IEEE IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor Switching IEEE Power & Energy Society Sponsored by the Switchgear Committee (eee 3 Park Avenue - Now York, NY 10016-5997, USA IEEE Std cs7.018 2009 12 February 2010 IEEE Std C37.018-1993) Authored eensed use lites to: Univers of Tasmania. Downloaded on September 02 2014 t 1642 06 UTC torn IEE Xploe. Rest‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyaye tle te Ra This is a Redline Document produced by Techstreet, a business of Thomson Reuters. This document is intended to provide users with an indication of changes from one edition to the next. It includes a full-text version of the new document, plus an indication of changes from the previous version. Redlines are designed to save time and improve efficiencies by using the latest software technology to find and highlight document changes. 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Rests apy.IEEE Std C37.015™.2009 (Revision of IEEE Ste 037.015"-1983) IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor Switching ‘Sponsor ‘Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power & Energy Society Approved 9 December 2009 IEEE-SA Standards Board pore Restictens apy, to Universi of Tasmania. Downloaded on September 02 2014 a 184208Abstract: Guidance for the application of ac high-voltage circuit breakers for shunt reactor switching is provided. Overvoltage generation for the three cases of shunt reactors being directly grounded, ungrounded, or grounded through a neutral reactor is addressed in terms of derivation and limitation methods. Circuit breaker specification for the purpose and the use of laboratory test results to predict field performance is also covered by this guide Keywords: ac high voltage circuit breakers, application, inductive load switching, overvoltages, shunt reactor switching, small inductive currents ‘The inst ot Elereal ang Eecronse Engaere ne Bak venve, New York NY 100765807 SA CConyraht ©2010 by the nstute of Electical and Electonics Engineers ne Alhts esses Pubs 12 Fetuay 2010 Ptecnthe ined Staos of America IEEE ga ragtime ite US Pee & rear fic, ome hee of chi and eons geet, Reaporie. OF: ISBN s79-0.7381-6168 s7Os6020 Prins ISBN 678.-7961-8170 STDPDSE020 EEE pros chemin, harass and lyn. For mare frat, vist ip yn ico xpcbiabautisfatspalce26 im io part of ve nutloaon may bs resrodvesd many frm Inan besten reeva ystom or oer, wou the por nian permission ofthe pusher ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyTEEE Standards documents are developed within the TEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The [EEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National Standards Institue, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final produc. Volunteers are not necessarily members ofthe Institute and serve without compensation. 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Comments en standards and requests for interpretations should be submitted to the following addess: ‘Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board +445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 Usa, Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for intemal or personal use is granted by The Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, In., provided thatthe appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center ‘To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Serviee, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; ~1 978 750 8400, Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for «educational elassroom use ean also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyIntroduction “This introduction is not part of EEE Std C37.015°-2009, TEEE Guide forthe Application of Shunt Reactor Switehing. ‘The subject of shunt reactor switching is complex. The approach taken in the mai text of the guide is to present a basic method for the application of circuit breakers for the purpose, which considers only load side circuit characteristics. The method is conservative and will be adequate in many instances, However. by reference to a seties of notes, the general case (which incorporates the influence of the source side characteristics and the parallel capacitance of the circuit breaker) is presented. The user of this application guide is encouraged to exercise due discretion in the choice of the basic or general method for the application under consideration, Consideration should, in addition, be given to the magnetic effects associated with air core shunt reactors, ‘This standard is a revision of IEEE Std C37.015"1993 Listed as follows, for information and guidance, are the substantive changes: — The terms “medium voltage” (MV) been replaced by a voltage range. “high voltag. (AV), and “extra high voltage” (EHV) have — Subclause 5.2.2 (gapped surge arresters) of the 1993 edition has been moved to an annex (Annex H), — A list of symbols has been added (Annex G), — Some of the figures have been redrawn, Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be coustrued as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide vaviety of both public and private uses. 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All nights reserved ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyParticipants At the time this guide was completed, the Revision of C37.015 Working Group had the following ‘membership Anne Bosma, Chair Kenneth Edwards, Yice Chair ‘Mauricio Aristizabal Randall L. Dotson Antonio Mannarino ‘W4. (Bill) Bergman Denis L. Dufournet Georges F. Montllet Fraak C. Blalock David E. Galeia ‘Yasia | Musa ohn Brunke Alan Kollar Jeffiey H. Nelson (Chit €. Chow Stephen R. Lambert ‘Thomas Pellet Patiick J, DiLillo Ha Y. Liv DevkiN, Shama R. William Long ‘The following members of the individual balloting committee voted ou this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Helmut Heiermeier Jefltey H, Nelson Michael Anderson, Gary Heuston Michael §. Newman, ‘Mauricio Aristizabal Ansrew Jones 1. Olsen AliAL Awazi Jom Kay Bruce Pickett G. Bartok Gael Kennedy tulian Profi ‘W2. (Bill) Bergman ‘Tanyj Khandelwal Michael Roberts ‘Stan Billings J.-Koepfinger Charles Rogers Frank C. Blalock David Krause Joseph RRosron ‘Anne Bosma Jim Kulehisky ‘Thomas Rozek ‘Steven Brockschink ‘Saumen Kuno Batten Sayouo Cris Brooks (Carl Kuriako Devki N. Sharma ‘Ted Burse (Ciang-Yiu Lam Gil shoe William Byrd Stephen R. Lambert Hyeong Sim Chih €. Chow a ¥. Lin James E, Smith Alizeza Daneshpooy Alber Livshitz R. Kirkland Smith Randall L. Dotson. Federico Lopez Allan St. Peter Danis L. Dufournet GL Gary Stoedter Kenneth Edwards Nigel Meqin Norbers Trapp Gary Enamann Steven Meiners Eric Udren Even Peter Meyer John Verzis ‘Marcel Fortin Gary Michel ‘Waldemar Ven aller James Gratam Georges F. Montillt Jialong Wang, Keith Gray Jeny Muphy James Wilson Randall Groves ‘Yasin [usa Richard York Copyright © 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy‘When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 9 December 2009, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow. Chair ‘Tom A. Prevost, Mice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Searerary John Batt Alexander Gelman David J. Law Karen Barelson James Hughes Ted Olsen Vitor Berman Richard H. Hulett Giean Parsons Ted Buse Young Kyun Kisn Ronald C. Petersen Richard DeBlasio JosepliL. Koepfinger* ‘Narayanan Ramachandran Andre Drozd Joh Kulick Jon Walter Rosca Mark Epstein Sam Seiaces "Member Emeritus Also incTuded are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board lisisons: Howard L, Wolfman, TAB Representative ‘Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative ‘Michael Janez, IST Representative Lorraine Patseo IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Michael D. Kipness IEEE Standards Program Manager. Technical Program Development Copyright © 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyContents. 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose. 1 2, General application conditions... 2.1 Maxinmu voltage for application 2.2 Frequency. 2.3 Shunt reactor load current. 24 Interrupting time. 2.5 Transient overvoltages. 2.6 Fault interrupting capability 2.7 Frequency of operation 3. Shunt reactor switching conditions, 3.1 General 3.2 Directly grounded reactors 3.2.1 Current chopping 3.22 Reignitions 3.2.3 Overvoltages 3.24 Related phenomena 3.3 Ungrounded reactors. 3.3.1 Current chopping 3.3.2 Chopping and reignition overvoltazes 3.3.3 Recovery voltage across circuit breaker 3.34 Application. nnn 34 Reactors grounded through a neutral reactor 3.4.1 Current chopping 3.4.2 Chopping and reignition overvoltages 3.4.3 Recovery voltage across circuit breaker. 3.44 Application... 4. Limitation of overvoltages...sae es a . snd 4.1 General 1s 4.2 Shunt reactor surge arrester protection 18 43 Circuit breaker auxiliary equipment 20 4.3.1 Opening 128ist018....ennnnen 20 4.3.2 Metal oxide vatistorS.osnsoun . nun 4.3.3 Controlled opening devices 21 5. Citenit breaker specification, 2 5.1 Dielectric withstand capability 22 5.2 Interrupting current rating. 2 5.3 Shunt reactor rating. ss . . Inne 5.4 Shunt reactor cusrent 2 5.$ Load side circuit characteristics, 2 5.6 Overvoltage limitations 23 3.7 Grounding arrangement. 23 5.8 Interrupting time . ss . nnn 5.9 Mechanical endurance 23 5.10 Additional information. 23 Copyright © 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex A (jformative) Shunt reactor characteristics 24 Amex B (informative) System and station characteristics 26 Annex C (informative) General derivation of chopping and reignition overvoltages due to shunt reactor switching a7 Annex D (informative) Oscillation modes. 32 Annex E (informative) Application of laboratory test results to actual shunt reactor installations 35 Annex F (informative) Statistical equations for derivation of chopping and reignition overvoltages.......45 Annex G (informative) List of symbols. a7 Annex H (informative) Overvoltage limitation by means of gapped surge arresters. 49 ‘Annex I (informative) Informative documents s1 Copyright © 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyIEEE Application Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor Switching IMPORTANT NOTICE: This guide is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the guide are responsible for determining appropriate safery, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements, This IEEE document is made avilable for nse subject fo important notices and egal disclaimers. hese i di 2 n ieading “Important Notee™ or “Inportant Notices and Dissiaimers Concorning IEEE Documents Tey ‘sao Be obtined on request from IEEE or viewed at hi/Standant ee or TPR ds aines iE 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This application guide applies to ac high-voltage circuit breakers tated for shut reactor switching ‘The guide covers the specific cases of switching directly grounded shunt reactors, ungrounded shunt reactors, and shunt reactors grounded through a neutral reactor. Directly grounded reactors are common on systems having a voltage of 60 kV and above, whereas ungrounded reactors are commonly applied on systems having a voltage below 60 kV. Schemes where the reactor is grounded through a neutral reactor are usually applied only on systems having a voltage of 60 KV and above, Whereas this application guide is directed toward circuit breakers, it is recognized and accepted that other switching devices such as high-voltage load break switches and cireuit switchers are capable of shunt reactor switching and this guide may be applied as appropriate. 