{Linear partial different ‘st order Definitions 9. A differential equation involving partial derivatives pand g only is order one. (but it may involve powers of p and qQ)- And if the power of p and q is also ‘one, then equation is known as Linear part differential equation of order one. of ial) Definitions 10. Lagrange’s Linear Equation. A partial differential equation of the form P p+Qq=R where P, Q, R are functions of x, y, z (which is or first order and linear in p and q) is known as Lagrange’s Linear Equation. eg. (y+z)pt(e+x)q=x+y is a Lagrange’s Linear equation Art-6. To solve Lagrange’s Linear Equation LetPp+Qq=R be a Lagrange’s linear aa where P, Q, R are functions of x, y, z dy _ de Now the system of e uations & === system q PQ ee is called Lagrange’s system of ordinary differential equations for (i) Let w = a and v and 6 two independent equations. We have already shown (on Page 28) that relation’ S(u, v)=0 Give rise to a partial differential equation P p + Qq=R Scanned with CamScanner wl) wlll) lil) i”)® & ye “| Fh 2 ye e| OA a g= ta ow = & ” a Ox “Gs Ge ~|ey H| = Mew) x m| Os zo au — au a au aw |= d R= Ot ou wy la : ax ay ay oe |v ox Thus /(u, ¥) = 0 is general solution of (iv) Now find # and v to have the required solution Differentiating w= and v=, we get ou, , Gu Feder Bays Sarno and Fa Rs Qe =0 Solving these, we have ee dy de Qu Ov Ovdu Ovdu uv du ov_ou we ye we we we Hy & (by cross Multiplication method) a& _ dy lz we) PQ eR which is equation (ii) Thus solution of (ii) is given by v= 4 independent solutions of a _ dy © then f (u R and y= 6. Hence if w= a and v = b are two y) = 0 is general sol. of Lagrange’s Linear Equation: de he R Note: Equation (ii) 2-5 ns, OF subsidiary equations are auxiliary equation n @ PptQq [nerkng cog one P9022] g Method to solve PP the Form of ()) and find P,Q, R- Step (A) :Write given equation oe Step (By Write Lageange’s ausiiony «HUMINT Step (C) : Find two independe™* ccaons general sol Step (D) : Write £4 ) ~ Saton, = b of eqs. given in step (B) hich ution (integral) of the given 0, whic! Scanned with CamScannerBRILLIANT DIFFERENTIAL Ei Ua ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Note : In this example , solution of P p + Q.q = R is obtained by taking two eb y 492 dx _ dy the itegrat te auniliary equation =o te time and then integrating to have two independ solutions in variables whose differentials are involved in equation. Example 1. Solve the following for general solution () p+q=cosx (i) ap+Bq=y (iii) 6p+7q=8 (iv) pz= @) pxtqy=Sz @) epty qu? (vi) yzptixg=xy (it) Y pr quvr ye () Yptyqery 2 (@) Pzptzxg=xy¥ (x) a) p+ (y-B)q= Gil) Pp-xyqux@-2y) Gili) ptanx+qtany=tanz @iv) ptq= = Qo) p * @vi) p+q=sinx Sol. () We are given p +g = cos x Compare it with Pp+Qq=R Here P= 1, Q=1,R=cosx eet (subsidiary) equation are a bk ll 11 cosx Taking first two members of (i), we get ene 0 Integrating x =y+aor x-y=a Now taking first and last two members of (i), we get cos x dx = dz @ Integrating sinx=2z+borsinx-z=6 ‘Thus from (ii) and (iii), we got v= aandv=b inx—z where wu (x,y,z) =x —y,v (x,y, 2) General sol of given equation is Sf (x~y, sin x2) = 0 where fis any arbitrary function. or Scanned with CamScannerpyar DIFFERENTIAL Equa; jy We are given @ p +B g Compare it with P pt Here P=, Q=Band R= y Auxiliary equations are HL _& Cee ‘Taking first two members of (i, Bdx=a dy Integrating Bx=ay+a or Bx —ay= Taking last two members of (i, yay=Bdz Integrating yx=Bz+bor yy-pz=5 Thus from (if) and (iii), we get w= aand v=h where w (x, ¥52)=Bx-ay,v(xy,2)=yy—pz General sol. of given equation is {Bx-ay,yy-Bz)=0, wiv) where fis any arbitrary function. Note. Here if we take first and last members of (i) vet 22 ay = y de=a dz integrating yx=aztb or yx-az.