SHORT LOAN Andris Pél6czi Horvath PECHENEGS, CUMANS, IASIANS Steppe peoples in medieval Hungary vp LIBRARY oF TH : CENTRAL EUROPEAN 7° F Ooxivanserr 6 7 HEREDITAS CorvinaISTVAN BONA REINO xunox sAszox Corvin Baap 30 “Tamed TIMOTHY WIEINSON Sete by UDITRALLON TERER COPCSETRA 30,7745 INDRASDARASEN JSUBSANNAD ERDOKORT: 4,60 Jozseexananita ne [ANDRASPALOCHTORYATIE T7273 ‘DSP ey EALMANRONY Drews apy AGOSTON DERANY exh tnr eet Pina gy 1D Kaen Hs Gyocnmet Omen Contents Pechenegs 7 Pechenegs and Magyars 7 ‘The peopleaf "Pecheneg-land” 11 The Pechenegs in Hungary 27 Comentand lasians From Cental AsistotheDanube Basin 39 Cumaniansetlementareasia Hungary 54 Tasians:language, origin sndetlemente 62 Heatheahorsemen for Chiistankings 68 Dress 86 Religionandare 96 [Nomadeampsand permanent villages 110 Chronology 121 Abbrevissions 123, Selected Bibliography 125 ListofFigures 128 TistofPlnes 135Pechenegs and Magyars ‘night om one ofthe lening cane came rom tend of the Pechenegs. He ws eed Thomason, father of Uren, {ove la ti Tog (Thvmy] an © Snead Ponce “olsony gave Sm dcling nde inthe prs of the Kn op (oihetver Tiss, wheres vilge of Absa ean, “Tit ishow Aronymas notary to King HA If eco nthe It cape fis Gate Henge hor. ned ee Ay mado, of his Pecbengg actor of he Toma) cin who ‘emigrated o Bangary daring he eign of Prince Tako, be fen AD. 958 and 90. The proper and monster fae pura clan westside te bank ofthe mie Tira "ier butin the Arpiin ea exesive Pec sere e ‘tok oul ao be found farther fom the ask of tc ve, “longterm down om the Bk Hil “Thonuoba Hungadan Dueasepe ig Father) wasnt te int contac dt the Magyar had had’ wid she Pechenep. ‘Before te ccapation of Hangar, Magyar tes ten ving to the eat of be Capuhian Basin tad fered two moe Pecheng cache—both desc in dead by Conte Vil Porpliyregests de Byrantne emperor (A.D. 31289), in is De Atminitonds Inport, comple sound A. 980. ‘According f taditon, he Et of tae tac the salle Kangarfechereg warp We proto Magyan whe were theniving nearahe idle cours of te Vale od Do ves, ‘vherapon a of tm tho moved inte Be, wen cf the Don, whist the oer paw migrated 0 beyond the ‘Coucasis: The set decive contbt osited at the chevoteg/eurcans Nemowns FORGIANS EMPIRE 1 Mati oft rand ‘nana iene “iesinh centry n 855, the Pechenegs, crostng the Volga and Don, rupted upon the Magyar encampment ¢ me whee ‘har lagers amy of to men (approval 2,00 sen) swe ny atucing Bulge Goo ps te Caren bal ot the Curpuian Basi. Evite om the Extn the Magyar ‘ses fed ito Taneylvnia whist the pv sete ‘eu flint thehands of he Psbenege, "The def memory of hat Pechene aid became myphi- cal een inthe pager of theo Hangar cence. The Soy las tae dag tar migrason te Magyar ce fo ‘teizory wher they St innumerabeeg. However, hey twee saber say there “ne the als swatoed dav ‘hem fom the er Bk i, engorging themocve upon te tale and hors Thi alegore depeson ofthe dee once ‘nd rece siguiance Benue the name thatthe Magyar. vets the Pecheregy—tenycb—chied with sloso-mord of ‘Tlic origin, bo, mening dof rey” (The orga eine name Bal, wa ni imine for derived rom he ‘Ot! cae pera nme Bete In Engl engage Inrte ‘he Byzantine Grek ame Paik somes eaotred) For decade fear ofthe Pechenoginflornced the Magyar lenders ‘nthe decsoson frig pobcy snd int ch of rps focmarandingexpedins to sch an extent at ves he ful diplomacy of Bynum fled t tempt them ita a0 Slane aginst the Pechenegs whereby they wou have ee shetoreoonpy therold teres, Th the mide of he tenth onary, ro generations er