1.2 Purpose ‘This guide is intended for general use in the application of ac high-voltage circuit breakers for shunt reactor current switching. ‘The curent to be interrupted is generally less than 300 A rms: however, shunt reactor switching imposes @ ‘unique and severe duty on the connected system andl the circuit breaker. Particularly-ot-hiah-voltages, the ‘Shunt currentto-be-inerrupted is-generally lesr-thana00-A-yet Successfl interruption is the result of a complex interaction between the circuit breaker and the circuit; this interaction can result in significant overvoltages. The purpose of the guide is to describe. principally for the benefit of the user, the shunt reactor switching duty, the overvoltages generated, and the control of those overvoltages. The guide further details the specification of circuit breakers and procedures to predict field performance based on test data ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy2. General application conditions 2.1 Maximum voltage for application ‘The continuous operating voltage should not exceed the rated maxinmm voltage for the circuit breaker 2.2 Frequency ‘The rated power system frequency (f) is $0 Hz or 60 Hz. 2.3 Shunt reactor load current The capability of circuit breakers to interrupt Shunt-resetor-fond-currents are referred to-sencrieally-os-smait inductive-currents-smatl-inductive currents is generally not a concem, The circuit breaker typically will interrupt the cuzrent at the first current zero after contact parting but may not be inuuediately capable of withstanding the high magnimide recovery voltages that can then appear across the contacts. This can result {n a reignition followed by an additional loop of rated frequency current and successful interruption, Refer 1025 2.4 Interrupting time ‘The interrupting time of a circuit breaker when switching shunt reactor load currents; is the interval between energization of the tip coil and the interruption of the current in all poles on an opening operation. Refer to 23 and $8 2.5 Transient overvoltages ‘Au important consideration for application of circuit breakers for shunt reactor ewrent switching is the transient overvoltages generated on interruption of the curent and by subsequent seignitions. Refer to Clause 3, 2.6 Fault interrupting capability Fault interrupting capability may not be required for Circuit breakers applied-switching shunt reactors may-oF may-not be required-#o-have-e all shunt reactor switching applications, If fault interrupting capability is not a requirement, the latter-ease, the-through-fault-eapability-short-time current rating of the circuit breaker should equal the fault level applicable to the shunt reactor locatiou. 2.7 Frequency of operation ‘Shunt reactors are switched frequently, often daily, to control and compensate for changes in system loading and configuration. In the selection of a circuit breaker for this duty, consideration should be given to this matter (.e,, by specifving a circuit breaker with extended mechanical endurance). ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy3. Shunt reactor switching condi 3.1 General ‘Three specific shunt reactor switehing cases are considered in this guide, The case of directly grounded reactors is treated in detail. The cases of ungrounded reactors and reactors grounded through a neutral reactor are treated in terms of relating to or deviating from the directly grounded reactor case. Given that shunt reactor switching is interactive, the characteristics of the reactor and the circuit have ta be considered, Shunt reactor characteristics are discussed in Annex A, whereas applicable system and station characteristics are discussed in Annex B. ‘The general derivation of chopping and reignition overvoltage values, discussed in 3.2 through 3.4, is given in Annex C, whereas Annex D discusses the oscillation modes associated with the current interruption and reignition process Amex E, complemented by Annex F. describes how laboratory test results can be used to calculate circuit breaker performance and expected overvoltages in actual shunt reactor installations. Aunes G contains alist of the variables used in the document 3.2 Directly grounded reactors ‘The switching of directly grounded reactors can be analyzed using the equivalent single-phase circuit shown in Figure 1. Basically, circuit breakers have no difficulty interrupting shunt reactor current; in fact, the current is forced prematurely to zero, @ phenomenon referred to as current chopping. However, the chopping of the current and subsequent possible reignitions can result in significant transient avervoltages. The following two types of overvoltages are generated: 8) Chopping overvoltages with frequencies up to $ KHZ b). Reignition overvaltages with frequencies up to several hundred kilohert2 (k12) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyFigure 2 illustrates current chopping phenomena and Figure 3 defines the different overvoltages occurring at chopping and reignition cp ls Ly yy ”, Lay pl Ip Gh 2 —G Gm > CL, in which case Cis given by @) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyEquation (1) applies as noted only to cireuit breakers with a single interrupter. For circuit breakers with NV interrupting units per pole, the following equation applies: Tey = ANT, ® The level of current chopping may be dependent on arcing time. This tends to be the case for SFspuffer type and most air blast circuit breakers, For oil cireuit breakers, however, the level of current chopping is independent of the arcing time. Current chopping phenomena are discussed in detail in (214}-,{212}--and-{B13}-CIGRE Technical Brochure 50 te 3.2.2 Reignitions “The cireitbrenker. after current iteration, is stressed by the ditference benveen the souice side voltage (close to the crest of the power frequency voltage) and the load side oscillating voltage (Figure 2 and Figure 3), Cireuit breakers with very high chopping levels exhibit reignitions before or at the suppression ‘Te mers in beasts comespond to thse ofthe bibourephy i Annex L peak: Such reignitions mainly have the effect of reducing the chopping overvoltages. Circuit breakers, such fhe SF puffer type that have low chopping levels, seldom reignite during the suppression penk overvoltage lop. ‘she number in brackets comeepontto those of tharefreces in.clauee > At the recovery voltage peak, the citeuit breaker is stressed by a voltage that approaches the chopping overvoltage plus the peak of the source side voltage. If the circuit breaker does not reignite before or at this point, then the intetruption is successful. If, however, the instant of contact parting is such that the contact gap does not yet have sufficient dielectric strength, then a reignition will occur (refer to Figure 4). All circuit breakers will reignite ‘when the interruption oceuss with a small contact gap. The reignition “window” will be narrow or wide depending on the rate of rise of voltage withstand capability of the increasing contact gap, that is, the design of the cizcuit breaker (interrupting medium, contact velocity, electrode design, ete.). Reignition-fiee interruption can practically be achieved only through consrol-setion selecting and controlling the contact parting time with respect to current zer0 (refer to 4.3). B Lt ~~ \ ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy41 isthe curent through the cient breaker 7, isthe voltage across the circuit meaker Vi isthe rate of rise of diclectrc strength (RDDS) of the circuit breaker 4s the latest contact separation leading to reignition for circuit breaker with fast dielectric recovery 1 isthe latest contact separation leading to reignition for circuit breaker with slow dicletie recovery A. isthe ignition window fora circuit breaker with fast dielectric recovery (high RRDS) 1B isthe reignition window fora circuit breaker with slow dilectric recovery (low RRDS) \NOTE— The RDDS is defined as the recovery rate of dielectric strength, and itis fimction of time or contact gap dung opening ofa circuit breaker Figure 4—Reignition windows 3.2.3 Overvoltages Two types of overvoltages are to be considered—chopping overvoltages and reignition overvoltages. 2 Notes sn tat tales, and gues of standard are given for safomation only and do aot contin requiements needed to implement tis sfonde 3.2. 4 Chopping overvoltages ‘The energy trapped in the load side inductance and capacitance at the instant of chopping will oscillate between the inductance and the parallel capacitance. The fiequency of the oscillation is of the order of 1 KHz to 5 KHz at high voltages and is determined by the natural frequency of the reactor load circuit (ic, the reactor itself and all equipment connected between the circuit breaker and the reactor: refer to Annex A. and Annex B), The fitst peak of the oscillation has the same polarity as the system voltage at the time of interruption, This chopping overvoltage is referred to commonly as the suppression peak overvoltage (Vos) (refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3). The secoud peak of the oscillation (V7) has a polarity opposite to that of the system voltage at the time of interruption, and that chopping overvoltage is referred to as the recovery voltage peak overvoltage. For ditectly grounded reactor installations, the recovery voltage peak overvoltage is equal to or less than the suppression peak overvoliage (refer to Annex C). The magnitude of the suppression peak overvoltage (f, in pu of V,) is given by the following equation: o where fg is the chopped current level (A) Vag suppression peak overvoltage to ground (V) Ve. isthe peak voltage (V) across shunt reactor atthe instant of curvent interruption L_ isthe reactor inductance (H) G. isthe load side effective capacitance to ground (F), refer to Equation (2) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyEquation (5) assumes that the are voltage of the circuit breaker prior to current chopping is negligible in comparison to F, which is generally the case for HV-and- EBV-shunt reactor switching at a voltage of 60 kV and above, For a given application (fixed V, L, and Cz), when C,>>Czand Cis negligible, the overvoltage is dependent on fa, only. Equation (5), except for vacuum circuit breakers, can then be rewritten as follows: © is the three-phase reactor rating (VA) 2. isthe chopping mumber (AF “4) for a single interrupter © is 2nf angular rated power system frequency, JN’ isthe number of interrupting units in series per pole ‘The chopping overvoltage is thus only dependent on the chopping number and the reactive power of the reactor. Because the damping is usually stall, the oscillation on the load side will result ina recovery voltage peak overvoltage of nearly the same magnitude as the suppression peak overvoltage (iu fc = fa, The load side oscillation vill slowly decay in amplitude due to the damping. The stress on the reactor due to current chopping is determined by the highest peak voltage to ground, which is the suppression peak overvoltage at the fiequency of the load side oscillation, Due to the comparatively low frequency, the overvoltage is evenly distributed across the winding, which results in low intertum voltages. [NOTE —The general equation from which Equation (6) is derived is = fe Fay where {s.as given by Equation (2 Equation (6) can be used as a reasonably conservative approach in most cases, However, for those cases where actual G., and/or C, values must be considered, then the general equation should be used, 3.2.3.2 Reignition overvoltages When a rejgnition occurs, the load side voltage rapidly tends toward the source side voltage but overshoots producing a reignition overvoltage (refer to Figure 3). Figure § shows the maxinun attainable avervoltages without damping for a reignition at the recovery voltage peak. With damping considered, the maximum magnitude of the ‘eignition overvoltage to ground (f, pu) is given by the equation E =pu+k) o ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apywhere Bis damping factor whose value will not normally exceed 0. 