, or equivalently @-6P +P =4 13. (a) The two expressions give total price per unit (product price plus shipping costs) for the product delivered at (x, y) from A and B respectively. (b) The $V (x — 60)? + y?, which reduces condition is that p + 10/7 + to (x +20)? + y? = 40. 18. x2 + y? + Ax t+ By +C Ax+(3A)?? +By+C=0 2 iC) > (xt GAP + B? — AC). The last is the equation of a circle centered VAP +B 4C. If a> +B? = 4C, the graph B). For A? + B° < 4C, the solution set 3BY = i A, —4B) with radius consists only of the point ( is empty. 1. (=) Ax (b)x=0 ()Allx (4) x=0 (For x > 0, the equation y* =x has two solutions.) (e)x= +1 (DALx¢3 ()Allx (hb) Allx 3. Suppose c is positive. Then f(x) +c is obtained by raising the graph of F(x) by ¢ units. f(x +c) is obtained by shifting the graph of f(x) by ¢ units to the left. —f(x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f(x) in the x-axis. f(—x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f(x) in the y-axis.892 Answers to Odd-Numbered Probiems 25 1. (@) Slope = (8 - 3)/(5~2) =5/3 (0) -2/3. (©) SUS 3. Li is y =x +2, with slope 1; Lo is y = —3x +3, with slope ~3/5: Ls is y= 1, with slope 0; La is y = 3x — 14, with slope 3: Ls is y with slope 1/9. 5. (@), (b), and (@) are alll linear; (¢) is not. 7. (a) Ly is (y-3) = 2@-1) ory +1 (b) Lo is y (x—(-2)) ory = x/5+12/5 (©) L3 is y = -x2 () Ls is x/a t+ y/b = 1, oF y =~bx/a +b. The graphs are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. 11, (@) April 1960 corresponds to ¢ = 9/4, when N(9/4) = —17,400- (9/4) = 151,000 = 111.850. (b) -17, 4001 + 151,000 = 0 implies r = 8.68, which corresponds roughly to September 1966. 13. For (a), shown in Fig. 11, the solution is x = 3, y = —2. For (b). shown in Fig. 12, the solution is x = 2, y = 0. For (c), shown in Fig. 13, there are no solutions, because the two lines are parallel 15. See Fig. 14, C = 0.8824Y —1.3941. The slope is an estimate of the marginal propensity to consume, 17. See Fig. 15. Each arrow shows the side of the line on which the relevant inequality is satisfied. The shaded triangle is the required set. FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12Chapters 893 194 2 my ie ay aaa ee raecemeas ee Betye3 A= FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 Chapter 3 31 1. (a) x 1042 345 fixjext—4x 5 0-3 -4 -3 05 (b) See Fig. 16. (c) f(x) = (x -2)?-4. Minimum at 2.-4). (@) x =0 and x = 4. FIGURE 16894 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 3. (a) x? +4x = (x +2)?—4. Minimum —4 for x = —2. (b) x? +6x +18 = (x+3)?+9, Minimum 9 for x = 3. (c) —3x2+30x—30 = ~3(x—5)?