HILDE V OMI S ee XMMVS BHUOJOMMA Jgank® J ReTirites ou risse ce wt Ost ty - Burogrotoske k OTO, ETD ! Oia toveMNRrM Case NET BORO Ca BION Car nyE ! PS EV Merion BCC MBI (eLe SE EMUOP CO TLCMTILU NOONE TTTOMMAB/IEHUE XHMHA TEOPETHYECKHE OCHOBBI ‘XHMHH Coupemense npeeranxenis o crpoenit aroma. . « Sackerpouas. KouDpurypaNs aroma Ocuomuoe 1 noaby2xéHHIOe coctomute aTowon .. .« Tepnoawaeckuii 3aKon 1 Tlepuogmieckax encrena xangveckx 9teMeHTOB ‘Ul. WH. Memaeneesa .... Baxoxomepnocr#t naMeHesist cnoiicrs axemeHToD 1 11x coonunentt O6max xaparrepuicraa meraamos LA-IILA rpynn O6mas xapakrepucruKa meranaos IIIA rpynmt ........- 11 Xapakrepucruka mepexoqubtx azementos Obnax xapaicrepuerinKa neserazaos IVA-VIIA rpynn ... 12 Xunuveckast cnsias 1 erpoene apres) eerel0) od peurecTsa ..... ated: Hounas cause. Meranmuectas ‘esaab. Bogoponuast cBsiab . 18 Dnexetpoorpunatersuoers. Creniex oxnenenus u nanenrHocTs ...... 18 Moaexyanpnioe A HeMosiexyaisipHoe erpoexite senmers 9 ec clases ede ‘Tum kpncraxmvecxoit pemériat . « 14 Xunnrseckas peaxnst 215 Tenszonoit adver xunmecxoit peacnum ss... + seis Ckopoers peaxuumt, 6 sapnicuMocT® o7 pasaraitErx Gaurapon ii si hi Gisne meet, 116 Osparusene 1 Heo6paraaise xangiieckie peaxiiit. Xunarueckoe panuonecue ...... 16 Cyremenne xunaraecxoro panHonects om zelicrauex Qeuropon limites oes ately Daexrpoauraveckast anccormanua axeKTpomuTOB fe wogwarx pacrpopax .... +++... 17 Ocnomnie nonoxkenust Teopumt uexrpommTsecKoii Auccommaran .. . ena: Peaximn nonnoro o6wena .. +... . 18 : ah -19 noccranonnrensimte peaks... . . 20 Koppoausat meras108 ee se 20, ‘SueKrpomus pacitaoB x pacrnopos (costelt, uyeoveli, Saumor)sescvjacsie ees 221 Moxnntit (npasuto ‘Mapxonnuxona) 1 paguxambustit exanuamer peaxuutit Bopranmueckoit xuamm .. 2.2... 21 HEOPPAHHYECKAS XHMHSI Homenkaarypa xumurvecknx pemects .. « Xapairepuste xuMatueckHe enojicrpa mpocrsix Benyecrs- METANIOB 6. + +e ees peas) Xapaxrepusie xunnuveckste caolicra méxounsix metaion ... . 23 Xapaxrepasie xunarveckue caolicrpa méxounosemensHnix MeTaLIOB ss... + Pras, Xapaxrepusie xumuueckue cnoiierna mpocroro semecrsa amoMHans . . Xapaxrepmute xunurveckue caolicraa nepexoguerx merauion . . 24 ‘Xapaxrepusie xumuveckne cnolicrna 2Kene9a...- +... ‘Xapaxrepusie xummueckne esolicrsa Bonopoaa . . Xapaxrepuste xuamueckue croficrsa raqorexon . . Xapaxrepusie xuMuyeckue cpoficrsa Kuexopona H o30ma . . Xapaxrepunie xumuueckue cnoiicraa cepst m e& coeaunenuit . . . 27 Xapaxrepasre xumuueckne caolicraa asora u ero coenunennit . 28 ‘Xapaxrepusie xumuveckue esoliersa octpopa .....----+-+ 29 Xapaxrepunie xumuveckue epoitersa yrnepona ... . 29 3@ OMABNEHME Oxeuast yrrepoxa CO 1 CO,. Yromsuas xucnora 1 e€ con. Xapaxrepunre xmarueciue ceolierpa Kpemnua . Xapaxrepanie xmantuecie cxolicTea ocHonHBx OKCHOB . « Xapaxrepusie xmatuecte cnoliersa KucKOTHEIX wm amchorepHix OcHAOB Xapaxrepusre xmerueckue caoficrsa ocxoBaxuit 1H avorepHEIx THAPOKCHAOB . « Xaparrepunre xumuveckue cnoficrpa KucaOT . . « ove Xapaicrepuste xunveckue cnoiicrsa coxeil: cpenmx, KNCTBIX, OCHOBHBIX, KOMILTEKCHEIX « Rese: OPrAHHYECKAS XHMHS ‘Teopus etpoexust oprammueckux coemMHeHMi 2... e eee eee BF Bugui wgomepuu .........--.. 34 ‘Tums casiaeli n MomeKy.1ax opranmueckux semects ........ 35 TnOpuausanus avomnnrx opOurasteli yrsiepoaa pero @ynxnuonaxsuan rpyrma. Paguran ......+++ see: Kaaccuduxanua opranmeckux BEMECTR. oe. esse ee ase Homenxarypa opranuuecknx Bemects (rpuEia.nbHast M MexkayHapoauan) .........