4 isdefined in Equation (6) The voltage breakdown ata reigntion ctetes a steep voltage transient that is imposed on the reactor. The font time varies from less than 1 is to several microseconds. Because the voltage breakdown in the circuit breaker is practically instantaneous, the steepness is solely determined by the frequency of the second parallel oscillation cirenit (refer to Arex D), which in tum is dependent on the system/station layout. This steep transient may be unevenly distributed across the reactor winding, stressing the entrance tums in particular with high intertum overvoltages. Reignition transients may also excite resonance in the reactor windings. “The peak-to-peak excursion voltage of the reignition transient (&, pu) is given by k, (+B)d+A,) ©) It is important to note that the value of f, applicable to Equation (7) and Equation (8) is that for the current zero at ‘which the reignition occurs. 3m tm 1) Negi correntchepplng (+290 & Ape 1) Hligh carreat chopping Figure 5—Maximum reignition overvoltages ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyNOTE—Equation (7) and Equation (8) also reflect @ conservative approach since C, is assumed to dominate over Cy, If this is not the case, additional damping will occur due to the redistribution of charge between C, and Ci, With reference to Figure 6 it can be shown that (1+k, JA, Ss (G+q) and LB) Sa sllek) wa siving lower reignition overvoltage peak and excursion values than iC, was considered dominant Refer also to the Note in 3.2.3.1 3 3 Recovery voltage across circuit breaker After interruption, the circuit breaker is stressed by the difference between the source side voltage and the load side voltage. If no reignition occurs, the per unit crest value of this recovery voltage (A) is given by ° For testing purposes, this is the minimum recovery voltage that must be achieved in the test circuit. For application purposes, this value should be compared with the withstand capability across the eircuit breaker as discussed in Annex E ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyis the power fequency crest voltage across the shunt reactor atthe instant of current interruption 2 is the supply-side capacitance voltage after charge redistribution a ignition J isthe suppression peak overvottage in pa of V, [Ky isthe reignition overvoltage peak to ground in pu of 7 EL isthe reigition overvoliage excursion ia pu of V, Figure 6—Reignition at recovery voltage peak for a circuit with low supply-side capacitance 3.2.4 Related phenomena Many phenomena are related to shunt reactor switching, which may impact on the success of the current interruption and should be recognized. These phenomena include oscillation modes, high-fiequency curent intexruption, energizing transients, and voltage escalation, 3.2.4.1 Oscillation modes A number of different oscillation modes occur during the interruption and reignition process. These voltage anc associated current modes are discussed in Annex D. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy3. 2 High-frequency current interruption ‘The oceurrence of a reignition results in several modes of current oscillations (Annex D). These oscillations are superimposed on the reestablishing of Joad cumrent and may produce cutent zeros at which the circuit breaker will attempt to interrupt. The ability to interrupt at these high-frequency current zeros is dependent on the type of circuit breaker and on the frequency and damping of the oscillation. The subject is discussed in detail in Ishikawa etal. [B7]. Refer also to 3.2.4.3 3.2.4.3 Voltage escalation In the event that a new intesruption occurs during the firs, second, of main circuit oscillation modes, the load side oscillation will stat again. Due to energy transfer between the source and load sides, the oscillating energy may have changed. A new reignition may occur close to the recovery voltage peak, and ifthe energy has increased, the reignition voltage may be higher than at the first reignition. This procedure may be repeated several times, giving multiple reigitions with increasing overvoltage magnitude, This is referred to as “voltage escalation” and is a significant characteristic of vacuum circuit breakers due to their ability to interrupt high-frequency currents. Voltage escalation may also occur on other circuit breaker types, particularly where the ffequency of the reignition transient is low (Ge., less than approximately 100 kHz; refer to Ishikawa et al, (B7 3 4 Shunt reactor energizing transients Energizing (switching in) a shunt reactor is a situation similar to the occurrence of a reignition. However, the breakdown voltage across the circuit breaker will not exceed 1 pu for directly grounded reactors, and the peak value of the energizing transient will be 1.5 pu or less. ‘NOTE For ungrounded reactors, this transient is maximum forthe second pole to make, the peak value being 1.73 pu. assuming B equals 0. Reactor surge arrester operation may occur if the switching device has a slow closing speed resulting in multiple prestriking and possible voltage escalation (refer to 3.2.4.3) 3.3 Ungrounded reactors ‘The switching of MV-ungrounded reactors having a voltage below 60 KV. generally connected to the tertiaries of system transformers, differs from the case of directly aronnded #¥-and-EH¥-reactors having a voltage of 60 KV and above in thatthe current to be intemupred is several times to an order of magnitude higher dhan that inthe latter case (refer to Annex A). On this basis, while the current to be interrupted may still be small relative to the terminal fault interupting capability of the cireuit breaker the reactor current vil approach or equal the continuous current rating of the cixcuit breaker. The wnarouuded reactor switching case is, therefore, influenced by the ability of the ciscuit breaker to interrupt the current and withstand the recovery voliaze without reignition, The case can reasonably be described as being equivalent to or approaching that of a low current level terminal fault 3.341 Current chopping Equation (1) is applicable to this case, as is Equation (2) with Cp= 0, because the circuit breaker will consist of a single interrupter at this voltage level. This approach is valid because the neutral point is virtually grounded prior to frst pole interruption, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy3.3.2 Chopping and reignition overvoltages ‘The overvoltages to be considered are the chopping overvoltages to ground, the reignition overvoltage to round, and the peak-to-peak excursion With reference to Annex C, the suppression penk overvoltage to ground is given by 1yfis) (2) _ spe }(z 05 (19) ‘Similar to the approach taken for directly grounded reactors (C3>>C., Cy = 0 and N= 1), Equation (10), except for vacuum circuit breakers, can be rewritten as u A Lox fl+ 5-05 an (Quantities in Equation (10) and Equation (11) are as defined in 3.2.3.1. The maximum chopping overvoltage to ground occurs at the recovery voltage peak and is given by kesl+k, a2) ‘The per unit crest overvoltage to ground due to a ignition is given by Fyal+B2 +) a3) aud the per-unit crest overvolage excursion peak-to-peak due toa reignition is ven by R= (sp\(2+h) a4) ‘The damping factor B for M¥ reactors having a voltage below 60 KV switching applications is considered to bea maximum of 0.5 NOTE 1—The general equation ffom which Equation (11) 8 derived is nots f-(BfcSajes and G, both being considered sfnificant. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyNOTE 2—Equation (10) and Equation (11) do not consider the influence of arc voltage. Although this approach is valid for HV ni EHV applications a voltage of 60 kV and above, the ar voltage may be significant compared £9 the value of Yo in MV- applications having a voliage below 60 kV. With reference to Figure 3, Equation (10) can be modified to incorporate the influence of are voltage giving (refer to Figure 3: k,=15 (bia +0.5) +15] 2] |= |-05 syle t05) 137°) or) Equation (11), similarly modified and with reference to Note 1. becomes tants fia +05)+[ 2 [S—)-05 NOTE 3—tThe chopping number approach is only applicable to reactor switehing cases at voltages below 60 KV where the reactor curent is of the same order as forthe cases at voltages of 60 kV and above. The equation in Note 2 is the ‘most appropriate equation for use with reactor switching at a voltage below 60 KV when the are voltage is significant relative to the supply Volage. In many cases, the second term under the square root sign i negligible, and only the clfect of ar voltage needs to be considered. Refer to CIGRE Technical Brochure 305 [22]. 3.3.3 Recovery voltage across circuit breaker ‘The per-mit crest recovery voltage across the circuit breaker is given by 2th, as) 3.3.4 Application In applying circuit breakers for switching ungrounded shunt reactors, consideration should be given to oscillation modes, the connection arrangement, and testing 3 1 Oscillation modes ‘The frequency of the load side oscillation forthe first-pole-to-clear differs from that ofthe second and third poles to cleat. The latter two poles clear virtually simultaneously, For the frst-pole-to-clear and with reference to Figure C.1. the frequency of the load side oscillation cau be as high as 30 kHz and is given by hese 1” Se SI as) where Lis the single phase inductance of the reactor in H ‘Authoraed licensed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom EEE Xplore. Resticions apyGx isthe load side effective capacitance to ground in F; refer to Equation (2) The frequency of the load side oscillation after the second and third poles clear is given by ay ‘Typical oscillograms froma three-phase ungrounded reactor switching test are shown in Figure 7. Neutral voliase ‘Acphase current Acphase voltage Bephase current Bephase voltage C-phase current C-phase voltage “Winn Neutral voltage cy 0.1 ms =) Cephase recovery voltage Figure 7—Test oscillogram of switching out of three-phase ungrounded shunt reactor ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyPhase-to-phase capacitance may be significant in this case, perhaps even purposely added, 1°50, then C. in Equation (16) and Equation (17) is aiven by (Cg + 2C ,) and (Co ~ 3C Qh respectively. 3.3.4.2 Connection arrangement Given that the neutral is uagrounded, the circuit breaker can be applied on the source or neutral side of the reactor. If applied on the source side. the circuit breaker must meet at least the through fault capability associated with a bus fault and may even be required to interrupt bus fiults between the circuit breaker and the reactor. For circuit breakers applied on the neutral side of the reactor, only the reactor switching duty has to be considered. For both the source and neutral side connection arrangements, the previous discussion with respect to current chopping and overvoliages applies equally. However, itis the practice of some utilities to apply two pole circuit breakers for this duty. In such a cas, careful consideration should be given to the fact that, although the stress on the first pole ta clear is as discussed previously. the second pole mst clear against the Iine-to-line voltage and the higher load side oscillation frequency It is essential that the user give serious consideration to applying surge arresters to protect the reactor and, ‘most importantly, to protect the transformer tertiary against the reactor switching overvoltages. 3. 