+45. Maximum 45 for x = 5. (d) 9x? — 6x — 44 = 9(x — 1/3)? — 45. Miniroum —45 for x = 1/3. (e) —x? ~ 200x + 30,000 = —(x + 100)? + 40,000. Maximum 40,000 for x = -100. (f) x7+100x—20,000 = (x+50)*-2° 500. Minimum —22,500 for x = —50. 5. (a)x=2pandx=p (b)x=pandx=g (c)x 7. x = 250 maximizes A. (A = —x? + 500x = —(x — 250)? + 62,500.) 9. x =4(r — 1/7? +1). Use [3.4).) 11. Using [3.3], we see that f(x) (& —4ac)/4a. Now, f(E-1. and f(%+1) =a(%+1-%)? - all r, and the graph is symmetric about the line x = %, (a) x(Q) =-30? + (@,—a2—)Q (b) Using (3.4), 0" =a, -a2- maximizes profits if a1 ~ a2 — y > 0. If a ~ a2 — y <0, then Q* =0. (©) *(Q) = $0? + (@ — a2 — y —Q and Q* = a) —a2~y —1 if @)-a27—y—-t>0. (a) Tax revenue = 1Q* = t(a, ~ a — y ~1). Then 1 = }(@, — a ~ y) maximizes tax revenues. 1. @) land —-2 () 1,5, and -5 (©) -1 3. @x+4 )xe+x+1 ()-3x?- 12x (a) x — x —1 is not @ for x = 1, so the division leaves a remainder. (b) 2x3 — x — 1 is 0 for x = 1, so the division leaves no remainder. (©) x3 ~ ax? +. bx — ab is 0 for x =a, so the division leaves no remainder. (@) x* —1 is 0 for x = —1, so the division leaves no remainder. % @) EFI 3) B) AK — DX —DH+3) (© 4-2? H3) ye @2 1B ©5 @Us (2) 43 (b)25 () VS fal Qa (94772 (at - (b) and (¢) are valid; the others are not generally valid. 9. The surface area is 4.84 - (100)? m? 104.27m?. You need 104 - 27/5 or slightly less chan 21 liters. UL (a)a—b ) (a+ x)/2bx*? ayeChapters 895 3.5 1. The doubling time r* is determined by the equation (1.0072) =2. Using a calculator, we find r* = 96.6. 3. (a) The amount of savings after 1 years: 100 (1 + 12/100)‘ = 100 - (1.12)' ) x 1 2 5 10 20 30 50 100-(1.12)" 112 125.44 176.23 310.58 964.63 2995.99 28,900.21 5. The graphs are drawn in Fig. 17. o1 2 3 18 14 121 2 4 B a8 4 2 112 1K 18 3-2-1 FIGURE 17 7, If 5.1-(1.035)' = 3.91-10", then (1.035)' = 3.91 -10""/5.1 ~ 0.7667- 10"! We find (using a calculator) that r = 728, so the year is 728 + 1969 = 2697. This is when each Zimbabwean would have only 1 m? of land. 9. (1+ p/100)'5 = 2, so p * 4.7% 11. (b) and (4) do not define exponential functions. (In (f): y = (1/2)*.) 13. Solve the equation y = Ab* for A and b by using the two indicated points on each graph. This gives y= 2-2*, y=2-3*, and y = 4(1/2)*. 1. Only (€) does not define a function. (Rectangles with different areas can have the same perimeter.) 3. The function cannot be one-to-one because at least two persons must have the same blood group.896 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Chapter 4 4.2 1. f(S+h) — f (5) = 465 +h)? — 4-5? = 4(25 + 10k +h?) — 100 = 40h + 4h? So [f5 +h) — f(S)I/h = 40 + 4h — 40 ast > 0. Hence, 7'(5) = 40, This accords with [4.8] when a = 4 and b=c=0. 3. fa) <0, f')=0, fley>0, fi(d)<0 S.