-. 37 Xapaxrepusie xumuueckne csoiiersa axkano1 Uuxsoankam - Baers a) Xapaxrepusre xumuueckne cnojicrna anKeHOB .....- Xapakrepuste xummueckne cnoiicrsa queHOB . . « ‘Xapaxrepusie xunumueckue cnoiicna AIKMHOB..... ++ - ‘Xapaxrepapie xuMuveckue cnoiicrsa apomaTuecKux YIACBOROPOOB «s+. +--+ Xapaxrepusie xuMuveckme cuolicrsa npeqexsHLix OHORTOMHEIX 1M MHOTOATOMHBIX CIIEPTOB .. . . « Xaparrepxsre xunmrecxme cnolicrea (beHonoB ..... +++ Xapaxrepauie xunumueckme cnolicrea axaernzon . Xapaxrepunre xumuyeckue cnoiicrna mpenebHBIx KapGonopsix KuCHOT ........+ +. 43 Xapaxrepxire xumauecke cnoiiersa cxomnnix adupos ..... . 43 Xapaxrepuite xumuueckne 40 cnoiierna amHHOB . . . cae Ae ‘Xaparrepusie xunaueckue cnolicrsa aMMHoKMexOT . we A Buosornuecku saxxsie pemectsa. JKupsr .. ++ +45 Buosormuecks naxcunre pemectna. BemkH ...+.-00++ ++ 46 Buonormueckst paxkunte wenrecrsa. Yraenogst. Monocaxapumut ...... 47 Buonornueckt naskHste nemectsa. Jucaxapuast ........ 48 Buostormuecku BaxKkeste nemectsa. Honucaxapugnr ...... 48 ‘BaauMmocssisb opranuueckux coeaunenuii ee 80.TEOPETUYECKUE OCHOBbI XAMUN Cospemenbie npegctasneHua o crpoeHMn aToma ‘Arom — cnoxHas Helirpansuas wactHa, coctonmat 13 TpoToHos, anexrponon 1 Heirpoxon Kommyecteo mporouos 8 spe ompe- feaser BexKIHHY ero nONODKUTeEL- Horo aapsiqa — ocHonHoli xapaK- Bea Macca atoma coep»uToa B spe, KoTOpoe cocrouT us Hy- KaoHoB — mporoxos (]/p uxn p*), uacTun, uMmelomux sapax +1 1 mac cy, pasHy1 macce aroma Boxopoza, Helirponon, YacTHun, He mMer- THX gapaza, ¢ Maccoii, pasHoit mac- ce nporona, r. e. 1 TepucTHKH aiementa. KoawyectBo MpoToHoR B pax aTOMOB aTeMeH- TOR — Berga nocToAHHOe HnEI0 PasHOBMAHOCTH ATOMOB ¢ OAHHAKO- BEIM 3apsJ[OM spa, HO pasHBIMH Mac- caMM, HasbIBawoT H30TonamH. Tak, uaoron xopa 3°Cl cogepaur 17 i7cl ie — Daexrpoust (2) — 970 onementap- wBIe YaCTHNEI, uMeroue Maccy 1/1837 o. a, m. m aapag —1 nporonos u 18 neiirpoxon, a 17 mporonos 1 20 neiirponop TIpunagzexnocrs — xuMuuecKoro Tipocrpanerso BoKpyr agpa aroma, re HaHGonee BeposTHo naxoxze- HMe aHHOTO osleKTpOHA, HaSBIBAIOT op6urasmio atoro axeKTpona umm auleKTpORHEIM O61aKOM aueMexTa K TOMY HIM HHOMY au1eK- TponHoMy cemeiicrsy onpemensior no 9aeKrpounolt Komdurypanun (oaewrponnoi dopmyzte), Koropas noKagbinaet pacnonoxeHue aeK- TpOHOB Ha oHepreruyeckHXx ypoB- Hx H opOwTanax atoMoR 3neKtponHiaa Kon \purypayna aroma Tlopaxox sanosuenus op6uraseit Banoauenue onexTpouamn oneprerini eckHX ypopitell B aToMe HoguuuseTeA UPHHIMIY MHHHMasBHOH oHepruu, 7. e. B MepByH Ouepexs sarlonHANTCA sHepreTHeckHe yPOBHI, pactoslOxeHHBIe OK K APY, A MMeHHO s-op6u- Tau, noTom p-op6urasin 1 d-op6uTas ta Tipmmuun Mayan Ha xaaxqoit op6wraan Moryt Haxo- museca He Coulee qBYX amexTpoHOB, MpHsém cIMHBI Hx MpoTUBOMOTO2KBI, [UJ] — aanpemeno; IN — paspeuieno TIpanuao Xynaa Opourann sanomusioTes anexrpo- HAMM TaK, ¥TOOLI UX CyMMapHBIit cnmH ObL1 MaKCHMATbHBIM. (Nyt tit — aanpemeno; t — paspemreno DueKrpoHHad KOMMburypauuA aroma amloMMHNA: 15?2s*2p%3s°Sp!, T'papuueckas anexrponnan dopmya aueMeHTa asOMMEHs: rr 3d {ry} 3s it iN 2p [ny Ny 2s MN 1s 3pTeopetmueckne OcHoBbI XAMMA mt OctosHoe u Boa6yKéHHOe cocToRHNe aTOMOB Crpoenue Hapy:kHBIx 9HepreTHuecKHX ypoBHeii aTOMOB XUMMYeCKUX aue- MeHTOR Onpejenser B OCHOBHOM cBoficTSa Hx aToMos. Oru ypoBitH HasEtBa- Jo? RAXEHTHBIMH, A 2NeKTPOHBI, KOTOPHIE Ha HUX HAXORATCH, HasbIBaIOTCR