3 Testing Each M¥: shunt reactor switching application at a voltage below 60 KV will be unique. Appropriate testing will, therefore be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the user. Depending om the terminal fault interrupting capability of the prospective circuit breaker, as discussed previously, low current terminal fault interrupting capability test data may be applicable, In cases of very low capacitance values to ground ‘and phase-to-phase, capacitance can be added either to ground or phase-to-phase to achieve a load side oscillation frequency comparable with those for low current terminal faults, In the event that the percentage terminal fault tests data is not applicable, then the test code detailed in IEC Publication 8 233-62271-110:2008 [B4] should be used directly or amended as necessary. 3.4 Reactors grounded through a neutral reactor Reactors grounded through a neutral reactor are used to enable single-pole reclosing. Such schemes are applied to achieve single pole fault clearing and reclosing. The switching of such reactor schemes is a combination of the directly grounded and ungrounded reactors cases, 3.4.4 Current chopping Equation (1) is applicable to this case. Cis desived on the same basis as forthe directly arounded reactor case [refer to Equation (2)]. As noted for the ungrounded reactor case, the neutral point is virtually grounded prior to clearance of the frst pole. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy3.4.2 Chopping and reignition overvoltages With reference to Annex C, the suppression peak overvoltage to ground is given by as) ‘Similar to the approach taken for directly grounded reactors (C,>>C, and ignoring C,). Equation (18) can, be rewnitten as as ‘The quantities in Equation (18) and Equation (19) are as defined in 3.2.3.1 and in Annex C. ‘The maximum chopping overvoltag ground occurs at the recovery voltage peak and is given by ky 2K +h (20) “The per-nnit crest overvoltage-ta-grond due to a seignition is given by 1+ +2K+k,) an and the per-unit crest overvoltage excursion peak-to-peak due to a seignition is &, = +B) +2k=kg) ‘The damping factor B can be considered to be 0.S as for the directly grounded reactor case. NOTE —rte neal equation fun wtih Egution (1 dedi we. +1 BN oo trae fie GSE ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy(Cand C. being considered significant and C, given by Equation (2), 3.4.3 Recovery voltage across circuit breaker ‘The per-mnit crest recovery voltage across the circuit breaker is given by ga l+2K +h, (3) 3.4.4 Application In applying circnit breakers to switch reactors grounded through a reactor, consideration should be given to the connection arrangement, oscillation modes, and testing 3.4.4.1 Connection arrangement Duc to the presence of the neutral reactor, the recovery voltage across the circuit breaker will be higher when compared to the directly grounded reactor case by a factor of 2X, assuming a suppression peak overvoltage of similar magnitude [compare Equation (9) and Equation (23)]. If surge arresters are applied across the circuit breaker, this voltage can be limited to the same value as for the directly grounded case refer to 4.3). Another Way to limit this voltage is to ground the neutral prior to switching out the reactor with a single-pole disconnect switch connected across the neutral reactor In this context, surge arresters are usually provided at the neutral point to protect the neutral reactor. This arrester, depending on its rating, may operate during the reactor switching, and thus it will have some influence on the voltage across the circuit breaker but not necessarily on the first recovery voltage peak. ‘The user can review the effect of this arrester through computer simulation, 3 2 Oscillation modes The load side oscillation that occurs after the first pole clears isa single frequency oscillation and i given by (24) 2m(I+K)LG, This fequency is 1/-I1-+K times lower than that forthe directly grounded shunt reactor cas (refer to Annex D). After clearing of the second pole and the subsequent clearing of the third pole, the phase oscilstions consis ofa fundamental equency modulsted by a second lower frequency. Figure 8, fom an actual field test on a reactor grounded through a reactor, illustrates the complexity of the oscillation modes for this case. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy3.4.4.3 Testing ‘The testing of a circuit breaker for this application should involve a three-phase test but may be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve, A-two-parttest-canFor_this application, therefore, it _is_stronglv recommended that the neutral reactor be eonisered-a fellows The-fiet-past test-chould be performed-at the applicable rescor-umentb passed by meats ofa sinle-pole disconnect witch prior to estabish-the sker-for-switching out the directly-grounded-main reactor: soa the derived near chmentoeaee tn he sacncepa it peor fale sige se sracbneneternteheehnr nine hn "This practice hs in fct been adopted worldwide esting for the solidly grounded neutral case is now valid. overvoltages - 4. Limitation of overvoltages 4.1 General ‘The overvoltages described in Clause 3 cannot be totally eliminated. However, the overvoltages can be limited to acceptable values. This limitation is determined by the influence of the shunt reactor surge arester protection and the auxiliary equipment that can be applied to the circuit breaker to limit the overvoltages. 4.2 Shunt reactor surge arrester protection ‘Shunt reactors are normally protected by surge amresters. A protective margin is recommended between the ‘maxinnm protective level of the amester and the insulation level of the reactor. This margin is easily attained with both modem metal-oxide surge artesters and the nonlinear resistor type surge atresters with series gaps. For typical $20-42-protective margins, refer to IEEE Std C62.27"-1997 [BS], For example. a typical new shunt reactor installation with a rated voltage of $00 KV (1850 KV BIL, 1275 kV switching surge) might incorporate a 396 kV rated (318 kV mumximum contiguous overvoltage voltage) metal oxide surge arrester with a maximum switching impulse protective level of about 800 KV peak. Although many new reactor installations will incorporate metal oxide type surge atresters, some gapped type surge amresters are stil in common-use in some countries and also need to be considered (See Annex H). NOTE—The protective level ofa surge arrester is defined in 4.3 of IEEE Std C62.22-1997 [BS]. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyThree-phase load side voliages Ne Oe Te ‘Thee-phase shunt reactor currents* “Note thatthe measured polarity ofthe curent traces is reversed compared tothe actual polarity. Figure 8—Field oscillogram of switching out of three-phase shunt reactor grounded through a neutral reactor Metal oxide surge arresters are rated on the basis of ability to absorb a rated amount of energy and subsequently to withstand the immediate application of rated voltage for 10 s, Such an arrester is a Voltage dependent nonlinear resistor without gaps and operates by limiting the voltage to its voltage-current characteristic (i... t essentially clips the voltage). Because no series gaps are involved, the arrester starts to conduet at a much lower voltage level than the gapped type. The current drawn by the arrester due to chopping overvoltages will not exceed 20 A in most cases. In the event that the circuit breaker chops sufficient current to produce a chopping overvoltage (suppression peak or recovery overvoltage peak) that exceeds the voltage-current characteristic of the arrester, the arrester will conduct current but only so long as the prospective voltage exceeds that of the arrester characteristic. The arrester will, thus, discharge a fiaction of the load side energy and the load side voltage will continue to oscillate. The possibility of a reignition is not eliminated, but itis reduced because the recovery voltage peak is less than its prospective value. An example of such an arrester operation without ‘Authoraed licensed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fomIEEE Xplore. Restichons apyreignition is shown n Figure 9. Note the clipping of the suppression peak overvoltage. If the suppression peak overvoltage is less than the arrester characteristic, the arrester will not operate, but it may operate for the eventual higher seignition overvoltages and limit the peak-to-peak voltage excursions to a maximum of ‘ier the protective level ‘With respect to energy absorption, the arrester absorbs only a fraction of the energy stored in the reactor at the instant of chopping and it is of no significance ‘Load side voltage Figure 9—Interruption of shunt reactor current with suppression peak overvoltage limited by metal oxide surge arrester 4.3 Circuit breaker auxiliary equipment ‘The auxiliary equipment that can be applied to the circuit breaker to limit overvolt resistors, metal oxide surge arresters, and synchronous opening control devices, 2s includes opening 4.3.4 Opening resistors High chopping overvoltages can be limited by the addition of opening resistors and associated resistor switches connected across the main interrupter of the circuit breaker. The main imterrupters of the circuit breaker will still chop the current, but now only a commutation to the resistor circuit is taking place (i.e, no current interruption and, therefore no, ot very limited overvoltages will oceur depending on the ohmic value of the resistor), Interruption of the current occurs on the resistor switch, providing a much softer interruption and low chopping currents ‘The value of the opening resistors should be chosen to be of the same order as the ohmic reactance of the reactor. Resistor values of several thousand ohms are common and the insertion of the resistor causes a significant phase shifting of the current. Current zeto is advanced relative 10 the voltage peak. and interruption thus occurs at a lower point on the voltage wave. The chopping overvoltages are reduced relatively as are the magnitude and probability of reignition overvoltages, 4.3.2 Metal oxide varistors ‘Metal oxide varistors can be used to limit reignition overvoltages. The varistor is applied across the eircuit breaker in the same manner as a grading capacitor and essentially limits the voltage actoss the circuit breaker to its voltage-current characteristic. A typical interruption of seactor current for this case is shown ‘Authoraed licensed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fomIEEE Xplore. Resticions apyin Figure 10. The effect of the varistor applied across the circuit breaker can be summarized Chopping overvoltages are limited to ky St kee ke Sky 6) Fig Se en Reignition transients are limited to fy S1+ Ble 8) = Boy (148) 9) where uc is the protective level of the varistor expressed in pu of V {the protective level in this context is the level to which the voltage across the circuit breaker is limited by operation of the varisto. 4.3.3 Synchronous Controlled opening control-devices Reignitions in modem circuit breakers can be eliminated by means of controlled opening of the circuit breaker. This method applies to circuit breakers with minimum arcing times sufficiently less than one hualf- cycle to penmit accurate and consistent contact patting at a point-on-wave for a greater than ‘minimum arcing time and successful interruption at the first current zero after contact parting. For example, in Figure 4, contact parting should occur at times earlier than 7, and fas applicable, ‘Load side voltage Figure 10 —interruption of shunt reactor current by a circuit breaker equipped with a parallel metal oxide varistor ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy|A special eirewit_breaker-synshronous control device controller is required together with a source side voltage isansformer-or CVT for-timing-reference. An Current flowing tlrougli the circuit breaker may altemately be used_for referencing the targcting point. Ideally, the cizcuit_breaker should have a consistent opening time, but adaptive control may be used for example to compensate for any-changes in ‘mechanicsl-timing-due-to-ambient temperature-or-seear-and-tenr-However-the-moderate-siming-aceuraey: required sill usually not necessitate adaptive control. 