=10- Insulation resistance, electrostatic capacitance, and los factor Districts 5.64 Paral charge tet — Iti preferable to perform the pana dcharge test for SOD KY tne overs 10 confirm wheter steintlation work ha heen cated out sitatactoriy, and to make Tutte tse ofthe test resulls asa fundamestal dat forthe maateance Howeer, sce the mstsuferent of Dart discret at ste tected easily by the backpound ole level compare {0 that at factory, I furrenty preferable 1 teat the cata a6 2 Tough indication. To reduce fhe eternal no, blaced method ty meas of lining corona meter ie smetines sed AC factory, mesurement of para dices is performed at 5 oF 20 pu. tt volage At se, however, it woul! be sufficient to peor the test at 0 of 11 plusbecas i i iil fo obtain Hiphteaseny source, and to reduce the pti dnchages i 4: EXAMPLE OF SITEAINSTALLATION STANDARD, ‘ase on the above imestigation, the standard ofthe steintalton for $00 KY, 275 KY and 154 kV transformers are eal, Table 2 shows the sasatd of the sileinallstion Tor S00 KV tank Farmer as a example 5. CONCLUSION ‘The proposed standardaton tas Beer scepie withFioumbleappedation an has been aplid| practically i steinstalation with stsactory results. The stewtallaon ofthe transformer osely fomuected with den sod manulctze. Therefor, much attention sould by pid inthe desis facture so thatthe steinsalation may be mae sinpler. Through ths issn, sone toubls ‘observed de to defects in oil phe and wiing work For the puposr of improving te sci the transformers much consideration mus be pal on the counermestre apn ese pols. 4a thie smestiation, transformers trmmortable with fll asmbly ae taken into consseaton However, there wil requeitly be need The future fo eoasder hgh ola power tansoners which ‘mus ineisbly be cared stout Tl asembly To watone in the eke of ad condition aod to under ‘Bound substations in siee, The steslation in thence willbe move complied and Wil Tonger The author belive that theres af his fee shoul contribute tothe prevention of fhe ‘alts in es typeof seston Finally, the author expreses bis since thanks (othe members ofthe Investation Commits on the Standarduation of te Stelstaliion ofthe Tih Voltage Power Tranormes of the Sotty of Elect fal Corparative Resear [REFERENCES [1] Soto H, Naito. a Skina 8. —Moistre Content and Elstricsl Charette of OM Impregnted Taper for High Woltge Cale Transactions ofthe 1943 Tokyo Section Joint Convention of Four eral Iter of Japan Nov 10) [21 Saito ¥. and Take L ~ (Eccl Inuating Paper pge 583 ~ 535, 1960) 131 Maka, Yamaha Y:— Diigo Tanne, Pa (Pu Este Jounal Yo 42, No 8 12-02 THE TRANSFER OF FAULT GASES IN TRANSFORMERS [AND ITS EFFECT UPON THE INTERPRETATION OF GAS ANALYSIS DATA R. ANDERSSON, U-R. RODERICK V. JAAKKOLA, N. OSTMAN summary Fault gas anal fas proved tobe one of the mast important methods of monitoring che aperatg 8 of tmaormere The interpretation of gat amayas data shoul be bay on pa generation res nad Of gu conten When eielating generation rates of breathing transformers Ws of os de vo dffson i conection must Be considered. Thi report presets gs Ios data mauve on peer anor Strate tut and 9 theoreral method of eluting Wu ae. The report aba deals with the nclad tpchaner and its effect on the inerpretation of axe ei, te diets itch ofthe onload tapchaner son entate considerable a aout, put of whieh ma inane the tansformer tk. Fast gat taba tan however, he employed also for raormers eal “pa witha toad tach. If high acetylene contents ane detected, the org of the at shoul be fonfrmed by tpchangr chamber or expansion vex! gor conten! mesarments rostiog Ga analyse, Gs los rate, Top-changer, Transforms sePoRT |. wrropucrion “The wt ent of tanforme ol pips an enportan role i the monitoring of smsormers a tence The eet and therm fulsof ansfoer ead to the dcorypostion of tals mite Ad the gucss formed dole, a eas i pr, ito the teatstormer ol. Many metho have been Gevaoped with 4 vw to interpreting the rest obtained on eat anal wn eucdating the ype of fa AAI of thes methods av tel upon av content op ron I ene, the fate of change ofthe eas fenlent has fen sonsidese ata ndeston ofthe