the smamorble dfs, Prince Taksoy sooghe analy in the fo ‘Bille exter nghboor, bringing tack 4 wi foc hime fom the lend of he Ble, with den pei nd sgn forthe stag of his om eaumry by lxge contingents Pechenegs in oder bah to stengtien he arsed Facer yal 9 [ns command and wo sate the Sefncen ofa western bale Te yas during ths ped thatthe fmt Pcheneg colonies wee ‘sash the south ofthe River Leth inthe marshy t= (Gansoand Lake Fens. Hungarian choice eet se fod othe event ear the Pecenge who ad seed ete ‘pee canying our diss ont ar ‘The people of “Pecheneg-land” See (Copan and Ar Sea Tey are St mented an igh aes eee eee eae en eee Sane ela Eaitke jiocrmon cna Pear ee ioe eaten ce Eo cee oe oan ener foaesconernies Shien nee Societe paras ctatie merece pace aaa Scere foegoens soo pl eet pase e eee ran Satan eaereme Saeaenes aeaieeeuoee cae Seater eee ea! coca ranean Sent waeemiyemement ae eevenaeees Steines cere Sha neeimsas Seater rian Soocetncneet aaa nr BeeSira ens Koide dar ume re Scaureset ene ec See ‘Ara onl ofthe tack he Pechenegs lost hi eso ln 0an grt pr of he Hest. They were ef with jt one ‘way out ofthe ase prefaent omove thar wets (a te sep and makeup tr lower a the expose of he ‘Magar Tiss what ay behind te ata onthe Magrat cncamprnentin AD. 895. Te cheng ound onto iy [the Bulger, who were a ht time fighting Ue Magyar “Th sco campig pved the way 0 one aa tus of dominion over th Eat Europe sppe: Here not ‘aly wete he ale to contol Es We rade, bs al, nce {hey now held se Noc-Sou water oar nd nce could ‘tec the Eat She othe ty Cul keep an eye onthe developing rons between the Rusa Prices 2d Byzantium. ‘The route thatthe Rar Nore (Varga) ‘avignors hd tke to Constantinople was down dhe Rivet Daiepet, tough she hear of Pcheog tector. Phra ‘wai could thecfoee waitin ambush 3 pi sed make Spee atacks on eves Who were forced to ake fo the ‘iver bank The Bynes peated the Peden ad, ‘which thy eed Pinas, sending oop sh phe Eger rivers and ducing amasdors bearing gif ors the ergerar yt win ovr the Poaeng lends tthe ss Df Byzantine diplomacy ‘Our source te ious of the view thatthe Pechenegs? setdemens trois eer westwards 2 the Carpe ‘hint andthe lower Danube. According othe report of Cor stanine Pophyrogeits, chr tal fern he tenth entry compra eg ts, with the Rover Dreger forme Ing a satura boundary berneen the wets td exer por tins, Constantine slo is he mame and domaine of thee ‘dual bes, though, understands, be had move score Information about the more wat hard that ly neste Byzantium. The Gisidapon were stated by the lower Daub on the border with Busi the Chana tbe lived nec to present dey Hungary, sound he Seth and Prat ‘ives the lebti see long the Dre aod Bog vers nd wre neighbours wih vases Sav people the Chart lived bythe Drie, in pony othe Rane There iene telah infer cho en nena by eur ses the eat ofthe Dap (he Kouta, Sra, Bart. Ina and Bouse), bu the gran and may hve spend ‘fom the Khan Empie in the noch bythe midle Don, scrostothe Vag. “Thos te Pechenegs remained neous of the Khazars ren afer he mig ino Europe: Byte ht yas of he ‘Sh cur Ge frome on the Don, wiht ely ‘nixed garzone among hem Pecheneg wires who had {tll own herein exer ewe no ong defending ‘Se nord-mstem bore of Khana ors Magyar stacks at he reel tmigrantFectengs. KM ep, or Wetiaccns oft tn nd one evr whe have ten dncovee on he pe beeen he lower exc of he Donan Volga fy othe prac: of btn nomadic opinion which ay abo ave brn pray Pechene no Ea Ise any credence canbe paced i then th