=b . ro) from (ii) and (v) General sol is SBx-ay,yx-az)=0 Both (iv) and (vi) are general solutions of 8 Jeri differential equation which is given (iti) We are given 6 p+79=8 compare it with Pp +Qq=R Here P=6,Q=7,R= 493 Qa=R oA) ‘We get We get tii) eoiti) wv) ven equation since they give rise to same de et 2 Auxiliary equations are =" ~"g Taking first two members of (), We 8 Td =6dy Gea Integrating 7 x= 6 y+ or 7*~ 67 Taking first and third members of @ Weget 8dr = 6 dz Scanned with CamScannerse ee Taking last two members of (i) we get or yey 28 2de y 4 From (ii) and (ii) we get u=aand v= 5 bool wih 1 =-=, GYD TOT 9 re Se where 1 (x,y, 2 The general sol is given by = 0, where fis any arbitrary function (vii) We are given pzptzxqaxy Compare it with Pp +Qq=R where P=yz,Q=zx,R=xy The auxiliary equation are aD § veo oy ’ Taking first and second members of (i) de _ dy We get H 2 = eget = or xdv=ydy Integrating, we get 28 i so & - aoe or -yr=q ‘Taking first and last members of (i) a We Bet & or xdemzde xy i 2 Integrating, we get = 2 2 or _—— From (if) and (i) We getu= gy ay Scanned with CamScanner1FFERE! qe DI INTIAL EQuayy IONS OF Fy =? AST ORD se 05992) -¥ Ad ¥ (% y 2) = 2 The general solisgivenby - 2 yh? -2)=0 wher rary function $02 -9.°-2)=0 whe Sis any arbitra fu % ti caqveweaive yoteane yz conpare it with Pp + Qg=R pre PaY Q=7 and R= x22 2 sheauniliary equations are ad ad de dy alg SY ab PQ R Ly Wye ld rokng first and second members a of (9 weget 2° d= oo a a Integrating —=2—+5 > Piyrag eg i) From first and last members of (i) 4. ~*~ or deez de ye xP ye weet, 3 Integrating 2 or 34327 il) ce From (if) and (iif), we get w= a and vere 1 (2,952) = yvonne td! The general sol of (i) is given by es Buy P437')=0 OF prarl=f@-y’) (&) Weare given p+)" 4 Compare it with Pp +Qq=R 2 Here P= 42, Q =)? and R= — The auxiliary Equations are wo) or ers of From first and second member Scanned with CamScannerae BRILLIANT DIFFERENTi4) S * de= yi dy Integrating, we get * yl yon we get a of = -2+1 -24+1 From first and last members of (i) tg ewe tde we get joe x? x 2 241 de Integratingx= +h or 442= eee AO + I z 1 The general sol is (4-4) a0: yor? @) Weare giveny’zp+zx q=xy Compose it with p P+qQ=R Here P=y* z,Q=zx7andR The auxiliary Eqs. are yz zx xy’ Taking first two members of (i) We get x* de=y" dy ‘ 2 3 Integrating oT 2 vy Further taking first and last members of (i) we get x dv =2 dz 2 a. 22 From (ii) and (iii), we get v= @ and v= 5 where u(x, y, 2)=x°—y? and v (x, y, 2) =3?— 22 The general sol is given by S082 - 2) =0 where fis any arbitrary function (@i) We are given (@-@)p+(y-B)quz-y Compare it with Pp +Qg=R Here P=x-@,Q=y ~Band R=z~-y Integrating 3 we Pigey a Scanned with CamScanner500 = ~y Integrating y . ye-y “From (i) and (ii), we get v= aand v= b where 1 (x,y 2) =a +y? and. v(x 42) = 2-97 ‘The general sol. is given by Se +y*,yz-y)=0. (ail) We are given ptanx+q tany =tanz Compare it with Pp +Qq=R Here P =tanx, Q=tany, R=tanz bd aa de The auxiliary eqs are = ] Taking first two members of (i), we get cot x dx = cot y dy Integrating log sinx=log siny + log a => log sin'x—log sin y= log a > log *= Joga > B® 4 sin y siny Taking last two members of (), we get cot y dy = cotz dz Integrating log sin y= log sin z + log b > logsiny—logz=log 5 = tog M2 =Iog5 > SY, A sinz sinz From.