mrousese of the aut. gu sures ot reed to ‘ny Tals and the eee of as om the tnasformer, ate iored. Dung operation, the deer sich ff the onload tapchangerdeconpows transformer ol withthe Toemaion of conse amounts of ‘ase, and eapeclyastylne, Convetaon and liiuon lead to spend of the gums everywhere i The Transformer, epost of the formation site The ome aserpion a pases om the sos! isulation Ialei dines the aut content of the oi. The teansforber breathing effect induced by Ting changes, ds tothe etcape of sstantll amounts of es Irom the transom “his Paper deal withthe tense of grin the power tansfonner wader the influence of aiesion, onection, tea, with view {0 easton of her nieance inte interpretation of 38 aly data; ue is mae of thorteal method and experimental measurements, Fardennote an eX Paton tas been made of the elect ofthe end tapshanger upon fhe as content of the transformer-3- i202 2 FORMATION OF GASES IN THE TRANSFORMER ‘The normal apting of transformer ol slong with trnefonmer felts, aes the decomposition of ‘lation materi; thee phenomena lend fo the formation of aew compounds [1,2 8 The somal ing ofthe oi rests Inthe formation of all amounts of hydrogen, methane, Sthane, and etiyiens “The faults that are are dvs info wo groups, electrical and termi Etc! fats ince arcing parking, abd prt dstages aed the therm fale he oveheating of lone contacts dof ndings asa eomequence of excsiveslectiealeusrent. Is crresponden mith the ype of Tul Tinounts of the decompostion product of tnafomer Ol, hydrogen metany ofthe decomposition af soli insltion mater |S) ‘Normal operation of the diverter switch rests manly Inthe fomation of acetyese, styles, en hydropn, The dverier switch Is oeted Inthe separate eitpace rom here the il tn ey, dep ‘on the stwotie of te tneafcrmer, can move tothe common i tek and by this meme ete te Frequently, the dvertersvitch and the tanfomner hie 4 sominon expansion vest though which the taner of gas can cur. The other way of tanterence the wating Petween the omoad and the trnsformer tank. This seal, whch ten does no rote than prevent the Unsere of ‘let inputs, doesnot hinder the trnsr of the Ol and gies dae inthe ol ‘The coroson of on puts in a tasformer which i Inadeqatly protected grins sich an oscar rence may ret fom the tton of water upon on prt leg tothe Tormation of hydrogen fa ‘cordance with the following eqution 31,0 + Fe —> 3H, + Feo, “This equition ineses that in theory |g of ion proces Of di? of hydrogen during the course of ‘oroson; fallow that orosion I at fo ieee the gar content of the To + sical ntl A. TRANSFER OF GASES IN THE TRANSFORMER 34, Ditfision ~ As a result of diffusion, the gas molecules tnd to astribetewnifomly in he of The ‘mount of ssbstane diusing pa tine tad sartice unit i deel Proportional Lo the concentration ‘allen. The propertonalty actor, tthe difision coefiet B, i hancton of tnpentte and fresue, This fictor D incest wi trperatre, sary an scot of thy dimition In ions The literature doesnot contin any values for the dion coelicnts af sae nthe transonmer ol. The taion coeficent of byrogen. which ifs mot easily, = 3.6 x 10" once. in wate fe Since {he autsoncoutcear i avery proportional tothe snout, tI proximate 2 n 10° en? os 025°C in the oil Fora hydrogen content of 100 om /ns, acoriagly the difison ate of hyde 1S approxinately 10°? em /cn fue, comesponing £0 ol flow of 10"? ce, 32, Convection ~ Differences in te ll temperature induce continuing ol esuion in the transom “This of erelation cccus with tela apily an suily. Under the safuene of the selon, the ms lsoved inthe oll moves to different parts of the taafonmer. Cosa, bh pu Snes one ‘an be expected around the fuk points only momenttly. This imple that no signcant iferenes b the gis content are tobe found la samples taken from stir the upper or lower pre of he tansore 4. ESCAPE OF GASES FROM THE TRANSFORMER OIL 41, Adsorption — Atoms and molsoues sted at the sife of old mater can adsorb foreign msl Gules, The adsorption capacity br dependent onthe chemical composition of oth the meaner concerned othe stroctere of the mura, and can vry widely i diferent