BaAeNTHMIMH 9aeKTpoNAMN. DnekTpoHBI oTHX ypoBHeli MpHHNMaroT yuac- ‘Tue B o6pasoRaHHM XUMHYeCKHX cBAgelt. BasenrHocrs aroma XMMuYecKOrO suIeMeHTA ONpeneaseTCH B tepByI0 o¥e- pellb HMCIOM HeCTApeHHEIx 9z1eKTPOHOB Arom (bocibopa B ocHoBHoMm (craiioHapHoM) 1 Boa6yacAéHHom (To crs 0- JYIBIIMM AOTOMHUTETBHY!O sHeprii0) cocroanun. Avo «ocdopa B Bos- GyxxaéHuoM cocrosHuu oGosHauaior P*. asP 18°2s%2p%3s°3p* +" _, | .P* 1522s?2p93s!3p93d! it (tit [t 3d it |r It f 3p = [ines 3d 5 35 Nepvopmueckwih 3aKoH W Mepnognueckan cucrema xummuecknx anemeHtos fl. Ml. Mengeneesa Tepnoawyecxuit saxon Caoiiersa xuMmueckHx amemenToB M O6paayeMbIx HMM BeIecTs HaXO- AaTCA B epHomuuecKoil sasHcHMo- CTH OT SapAAOB MX ATOMHBIX Aqep Tlepuomwseckas cmcrema — 070 raQsMMa BCeX HaBeCTHEIX xHMUYe- ‘CRUX ouleMeHTOB, KoTOpLIe pacrio.r0- 2KeHBI B COOTBETCTBUH ¢ MepHOAMIe- ckHM aaKoHOM Ocnonnoii xapakrepuernxoit ame- MeHTa B MepwonuecKoi cucreme snaseren ero MopsaKosstit Homep, xoropstii ykassimaer Ha saps axpa aroma aslemenTa, TO ec onpesets- er “e0 MpoToHoE B Hém HM HHCsIO aueKTPOHOR B ameKTPOHHO!t OGOT0N- Ke aroma Tlepuoqom Hassisaeten ropusoH- rambubiii pst oneMeHTOB B TepHo- juieckoit ceTeme, Koropstit pac- TosOxKeH B NOpAAKe Bospacranua sapaqoB aulep HX aTOMOB, H HAuE- HaeTCs UleTOHKIM MeTAILIOM, a 3a- KaHYMBaeTCa HHEpTHEIM rasom THepwogst moryr coctoaTs us omH0- ro (Tak HasbiBaemMoro Maxoro) HH asyx (Gombmme nepuogst) pxq0B. Homep mepuoza, 8 KoTopom pacno- 1OKEH TOT HI MHOIt aeMeHT, Co- omperersyer ancsy onepreruaecknx yposueli 5 arome. Beprukanpusie croaGupt a1eMeHToB B MlepMoguueckolt cHcTeme HasbIBa- sor rpynmayne Kaxkaas rpynma cocrour wa qByx noarpynn — raapnoit 1 noGoMHoit. Tlogrpynny, » KorTopyio BxonaT QUeMEHTEI M MamBIx, H GomsmHx HepHojioR, HasHIBAI0T rulaRHoit MOA- rpynnoit. Tozrpynny, 8 xoropyo BXOMAT 9EMeHTHI TOKO GomBMIMX nepuozon, naantaror noGounoit noarpymnoit Homep rpynmst ist 9leMenTOB raBHEIX ToATpynt pasex MaKcHMaTbHOMY MMCHY BANeHTHEIX 91K TPOHOB@ XUMUA 3akoHOMepHOCTH M3MeHeHMA CBOlICTB aneMeHTOB M ux CoeAMHEHMiA B mpenexax onHoro m Toro 2ke Mepwona cxena Hanpaso MeTaamuuecke csolicrsa aemextos ocsta6enaion, a HemeTarmmeckue youuBAIOTeH Y coeauuenuit semenror » nepuo- jax cnena Hanpazo Bospacraer: ‘cremens oKHCAeHMa B BBICKINX oxengax or +1 0 +8: ‘creneub okucenua B xery4ux BOMOpOHLIX coemuHeHMAX oT —4 70-1 Tpossamoies rake momenernus cnoticrs: © OKCHABI OT OCHOBHBIX Yepes amqpo- TepHBle eMeHAIOTeR KHCTOTHBIMI oxenqamn; * ruapoxensr o7 menoueit uepes am- (poTepHnie cMensioTca KucTOTaMH Tomo! * paauyc aroMon yMeHbulaercs Crpoexue atomos o6bacHaeT arm MaMeneHHA cnoiicTs, TAK KAK: © YBeAMUMBAIOTCH BapAAbI ATOMHLIX AEP o1eMeHTO! © yReamumpaercs sucx0 91eKTpoHOB Ha BHeILHeM 9Hepreru4ecKom ypoBHe © uuicno sHepreruueckux ypoBHeii He HaMeHseTcs; waGepalor, TAK KaK: © yBenmunpaerca paguyc aToMos B mpegenax oqnoii m Toit xe rpynmmt (8 rxanuoli noarpynne) cBepxy BANS Merasiuueckue CBOMicTBa aeMeHTOR YeusIMBaIOTeH, a HeMeTaLIMYECKHe OC- © yBemumumpaiores sapaysi ATOMHBIX sep 21eMeHTOR; © ulcn0 ameKTpoHOR Ha BHeMIHeM oHepreTHYecKOM YpoBHe He HaMeHSeTCH; © yBenunpaeres uncx0 aHepreTHuecKHX ypoBHeii B aToMax; O6ujan xapaktepuctuka merannos IA-IIIA rpynn Meraaurst — oro xumuveckue ome- MeHTSI, ATOMBI KOTOBIX oTAaIor SNeKTPOHSI BHEMTHeTO (a HeKOTO- psie — 4 mpemsHemtero) ae Tpor- Horo ¢xos, Upespamasics B n070- 2KHTONIBEHIE HOHE Meraast 8 mepnoamueckoit cxtere- Me