o- fy Penn renee Fadl aon (The Bota ofthe Word, assure mt ave ern ome wherein hs ego ta he Khar Pehenegy,t wch {Ths word, scoring o Contain, meant "alan wat- or, fable bi (isd Riouy as ogee a commen frth the Canal Aan Tek word igh; mesg ave). “The Kanga appear soures om a xy Ste sith casry cuwards The Pes ied a campaign gaint them to de {Caner sein in A.D. 54. We do ot now how te 0 ‘Tukithopesting peopl, the Pedanes aed he Kanga, ‘ame tobe amaigamned uti publ to specie tha torncime daring te sh to ninth comare the Kanga, ‘oueoc forte te fderaton of Pcheneg hordes, acing ‘henuelve inthe poson ofthe ding hordes, The Kanga ‘echeoe il feason began o play a Indopende pols ‘rae onthe steppe onl om then ofthe gh ay, ‘towing tb clipe of Ture pe ‘A syst of cota oggniation of the hordes came ato Iedng whe they were ll to the ex ofthe Valg. The ht Tord were divided ito frsy scons, that i ach horde ‘compesed five dans, each wih Tose pen as hed. (A »Leepigie mae 4 Sl he fing oig eine of the congas of Hangar, the Magyar to0, sly Ind an sverige of five cane within the fame of ach of he tbs) These dns were no longer soc uns sed on a np rt nll fs rte np deed by {Gn eitocracy. Power ky in the hands of able cine which ‘wee spate roma the common people aed om whore ranks ‘he digtare were lee Refering tthe Peco aon, (Contant ites ‘aw and ancient enc... depevng ther fatboy ‘o manu the an 0 cei sons the Bote eng suliet for ose in power to rl fr tr on Ife only, and when they di iter thir cousin sont oft oane mast be spot, 2 tha he rank ‘muy not ran earn in one Branch ofthe ly et the cola inher and seco te oe, (De Adin per, ea} Jenkin) ‘Tis stem ofihertance may be regarded npc, as peat ing by te poncipe of genes sea, wah rai ing Inher by the ede mle eon, bypusig doe tin ‘ae Par typ orgating fom the Kanlh seppe in Wet Sisert predominied. ‘The presence of memes of the Pecheeg nation among che nomads who ive an ed ese in the erie of fit the Kaas and late Rainy, ee ore, resorbly be infeed, Neves emus be ena elged tht dhs was 3 mary garizon of med eae bck {round whose cemetery dow ot alow uo cts sy fatal asec speic tothe Pechonegs The bree and precourmel acouemenssyiled by the cmeery ae fommercal items of “vent. opgine—Khane, Alan, ‘baseman, Vols Bulgar sod Rosin, ‘Our information abot Bechmeg soci ganization iat preset, exemely sketchy. Wena sane te ntlenen sed lng with decorated are zapans (Gaye, Sei roups. Most ofa staal dt rete tothe permanent iar reine, whose number he Se they tel ia their ancoral omen of Wet Sib wasp #000 ware ‘rs by Uigur envoy’ pore tha atived ns mar scrip fom Tan Hang (AD. 150-850, By the th tary, ‘he Pechenps, having moved ecm tay more fvountie soundings, no douke cnscerbly pied ds free, hough we heve no wry of known Si clivet the poplin tat war cage in produce ‘Wotk Taking ober nomadic socio noel we would Ince among the later the non-conepadheemen ho {Bemed the mile cs of amen, the evant cay, oe cperdeves, among them the figncotemen mpeg the de healgaran snd the inhaben of te grea setlamenssofsubject Ses, Alans. ‘At the end of ete etary snd begining of the covet ‘muy major ain power took poten Exton Faope ‘The Khar Empiesuctumbedt the onal ofthe Roe sims and the Gh, white Kievan Rass under Grand Pict Seystoney (51-97%) and Prince Vn 80-047, by 3 enon ofthe at Says, develop ito agent poe The ‘again impel vein wo te exsnioni of he Bye nes, who, om he ands ying south of te Dame sr as caste Bulga, onthe opposite bank wo the Pecenes, xe tied he fone province