cases. As some f te fut ges, pate ‘Slut can oxides, uve a stuctre that reumbles at of elon, thse gues cat by expected {0 be ihincany sso ty the rape islton. Fortis rason, x study tae been made op wher the SSbton and paper strates of eanformer an ssa gs dso Inthe nsf oy and I they Trot ao effect upon the ge content of ths 0 rolminey experentl sels hve inicated that the adsorption induces the gas content 19 dine si, putclny when the gue formaton sits, an conceatations are sl mor it atte 2 eating — During the fading of the transformer it windings are warmed up| moreover the wh in est th ratte ol wih expands by approximately 0,08 per cent. As gener ral the Ta the teaformer iterates quite really during a period of 241 The epanding and contracting ust of eae equal’ rogue Ths the amount of expanded ol, coresponding 10 the temperature Hana, slows backward and forward betveen the taasrmer Tank an the expsionvese Wien the feumer mare up il th 4 Content ow from the tanfomte tank tothe expansion vest, ices int contact with a. The gs evaporates from the boundary suice Int the ir: 4 ent, te content of gx in theo andthe aways, attempt To reach equllbun. The egies i endent om the gat slut kn the tanner a diferent gaier have varying sles a erent fepersture The sobs of ene pena i the trnsfonne alae Ist Table as vole perce Sth, 207 4", and 80°C, wih the promi ofthe rounding pxespace being 100 KPa ofthe exe Tae Solus (=) of dere gases in waformer ol expres percents by volume (2). ee are we are Hydro ‘a 69 7 75 Methane ne 205 mua 263 inane siss a9 2563 zur Eylene 088 2860 2612 aaa Acetylene ss 40s aan 3632 opane aii 9463 V6.2 13760 Propylene 14500 12500 1050.0 e500 Garton noni 3A oo bo 89 ‘With the decreasing temperature of the tnsormer the oll ows back Frm the expansion ves to ‘he trnaormer tank, The gas conn! this oe lowes than that of the tank ol. The coerpondng moun of es ar rom the ambient acosphere ows sltaeousy Yo the expansion tank. Ths Gores the os content of the sirspace af the expansion ven and acelerten the tar of the gat fiom the oisyace of the expansion Yess 10 the arspce, ince the los rte I det proportional to ‘he diferenoe berweon the ening gus conten, abd the eqlrim gas conten. When the transformer ears, was gat coment lower than that onthe previous acasion Rows ito the expansion ves nd an equivalent amount of a, comalning gs, evaporates fem the expnson vse Int the outside an. The ps content of the al and space in the expansion Yd again ha the Tendon To seach equi Consequnty the brething of the transfer fenetons in away resembling + pump-ytem, which mover ‘evs tom the eaafomer lank, tough the expansion Yes ot int te a 43, Comin ~The temperstre ofthe expansion ves ol pomally Jower than that ofthe tansfor ine tanh Thi tempers difeence genentes 4 ecntouots ol! ration between the expansion Yet Ah the tank The fate of this convection depends onthe tank andthe ambient temperatures and te mensions of the connecting pipe. The ot ring Tom the tank is mixed with the expusion ves a, ‘tof ts gs content teen Yo the siepnce, andi x content which slower tan tat the Tansformor tank, Hows back According, thee 4 continuous taste of gs from the tanfosee lank tothe expansion vesel and the arspce, Mesremens have inetd thatthe difenmce between Ihe jas coments of the tank and expanionvesel oi nomally eater stl and, accord, Se Bs Jom rate a tafonmer s dstemined manly by the evaporation std equibium phenament in theas- nor 5. DETERMINATION OF GAS LOSS RATES ~ te fom of tm be oapce the uapce ox dig the breathing pas ony, Tis asunptn oid with mice ctiie if the breshneim phe ore compuion with ihe featuncout pie 5.1 Eapeinetmetods — The tate of ps is eteminde Wh the Beas ence by he shang in conten ding oe cle 0h atthe a ene ft eso Colncion af epee snd mene! fs conten Bars cot gcse ocr nesta saueae 100.80 6 4 pe fa onsemation Ine expan veel uit ve g Ding te net th ato fe wish apa om he ep of he ues Fei tanzania an races mcaioa sass oo esto ena dsty opooal o the eof itace Ay sn tothe ifeene betwen he eqn eee ZY. Mei eR 7 ener ere contain tthe ening concentston, py av = Var o Wt = NA Gy ~a59) at « ‘8 measure lnk ht Oh han ig he wareup phe normaly sie, the trometry content ca be ese, mud of ee Conn oe fl ne “Toe eat way of tang he supe of expel a by meat fe eh tube ote aed TO treet te pom soon of gas ao he oo te oc net oe removed ig Ihe ne ‘hen te same Seek “On the other hand, the increase in the amount of gas im the aitapuce of the expansion vessel during the endow period equal 10 I he temperate of the trnlormer varies ely te method presented abot i appli, ifan exact pete ofthe exopontion dregs eng ped i reqe. Tw th eas pean e aed to the wasformor under exomirtin, andthe change ine pa content cant flowed tthe iapans “This procedure enables the solution of complex eiftsin and convection pienamena of frequent cx inthe breathing tenstrmee ‘The as to be added must be dssoed it sll amount of cil which mixed with the tsfnmer ci. The concentration of the a added at be wll below the sli rls, bt of such a dee ta the aeration fate dows aot ave any sipcanes compared withthe ln ae. Is this sate the le ‘ate cane eluted y means ofthe euation Nat Taya av 100 Bey 4 o 452. Theoretical calculation of loss aes — Consider the transformer modeled in Flue |: is aumed {hai ia this tansfonner the temperature clang follows the care expres in Figure 2. For the theoreti treatment the folowing assimptions are made ‘Acotting to equation (8) to beable to caus the ow rte one sould Know thes eontent of the expansion vel ol ufce yer, whch cannot normal’ be measured. cy depends, among other factor onthe pas conent ofthe tan the gx oss ate the fempeatre eye and the convection etwoen the nk andthe expanson ves By puting simply cg = Key, and determining the facto ko thatthe clelted Joss ates corer ood to the smut tee at 10 temperature cyl, one gets the following Teale 1 os a a6 CH GH CH 10 “The lg ste can accordingly be clelted by means of the equation (8). The ar content change of the tunsormer tank can be calculated by wine the diference exuation Which in the case § = 0, cam be sled a8 8 es 0- er 2s content. Conseqenly, cy, expromed a4 faction oft prested by sught Hine om senop ihe paper ‘The mathenti treatment above i sreaty spied bacase of the complex geometry and hydro: raunics of 2 breathing tannormer, Toe fodel wie, however, indicates the praetersafectng the gis rc be edo estate fohly this Lea ate — the sine of the transformer hasan tock so tat gas moves out fom the aepace during he brestingout penod oly the Sowest pis, determining the lone rt, the aster of gues fom the akspace 10 te ale voice inthe expansion veelr02 <6 6, EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS AND DISCUSSION OF Rt LIS. 4.1 Simulated experiments — Simulated expsinents were made with 2 view to staying the eft of the ‘resting upon the gas content of agsormer oil Distbution trasorner tink of 02" cacy wee riled oftheir orignal Inner constuction, and the contents mere dpaced by 3'kz eich of woot pape, find prespane, Thy were strated With li vauum The tanks were then ied with olson Ea {nd Were period botloneteaed ia such s ay, that the length ofthe tmpestre eyes wes 1216 The "be in temperature dura the eyles war 10°C, 30°, snd 38°C respectively, and oll ples were tak ‘eplriy for detenninaion of the gis content The rete ohana repress Fgere 3 ‘The colic! of mae traefer was deed by examinution of the dininaton inthe gs coment of ‘ie ita soliton in an open bake. The ston was sired continuo. The value the cet vs edeuted by mean of the egeston = Nae to the values obtined ae Hated! in Table 2. ‘Tle 2 Mas ansfer coeticents of fal wsee 4 36.107 mah uy 10> Gn, 1.107» Gi 12.107 ‘The 28 equities in the expansion veal war wad by mean of + Wansfonner operated at 40°C eyes. Samples were taken siultaneesly Tom the al andthe auspace just Blore the Neining ofthe breathing pie Table 3 (ae content in breathing transformer a Pam Tam .am | am | om « ea] 27] 40] 29] 1s] 195 | oo comin? | a4 | 90 | sao | 3x0 | 860 | 120 ae ao | 20 | sso | 3 | a0 | 10 | 4 co ° m fw fo | we | os | on | ss fo» Ja ] so | 0 | 0 | 6 | so | a0 ‘q/A the qui ps content ofthe airspace Comasponding To Hh expansion Vesely. 