5. Circuit breaker specification On the basis that the dedicated purpose of the circuit breaker is to switeh a shunt reactor only, the characteristics discussed in the following subclauses should be specified by the user. 5.1 Dielectric withstand capability ‘The quantities to be stated, as applicable, are maximum system voltage, power frequency withstand voltage level, and lightning and switching impulse withstand voltage levels. These values should be at least equal to those for any eitcuit breaker applied at the applicable system voltage. Special consideration should be given to the recovery voltage across the circuit breaker, particularly under wet conditions (refer to 5.10 and Anmex B). 5.2 Interrupting current rating Circuit breakers used to switch shunt reactors connected to buses are normally required to clear reactor zone faults. The circuit breakers should, thus, have fault interrupting and associated capabilities suitable for the purpose, For circuit breakers used to switch shunt reactors connected to transmission lines, fault interrupting capability may not be a requirement, but the short-time and peak withstand current capability of the circuit breakers shall equal those applicable to the circuit breakers providing fault current protection for the shunt reactor zone. 5.3 Shunt reactor rating The shat reactor rating should be stated in tems of Mvar and rated voltage, For example, a three-phase shunt reactor applied on a $00 kV system might be rated 138 Mvar at $25 kV. 5.4 Shunt reactor current ‘The shunt reactor current to be interrupted is that derived fiom the shunt reactor rating. For the example ssiven in 5.3, the shunt reactor current is 148.5 A ms. 5.5 Load side circuit characteristics The load side citeuit characteristics to be stated by the user are the inductance Z of the shunt reactor (5.41 F for the example in 5.3) and the total capacitance C, of the circuit. C. is the capacitance contributed by the shunt reactor and all connected equipment, including buswork and supporting insulators between the circuit breaker and the shunt reactor. Refer to Annex A and Annex B. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy5.6 Overvoltage limitations ‘The suppression peak overvoliage (f,) limitation (2% value, refer to Annex E) should be stated. Tt is recommended that a i of 2 pu be used for voltages of 60 kV and above applications and 2.5 pu for applications below 60 i ‘NOTE—Reignition overvoltages (,) are depencent on the interaction between the circuit breaker and the users eyster ‘and load side cieuit arrangement and should not be stated asa circuit breaker requirement. Reignition overvotage levels can be calculated as described in Clause 3 and in Annex E 5.7 Grounding arrangement For the grounding arrangement, directly grounded. ungrounded, or grounded through a neutral reactor should be stated. For the ease where the reactor is grounded through a neutral reactor, the inductance of the neutral reactor shall also be stated, 5.8 Interrupting time ‘Shunt reactor switching is normally a routine, rather than a protective (three-phase switching of bank for reactor fault), switching operation, Additionally, the interrupting times of different devices will vary dependent mainly on mechanical opening time. Unless there is a particular reason for doing so, the user should not specify an interrupting time but may wish to state some limitation with respect to simultaneity between poles and interrupters for multibreak circuit breakers. Where controlled opening is applied, consideration should be given to the repeatability of the mechanical opening time. 5.9 Mechanical endurance Given that shunt reactors are switched frequently, the number of required close-open operations before maintenance is necessary should be stated. A circuit breaker having an extended mechanical endurance capability is the appropriate choice for this application, 5.10 Additional information In addition to other necessary technical data, the following additional information should be requested for evaluation of the suitability of the circuit breaker for the application. a) Reactor switching test report complete with test circuit defails, measured areing times, and associated chopping overvoltage and chopped current values (if measured) b) Analysis of the above test report results as described in Annex E ©) Evidence (test report or other documentation) of applicable withstand capability across the circuit breaker 4) Details of ausiliary equipment provided with the circuit breaker for the puspose ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex A (informative) ‘Shunt reactor characteristics At 60 KV and above, shunt reactors are directly connected to station buses or to transmission line terminations and are grounded directly or through a neutral reactor (sometimes referred to as a four reactor scheme). At voltages below 60 kV, reactors are commonly connected to system transformer tertiary ‘windings and are usually ungrounded, A.A Shunt reactors with rated voltages of 60 kV and above ‘The majority of the installed shunt reactors with rated voltages of 60 kV and above are in the 30 Mvar to 300 Mvar (three-phase) range. The largest single-phase units have ratings of 125 Mvar or 375 Mvar as a three-phase group. The characteristics of shunt reactors depends to a great extent on the design, which can be as follows: ~ Three-legged gapped iron-core ~ Five-legged gapped iron-core ~ Shell type gapped iron-core ~ Coreless (air-core) ‘Table A.1 gives some typical shunt reactor characteristics in the rated voltage range 60 kV to 765 KV. see CIGRE Technical Brochure 50 [B1]. Table A.1—Shunt reactor electrical characteristics for voltages of 60 kV and above Maximum | Rated | Rating | Rated | Rated | Inductance | Capacitance | Natural system | voltage power | current requeney voltage frequency ax) ay | away | ay a) ar os) 800] 768 | 150-300 | 60 T3236 Lio Li-L7 300] 738 6, 2 a1 12 550) 525 oO Lis T10 Te 20__| 400 30) Ts 2 1832 Ted 2s) 236 o 306 21 32 TSS 50) 20 13 + us 25 o 26 28 25 cy 2 60) 190) 20 SI At rated voltages fiom 60 KV to 245 KV, reactors are most commonly oil filled and have three-legyed ‘zapped cores with layer, continuous disk, or interleaved disk windings. Future reactors with rated voltages in the range 69 kV to 145 KV will tend to be ait-core dry coil units At rated voltages of 300 KV to $00 KV, reactors are single-phase or three-phase units with three-legged, fivelegged, or shell-type cores (with the wound core legs gapped). The windings are of the layer. continuous disk, or interleaved disk type At rated voltages of 735 KV and 765 kV, reactors are almost exclusively banks of single-phase units with similar constructions as for $00 KV single-phase units ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy‘The effective capacitance values of the reactors are dependent on the design and construction. For oil-filled lunits, the capacitance is composed of bushing capacitance, winding series capacitance, and winding capacitances to ground or to shields. Bushing capacitances range from 500 pF to 800 pF. Effective winding capacitances vary from a mininmm of about 1200 pF to a maxismum of about 3500 pF: layer windings having the lowest values and interleaved disk windings the highest values. For dry coil units, no bushings are involved and capacitance is that due to windings to ground and winding series capacitance. Both of these values are low; the latter so because of the large number of turns inherent in such coils, and the effective capacitance isin the range of 300 pF to $00 pF. For general reactor switching application and laboratory testing purposes, oil-filled reactors can reasonably be assumed to have a capacitance of at least 2000 pF. This will give natural frequencies of 1 kHz to $ KHz for reactors having a rated voltage of 69 KV to 765 KV. the lower frequencies being applicable at the higher voltages. A.2 Shunt reactors with a rated voltage below 60 kV ‘Shunt reactors with @ rated voltage below 60 KV are either oil-filled, three-legged iron core units or dry coil luaits, Table A.2 gives some typical shunt reactor characteristics in this range: refer to CIGRE Techical Brochure $0 [B1]. I characteristics for voltages below 60 kV ‘Maximum [ Rated | Rating [Rated Rated | Inductance | Capacitance” | Natural system | voltage power current ‘requency* voltage frequency ay) ay) | onan | a iy (ui) (nF), (kHz) 362 3s-100 | soso | S60-1600 | 98-34 2 93-158 263, 35-100 | s0160__| $40-2400_ | 415 2 1337 263 40-80 | $0/60__| 1400-2600 | 20-10 2 206-29 188 40-75 [060 | 1900-3600 [10-5 2 Dd {Oiled reactor efetive capacitance o ground ignoring intemal capacitive coupling between phases, "plissblto fist pols to sls Table A.2 illustrates the wide range of current and natural frequency applicable in this voltage range. For dry coil reactor units, the capacitance to ground is in the range 300 pF to $00 pF, and the corresponding natural flequencies will be two to three times those given in Table A.2 ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex B (informative) System and station characteristics ‘System (source) and station characteristics interact with the circuit breaker during the switching of shunt reactors and must be considered in the application of circuit breakers for this purpose. B.1 System characteristics ‘The system characteristics, which impact on reactor switching. are the source inductance and the source side capacitance, The source inductance can be derived fiom the prevailing short-circuit level atthe station ‘The source side capacitance is in general very mich greater than the load side capacitance. For circuit breaker type testing purposes, the source side capacitance is asstumed to be at least 10 times areater than the load side capacitance. B.2 Station characteristics Directly connected shunt reactors are connected cither to station busbars or to overhead lines. A worldwide survey has shown that connection to busbars is three times more common than the connection to lines. The characteristics that are of relevance are the inductance of the connecting bus or line and any capacitances in addition to that of the reactor. Typical values are given in Table B.1 Table 8.1—Connection characteristics for shunt reactor installations. ‘Connection Tnductance ‘Capacitance™ [Wim Em “BusbarTing 1 10 ‘Cable 02-05 200~106) as 02 = erating ting ‘The inductance of even the longest connection lengths (150 m to 200 m) is not significant compared to the inductance of high voltage reactors, but it does influence the reignition process. The capacitance of long Dusbar/line lengths (up to 170 m reported) and relatively short cable or GIS lengths is significant compared to that of the reactor and should be considered. Additionally, other connected equipment between the circuit breaker and the reactor will also contribute to the overall load side capacitance and should be cousidered. Capacitance values for such equipment are given in Table B.2. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyTable 8.2—Capacitance values of various station equipment ‘Equipment Capacitance" (FV ‘Capacitor voltage transformers 2-16 Current wansfores 0as-0.48 “Voltage transformers 0.1s-048 Surge auresters 0.08-0.12 ‘Disconnect switches 0,060.20 "Bus suppor insulators 001 GIS sit entrance bushings = SF D808 = Condenser 40-1 = Epoxy 010-1 ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex C (informative) General derivation of chopping and reignition overvoltages due to shunt reactor switching C1 General ‘The purpose of this amex is to provide the basis for the derivation of the chopping and reignition overvoltage equations given in 3.2 through 3.4. The equations for the three cases of shunt reactors that aze directly grounded, ungrounded, or grounded through a neutral reactor can be derived from the general case shown in Figure C.1; refer to CIGRE Technical Brochure 305 [B2] cB cB Figure C.1— General ease for shunt reactor switching €.2 Chopping overvoltages ‘The general schematic for chopping and reignition overvoltages is shown in Figure C.2. Prior to interruption of current om any phase, the neutral of the reactor is at around potential due to the symmetry of the voltage and circuit. When the first pole clears, the neutral potential shifts through a transient oscillation toward a bias voltgge K pu dependent on the grounding arrangement. The mean Value of the shifted neutral voltage decays to zero ina time also dependent on the grounding arrangement. The load side oscillation of the first-pole-to-clear will oscillate around the shifted neutval voltage, Current chopping adds energy to this oscillation, the dearee of chopping determining the magnitude of the overvoltage, The suppression peak overvoltage fy in per unit of the phase-to-ground peak voltage Vis given by ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyk,=(14K) fis cy where 1 - Ty fig. isthe chopped current level (A) 7, is the system voltage to ground (Vpeak) at the instant of current interruption L. isthe main reactor inductance (H) 2x: is the neutral reactor inductance (H) CC, is the effective load capacitance to ground (F) [refer to 3.2.1, Equation (2)] Reignition overvoltuge oscillation Figure C.2—General schematic for current chopping and reignition overvoltages ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyFor directly grounded reactors (K = 0), Equation (C.1) can be applied to clearing on any pole. For ‘ungrounded or reactor growed reactors, the equation applies only to te first-pole-to-clear. For these later cases and considering the second and third-pole-to-clear. there is either no or lower neutval shift, and additionally the released inductively stored energy at current chopping is lower. For these reasons, it can be assumed that the chopping overvoltages are lower for the second and third poles to clear unless the chopping current level is significantly higher than for te fist-pole-to-clear. ‘The magnitude of the suppression peak overvoltage relative to the shifted neutral voltage fy is given by hak +X (2 and the magnitude of the overvoltage to ground atthe recovery peak ke is given by Kea(k,+K) (ca) where a. is the damping factor associated with the chopping overvoltage oscillations. ‘The peak recovery voltage actoss the circuit breaker fy is given by k +K+a(k +X) cy Fos the different reactor grounding arrangements, the following equations apply. €.2.4 Solidly grounded reactors K o= 1 (Zet0 damping) Bey At hy ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy€.2.2 Ungrounded reactors (Gero damping) €.2.3 Reactors grounded through a neutral reactor K=as for application ‘a= 1 (eto damping) C.3 Reignition overvoltages With reference to Figure C.2, the maximum reignition overvoltage to ground kis given by +p[l+K+0(k, +1)] (3) where B is the damping factor associated with the reignition overvoltage oscillation and can be assumed to be os. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy‘The maximum reignition overvoltage excursion peak to peak fs is given by +B[1+K+a(k, +K)] co €.3.1 Solidly grounded reactors K=0 a= 1 (Zero damping) ‘k= as noted in C2.1 for this ease = 1* B+ D k 1+ BX +) €.3.2 Ungrounded reactors x s a= 1 (worst case) ‘k= as noted in C22 for this ease A= 1B +2) k 1+B)(&+2) €.3.3 Reactors grounded through a neutral reactor K=as for application a=1 = as noted in C.2.3 for this ease +BU+h,+2K) = (+p) +k +28) NOTE 1—Equation (C:3) through Equation (C:6) include the damping factor a and the conservative approach is 10 assume G1. Ia seaiy, however, some damping will occu, anda damping faior a of 0.9 or les is appropriate ‘NOTE 2—Equation (C.1) through Equation (C.6) do not consider the influence of are voltage. The inluence of the are voltage is act significant for circuit breakers of 60 KV and above, but it can be significant for circuit breakers having a voltage below 60 KV. Referto 3.3. ‘NOTE 3—Equation (C.1) dogs not consider neutral to ground capacitance. Experience with ungrounded and neutral reactor grounded installations indicates that the neutral-o-ground expacitance isnot significant and can be ignored. On this bass, the load side oscillation in general is single frequency ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex D (informative) Oscillation modes D.1 General ‘The following discussion is applicable to the directly grounded reactor case. and reference should be made to Figure 1. The oscillation modes applicable to ungrounded reactors and reactors grounded through @ neutral reactor are discussed in 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. Four different oscillation modes occur during the intesruption and reignition process. These modes and associated frequency ranges are listed in Table D.1 Table D.1—Oscillation modes and frequency ranges ‘Oscillation mode ‘Frequency range Toad side TAHZ=S KE First parallel 1 Me 10 Miz Second parallel ‘30 KEz-1000 KHz ‘Main circuit 2 RH220 KHZ “Range applicable tool fills reactors: for dey col reactors, the upper ist may’ be ro tne times higher D.2 Load side oscillations A successful interruption results in the slowly decaying load side oscillation with the tapped eneray oscillating between the indnctance and capacitance of the load side circuit. The frequency of the oscillation is given by 1 fae lhe @ ‘This oscillation may be modulated duct phase interaction refer Dt). D.3 Reignition oscillations ‘Three different oscillation circuits are involved in reignitions. A “fist parallel” oscillation occurs when Cp discharges through the circuit breaker: the frequency of this oscillation is ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyand is in the order of | MHz to 10 MH. ‘The circuit breaker will not interrupt the current associated with the “first parallel” oscillation, A “second parallel” oscillation (reignition overvoltage oscillation) will follow, as a result of which, the voltages across Cand C; are equalized (ie. the voltage across the circuit breaker is reduced to zeto for an instant). The frequency of the “second parallel” oscillation is given by 3 ‘The cirenit breaker may interrupt the current associated with the “second parallel” oscillation. If it does not. then a “iain circuit” oscillation develops. This oseillation involves the tora circuit and generally leads to a new loop of current. Neglecting Ls (because itis small compared to L, and Z), the frequency of the “main circuit” oscillation (fs) is given by ped [et im ALG CD os and is in the range 5 kHiz to 20 kHz. It should be noted that Equation (D.4) describes te main circuit oscillation in its simplest possible form. In reality. the oscillation is a composite of a number of oscillation modes dependent on the reactor installation and the local and remote configuration of the system. Load side, second parallel, and main circuit oscillations are shown schematically in Figure 6. Note that if (C>>C, then no main ciseuit oscillation will occur, All circuit breakers will exhibit reignitions when switching reactors. The voltage at which the reignitions occur (given a certain rate of change of the recovery voltage) is a charactetistic of the circuit breaker. The frequency of occurrence of reignitions is dependent on the circuit breaker characteristics and the circuit (the circuit breaker reacts ata certain imposed voltage, but sustaining the reaction depends on the circuit) It should be noted that reignitions involve an energy exchange. Prior to the reigntion. the load side encray altemates between electromagnetic and electrostatic eneray. During the “frst parallel” oscillation, the electrostatic energy stored in C; is dissipated with no exchange between the source and load sides. During the “second parallel,” oscillation, electrostatic energy is exchanged between C,and C,. During the “main circuit” oscillation, all circuit elements are invelved and the energy exchange is both electromagnetic and electrostatic. D.4 Interaction between phases ‘The interaction between phases during the switching of shunt reactors is a complex subject. This is particularly the case for meditim-voltage transformer testiary connected reactors at voltage below 60 kV where the interaction can influence the interruption process, For the case of shunt reactors that are directly grounded and grounded trough a neutral reactor grouided-reactor-in the range of 60 kV and above. the interaction influences only the load side recovery voltage oscillation, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyDue to nmtual coupling between the individual phases, the interaction manifests itself in the form of beating of the recovery voltage oscillation. The degree of beating is dependent on the length of the connection between the circuit breaker aud the reactor aud on the type of reactor. When the circuit breaker is located close to the reactor the interaction is minimal or nonexistent and the recovery voltage oscillation is a clean exponentially decaying sinusoidal function (refer to Figure D.1). For longer connection lengths between the circuit breaker and the reactor beating of the recovery oscillation will occur (refer to Figure D.2). The effect is stochastic and varies even with fixed contact parting times. With regard to the reactors, if the units are single phase, then no interaction oceurs due to the reactors. If, however, the units ae three phase (in one tank), the phase-to-phase coupling is significant and results in beating such that the maximum recovery voltage peak can occur late in the oscillation, For purposes of this application guide, the interaction between phases is not a concem because the interaction does not influence the recovery voltage in the region between current interruption and the occurrence of the recovery voltage peak. If the circuit breaker successfully withstands the recovery voltage peak, then no reignition will occur later even if subsequent peaks exceed the chopping overvoltage peak value due to beating. The probability of high overvoltages occurring due to superposition of transients from adjacent phases is considered tobe remote Load side voltage Figure D.1—Load side oscillation with circuit breaker located close to shunt reactor [Load side vollgs ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex E (informative) Application of laboratory test results to actual shunt reactor installations E.1 General ‘The purpose of this annex is to describe the procedure based on laboratory tests results, estimate the overvoltage levels that will occur in actual shunt reactor installations, and determine the suitability of a particular circuit breaker for the application, The procedure described applies principally to shunt reactor installations of 60 KV and above with directly rounded neutrals. The procedure may. however. be applied with suitable adaptation to the ungrounded aud neutral reactor grounded cases as discussed in 3.3 and 3.4. Due to the statistical nature of overvoliage generation, it is necessary to apply statistical methods to estimate the tisk for overvoltages at or above certain levels. Applicable statistical formulas are given in Annex F for convenience. E.2 Overvoltage estimation procedures E.2.1 Chopping number of one interrupter ‘The main