HaXogsTen HIKKe AMaroHasit 6op — actat, a Takxe BEme Heé B MoGoHKEIx Momrpymmax Mexounsie merase Dro suemeHTst MmaBHoi noarpynmst I rpynmst nepwoguyeckoit cucremst. ATOMBI MeTOuHEIX MeTasI0B comep- 2KaT Ha BHEIIHeM oHepreTHuecKOM. YpoBHe TOMbKO omuH aneKTpoH, Koropstit OHM gerKo oTqaioT mpi xumuieckix naammogelicrBHax, OSTOMY ABJIMIOTCH CHbHeMIIH- MH noceraronuTenamu. TonatHo, TO ¢ yBeaMueHHem paguyca aTo- Ma BoceTaHoBHTesBHEIe cpoiicrna MeIOWHEIX MeTAIOB ycHAMBaLOT- ca or auras x dpannmo. C. 0. +1 Iéxounosemexpusie meraae1 Dro oxementst, cocranasiome raasxy nogrpynny IT rpynmt. Ha saxentHom yposue Bcex wé10%- HOJEMEABHBIX ovIeMeHTOB HAXORsT- CA ABA ameKTPOHA, TAK KAK B XUMM- MecKUX peaKNMAX oHeprerHuects BHITOAHee UX OTAAT, eM Mpucoe- AMHUTS HeOOxoqUMEIe Aja saBep- MeHHS BHEIIHero oHepreTu4ecKoro YypoBHua mecrs suexrpoxos. Iloato- My sce omemenrat II nepwona ansis- wores Metasiiamu, onHaKO Hx Me- TamimueckHe cBOiCTBAa pas/IMUMbI 10Teopetuyeckne OCHOBbI XMM O6waa xapaktepuctuka metannos IIIA rpynnbt Amommuanit Al — semen riasnoi noarpynmt II rpynmst 3-ro nepuona. Ero arom coepokuT Ha BHEITHeM aHepreruuecKoM ypoBHe TPH o1eKTpoHa, KoTopbie OF JerKo OTRaéT MPH XUMMECKHX BsaMMonelicranaX. Y poxona- ‘waibHuka nogrpynmst Gopa paxuye aroma Menbue (y Gopa on pase 0,080 uM, y amommuns — 0,143 HM). Y aToma amiomuHust umeeres mpome- xytounbiit BocbMusTexTpoHHEtii coi (28; 8@; 3é ), KoTopsIit mpensaTcrsy- er MpUTsKeHMO BHEMIHUX aeKTPOHOS K apy. TloaToMy y aToMa amomu- Hula BOCCTAHOBHTeNbHBIe cBOlicTBA BLIPArKeHbI cHIbHee, YeM y aToMa Gopa. C.0. +8 Xapaktepuctuka nepexoplbix anementos Mens, MHK, xpoM H 2Keme30 Ha- xoqaTe B MOGOUHIX nomrpynmax nepuommeckoit cucremst. StH ae- MeHTEI — MeTamEr Banenrasie atexrponbi y HHXx pac- HOOeHSI Ha BHEMIHHX ypOBHAX (sonexrpoust) 4 Ha npexsHemmnx ypopuax (d-aaeKTponst) Men» Mens (Cu) — anemenr mo6o4noit Togrpynmst neproii rpynmer. Ouexrponnas (opmyza: (...3d'4s!), Tlecarsrit d-anexrpon y Heé noy- BIDKHBI, T. K. OH Tepemecrutca © 4s-oayponus. Mean » coequse- HUSX MposBAseT cremeHM oKMCme- nutst +1 (CuO) 1 +2 (CuO) Than Tjunx (Zn) — ozement no6ounoit noarpynnss IT rpynmst. Suexrponnas dopmyzna: (...3d!045), Tak KaK B ATOMAX HMHKA mpeqno- cnequnit d-nogyponenb MOmHOCTRIO SABePIIEH, TO WMHK B COeAMHEHHAX mpossaser crenen» oxucnenua +2 Xpom Ha mpumepe xpoma (Cr) moxHo 10- KagaTb, 470 cBoiicTBa MepexoaHBIX aneMeHTOR MeHsOTes He mpi HMHATbHO: MpoHexonuT KomHe- cTeHHOe MSMeHeHMe, cBsgaHHOe © maMeHeHMem uMcTa ameKTpoHOR Ha BazeHTHEIx op6uTanax. ‘Saexrponnas hopmyzna: (...34'*4s"). MaxkcuMassuaa crenens oxnexeHms xpoma +6 3Keaeso 3Kexeso (Fe) — oxemenr noGouxoit mogrpynmer VII rpynmr # 4-ro me- pHoga HepHogMueckoii cucTeMBI. Dxextpornaa cbopmysna: (...3d"445?). Tloxo6Ho seem MeTasiaM, aToMBr 2kenesa mposBamor BoceTaHoBH- TempHsre cBolicTsa, oTanaa mp XUMMYeCKHX BsAMMOneliCTBHAX ABA aueKTpoHa ¢ nocsemHero ypoBHa (C. 0. +2) w axexrpox ¢ npemmocsen- Hero yposns, nossmmas C. 0. 