thn) ofPattin, Around ti a Of the mallet the Magyar and the Paes funded new Sats, bringing thc naon it the ld of waters Can iy. Among. the Pechoneps, cotenched in ther nomad ‘Sconom ondton wer not fvourble forthe formation of ‘Sea h elations with Syston and heen of 108-9 Semonsnate the compete decralzaon of the bal fer ‘Whan benew migratory wave ofsomadi people avedin Burope inte mide of the deen etry, the Pechnegt were unable to chk the pres hat was bing exe ‘hers fom the Est by the Ghse. Thee war 0 lg sy posi fore peoples + whoo mga any Sore snd fe they were gadaly engulfed by tenn of seengning ats of the mouning.seenary peoples From IDE ‘Sarda mean of Pecks moved ella By {Se tsar, mos of whom wee stele Pain 8 Gor ‘Se gud: Rebelione by thee mibtary colonists, o oa, (fhe onder provinces sad re byte Pech nemen ‘vo hep appeng in Us nord of the Epis to jo her ‘wee the sure of dads otro to Bysant, which dd otic in deling deve blow psn he el 1081 9 “Mount Levanioa, nx the mouth of be Maras ie, who a Prcberg ary ws dos blierted wid the sistance of ‘he Comans. Te remnant of the Pechenegs, now fred back tothe wet perimeter ofthe steppe, mounted tc at tack Fallon pe he ‘otra hen)‘om Byzandam in 1122 be were aly defeatod by Emgeroe Jab Comments (wasn memory of vcory th he S-alad "Pecleneg Fast” was insted in Contaninopl) “he dfeed Pechenegs weve ten resided bythe Byzantine fgoveramentin the Sofi NS-Skopj ein ad other pars of Sella, “At tc cd o€ te eleven and heey puto he wel Mee ie pas rican ae ses Ras roan, south of Kew, wih cements of vara nomad ropes a1 once guard, induding Pechoege, Chuan ‘Bren and otber el agents whic bad bam diven ff the steppe ander pesre from te Camas, Pecheneg ad ‘ons Hr ting tthe wells arcaclogic re of this popultins who were ced. Chee Kil (Black (Caps ye Rss, ‘The Pechenegs in Hungary 1 contemporary traveler in tent-ntry Hangay would five bom tle otnree mimerous ei groupe of ret ‘ren efor the Mags ered the coun, dey had erin by dade eb of Kava he word are ‘as ibe) who ha broken away fom te Khsar Empire {i were organized by the Magyar ino» gle horde ane honing st maltary sulin der hl cma command threofthe Kiar Emp ineasing siti Ale Vols Ba (pom, Kiwaramian, od, i smaler tumbes, the Klaas, ‘Retutves of Tic tock. Orinfrmaton inet tht the ‘nest clely definable etn erent snang the Kear tbe: ‘war ndocbey formed by the Khwaramans, who Wer ‘Sealy known in Hungary under the mame he There wee ‘eo poupe of Mobimmedan Ain, Vales Baars and ils ‘who entered the country ier dees (ean Kae ‘it ender ay have led in Hungary athe sate ie ‘ePechenes) “The Rhwarimsne fled an pa cole in the econe com fe of tie Kha Khageate nd, indeed, even upped ‘en forthe bodyguard ofthe Higon ins Ii thane 90 Surpeise, ven thse anerdens, tae in Himgay, 0 the Iii spec ine of dates, proating the oun’ oy ‘mint om he ceveath cnsry onwards. Tha tades Seidel st the majoe cossous, ear markeowns 2 in ‘eae often commerce, Wither ral bas "ess andthe we Knowledge ofthe worl gained hough ‘hat navel they were engery sought by Hungary's rales fr famployeentin esis of the young ae In ths wy, and Alespitethr poeson of my, he were ty wel teat fd by dhe Chrsian sate, coming the smite of dhe lng’ revente, ficient teary and ale “amber” or ‘ache Along wth he eos ty aie bode nope ‘ne mitary soe ar weknowtatn deel cnr hele ‘wera da oer gud and ought in be king ny. Tews ‘hank othe prominent economic role and the gre cobave rong of the Mobarmedanrapan tty ere eto ‘ann her ee ent for sever