(ii) and (iti), we get u=a and v= sinx siny where w (x, y, z)= and v(x, y, 2) = t sinz siny The general sol is given by sinx Sf ( = a2) =0 siny’ Sinz (xiv) Weare given = pt g=Z @ Compare it with Pp +Qg=R Here P=1,Q=1andR= = a The auxiliary equations are Scanned with CamScannereS two members of (7) ate ve ae vrearatin® xaytaorx-yra xing oe two members of (i) ii) i a weet ee 7 wii) From (ii) and (iii), we get V4 andv=b where u (922) = and vq y-sen ‘The general sol is sles wie “) =o where fis any arbitrary fetion oe tet =fer-y) oF elt =zfee-Y- z &) We are given p27 Compare swith pP+9Q7R® 2,Q=0,R=Y The auxiliary equations ar : nO) . in = whi From first two members of (s 4 o integrating” ~ “ ” From Ist and last member of Wehave y dx =2 de? gy ara ote « : wld Integrating 2 y be ayx-FP | From (ii) and (iii), W°" get w= andv7? Ae Where w(x, y, 2) = aM Scanned with CamScannerBRILLIANT DIFFEREVTL LOU, The general sol is given by SO. 2yx-7)=0 where fis any arbitrary function = (9) any arbitrary function or (vi) We are given p + q = sin Compare it with Pp +Qq=R 7 Here P= 1, Q= 1, R=sinx Auxiliary equations are dx +r Taking first two members of (/), we get dx=dy Integrating x =» +a orx— Now taking first and last members of (), we get Sinxdx =dz —cosx+bh=zo0rz+cosx=b Integrating Thus from (ii) and (iii), we get w= a, Where u=x-y, v =2 + cos x General sol of given equation is F (xy, z + cos x) = 0 orz + cos x=f(x—y) where fis any arbtrary frcin Inthe next example, solution of Pp + Q q = R is obtained by taking two menbasi the auxiliary equation and integrate to have an equation (one independent solution) variables whiose differentials are involved and another independent solution is obi by making use of the first solution (integral). Example 2. Solve the following Lagrange's linear equations for general solution. (@ p-q=log@+y) @) (p-O@ty)=? (i) xzptyzqzxy (iv) zp-zq=xty @) xy p-y'q=-axz (i) p-2q3x sin@x+y) (iii) p+3.qg=5z-tan(Bx-y) @) Sp-6q=5x'cos(6x+5y) (xi) pxtqz=-y Sol. () We are given p —q = log (x + y) diff. equation Compare it with Pp +Qq=R Here P= 1, Q=~1,R=log (x+y) Scanned with CamScannerfi prERENTIAL, EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER phe auxiliary equations are 4. aan wo dz == log(xt+y) yn first two members of (/) +dy=0 xtyaa ting ¥ 7 F- from first and last members of (i) alii) eel de weet! “Tose” Toga (Using (ip ie. putting value of +9) (log a) de= dz xaztb (log @+y))x #248 xlog(x+y)-2=5 elif) we get u=aandv=b u(x waxy v (x,y, 2) =x log +) -2 The general sol is fe ty, x log (x+y)-2)=9 @ety)-2-fery 2 iterating (og 2 2 2 From (i) and (iii). where or xlog where fis any arbitrary function ferential equation (Weare given the di (-DEtY=2 oe ety)p-@tNIR* Compare it with Pp +Q9= where P=x+y, Qa=-@ ty) R#2 . The auxiliary equations are oi) From first and second members of O We get dx =— ‘dy oF det dy if) Integrating, x += 4 From first and last members oF Scanned with CamScannerOO EEE 7 ty = Integrating x = a log |= 1+ 5 > xa(etyplogl71+5 (a= riyg im > x—(@+y) logl? =b Mi From (ii) and (ii), we get w= @and y= “4 here u (a yya) =x ty VI ATE ETD ELE The general sol is given by Feet yx—O+y) log] 21) = 9 (iti) We are given the differential equation xzptyzq=xy Compare it with Pp +Qq=R Here P=xz,Q=yz,R=xy a The auxiliary equations are & = 2 -E we £922 : xe yz xy \ From first two members of (/), we get &o xy . Integrating, log |x |= log |y"| + log | ¢| => — log|x|=log|yc] = Ixl=lyel > xetye = 2 =c=a(sy) 2 22a y From last two members of (i), we get BB Va, Ve ye oxy e, & z ay > aydy=zd ( wi = Qylady =22d Integrating ay?=2?+b a x a AysPtb orxy- From (ii) and (iti), we have w= a and v= 6 Scanned with CamScanner