40 +3 Y nepexoxuuix oemenron-merasz108 CHCTeMBI BAJeHTHEIe OeKTPOHBI HAXOJATCA Ha BHEIIHUX (8-9JeKTPOHBI) 4 mpensuemmux (d-anexrpount) yposHax nOGoWHBIX NoOATpynn mepuoquuecKoit [as onementon xapaxvepust nepe- Menmare C. O. Coemanennn npossamor pani mnie KMCOTHO-ocHoBHEIe cnojicTna C sospacranuem C. 0. osemexra B OKCHJe M THAPOKeMe KUCTOTHBIE csoiicrsa nocmemumx yeummsaores un@ XUMuA O6was xapakrepnctuka Hemerannos IVA-VIIA rpynn Hemetanap1 — ato xumuueckne QueMeHTSI, AIH aTOMOB KOTOpEIX XapakrepHa cmocobuocrs pram MaTb azeKTpoHsI 0 sanepmrennst BHemmHero cos Gxaroqaps Hamm smo Ha BHemHeM aseKTpontom caoe uersipéx u Gone oneKTpoHOB M ManoMy paguycy aroMos 10 cpaB- HeHMI0 C aTOMAMH MeTasIOB (HC- KyioweHHe — uneprupie ragnt) DuemenTH-Hemerasms — (HCKIMOHe- nme — noqopon) saHuMaior B mie- puogMuecKoii cucreme amemeHTOB npapstit nepxumii yron, oGpasys TpeyroxbuMK, sepurnoi Kotoporo apnsetces drop (F), a, ocHopann- em — quarouan» B-At. Hemeran- Hot — 970 suleMeHTEI rIABHEIX TO/- TPYIIM, B OCHOBHOM p-9eMeHTSI, HC- KJlo¥eHHe — BoApox — s-91eMeHT Aaaorpomust Bompmioe uncx0 aneMeHTon-HeMeTarsIon OOPAsyIOT HECKONBKO MpocTBIX Be- ulecTs — aaaorpommarx moxudpmKcattit. 970 CBOHICTO ATOMOB HAsEIBAIOT asI- norponneii, Oua Moxer 6sir casgana ¢ pasHuIM cocazom MosieKya1 (Oo, Oz) Hc PaaHBIM cTpoeHMem KpHeTansos. AnxorponHsiMn MogMpuKannaMH yraepona sBimores rpadur, amas, Kap6un, dyzuieper Xummueckan cena u crpoeHe BewecTaa Tog xumuueckoii cBase10 nonuMa- JoT Takoe BaauMozeiicrsue aToMos, KoTOpoe CBAGKIBACT UX B MoOmeKY- bl, HOHBI, palMKans, KPuCTaEL Konasentnas xummseckas cash — 9TOCBASB, BOSHMKAIOMIAA Mex TY aTO- MaMH 3a c4éT O6pasonanna oOuyHXx ameKTPOHHEIX Tap MexKjy arOMaMH O6menusiit Mexannam oGpasonanua KonanentHoit caaan B atom cnyyae atoms! o6pasyi0T oGnyue oMeKTpoHHEIe MapsI ga cueT OGbeqMHeHUA HecMAapeHHEIX ameK- ‘Tpoxos. Hanpumep, za Bogopoga Hy: H:+-H> HOH, umm H—H Ceaab posumKaer Os1arogaps mepe- Kppinanimo s-op6uraneit. On OGD se * Mexay smpamm sogopona sooHu- KaeT HeKoTopax jonomHuTerpHaA 9ueKTPOHHAA HJIOTHOCTS — oTpuna- Tenpubtit sapay, crarumarommnit 10- JORMTEMBHEIC AIPA ATOMOB Honopuo-axuenropustit mexannam oGpasonanns KonazenrHoii XHMIHeCKOii eBsI3I OGpasonanne KonamenTHOi cpaai vona ammonust NH: H HY HNH + Hcl > |HNH| cr. OHOp axnenrop H Jouop umeer anextponnyi mapy, akyenTop — cBodoquy% opbu- ‘Tams 9, KoTOpyio ara napa Moxer 3aHATb. B woHe aMMOHHH Bce ¥e- ‘Tuipe cnaan c aToMamM Roxopona KOBAJIeHTHBIe: TPH oOpasoBasHce no OOMeHHomMy Mexanusamy, onHa — no AoHOpHo-axnemTopHoMy Xapaxrepnermxm konasenrHoit cnsam auna csasu — 27To paccroanue Mexay aapamu aTomos. Xumuue- kas CRAGH TeM mpouHee, WeM MeHE- Mepoii npounocra casa apasercs oHeprHs CRsI3H, KOTOpAA Ompenens- eres KosMYeCTROM aHeprim, He06- xomuMoit am pasperpa ceAaHTeopetuyeckue OCHOBbI XuMUN Vonwan canab. Metannuueckas canab. Boopoguan cBasb Houmas xmmrdeckas cni3b — 970 cBai3b, OGpasylonjasca Mery KATH OHaMH H AHHOHAMH 3a CU6T HX 9u1eK- TpocrarMyecKoro HpurmKeHiA. Na® + Cl° > Nat + Cl cae ‘axon = aston Meraamrueckoit cna3bi0 Haspraior cRaab B MeTasAX M crmaBax, Ko- ‘Topas ocymyecTBasterca cosoKynHo- CTbIO BAseHTHEIX 91eKTPOHOB Mex- Ay aTOM-HOHAMM MeTas108 M°-né 2M". XUMuUeCKyI0 CBASh Mexpy aTo- MaMM BOOpoza OmHO! MoseKy.bI (wm eé vac) u aromamu HanGonee 9ueKTPOOTPULLATEbHBIX. 31eMeHTOB (rop, Kucnopog, asor) Apyroit mo- aekymet (auut eé YaCTH) HasBIBaloT BooponHoit at oe Bona OTHIOBBIiE enupr 3nektpoorpuyatenbHocTs. CreneHb OKNCAeHMA M1 BaNeHTHOCT’ Duexrpoorpuyarenpxocrsio (90) Ha- 9bIBAIOT CMOCO6HOCTh aTOMOB xH- MMUeCKHX 9JIeEMeHTOB OTTaruBars K ceGe OGmuIHe aneKTpOHHBIe MapbI B nepwoguueckoii cucreme amemen- tos 90 B mepmoge pacrér c yBean- uenuem vomepa omemerra (cepa wampago), a B TviAaBHBIX mogrpym- max — yMeHbmaeTcs (cBepxy BHH3) Ilo sHavenuam 90 a1emexrE! MorKHO F>0O>Cl>Br>S>P>C>H> PACHONOMMTh B CHekyOULMi pay: Si >Al > Mg > Ca > Na > K > Cs