462. Breathing experinents with power tansfonners — Phe power trneormers were employed for examination ofthe effet of Betting upon the ex content of the ol The following meanretents were ‘nade the as content of the expelled a, the gor content of oi inthe trnfonmer unk, ad thee Content of ei the expansion vl A the taafommers tested. had oe ne forsee yes a ‘tas consid tat thir pa contents Wee stable, In one transformer (Y) oll containing CH, and CH, was added andthe decreas i concentration vs ste ater the alton, The temperature change diving ove eye was taken ax» ba for etimstin {tle amount of expelled se The renuhe af memset me Indicted In Tale # tnd Flee. 63, Discusion of breathing experiment colts — The caleted loss rates of fet iis seri to {he equation () ate presented nd compared withthe simulated (est in Fgure 4 The aren fay ood over the entie tempeatire cyte age. ‘The low rates esi for power tutsonner te, seed1202 a8. {© Table 4 sifeantly lower, The temperature eyles ar, however, xcept for tnsormer V very sal ‘hich makes the determin of the ge lone te inccrate, Te le ruts of tensformer V cotspond Vater well ih he esate ales Fie Cae at cmpon wih saat? Fg Ds a ig pone According (othe ress the los ate of all of the fale anes insets with increasing tempeatre ‘yee The Ine rate tease of methane, and epecily hydrogen, ie Gute abopt at anal temper ‘les, bu a age eyes this effect dresses. Te lat ate of the other hydrecasbon approximately ‘lvcty proportional tothe mage ofthe temperature ce I thus flows thatthe equa onan ofthe airspace ae 30 sell at equlirum is esablaed especie of the ele magni ‘The eairium values of hydrogen nd methane are nt reached i 4 brethng transformer, veep Vay smal temperature eels an ihe los ale of thea components i tconingly determined mainly Oy the librium factor in the small eles Bot by the mast taster eoefaants the anger eyes the ae Jove rte of «transformer is know, the pe generation tate can be evaluated according to the flowing sation sae gv 2H, og" Vr +S Wy an here 2 cy i the change in g36 content of he oi during n brethng ye ‘The following example is considered at an Ineton of te signcance of the eape rate. fo a transformer, sipposed to be Tay, it was found Tit during thee month the methane content ieee fom 300 cn*/in® to 400 n/m. The quantity of oll wis 0m, andthe man trperature eye wit ‘spprosiutely 5°. According 16 the equation (11) and onthe bat of Pipe 5 the generation tte of ‘i 4130 cm? CHiyjeyl I he temper cyle had been 20°C instead 5°, the conesponding reration ate woud have been 270 ci* Cal eke, 64, Eifect of onload tapchanger — The effet upon the gat contnt of transformer oll exerted by the ‘wind tapshanget was measred by sultaneous determination ofthe evs conten in th chamber of ‘he verter vite, and tht Inthe tansormer lank The reat te presented in Table 9. ‘The rests obtained indicate thatthe gas coment ofthe ol inthe chaser ofthe deter switch Increnes in aecordans withthe number of operations; im parce, te hydrogen and aceyene contents ‘am become rather high. However, the amount of gar senented by one operton tine. ~ approninately 10/em? — indentes that the main portion of the generated tas expe fom the chamber, Toe amount Of cthange between the diverter switch chamber an the lapvonmer tank wis examined by the adalton| ‘rei! witha mettane conteat to tassformer 8 The mefare content ofthe chamber Was mesuied serene Tied (as sontns i 0 and apace of tasters ou, (Go content of ak ‘Gar cotet of expan ese 6 aia content of airspace SE per cen om as coten of tank 6p Ges sontent of expan vn ‘Gar content of tape co et santa of seape SE oe rte pr cn cat, Gis content of tank cp cot? Gis contnt of expuon vel ¢g™ a onto as 2 - tos te vere 8 eat, heat of at oat Set cen Yt © Stato es Si cont of eee er cent24 (Gs content of tank cy cat? Gis conteat of expusion ese ¢y Gar contet of arapce sp re untvan contet of sigue £2 per col02 10 ue 1202 17. CONCLUSIONS Tubes Gas content of olin diver switch = Pen] am [an] ep eae Bian eens a es crete ra : LS penta yet Sch Nea ne ane | a] a |e |e] fe | see Be creah sees ees 3: Transformer 4 30 2 inating pencaton fies in