@ fO)=3 &) f()=2 OPB=~18 @OFO= OFCHD=0 ® fa=4 7. (@) dD(P)/dP =—b (b) C(x) = 2gx 9. (2) fR+h)— f(x) = ae thP tor +h) teeth) +d=(axr+bx?+cx+a), Here (x+h)> = 2° +3x2h+3xh?-+h? and (x +h)? = x2 +2xh+h?. Easy al gebra then gives {f(x-+h)— f(x)/a = Bax? +2bx +¢+3ahx +ah? +bh, which evidently tends to 3ax? + 2bx +c ash > 0. (b) Ifa = 1 and b=c = = 0, then the result in Example 4.3 follows. So does that in Problem 6 when @ = 0. C’(100) = 203 and C'(x) = 2x +3. @ sy) (b) SY) =4Y +10 |. (a) R(x) = a, C(x) = 2ayx +6), and x(x) = a ~ 2a;x — 6). The marginal profit is O when x = (p —by)/2ay. (b) R'(x) = 2ax, C'(x) = ay. and x'(x) = 2ax — a1. The marginal profit is 0 when x = a;/2a, (b) With R(x) = ax — bx?, R(x) = @ — 2bx. C(x) = ay, and 2/(x) =a ~ 2bx —a1 ‘The marginal profit is 0 when x = (a — a})/2b. e - (a)3 (b)-1/2 ©) (13)? =2197 @ 40 @) 1 H-3/4 The Jim... (1) is equal to 0 for a = —I, it is 1 for a = 0, and it is 3 for a= 2. For a =3 and 4, the limit does not exist. 1 oO 3 @) Fora #2, 3 # faa _ 10 1/6 as h > 2. (b) —c0 (limit does not exist) (c) 2 (Hint: 1-3 is a common factor for 321 — 96 and 1? — 2r- 3.) (4) ¥3/6 (Hint: Multiply numerator and denominator by Jk +3+-+/3.) (e) -2/3 (Hint: 1 +2is a common factor.) (f) 1/4 (Hint: 4—x = (2+ /%)(2~ /x).) we pe > which tends 7. (@) 0.6931 (b) 1.0986 (c) 2.7183 45 2. @O &)4e (©) 90x (@) O Remember that x is 2 constant!)Chapter 5 897 3. (a) 6x5 (b) 33x!7 (©) S0x*? (@) 28x7S_ (e) x!) (4x3 (9) (-3/2)2-32 (hy 3x75? Then x = a+h. and the result follows from [4.3], the of the derivative. For f(x) = 2?, the equation gives 7. (a) Let f(x) = x°. Then f’(x) = 2x, and the limit is equal to f’(5) = 2-5 = 10. (b) Let f(x) = x5. Then f’(x) = 5x*, and the limit is equal to f'Q) = 5-1 = 5. (Let f(x) = 5x> +10. Then f'(x) = 10x. and this is the value of the limit. Ve (@) 1B) L42x (©) 1x4 + 8x 325 Hx-1? @) 1/2 ~ 3x + 15x? () —21x6 . (a) —6x~7 (b) (3/2)x"® —(1/2)x7?_—(e) (-3/2)x78— @) -2/(e - 1? (©) (4x — S)/x® (£) 34/(2x +8)? (g) -33x-? (h) (-3x?7 +2 $4)/Q? +x 41)? . RP) = D(P) + PD'(P) @y=-3x+4 (W)y=x-l (Cy S(I7x-19)/4 @y¥=~(x-3)/9 (a) aoe ©) 67-16 ©) -2/'Ww/l1+ FO}? If f(x) = 1/x", then by the rule for differentiating a quotient, f(x) = (O-x" = 1-nx"™')/(x") = —nx-""!, which is the power rule. e ay » L (©) y"=(-DE+D3 2 (d) f(1) = 84.000. (a) y" = 2025 — 36x?) »" = (-1/4)x (a) y" = 18x (bt) Y" =36 ©) d?z/dB = Sf" G@)g(x) +2f' g's) + FO)2@), F(x) g(x) + 3F"(x)g'(X) + 3f' 8") + FOD8"(&) f(x) = x'6F has this property. Successive differentiations eventually yield F(x) = (26/3)(13/3)(10/3)(7/3)(4/3)x "for all x, but only for x #0 is F(x) = (16/3)(13/3)(10/3)(7/3)(4/3)(1/3)x 27 ye N = Chapter 5 54 (2) f(x) = 9x4 + 6x? +1, so f'(x) = 36x7 + 12x. (b) Using [5.1]: f'(x) = 23x? + 1)°"'6x = 36x3 + 12x.898 Answers to Odo-Numbered Problems » @ fan" @ 326347? ©-3@- D7 FS 3 @ -66x(1 = 7)? (@) 3x7 Te - aes Wx © 30 +2) -x)"8 - 2 +2)'80 — x) 98 S@1+f'R) O2FWF@-1 ©4[F@] FO a 2 FH r 2 er, . 