Crenens okueaenus — 9To yeu1on- wut saps atoMon xmMurxeckKoro aueMeHTa B COPRHHEHHM, BEIYHCIEH- HBIii Ha OcHOBe mpeAnonomennA, "To Bee coeamHeHns (i HoHHBIe, uM KoBaxenTHo-noaapHbre) cocTorT TOMBE 1a HOHOB Bo spems xuMuueckoro BsanMozeit- crsus osleKrponuas mapa cmemtaer- A B CTOpony Gonee anekTpooTpHna- ‘vembxoro xnopa: H* — Cl*, oxex- ‘pow OT aroma BOROpOAa TepexoauT CreneHs oxuczenua MoxeT MMeTb OTpuuarembHoe, —_ MosTOKHTeTBHOE uM HymeB0e sHaveHue: at tO Mg,N,, Na,S, Cl, K aromy xsopa = 4acTH4HO? H18¢)18, Ecom mpeacTaBuTs MOAHBI MepeXon a1eKTPOHOB, TO BO- AOpog M xsOp nomyaMAH GBI saps +1 u -1. Taxwe yenopunie sapaaet HagbIBalo? CTeNeHbIO OKUCTeHHA Banentuocrs aroma xumumueckoro auemeHTa ompeyesseTca B mepByi0 ovepen YHCIOM HecHapeHEEIX 9s1eK- Tponos, MpuHuMaromux yuacrue B oOpasonaHMM XMMMYeCKO! CRASH BanentHocts xapaxtepysyer cno- coOHOCTE ATOMOB XHMHYECKHX azte- MeHTOR K oGpasonanmi0 xuMM4e- cKMX cpaseit B opranwueckoit XUMUM HoHATHEe «RaZeHTHOCTHy gaMem\aer MOHsTHe «cTe- TeHs OKHCAeHHA>, C KOTOPHIM NPHEBIUHO paGOTATS B HeopranMIecKoit xH- Muu. OsHaxo 970 He omHo Hm TO 2Kke. BaneHTHOCTS He uMeeT sHAKa H He Moxer 6bITb HYeRO!, TOrMa KAK CTEMeHD OKMCTeHHs OOnSATeIbHO XapaK- ‘repuayetes aHAKOM M MO*eT UMeTb Hysepoe sHayeHHe 3Monexynapnoe “ HemonexynapHoe crpoenne seujects Bemecrsa, coctosmme us Monexya, HASBIBAIOTCA MOJeKYISpHEIMH Be- mecrsamu. Y Mosekynspurx semects caasu Merk MoueKynaMu SHAYHTeTBHO cnaGee, 4eM MexKay aTOMaMH BHY- ‘pu MoxeKy.1BI K semecrsam nemonexyaapHoro cmpoenua orHocaTes HoHHEIe coenH- eu. Upeumymectsenno oro coe- AWHeHMA MeAIB ¢ HemeraaMu: Bee comm (NaCl, K,SO,), Hexoropsie ragpaast (LiH) m oxengst (CaO, FeO), ocrosanna (NaOH, KOH) Taépauie nemectsa: amopdunie u xpucranmmueckue Amopusie semecrsa He umeor uérkoii Temmeparypsi narzennsa — pu HarpesaHum oHM mocreneHHO PASMATHAWOTeS M MepexonaT B TeKy- uee cocrossme (nacrumun, cMona) Kpucranamueckue memecrna xa- PakrepHayioTes TpABHABHBIM pac- TOmO:KeHMem aTOMoB, MosIeKy M woHOS B crporo ompeneméHaEIx TouKax mpocrpaxcrsa. [pu coegn- HeHMM OTHX TO¥eK MpAMBIMM IHHM- simu o6pasyeres mpocrpancrsenabtit Kapkac, Hassipaembtii Kpucrasm- ueckoit pemérxoit. Touxu, 8 KoTO- PBIX PASMeIeHBI YACTHIEI KpuCTa- 4a, HaspiBaloTes yaaamm pemérku Tun xpcrannmueckoit pewérkn Hounemm nasuinaior Kpactanmme- cKHe peléTKM, B yamaxX KOTOpBIX HaxogaTca MoHbI. Mx o6pasyror Be- mecTBa C HOHHOM CBAsbI0, KoTOpOi MoryT 6sITb CBASaHBI Kak mpocrsie vows Na‘, Cl, Tax m caomnsie SO}, OH” (com, raapoxcuasi). Cemon wexny MoHaMu B TakoM KpH- erase oveHb yeroitumsst. ostomy BemlecTBa ¢ HOHHOM pemlérKoi oT- AM4AIOTCH CPABHHTEIbHO BbICOKOI ‘TBépqocTHI HM NPOYHOCTSIO, OHM TY- rommarku m HeneTyaH Arommsmm Hassipaior xKpucras- amueckwe pemérku, B yanax KoTO- PHIX HAXOAATCH OTJeMbHBIe ATOMBI. B raxux pemérax aromnt coeamie- HEI MexAY co6oit oveND mpowHDiMN KopaeHTHEIMH casaamn. [Ipumep: amas — ofHo ua amsorponmue- cKMX BuyonsMeHeHMii yraepoga. Boxsmmucrso semects ¢ aromHoit Kpuctanameckoi pemérKoit ume- JOT O¥eH BBICOKMe TeMneparypLt TABIeHUs, OHM MOREE M TRepALI, Mpaktw4eckm Hepacrnopumnt Monexyaapusimm wagsieaiot Kpn- crammmueckue peulérKu, 2 yanax Ko- TOPEIX Pactlowaraiores MoseKYsIBI. Xunaveckwe cBagH B aTHx MomeKy- ax moryt 6s1Ts u TonapHeime (HCl, H,0), a wenonapasima (No, 02). Boxsumucrso rsépqsix oprannue- cKux coenuennit umewr MoneKy- ASpHble KpHeTamaueckne pert KH (HabranuH, raoKosa, caxap) Bemecrsa c