breathing transformers, the low ates should be taken into sccount Omload tap-changer 6s 2 a7 a4 208 peatinating oe a Gone set, ed = 3 = ~ = = ‘74, ~ The gas content of an on-toad tap-changer may increase substantially, and gases can also move ee eee creep are Sane areca eter = x i Z zn | ae the tnsformer tank mainly occurs trough the expansion We In ths ewe the at contcat of te Suteet we cheng $ 1 16 a a ‘expansion vessel is higher than that in the transformer tank. noone es aa ees ct ae et arse a a ee. 4 2 = = 0 = ¥,—fm*] — Volume of oil in transformer tank Baer meet a [eset stb fee cacae Vem?) — Airapae of expansion ves — Thermal expan coetient of oll (= 0,0008/°C) ATC] ~ Ampitde of tpentre eye AV 03] — Bepanon volame th] ~ Temperature inersse paid th) — Tompeanie decrease peri Measurements showed that about I per cent/24h ofthe olin the diverter anitch chamber haben hanged In a tansformer i which the (tal amount of zs coment ofthe diverter svitch chamber i 10d ex"/n%, the ps content can ~ scerding tothe preceding satenent Increase 8 apprnanaely 1. em/m/24h ifthe amount of ein the chunber | pr cont of the amount ofan te toner tank Sine the gs geneated in the chamber is mainly acetylene nd the conceation permite for Roe Anlene in the transformer is gute isigifiant ~ ppreinaely 20 caf? ~ the deer sich can es 'y bing wbcut Yale in te itrpreation of gas amas dt, parley a concerns alee, 1 i can be proved that te tanafomer tank hat 8 bgh asylene conten, the origin of the 38 explicable by analy of the gar content ‘of the Ol inthe expansion vee Ifthe coment ot aeeene [higher thin that ithe taasformer tk, evilest thatthe pt orginal fn fe ere slice Since the change ini etween the deter switch chamber andthe trnsorer tak saily ecu ‘trough the expansion ves (| — as content of wasfomer tank co (Fe tt tt on vet fen cone fen et see be Mh nant in on = Henry’ cowficent (= gn the equ ste){mt} — Aves of ol surface in expansion ve ot ~ os ate of ws iil ~ Relative lous rate of gat Generation ete of oe REFERENCES [1] Domenburg E Sultenater W. — Userwatung von Oltansornatorch dush Gasealys. (Brown B 12] Mater X. Sctising HL, Sones K. ~ Pring und Udrwadhung von Trnsormatoren doch eri Ol geosen Gus (BeRuitaowitctat 73 (1078, pp 88487) [BI Daves L. ~ Composition of the pss fone ia clerical insulating i. J. Appl Chem Batch 21-1871), pp 194199) (a) Serena = The analysis of sowed gs ie isusting ile AF dno ou, WD of CGRE WO 1501, 1972) [5] Waddington E, Allen D.~ Transformer fle detection by dave gas ana (Petia Re (0969) 9p 751-755) (6) Jost W. — Dftusion, Methoven der Messine und Avswirtng. (Danmstdt 1957), 12-03 CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER INSULATION IN. SERVICE; METHODS OF ITS ASSESSMENT [AND REQUIRED CRITERIA FOR SATISFACTORY OPERATION Paver presented inthe name of SC 12 (Transformers) ‘80, LIZUNOV ssunmeany ‘The paper outlines the conchions of the fully mecting of transformer experts in Tokyo, ran. Spee 1975 te probes of the condition of tniormertuaton in save. "he dlceionsacenirely det with = Infonce of tmpuriis on the quate of the transformer inalaton ~ Deeroretion ofthe ansformer ination in ersce — Meements for determining the nslton condition inching analyte of doled pres) — Preto s2tms for high rola poe manaformers Ge oats, Inflance of inpurits, Insleton deterioration, Mesurment, Preseruton system, Transormer into ‘AcpoRT INTRODUCTION “Transformer test at fstore are ae after cael tetment ofthe iesltion, However, a time ase water ar and prods of sig apear Inthe islation. I exterely portant Know the Hikes sone los de to tese poses “The damaged fo water and gas content is greatly said when superstratin takes ac. ‘here ae no auite safisictory methods of eaiteents tasers the nslation condition. None of the sks paratersavalable mets ll he egies ‘The analyse of ies dived seems to be the Dest method for detecting the iciplent insulation tates “The eal retention stem fr tanwormer inulin ovght to main almost fctory dynes ‘hae leah additontrogement (epesily for EHV and UHV transformers) to provide sufcety ow content ofthe am inorder 1 24d gus bubble Formation