characteristic evaluated in the laboratory test is the chopping nunber (2) for a single interrupter cizcuit breaker. The chopping smber is an inherent characteristic of the circuit breaker and is usnally independent of the circuit, The chopping mmber can therefore be used to estimate the behavior of the circuit breaker in other circuits than the est circuit, The chopping mmber varies statistically and must be expressed in terms of a mean value, standand deviation and, if applicable, dependence on arcing time. The chopping number for a single intenupter circuit breaker is defined by ae ‘alg 1) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apywhere jg, is the chopped current value G is the total capacitance in parallel with the circuit breaker (refer to 3.2.1) ‘The value of chopped current should, if possible, be directly measured for cach test shot and current zero at which interruption is attempted or achieved. If actual measurement is not possible, then i, for directly rounded reactors can be calculated using the following equation: €2) and } is then calculated using Equation (E.1), Equation (E.2) does not include the influence of arc voltage and is valid for circuit breakers having a voltage of 60 KV and above. For circuit breakers having a voltage below 60 KV, the are voltage may be significant and fy is derived, based on a single-phase test, using fH -2) «3 If the circuit breaker test for voltages below 60 KV is performed on a three-phase ungrounded basis, then, the corresponding equation is fa 4) The factor kgand other quantities are as defined in 3.2 and 3.3, ‘The values of ig, and 2 will vary statistically from test to test. Ifthe values show no clear dependence on the arcing time, then the statistical variation is usually a normal distribution. On this basis, the mean value, ora and the standard deviation o are calculated, In the event that a and i. exhibit a clear dependence on arcing time, a linear relationship can be assumed as a first approximation own A*BI, 5) where ‘is the arcing time. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy‘The constants 4 and B can be derived by performing a linear regression, The dispersion around the regression line will probabl y be wide, and therefore itis necessary to also derive the standard deviation of the regression line (generally referred to as the standard ertor of estimate). Refer to E.3 andl Annex F. E.2.2 Estimation of chopping overvoltages in shunt reactor installations For the first case, where the chopping mumber is independent of the arcing time, the maximum chopping ‘number For one inteirupter is given by Iowa hen *25 Es) Statistically, this is the 29 value (i, the value that will be exceeded in less than 2% of the switching operations) To estimate the maxinnum chopping overvoliages, Ama is inserted in Equation (E. en where ‘eae is the maximum suppression peak overvoltage (2% valu © isthe angular power frequeny (314 rads at 30 Hz and 37 is the three-phase reactive power of the reactor in VA. is the neutral voltage shift in pu 1 is the number of interrupting units in series per pole ) in pu rad’ at 60 Hz) ‘The assumption is that C:>>C,. Cy is negligible and arc voltage is not a consideration. If these assumptions do not apply. refer to 3.2. 3.3, or 34 and associated notes, as applicable. For the second case, where the chopping number is dependent on arcing time, the maximum chopping ‘umber will occur at the maximum arcing time (Fy nn). The maxinum chopping umber (2% value) for a single interrupter is given by AP Bly +28, 8) where Se_ isthe standard error of estimate, The maximum chopping overvoltage is calculated using Equation (E.7). E.2.3 Estimation of reignition overvoltages in shunt reactor installations Its important to note that overvoligges occurring in laboratory tests duc to reignitions have no relevance for the estimation of reignition overvoltages in actual shunt reactor installations. Estimated reignition overvoltage levels are derived on the basis described in Annex C, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyFor the case where the chopping number is independent of arcing time, reignition overvoltages fy and fare given by Fee =1+B(1+2K + hy mace) 9) Ksmax=(1*B)(1+ 2K * Fame) (E10) where fps i the maximum rignition overvoltage to ground (2% vale) in pu ‘emax is the maximum reignition overvoltage peak-to-peak excursion (2% value) in pu Kaoaxs iS the maximum suppression peak overvoltage value in pu derived using Equation (E.7) relsniion occurs For cireuit breakers whose chopping numbers vary with arcing time, the applicable fy value is that obtained at the longest arcing time (f.) resulting in a reignition. f can generally be considered as fy aus less one half cycle. The applicable maximum chopping number (zc) is thus, beat = A+ Bly s 1) ‘This value is then used in Equation (E.7) to derive tanaxy Finally. Fynacand yeas are derived us Equation (E.9) and Equation (E.10), respectively. E.2.4 Evaluation of recovery voltage stress across circuit breaker The maximum recovery voltage across the cirenit breaker (Few) in pecsunit value is given by the following: for directly grounded reactors (refer to 3.2) Fevaue=1+Byage 12) for ungrounded reactors (refer to 3.3) evan 2+ Kamae e123) for reactors grounded through a neutral reactor (refer to 3.4) Feygy=1+2K + hyume «19 E.3 Case studies ‘The case studies are based on laboratory tests catried out on a single interrupter SF. circuit breaker in a single-phase $0 Hz test at 98 A and 175 kV. The tests are analyzed as described in E.2 and are then applied to predict performance in a field installation with and without overvoltage limitation measures applied. ‘The arrangement for the laboratory test was as shown in Figure E.1. The test interrupter was complete with grading capacitor of 1600 pF. The chopped current values were not measured, but are derived using Equation .2) where Gi 187520 pF ‘utnorzedicensed use Ime to: Univesity of Tasmania Downloaded on Sptanbe 022014 t 164208 UTC fom IEEE Xplore. Resticons apL is5.68H Ve, is 0.098 >< 314 >< 5.68 « V2 =247 KV crest Thus la = where Asis the measured suppression peak overvoltage value (in pu). The chopping number % is then calculated, i i y= 4 = = 10471, Je,” Ji520-+1600 = ‘The test and caleutation results are tabulated in Table E.1 Table E.1—Single interrupter laboratory test values | ke | te Ue cms) | ow | wy | wre 62 [126 | 69 | 72250 53 | 109 | 39 | aosre aa[1o7 | sa] ase7 9 | 10 | 88) 92555 m0 | 142 | 94) 95008 mos | tas | 86 | 90080 94 [132 | 77 | 80627 30 | 124 | 66 | 6 108 73 [120 | 39 | 61779 62 [is | 56 | S903 32 [109 | 39 | wer 30 [10s | a7 | 39002 né | 13s | 85) seat 108 [149 | 99 | 104004 ios | tai | 88 | 92838 92 [iat | 66 | 6097 82 [120 | 60 | est va [12 | 63 | osse0 38 [ios [a7] sea 129 [1 | 80) 88058 ao [107 | aa | 38878 39 [ua | 4s | a7siz aa_[ 109 | 39 | wen 30 [107 | ae | 35878 133 | 131 | 102 | 10663 37 [10s | 29 | 3017 126 | 149 | 99 | 108004 49 [10 | aa | #3186 ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Dowiaaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fomIEEE Xplore. Resticions apy1a [ 118 | 120108 139 | 87 | 90988 rst | 102 | 106623 150 | 100 | 105362 136 | 108 | 12835 140 | 88) 90555 ‘The derived chopping munbers are plotted against arcing time in Figure E.2. A linear regression analysis, using the equations given in Annex F or a computer spreadsheet program, gives the following equation: Dagens 10 031+ 7226>¢1, and 079 ‘This result is applied to predict the performance of a circuit breaker with two interrupters applied on a 60 Hz, 500 KV system to switch out a 525 kV, 135 Mvar shunt reactar. Performance is considered first for the directly grounded case without overvoltage linitation measures applied, with a surge arrester applied across the cirenit breaker and finally, with controlled opening applied. Performance is then considered in a similar manner for the case where the neutral is grounded through a 1600 © neutral reactor E31 Case 1 rectly grounded shunt reactor ‘Three options are considered, option 1 without application of overvoltage limitation, option 2 with metal oxide surge arrester applied across the circuit breaker, and option 3 using controlled opening. The test aud calculation results are tabulated in Table E.2. £.3.1.4 Option 1: Without application of overvoltage limitation ‘The maximum chopping overvoltage will occur at the maximmun arcing time. The maximum arcing time in the laboratory was 13.3 ms at 50 Hz, giving a corresponding value at 60 Hz of 11.6 ms, From Equation 8). Yeas = 10.081 +7226 >< 11.6 +2 >< 8079= 11 >< 10° (AF) Using Equation (E.7), 3x2(11x108) +1 2377 x135x10% +131 31 pu ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyTo calculate the magnitude of the reignition overvoltages, from Equation (E.11), Jase = 10 031 + 7226 >< (11.6 =8.33) +2 >< 8079 = 4.98 >< 10° (AF) From Equation (E.7), 3x2x(498x10") 4 a 2x377x135x10° Fear = =1.07 pu From Equation (E.9) and Equation (E.10), ky po 1+0.5(1 + 1.07) 04 pu A= (140.51 + L07)= 3.1 pu E.3.1.2 Option 2: Metal oxide varistor applied across the circuit breaker ‘The varistor is taken to have a protective level Fy equal to 1.6 pm (refer to 4.3.2). The effect of the varistor on the circuit breaker is to limit the reignition voltage and tends to reduce the arcing time. The maxinnm arcing time will thus be 11.6 ms or less. Therefore, 31 pu 6pu +05 (1.6)<18 pu Fame $1L6(1+0.5)< 24 pu E.3.1.3 Option 3: Controlled opening applied to the circuit breaker With controlled opening applied to the circuit breaker, the maximum chopping overvoltage is determined by the arcing time setting of the synchronizer to achieve no reignitions. A setting at S ins arcing time will allow some Variation in mechanical opening time because the maximum arcing tine with reignitions was 3.9 mis in the laboratory tests, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAgain, from Equation (E.$) 10031 + 7226 >< $+2 >< 8079 = 6.23 > 10" Pea Foon = 1.11 pu es max = 211 pu Fema = 0 pt a0 pU £.3.1.4 Case 1 summary and conclusions Case 1 overvoltage predictions are summarized in Table E.2. Table E.2—Predicted overvoltage values for directly grounded shunt reactors ‘Dvervorage ay Option Fam Faces Kyaw Fones 7 131 231 Zot Si 2 Sit 16 18 S28 5 Tr za ° ° ‘The wet bias switching surge capability across the circuit breaker is 3.15 pu (1330 kV. 1 pa = 525 V2.3 = 428 kVcrest). Taking the position that the maximum allowable voltage across the circuit breaker shall not ‘exceed 80% (i.c., 2.52 pu) of the withstand capability, the following can be concluded: a) No overvoltage limitation measures are essential for the application of the proposed circuit breaker +b) Some shunt reactor surge arrester operations will occur (protective level approximately 2 pu. The shunt reactor will be exposed to a maximum voltage excursion of 3.1 pi ‘The relative merit of applying options 2 and 3 is evident, both in terms of impact on the circuit breaker and the shunt reactor, respectively. E.3.2 Case 2: Shunt reactor grounded through a neutral reactor ‘The inductance of the neutral reactor Ly is 4.24 H, L being 5.43 H. With reference to Annex C ‘Three options are considered, option 1 without application of overvoltage limitation, option 2 with metal oxide surge arrester applied across the circuit breaker and option 3 using controlled opening. The test and calculation results are tabulated in Table E.3. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy|: Without application of overvoltage limitation E.3.2.4 Option From Equation .7), sax(ibaoy fee Sores OS 2 = 1.92 pu 2.92 pu he max = 2x03 +13 fav max =1+1.92 sx2x(aopaio*) he. 03-107) PaaS ~ From Equations (6.9) and (E.10), p= 150.51 +203 + 1.07)= 2.33 pw fs=(1= 0.5) +203 +107) =4 pu Fa Metal oxide varistor applied across the circuit breaker £.3.2.2 Option ‘The varistoris identical to that applied in E.3.1.2. Farum £1.32 pu tam = 1.6 pu Fon $1.8 pu Faux S24 pu E.3.2.3 Option 3: Controlled opening applied to the circuit breaker 23 < 108 1p Fea = 1.7 pu Ieee = 2.7 put E.3.2.4 Case 2 summary and conclusions Case 2 overvoltage predictions are summarized in Table E3. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyTable E.3—Predicted overvoltage values for shunt reactors grounded through a neutral, reactor Applying the same 2.52 pu maximum allowable voltage across tle circuit breaker as in the directly sounded reactor case (refer to E.3.1.4), the following can be concluded: a) The citcuit camot be applied without some form of overvoltage limitation. b) Option 2 can be applied without any further measures. ©) Option 3 can only be applied if the neutral reactor és bypassed prior to opening the cireuit breaker, that is, switching duty becomes identical to option 3 of the directly grounded reactor case (refet to E.3.1). ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apycB IT 1600 pF + 1520 pF 5.68 LC || i DAK Figure €.1—Case study laboratory test circuit Bean 10031 + 722644 S809 $e 2 4 6 8 10 Areing tme (ms) Figure E.2—Linear regression analysis of test points derived in laboratory test, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex F (informative) Statistical equations for derivation of chopping and reig FA General ‘The purpose of the annex is to provide. for convenience, the statistical formulas used in the derivation of chopping and reignition overvoltages, efer to Freund and Miller [B3] and Yamane [BS] F.2 Chopping number independent of arcing time With reference to Equation (E.4). and where nis the number of test shots 1. is the chopping number corresponding tothe fth test shot F.3 Chopping number dependent on arcing time Calculate values for Sy Sy. and Sy as follows: Sy Le where n and 2, are a3 noted above and ry is the arcing time corresponding to the ith test shot. ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 at 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore. Resticions apyWith reference to Equation (E.). 3) 4) €5) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex G (informative! List of symbols Smbot | Deerpton ‘Appearing tia a ‘Reigntion window for cial breaker with fst icles Figue secavery i ‘Const Eqaien B sind r Figues recovery z ‘Contant Epa ES cB ‘Cis bear Higue Cs ‘Capactance to woud uation c ‘Load side capacitance Figue | c Souuce side capacitance Higwel c First paralel espasanes Figure 1 c ‘Toalsaynsitane in pala withthe sir sake Equation c ‘haseto-pae capactance Equation (2) Rated power Regen Za £ Frequency of the Jad side owelioa Equtioa Da Frequency of the main ret oscilaion ‘Equation (D4) te Frequency ofthe {us parallel oscilauon Equation D2 Frequency of the second paralel ocilation Equation (0-3) L Frequency of load side osilation for Ue siepoletoalear | Equation 6 Es : ‘Eanation 12) second and third pole ‘Curent iough the c7Oo DEE Eames : ‘Corrent level a the instant of current chopping Equation I) x ‘Neural shift vollage ia pu of Eiuation C8 i Suppression peak overvolage 90 Of 7 gure z ‘Maximum suppression peak overvliage Equation ‘aan | Masiauua suppieision peak overvoliage in pu Of V-folowiag ) Equation 2) ‘whist ignition oseurs E ‘Suppression peak overvolage relative tothe shied newtal | Equation (2 voltage inpuof 7 E Recovery overvllage peak to wound mpwotT, Fine ‘Han | Maximum recovery overvaliage peak inpu of 7 EazL om ‘Voltge across the Shunt eactor atthe iste of Seat igute 3 Jnterrption, arc vollage significant, ia pu of P. E ‘Reigntion overoliage peak to grotnd in pu oF V, Hines [eam | Masimun signton ovevollae to aouad in pu uation ED) Es ‘Recovery voltage peak aross the citvit bresker with 9 ‘Eavation ®) seiguition in 9 of Tram] Maximus secovers CORage Soran ths SO eae Ee é ‘Reigniton overvollageexsusion peakio-peak i gu of Figwe 3 ies Protelie level of the metal oxide varitor in pu of Equation ‘haan | Masia rianition overvoliage peak-to-peak excursion i pu ] Equation 10) ot, z ‘Shunt actor inductance awe Z ‘Coumesionseties inductance Figure | Ds ‘Nevtral reactor inductance ‘Equation CL Ee spall inductance gue z Source side inductance Figue x ‘Number of iteruptine wis a seis parpole Equation Equation (1 ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apySimbel | Description “Appearing Gratin mL Pat Figue? 2 “Tarcesphe acorn Equation ‘Siandat ero of estimate Equation 5) Cs Sfatscal persion 3 ES S Statscal operior 3 i ‘aring ime Equation ma ‘Avcing ime conesponding to ie thea shot 53 [am | Mins arcing time Eqaiea ES) i ‘Longest acing fine rewling ima ignition Equation (F-11) i Tales conta Teading(oreignition IO EDR | Fistwe 4 “with fast dielectric recovery q Fismet with low dilaete recovery z ‘Revovery otervollage peak to aOuad Hawes Bs ‘Rie of ie of cielecric stenath (RDDS) ofthe crown Deke | Fame $ z ‘olage across Ui cic eakee Bigue Ts tage across the sit reactor a the iat GF CueRt Figwe Jntemipton: ac volage significant % Suppression pel aver ollags fo ground EES ee ‘Voltage aczoss Lie shun seacor a the fat OF umeaT Hiswes Jnterupion: are veliage not sigificant Supply-nide capacitance voltage after cares edition | Fiswe@ seiguition % ‘Reanition Over oTaas peak To Round Fes z Figues { ‘Damping factor associated With he choppina GTSAOTGBS Equation [Ca essilations S ‘Damping festor associated wth the reignition overvohage Equation IL ‘Chopping munber for singe nlerTuper Equation L ‘Caosping number comesponding oh test Sat Equation (i te ‘Maximum chopping number Equation F.6) Tear) Maximum cheppina munber te ona accae ime Towing | Equation F.11 inssigiton I ‘Mean shopping amber Equation ED) t Sanda deviation Equation F.6 1 Angular equansy. Equation 6) ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex H (informative! Overvoltage limitation by means of gapped surge arresters Gapped surge anresters are no longer manufactured, having been totally replaced by metal oxide su agesters, However, they afe_of historical interest, particularly when used in conjuction with eixcuit breakers having high current chopping capability such as air blast circuit breakers. The rated voltage of a nonlinear resistor-type surge arrester with series gaps is the maximum pemnissible mms valve of normal frequency voltage at which itis designed to operate correctly. At this voltage, the arrester can discharge an overvoltage and reseal (ie. inferrupt the power fiequency follow curent), The sated voltage is usually selected to be equal to the highest power frequency voltage, which can occur between the arrester terminals under temporary overvoltage conditions The overvoltage protection provided by this type of arrester is characterized both by the sparkover characteristics ofits series gaps and the residual voltage of the nonlinear resistors and gap voltage during: ‘when switching shunt reactors is low, the sparkover voltage characteristics of the arrester will determine the maximum overvoltage. The duration of voltage_rise_will be ffom_a_few microseconds (ceisnition overvoltages) to hundreds of microseconds (chopping overvottages), which meas that sparkover voltages for the standard 1,2/50 us lishtning impulse as well as switching surges have to be considered ccquals or exceeds the sparkover voltage of the arrester, the aitester will operate discharging the load side circuit enerey and seducing the load side voltage essentially to zero. An example of such a case is shown in Figure HL In this case, the $00 KV reactor is protected by a 420 kV rated arrester, which operates at 950 kV peak at the applicable time. Note the discharge of the current tapped in the reactor through the aurestet, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyLond side teat voltage ‘Shunt rector coment us monsured ot tho cic breaker ‘Stunt reactor coment ax mcorored atthe dont reactor. "Note the discharge ofthe trapped current i he reactor ‘rough the marge eestor ure H.1—Interruption of shunt reactor current with suppression peak overvoltage imited by a gapped surge arrester For the case of high chopping overvoltage causing arrester operation, the possibility of seiguitions is minimized, If however, the chopping overvoltage peak: is less than the arrester protective level, the arrester will not operate. This is the case for circuit breakers, which chop low levels of current (e.g, SF puffer-type circuit breakers). The arrester will still protect the reactor against the higher reignition overvoltages. The ak-t0- Lo about ai ‘The eueray stored in the reactor at the instant of current chopping, even for the highest possible chopped ‘currents, isan order of magnitude less than the line discharge eneray absomption capability of the arrester and is of no significance, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apyAnnex I (informative) Informative documents 11 Bibliography [B1] CIGRE Technical Brochure 50: Interruption of Small Inductive Currents, 1995.° [B2] CIGRE Technical Brochure 30S: Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and TEC 62271-1—Part 2: Making and Breaking Tests, 2006 [83] Freund, J. E. and Miller. 1, Probability and Statistics for Engineers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968. [4] Ec 62271-110:2009, {B5] IEEE Std C37.015"-1993 (Reaff 2000 and 2006), IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching. ** [B6] IEEE Std C62.22-1997, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Altemating-Current Systems. [B7] Ishikawa, M., Kosakada, M., Okabe, S., Suzuki, K., and Toda, H., “Investigations of multiple reignition phenomena and protection scheme of shunt reactor current interruption in GIS substations.” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. val. 8, n0. 1. pp. 197-202. Jan. 1993. [B8] Yamane, T., Siatistcs, 4 Introductory Analysis. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1964. igh-voltage switchgear and controlgear—Part 110: Inductive load switching.* 2 Other informative documents [B9] Abe, Y., Andoh, K., Ishikawa, M., Kurosawa, Y., Ohmuma, A., Nakanishi, K., and Yanabu, S.. “Small current interruption phenomena and recent progress of gas circuit breaker.” CIGRE Paper No. 13- 06, 1988, [B10] Ablgren, L., Bemeryd, S., Eriksson, R., and Solver, C. -E., “Switching of shunt reactors— ‘comparison between field and laboratory test.” CIGRE Papet No. 13-04, 1976, [B11] Almeida, R.M,, Azzari, E., Carvalho, A. C. C., ef al, “A simulation of reactor switching.” CIGRE Paper No. 13-07, 1988. [B12] Alvinsson, R., Holm, A., Karlen, ©., and Akesson, U,, “Development of controlled switching of reactors, capacitors, transformers and lines,” CIGRE Paper No. 13-201, 1990. y of methods and models for the [B13] Andersen, E., Bemeryd, S.. and Lyndahl, S., “Synchronous energizing of shunt reactors and shunt capacitors.” CIGRE Paper No. 13-12, 1988, * CIGRE publications ate avilsble om th ltemaional Council on Large Elect Systens, 21 mas @ Atos, 7S 008 Pai, France (np wu cre or, * TEC publications ae availabe from the Sales Deparment ofthe Intemational Eleotechnial Comsson, Cave Postale 131, 3 r3e de Varunbs, CH-I211, Gendve 20, Staizerland Suse Gt wwaeiee.ch). TEC publication are aso avasbe im tha Unie Stace ‘So the Selon Depart. American National Standards Intute, 11 West 42nd Steet, 158 Floor Now York NY 10036, USA. The IEEE standards or procs refered tin thn clnise are tradermks owned ty the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer lncoported IEEE publoaons ae available from the Insite of Eleccal and Electrons Engineers, 445 Hoes Li (USA Git sandard ee org) =, Pacatauay, NT 08854, ‘Authored censed use nites to: University of Tasmania, Downloaded on September 022014 a 18-4206 UTC fom IEEE Xplore Resticons apy