MerannuyecKoik caaabio MMeloT MeTasunrueckMe KPHCTAJIN- weckue pemérxu. B yanax rakux peméTOK HAXOAATCA ATOMEI HM HOHBI (v0 aToMBI, TO MOHBI, B KOTOpEie ter- Ko Tpespatyaiorcs aToMEI MeTasIa, oTqanad CBOM BHEIIHMe seKTpOHEI «8 o6mee Tompsonanue: 4Xumuuyeckan peaxyun Xumneveckue peaxnuu, w.1% xuMTGecKHe aBsenua, — 970 HpoHeccer, B pe- aysbTaTe KOTOPHIX 19 OMHUX BeMIecTs O6pasyiores pyrite BemHecTBA, OTVIN- MaIOUIHeCH OT HCXOAHBIX TO COCTABY HTK erpoeHMIO Ht TO cROticTRAM Peakuum, uzymune Ge3 usMenenua cocrana BemectBa B xeopranuueckoli xumun oro mpo- MeccsI TOYYeHMA asLLOTPONHBIX MoambaKannit, Hampumep: Corpaduny = Craanas)s Stpontusecias) = Siwouox-tauman) B opranmueckolt xumuu — peax- uum WsoMepusanuH: H,C-CH,-CH,—CH,-CH, > eeeeSaae H,C-CH-CH,-CH, CH, 2.mernx6yran (noonentan) Peaxnun, uxymue ¢ nameHeHuem cocrana nemectna Peakuwu coequHenua — 9T0 peaK- MUM, B PesymBTaTe KoTOpEIX U9 ABYX x Gonee Bemecrs oGpaayercs ofH0 CHOMHOE BELIECTBO. S + 0» = SOz; SO; + H,0 = HyS0,. B opranuueckoit xummm peaknun coeMMHeHHs HasbIBAIOT peaKIMAMH mpucoequnenua. CH,=CH,+H, —"“>CH,-CH, Pearuun passioxennst — oto peax- UMM, B pesysBTaTe KOTOpSIX 13 of- HOTO CHO*HOTO HeMecTBA OOpaayer- cH HECKONBKO HOBBIX BemecTR. . 2Hg0 > 2Hg +0,7; : 2KNO, > 2KNO, +0,7. eruaparanus (ormennenue sonst): C,H,OH #2" _.cH,=CH,+H,0 Peaxuuu samemjenus — 970 peax- MMM, B pesysIbTATe KOTOPEIX ATOMBI mpocroro Bemecrsa samemaioT aro- MBI OgHOTO ‘Ma aTeMeHTOB B CHLOR- HOM Bemlecrne. Boanmoneiicraue merasaa c Bonoii: 2Na + 2H,0 = 2NaOH + H,1; BaauMorelicrBue meTasia c pacTBo- pamu Kuczor: Zn + 2HCI = ZnClz + Hy; BeauMonelicrsue merasua c pacrEo- pam couelt: Fe + CuS0, = Cu + FeS0,. Hurponanme 6ena0za: CoH, + HNO; > CHsNO, + H,0 Peakumn o6mena — oro peaxnim, B KOTOPEIX [BA CHOMHEIX RemeCTRA oOMeHHBaIoTCA CBOMMH cocTaRHEIMI uactamn, Dru peakuum mporeKawr B pacrso- pax B TOM cnyuae, ecm B pesyb- rate o6pasyerea ocaqoK, ras mi MasloAuCcoMMMpoRaHHOe BemyecTBO (H,0) (no npasusy Beproxze). Peaxnus neitrpasuaanmn c o6paso- BAHeM COM H BOABI: NaOH + HNO, = NaNO, + H,0; Peaknma Mex TY cOmBIO H mIés104bI0 ¢ oGpasoBaHuem ocanka: CuSO, + 2KOH = Cu(OH),) + K»SO, Tennosoii appext xummueckon peakywn Peaxuuu, nporeraiouue c sutqeme- HveM TenIOTSI, HASBIBAIOT 9KZOTep- Murvecrumam. Tenxo 3 peaxnun Buiqennercs. 2Mg + O2 = 2Mg0 + Q Peaxnum, mporeraouyue ¢ norst0- MeHHeM TeHJIOTEI, HASbIBAIOT 91/10- TepMuueckuMn. Teno » peaxnmm normomaeres. N, +0, 2 2N0-Q 15Ckopocte peakynn, e& 3aBncuMocTD OT pasnnuneix daKTOpoB Peaxus, mporexarouue B omHo- Pogo cpege (HeT moBepxHocTH Pasgesa pearmpyrommx nemects), Cxopocts xumurueckoit pean (v) — 9To usMeHenue KonmeHTpa- HMM ORHOTO U3 Pearupyromymx Harm pasnstit) HasbrBaior peanut, mpo- Texaionwe Memxy pejecrsaant B HeoqHOposHoli cpepe (ecTb MOBepx- KocTs pagina pearupyiomux Be- mecTB, HallpuMep, ras—2«MAKocTL) HaMpuMep, B cMecH ras0B HmM | OfHOrO MS mMpomyKToB peaxmum B pacTBopax, HagsIBaloT romoren- | 5 eqMHUMy BpemMeHu Him (or rpew. homos — pasxsrit) &-4 Ae vat + Tereporenusmn (or rpex. heteros — h-h at THe cy H Cy — MORAPHBIE KoHUeH- Tpanum pearupyromux um oGpasy- 1oMMxeH BeMecTB cooTseTcTBeHHO B Moment f 1 ty ®axropsr, Baumoupre Ha cKOpocTh XUMHYeCKOi peak Temmeparypa. [pu nopsimexun ‘TeMmeparypst CKOpoeTs B OObIIMH- erse cxyaaen Bospacraer. TIpasuaro Banr-Toda. IIpu nome- HeuMM TeMMepaTypsr Ha Ka%KqbIe 10°C cKopocrs peaxuum coorser- cTBeHHO Hamenseres B 2-4 paga Tisomays compukocnosenna