conti, wheres he ‘Baonity ofthe Kavats had azeady boo ase into Mar ”radar, both ingly and curly, by the end of he Taher, “Th evltion ofthe Hungatin ste and he inapration of Hangar oy ito Chri Earope wee seconpnid by changes in he oration of es ane th new fal requzement, Prine Géza (72-97) and King Stop | (957-108 eantormed what bad een» nomads any ‘0 Bghtng fre of he Wate eps the ae of which as a small but wekequpped amare cay under the fommand of Watem bsghte. During the om oF te hr Syma, the balk ofthe army was made up of asisonal type of caval, equipped wit lighe arcu, osecombat ‘Seay organza, tate order ed i 20 at the hang ‘han army tl opt ae an van we ope ip ney that fougit in the nomadic sy which contined to be ‘eerated fom maary clonic people. Atte time f the ‘cewpato of Hingay i wa the Magyar ava condeertes ‘who had supped ts advance guar however, byte tse of {Be funda othe Hangar state mon of te Kava ong Sots he ary servicemen om ter rds, were pect ‘smal contingos opin of sete mporance morer to sense the ing dirty suchoriy, Thi i not me tt Sheligie aval wat let witht a socal bas beease ding the reorganization it ws but up sound the Secon, who mainly cael out onte-guatd duties, ad the owe eamly {ved Pecheege. The Ske, who were among the Ma ya alld secs daring he congue of gary an who tind wo Bve in age guoups, even afer dhe vrous ro ‘rganizeons and estes, had a fice corp placed in Command of hem mn thecleventhcentary. On the cans ht tmp such eicers was of Pedene eign (ras Bese {Jes} The obo tut ws paced onthe Sule to provide ‘arya amen i of we oath drone sd et (uurd romaine to heen ofthe Mee Ape “The Feces Sete vanguard of the Hagan army 4 See recoded in AD. ING In TG they sucess tepoyed he seater of fied ght pit the Geman 3 bute onthe River Leidiowa manny which wat ov? | Genlyincomprokensbe otis drone: “The wicked Pecos (ise psi) and contemptible ‘Sede Sia vim) all sey bop to es, ke sheep before wore, fr at was tomy, 1 was ey ‘Who preceded at he oo oft Hungarian ary (Cronin Pin [arise Crosse 40h ery) Ie seems posible at ths fre reine replhoenent fom the Fechensp’ own land oa 4 umber of ocrasbas up tothe beperng ofthe hinemth coary, a the Magyar takin tls speak of morta one nlx of Pechenegs Bishop Har Yigs Laon of Se Sigh rele» group of Pechenegs ae svcd Pionoia fom the dtecson of Balgsia "on eas Een with much gl ner and many king ofjeweley" ‘hr account se the event of te, poe 1050 ina back ato theca King Sephen, bet rol constable dt salt ry betes 107s 1036 ht perio they were rng ut op marudng expen south ofthe wer Danube Stull brekaway groupe may hove ried Hungary a the aad ofthe 10ay Sa el Of ivecsbal woe among the Pechenegs snd den the Pecheeg- Byrne war. However, {he bigger wave of immigrtions canbe dated oar 1055, ‘when the echonege were placed om the sees ea ofthe ‘Diper dette eathrough mde bythe Gres In sabe (gust decades ret Pecheneg prance was exe especialy {Sh te Danian Goose ofthe Byrnsne Emap, das being Iterened el ater wen the hte speared onthe western ‘Bngasothestppe, Aber ashore period of Gus maery, he ‘Ge Eat Buropan meppe came under Caan Scan {Be 10%, thoogh seman of Pes hor marvivd fr tuchloepein Malia “Te autnomny of the Pecheege onthe lower Dane was lcvly nought an end by ce delet the nde of ‘Neombioe! Byensne-Carnanian sey 105. Wh he oe fhe guiteg ied te ape of Phong eee toward he Rusinn Principe, Hangacy andthe Balkans tp drew os close ound ths date. Ths the Pechenegs who lnvadedByrapom in 1122 were akeay ander Caran ‘Newry sd ler ling nother seers dest a oup of them sought eigen Higey at decor of Kg Sep (Gste-15). The king ed to make ie of fae Pechenegs {blower in orks to cowie hs hold on he cour but ”theft was rahe co provoke unrest among the Hungarian obi. ‘The psec ofthe Pchengs in Hungary can be linked © eyeing inde story and wo he tes where they swore dupa. The mony ofthe Peshegs who etre ie {oun nthe enh comary any wall ave bon ee par in in he oandaon of Hagan ste, working fe {end power Gést ind Stephen set them, ogee ‘hee etal masa ae well a group of ofr immigent ‘espe, houghowt Hungary. Some pics where hey stayed ‘were gine the name Bompé by the sounding Magyar populjon. Thi may ao be the cgi of the toponym To (nts, Ero, Cha snd Ba, which pre the names of Feshong hordes. The Pec gions deployed along the faster approsces of Hangaryspewsy eo the Wet snd ‘Tranylrana may beregeded among heelys ment ote the Tes region, though shoul be noted —in nzast 2 the fly prevalent, bot nado Jose “Siew only sem acon ofthe Pecenogs were and ‘offontier defence More ok emtnions hin of ache sees ew ‘pin the flowing season he lower Rib ver and sie ‘bury, tbe Maral (GySe al Vasprés Counses slog he [iver Srv (fer and Toa Count) ad probly ale he scent Danan mastand ofthe Stckbe (Toa wel Bod ‘og Count) the mule coune ofthe River Tia and the ‘afoot (ews and Bersod Coun) the marhand of ‘he Sire sound the River Korte (Bite County nd og the River Harargod south ofthe Macor vero (Cad (Comry). These muy aes, creed by waterway, ‘wee of ie asc vale but proved sulle forsee {nant by the Pshoney, wit lance on ering tock ‘The longevity of hae mlm i shown bythe adopion of ‘word fom tei own ngage o name Zie, kes tl 2d other topographical fe of ter dit, fe ance Gama (ir) "mud, my plac’ (II: Sar go vcs Chama) Bally len) ‘swampy pl’ Toe ver bend, fr fre at verb Tip, Tbe hilo, mound Big "umioc, hump’ Cid (pring, wel, te. Poche plconames ae ao found ix many other ple steed ‘hroughout Hungary, ouside Hearted above. “The vou group of seements were primal theprod= 2 ‘eof several was oftmmigraton bt, fr he tie ings ot pout to eablh the chronology of thee foumaton, ‘Te fis econ hat we Rave for moet ofthe semen se documents fom the dieath aed forenth cnmroy ‘hm thre hed ber ee nec to pt te Pshenog legal Mies down im wring doe 0 thor satonomy andthe ow ice a which they were feudazd. The Pchenos in esi for living om cown lds and eying alcove Exam (es Bison), were ied render itary serie 12 the King and cme nde the ic ober of as ul mae te the Pale) “Tei soc spinon, ke that of he Ske, il i= soued eleventnemury conden. They had the ow eds (rw a en of wai i a {he Hangin solr of dy ses so the Petes ‘commoner fermen, I conte othe Ske, they id ot hve an ofr cs of foreigners planed above them. From he going ofthe tend ena, members af th Pectensg smary dats strove to gin Se of nobly and pete ope try; whist some suceeded, many af te aemen el the level ofthe et dare. We ow the ding the fourteenth ne {ery Pechngp eh spec lel sti, bvng te ty to bear sems scoring to ancient cst ant ‘go more aoa dela”) ied south of ae iver soe Coansd Coury. e was hee tat they peetved tha fies longest On the bats of» ocument ied by King Loxisi in 16 and reamed King Segsnund, Wilt 2d other on numero occasions up unl 195, we ow hat ‘he Pecheng ablamen of BeenySvilge ers exit ots the payment oft, thc peopers wee protced bythe King, ad ther ae oe sled ely by te rye ac ary in 147, forinstanc, GregorasBeseny6, who had setlad ‘wih is naren on