7 (x @ 2) +H FW +3 FO] IFO) © fQ)+2/Q) OFS () Rafe) — FF OUFEP 0) Ref @)F'@) — 3(F OOP V/a* @ HF) + [Foo +77) +3[f00]7 7° +) dy/dv = ‘Aapqv?'(av’ +b)?! FR) = mx = ay"! = (x — bY" + n(x — a)" (x — bY". Factoring this expression yields f’(x) = [m(x —b) + n(x —a)](x — @)""!-(x — by"! =0 at Xo = (na + mb)/(n +m). Clearly, a < (na + mb)/(n +m) and du/dx = 2x so dy/dx = (dy/du) - (du/dx) = A0uPx = 40x(1 +. x7) (&) dy/dx = (1 — 6u°)(du/dx) — 6(1/x + 19°] (- 1/2?) 3. @) y = Sx? 2+ 12+) by HEE HIP Pt $a t's de) © y! Sax "(pe +9)? + x*bp(px +g) . dY dt = F’[h(s)) - h(t) 7. N(x) = f'(x?)2x . (a) Sfx = 2a/a+b/b (b) x/x = Sala —b/b () ¥/x = (@ + B)@a*-'a + BbP-'b)/(a* + b*) (d) X/x = aa/a + Bb/b F(g@)). where g(x) = 1+x+x? and f(u) =u! so 1/2) +x 42)-7 0 + 2x), (b) A(x) = Ff (g(x), where g(x) = x! 4.28 and f(u) = url, so h’(x) = —(x1 + 28)77 10x. y = S(xtyt 4x3 = 20x!9 (db) y’ = 3(1 ~ x)°(-1) = —3 + 6x — 3x? 4S. dR/dt = (dR/dS)(dS/d K)(dK dt) = aS*' By KY" Apt?! 53 ~ (a) Differentiation w.rt.x yields 1 - y + xy’ y = I/x. this gives y’ = —I/x?. (b) ex 1 ypu ve = & so v= -y/x. Because 1 = 3y)/(1 = 3x). BecauseChapter5 899 y = (x —2)/(1 = 3x), this gives y° = -5/(1 — 3x)?. (c) y’ = 5x*/6y. Because y = x*"", this gives y’ /6)x~ "6. dv 2u+u du the original equation implies that dv/du = 0 at (w. v) = (1/8. -1/4). dQ/dP =—19/P> ¥ = f(¥)+/+A-—g(¥). Differentiating wrt. / using the chain rule yields a¥/dI = f'(Y\AY /dl) +) — g(¥\d¥/d1). Solving for d¥ /dI gives d¥/dI = 1/(1— f'(Y) + g'(¥)]. Imports should increase when income increases, so g'(Y) > 0. We find that d¥ /dI > 0. Differentiation w.r.t. x yields g'(f(x)) f(x) = 1, so f(x) = 1/e’(f(@)) (provided that g'( f(x)) #0). Hence, du/du = 0 when v = —2u. Inserting this value into 2 ° If f(x) = JTF, then f'(x) = 1/2VTFx, so f(0) = Land f'(0) = 1/2. Hence, [5.5] gives VI+x © 1 + }(x-0) = 1+ 42, See Fig. 18. =i T 2 FIGURE 18 3. @) 1/(l+x)%1—x () (14x58 ¥145x (©) (l-x)'4 1 x/4 5. (a) JT.1 = (1+ 1/10)! © 14 (1/3)(1/10)_* 1.033 (b) 433 = 20 + 1/32)'"8 = 201 + 1/160) 2.0125 (c) J = 21 +1/8)'8 = 20+ 1/24) = 2.083 (@) (1.02) = (1+ 1/508 + 1+12=15 ©) V37= (36 + 1)? = 6(1 + 1/36)? © 6(1 + 1/72) © 6.083 (f) (26.95)'8 = (27 = 5/100)" = 3(1 ~ 0.05/27"? = 3 — 0.05/27 = 2.998 7. V(r) = (4/3)ar3. The linear approximation is: V(2 + 0.03) — V(2) * 0.03 - V’(2) = 0.4877. Actual increase: V (2.03) — V (2) = 0.487236. 