Be- amecrs. B cxy4ae rereporenHoii pe- Konnentpanua pearupyiomux ne- mecrs Ocuornoit saxon xumuieckoit Ku- HeTHKH, 01 3aKOH jeiicTRyFOmUX mace K. l'ynbaGepra u II. Baare. Ckopocrs xumuueckoi peaxnun MpsMo MporlopyuonastsKA Mpousne- neumo xoneHTpanmit pearupyio- IHX BeIMeCTR, BIATBIX B CTemeHAX, paBHEIx Hx KoodbunneHTaM AaKNMM CKOpocTs xHMaTYecKOit peak- MM 3aBMCMT OT BENMUMHEI NOMa- JAM MOBePxHOCTH ConpHKOcHOReHIs Pearmpyrommx wemects Benecrsa, nossimazomue ckopocrs Tipmpona nemecrsa. Hanpumep, pe- aKNHA OKHCIeHMs cepe6pa KUCLIO- Poyom mporekaer MequIeHHO, a 020- HOM — TOwrH MrHoBeHHO XUMHYeCKOH peaxiMM, ocrapamce K e8 oKoHAHMIO HenaMenHEIMN, Ha- abiparor KaTasmaaTopaMmnt Bemeersa, citumaiomue cxopocrs XHMHYeCKOH peaKUMH, HasbiBaloT uurnGuTopamn Xumuuyeckoe O6patumpie 1 HeoGpaTumble XuMMueCKHe peaKyWIn. pasHosecue HeoOparumsmmm Haastator xuMn- uecKwe peakiMH, B pesymBTaTe Ko- TOPEIX HeXOsHBIe BeIeCTRA MpakTH- ecKM MOmHOCTSIO mMpespamarores B KOHeUHBIe MPOAYKTEL. FeS +,2HCI = FeCl, + HoSt O6parmmeima §=nasEBaioT §=xuMH- ueckue peaKuum, mporexaromue OMHOBpeMeHHO B AByX mpoTHBono- TOMHEIX HANpaBreHUsx — mpsMoM u o6paTHoM. 3H, +N, “> enn, +Q cKMM papnonecuem Cocrosame xHMmeckoro oGpaTHMmoro mponecca, mpH KoTOpom cKopocTs MpAMoit peaknmm pasHa cKopoctH oGpaTHoii peakuMM, HaantRaioT XHMAUe- 16Cmewjenve xnmmueckoro pasHoBecua nog Aelicrenem aKropos Tpmanun Jle Haresme Ecam Ha cucTemy, Haxofsmlylocs B paBHoBecum, OKAasIBAeTCA BHENTHEe BO3- gelicraue (usMeHsetca KOHMeHTpanMs, TemmepaTypa, AaBsteHHe), TO paBHO- Becue cMetlaeTes B TY CTOpoHY, KoTOpas oczaGaseT aro BosrelicrsHe | Ecam pacrér xouyeurpayus oguoro ‘m3 peareHToB, papHonecue cmemia- eres B CTOpoRY mpaMoii peaxnun Ecaw caumaeren KoHMeHTpANMs O7- Horo Ha pearesToB, paBHORecHe cme- maeres 8 cropony o6parHoit peaxnmi | Ecam remmepatypa pacrér, papno- | pene cmemaerca » cropony 9170- epmuveckoit peaxnma Ecau Temmepatypa cumxaeren, PaBHonecue cMemjaetex B cropoxy akaoTepmarieckoli peak iui jansenne pacrér, pasionecne emaetes B cTOpoHY yMeHbitenHs éma pearupyiomelt cucremst Ecav qapqenme cHumaercs, pasio- mecHe cMemaeTca B cTOpoHY yBenuue- Hus o6éma pearupyiomeii cHcTeMBI KTPONMTMYECKAA ANCCOUMAMIMA aneKTpONUTOB B BOAHBIX pacTBopax MECTBa, PACTBOPsI KOTOPSIX Mpo- amexrpHueckmit TOK, HagbIBa- ‘ouekrpomramat Bemecrsa, pacraopsi KoTopsix He TIPOBOAST azeKTpHuecKMi TOK, HASEIBAIOT HeIWeRTPOMMTAMH ponece pacnaga snexrpomura na HaSbIBAIOT 9aeKTpoaMTITYe- ameccoumameii Mozexy.a noms! mpencrassser co- Goi aunoms (arom Bopopona pac- nosoxKenti Hon yriom 104,5°) eNOBATeMBHOCT Mporeccon npH ccoumanmm BermecTs c MoHHOit ruqparauua — (naaumozelicraue) _ MoseKyx BomsI ¢ MOHAMH TloRepx- ule HOHBI. lponecc onucuisaer ypasuenue: NaCl = Na* +Cl- AnasorH4Ho aMccouMMpyioT anex- TpomMTsI, B MONeKysaX KOTOPIX KOBANeHTHAR CBAGS, TOIBKO Up 9TOM MOA BIMAHHEM zUNOTe! BoRB MpovcxoquT mpeppaijenue KoBa- eHTHOH cBsGH, HAnpHMep B Mome- Kyse xmoposoqopoza HCl, B uox- yD. Ynpoménno mponece ancconnanm KMCTOTSI OTparkaeT ypaBrenme: HCl = H*+Cr° 2970 oTHOMIe- ‘Hue wena yacrin, pacnasmmxca “Ha uous (Np), K oOmemy unery "Pacrnopéamnix uacran (Np) Np Np. a Crentens aucconmanvn a1exnponura ompeseAs10T ONLITHEIM TyTéM HM BBI- paxaior 8 AONAX waM uponeHtax. Eeam a = 0, 10 qucconuants oxcyr- crayer, a ecm a = 1, um 100%, 70 aleKrposluT HomHoeTBIo pactiata- eres wa Hous Tlo crenenm qucconmanum anexrpoxnTH! LentTCH Ha CHAbEBIE 1 cnabEIe 7