beers in eer Coun and was Ted ome, in Hungarian pi) of all he Penge, wat -emaved by the King fom the jureion of te eriary ‘oars, pei thor of pts County. "Though we lk slabs ffrenton coping the soegsh ofthe Pechenog ght cavalry, we ean att to timate ‘Eom the sn ofthe Sueklr fro. seg Sucker coms ‘aly would be dvd int § cans and 2 neg, with ch lisse user ebgaton to soply 100 horsemen On top of ‘his was the min conmbaed bythe eomnonefesen »dg 1 Sewing net seatheae re, iia Rae . Judging fom the relive sie of he denen seston bythe wo peoples the Pechenegs were +n rnlee popultion and atmos, can have set only «few toward Fowemen to wat, even if alowance i made fora inialy Iigher sombason of simple heise, Never 1a, sltion tothe sight populaton-bse, this ery force was of major importance, mos noaby in the ewe entry anditst tisha hey owed the perpen of that prveged sts Conterporay sources lw noting sbou the esipment sd bythe Pesionege, an the few arog Sade erly ov yale tht Orta comme, and weaponry r= ‘peared with tem in the Caption Basi, A Pec ‘inte wih curved mowshplce war ucovered tte Se Of tendvcennny setlemem in te village of BjorFataed, ‘Komdeom County (sow Baje-Vtaovo, Ceechodork) 00 thei nk ofthe River asi, Cechoaowak). A few llomenes fom thee fey Zarvibumy6 feow Belen, ‘Gethonlovai lage of Pechneg cut ofl fr which ‘we hive documentary references fom 1209 and 126, The (Gover of Pocky noblemen bed inthe eaten mer ‘Were dacovered a the amted of Tin, Fj Couey, a he ‘dof the lst cent the grave goods incaded » bei, Stsmpandewossbre “The wae of nomadatyl sofcled boots may be deduced om the naw, founded sup, se examples of which fave teen uneatied elewhe slong the Sire (Kee Tethegy). A scrp ofthe time eye fom de tsteth or foancenh caney wat ako among the meer attics Seated at Crabrendk, nthe ay of group of former Peshong seamen round the Maral vere may Be on Jesured tar # was he Pegs thamsloe who ineoduced ‘heMagyar pest this form ost. “The ght of the elven sna orn Td, with es Soe demand ck pices ras even for he dls ‘voted by Magyar able of the Congest ped, evokes Gris nes sbowt te splendour of he Pecheney dines. ‘The digo of the cecil aed the way tt the compe nen ofthe tse joned pr hs among thelr types an he Magyar specimen tha ween ue opt the endo he tenth com "Th sabre wa 2 weapon of thei oops of nomad semis ™ an could only be taken by noblest the other Weel The ‘th Brose iy The shape of the sword eles develop Tres In aeppe weaponry dung de deve cy, the tore widespread we of hele and armour sod greter Enphasr on dose combat J to egthening. grater er fore and nase rage of the bre. Sever ste sone {hat ive been uscd in Hungry belong #9 sr same the putes, sove eds, gard, oraeds, vineyards snd other propery ft ian (Rogen: Carmo Mii) Already by the Sit a of te thinenth contra dese ne ‘work of vilags bad deed within Hungary and the ‘burr ofthe country a ore contin sy ange etch of Uist but wable ne where room might have Boon Find forthe Comins oH. A Great Cound, or gener asembly of Hngsry pari, tae one convoked at Kémonotr sn Suerém Couey, therefore desc tain cdr orig an end to th omg, the Cumans shoal be depeed to vans pars of te courzy. Nothin s kxown ‘hos the sum of apa ofstoement exept he ints own cn sre in Pos County dese 0 the royal eur. Ba IV (25°12) sw the Cumana st ml ‘ay alles to stengthen is ental sutharey and bestowed on ° 2 Feciagof Cam Theva ange se ecage evetehaf toqttng 2% eto ‘Tern ee sd ipod ‘ake ee ean hee mt Se tir folie ire Reams) Simonton bao