5.5 L (@) (1+x)5 © 145x+10x? (b) AK? © A+aA(K-1), (©) (+ 3e4 de? 14 3e-$e? A-x)7 3. Implicit differentiation yields: (*] 3x7y + x3y’ +1 = $y7!y’. Inserting x=Oand y= 1 gives 1 = (4)17'”y’, so y’ = 2. Differentiating [+] once $e(a-1)A(K=1)? l+x4x?900 Answers to Ode-Numbered Problems more w.t.t.x Yields 6xy + Inserting x = 0, y = 1. 5. Use [5.10) with f(x) = (1-+x)" and x = p/100. Then f'(x) = n(i + x)r~ and f(x) = n(n — 1)(1 +.x)"~?. The approximation follows. we + (a) -3. (6) 100 (12 @) -3/2 . (a) An increase in prices by 10% leads to a decrease in traffic by approx. imately 4%. (b) One reason could be chat for long-distance travel. more people fly when rail fares go up. x » 5 L = 1 gs oa * 5. ELS)? = FP (FS (8) = PFS I (8) = PEL SW) 7. (a) El,A = (x/A)(dA/dx) =0 w ELE) = Ue! = Les fe = LZ ens ae ‘ Fe ety ip f eee xg xe (gf'-fa'\ _ xf xg Hf = 78 (2) 38 WO _*8 epee oma (f) =F (GE) nares pene . x(f'+3) f g _ fELft+gEkeg (@) El. (f +3) = ———— 8 + @ BL +9) =" eG Ee (e) Is like (d), but with +g replaced by —g. and +g’ by —g’. (2= f(g). w= g(x) > Ely + 5VFREM F(X) x+V FQ) » . (2) SHEL f(x) (0) FEL) © (d) -EL. f(x} Chapter 6 6.1 + (a) —4 (b) 0 (e)2 (d)-00 (€) 00 (f) -co (a) (i) —00 (ii) 00 (iii) 0 (iv) A (0) lim, f(x) = B » 5. (a) y=x—1 (= —1 is a vertical asymptote). (0) y=2r-3 Y= 3x +5 (= 1 is a vertical asymptote). (d) y = 5x (x = 1 is a vertical asymptote). 6.2 1. () and (d) are continuous: the others are not necessarily so. (As for (Ch consider Problem 6.)Chapteré6 901 FIGURE 19 FIGURE 20 3. f is discontinuous at x = 0. g is continuous at x = 2. The graphs of / and g are shown in Figs. 19 and 20. 5. a =5, so that limy.- f(x) =4= lim.) f(z) =a —1 No. Let f(x) = g(x) = 1 for x a. Then f and g are both discontinuous at x = a, but f(x) + g(x) =2 for all x, and therefore f + g is continuous for all x. (Draw a figure!) Let A(x) = —f(x) for all x, Then h is also discontinuous at x = a, whereas f(x)h(x) = =I for all x, and so f -h is continuous for all x. ~ 63 L. f'(0*) =1 and f'(0-) =. See Fig. 21. 3. If x > 0, then fi(x) = 3x75 + oo asx + Ot. Also f'(x) > -0o as x + 0-. Hence, the graph has a cusp at x = 0. See Fig. 22. FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22 6.4 Gin) =1 1 7 L Bene Fry 7 2 SBT OB =~ Fay 3 asn—+ 00 (6) 3+ (-1/2) +4-(1/3) =-1/6 _(@) (=1/2) (13) = -1/6 © (12/03) =-32 © VOB= CD = V3I6 = V30/6Chapter7 903 Chapter 7 74 1. (@) Let f(2) = 1. Then f is continuous, f(-1) = 2, and f(1) = —4, so according to Theorem 7.2, the equation f(x) = 0 has a solution in (—1, 1). Parts (b) and (c) are done in the same way. 3. Your height is a continuous function of time. You were once less than 1 me- ter tall and (unless you are unduly precocious) you are probably now above 1 meter tall. The intermediate value theorem (and common sense) give the conclusion. 5. (a) See Fig. 23. (b) Define g(x) = f(x)— x. Then g(a) > 0 and g(b) <0. If either g(a) or g(6) is 0, we have a fixed point for f. If g(a) > 0 and g(b) <0, then g(x) = 0 for some x* in (a,b) by the intermediate-value theorem. This x* is a fixed point for . 1. f is continuous on (0, 5], so the extreme-value theorem applies. 3. f has a maximum atx = 1 and a minimum at all x > 1. (Draw your ‘own graph.) Yet the function is discontinuous at x = 1, and its domain of definition is neither closed nor bounded. L@f=32 WE=VI2 |E=V2 @ME=V3 3. & = £1/,/27. The conditions of the mean-value theorem are not satisfied, ‘because f is not differentiable at x = 0. See Fig. 24. L(i+¢x)tsl-xt- te)? 3. (1+1/8)!8 = 141/24—1/576 + R3(1/8), where 0 < R3(1/8) < 5/(81-83). Thus, /9 = 2(1 + 1/8)" = 2.080, with three correct decimals. FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24 y be904 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 5. The idea is precisely the same as in Problem 4. The expressions get so big that we do not reproduce them here. 7.5 r (a) lim, ) (x — )/(@? = 1) = lim, 1/2x = 1/2 (b) lim,—., 2x/1 = 2a (©) lim, (3x? + 6x)/@x? + 10x + 8) = lim,_._2(6x + 6)/(6x +10) =3 ‘The second fraction is not “0/0”. The correct limit is 5/2. Does not exist if b # d. If b = d, the limit is “0/0” and by I’Hépital’s rule, it is lim, ol fa(ax + b)“'? — fe(ex +d)! /1 = a/2Vb-c/2d = (@~ofrve. Vx Fax + Fax ta, x= x (JT eae Fae? 1) = eee Now ae x use I'Hépital’s rule. 1. p= 64/3 - 10D/3 3. @x=-y/3 (b)x=1/y (| xa=yls G+)! (0) (x)= 24+ D/2-D ft-@-29]'? 7. (@) f(x) = 4x — 4x3 > 0 for x € (0, 1), so Ry = (0, 1]. ©) g(x) = VI-vT== 9. (a) f(x) = x/2 and g(x) = 2x are inverse functions. (b) f(x) =3x—2 and (x) = }(x+2) are inverse functions. (c) C = $(F —32) and F = 3C+32 are inverse functions. 11. f~! determines how much it costs to buy a specified nuraber of kilograms of meat. 13. f'(x) = 4x73 — x°)/3V4—x > 0 for x € (0. V3), so f bas an inverse on (0. V3). 9'(V3/3) = 1/f'(0) = 3V3 8. Chapter 8 8.1 1, @ y'=-3e-* _ (b) y' = 6x7” (©) y' = (1 /x)e* @) y= 5(4x — Bye! 3. (a) f(x) = et + xe = (14x), f"(x) = e1(2 +x). F is increasing for x>-1. (b) See Fig. 25.Chaoter@ 905 2s 3et FIGURE 26 yi =e + xe* = (x + De, 50 the formula is ‘correct for n = 1. Assume that the kth derivative is y® = (x-+k)e*. Then by the product rule, y#*” = (d/dx)(x+het = eh +Grshe = [x+(kt Die Thus, the given formula is valid also for n = k +1. By induction. it is valid generally 1. (a) In9=In3?=2in3_ (oy $103) NF? = n325 = 2In3 (d) In(1/81) = In3~* = —41n3 3. (a) 3°4°+? = 8 when 3°4*4? = 8 or 12° = 1/2. Hence, x = —In2/In 12. (b) Inx? + Inx* = 6, or Inx” = 6, so 7inx =6 and then x = €6”, (c) #(1 — 47!) = 343 - 1), so (4/3)* = 8/3, implying that = In(8/3}/ In(4/3). (Also, (4/3)*~! = 2, so an alternative correct answer = 1 +1n2/1n(4/3).) We show how to prove (c) and (e). For (c), when x > 0: In(e'x*) = Iné +Inx? =3ine+2Inx=342inx. For (e): Note that p; In(1/p, pi(lnl — In p;) = ~p; In p; when p; > 0. 7, (a) Wrong. (Let A = e.) (b) and (c) are right. 9% (@x>-1 )Islorx<-1 ()x>1 © « (wr+2) @ &° (322x242) x z/ is ve (fx tee andx > 1 ; -1 peo f@a} le 13. (a) In f(x) = }fln@x +1) ~ In(x pp 2 =F (4 a): jaa? Inf(x) = xinx, so f/f) = Inx +1 © In f(x) = £@) $in(z —2)+1nG? +1) + In(x* +6), so ae =906 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 15. (a) f'(x) = et! — Lis < 9 for x <1, and > 0 forx > 1. But f(1) F(z) > 0 for all x #0. See Fig. 27. (0) f(-1) =e? +1>1, f(l) =0, and f(3) = e?—3 > 1. By the intermediate-value theorem, there have to be solutions of f(x) = 1 in each of the intervals (—1. 1) and (J, 3). Because f(x) < 0 for x > 1 and f/(x) > 0 for x > i, there is only one solution in each of the two intervais, and these are the only two solutions. (c) g is defined for all x # 1, x # x1, and x # x2, where x; and xp are the two solutions in (b). g(x) > 0 as x > +00. (a) See Fig. 28. fa)selax FIGURE 27 FIGURE 28 17. (@) F(x) ) fa) ser © f'@) = fee = 1) 19. (a) xy'/y sax (b)34+2x (C14 x @+Ding@ +h 21. Iny = vinw, so y'/y = v' Inu + ww fu. 23. We must solve x = }(e¥ — e~*) for y. Multiply the equation by e* to get } e) or e* —2xe*—1 = 0. Letting e* =z yields with solution x&VJx7 41. The minus sign makes = negative, so e =x+VJx7 41. This gives y =In(x + Vx? +1) as the inverse function. 8.3 1. (a) logs 25 = logs5* = 2logs5 =2 (b) 3/2, because 125 = @ -6 3. (a) y' =5-3In3_ b) y’ =P In2inx+2*/x (©) y’ = log, x + 1/In2 @ y =x +2x?)In2] 5. (a)O02 (c) One must have x > 3. Then Inx + In(x —3) = Inx(x—3) < In4, and so x(x—3) <4. Thus. 3 1000. 7. (a) f(x) = k — Aae~® = 0 when x9 = (1/a) In(Aa/k) (b) xo > 0 iff Aw > k. Then f(x) < Oifx < x9 and f(x) > Oif x > x. (©) x9 increases as po increases. and as V increases; xp decreases as 8 increases, and as k increases. 9. Inm = —0.02 +0.191n NV. When N = 480.000, then m © 11.77 IL. Inz = 1n694,500— 0.3 In p, and p = (694,500/z)'°°. 1B. (a) See Fig. 29. T 36.3 35.0 93.9 32.4 247 242 Inn 5.04 $88 4.70 4.54 364 3.58 (&) F(T) = 1.99207 (©) The fall in temperature that halves the pulse rate is (In2)/0.12. = 58 degrees. FIGURE 29 15. tp = 1972 +8000 In 0.886, which gives the approximate date 1004.